CHNG TRNH VECTOR/MATRIX M HNH HOT NG V CC M HNH PH

( Chng 3 Programs with Vector/Matrix Operations and Submodels t trang 78-98 )

Abstract: M phng l qu trnh "bt chc" mt hin tng c thc vi mt tp cc cng

thc ton hc. Cc chng trnh my tnh c th m phng cc iu kin thi tit, cc phn ng ho hc, qu trnh sinh hc thm ch cn m phng thit b thng tin v knh thng tin. Trong topic ny ch nghin cu mt phn vector nh hng ca tham s, m phng nhn rng cc m hnh vi cc gi tr tham s khc nhau, Vector ha Monte Carlo m phng tnh thng k v cc mu ca cc m hnh vi cc thng s u vo ngu nhin hoc nhiu. ng thi ng dng cc chng trnh VECTOR/MATRIX m phng hot ng ca mt l phn ng ht nhn

I. Gii thiu:
thc hin cc phn mm m phng mt hot ng no trong h ng hc cn phi c phn l lun chung. l cc php ton cn thit xy dng cc chng trnh m phng, trong topic ny ch gii thiu cc chng trnh VECTOR/MATRIX cho m hnh hot ng v cc m hnh ph.

II. Ni dung:
1.1 Khai bo Mng, bin ch s con, v bin trng thi. Khai bo mt mng nh: ARRAY x[n] | ARRAY A[n, m] or ARRAY x[n], A[n, m] Trong DESIRE cc kch bn giao thc th nghim nh ngha xc nh mng mt v hai chiu (vectors1 v ma trn 2) ca bin ch s thc x [1], x [2], ..., x [n] v A [i, k] (i = 1, 2, ..., n, k = 1, 2, ..., m ). Lu rng cc vector v ma trn, nhiu hn mt k hiu vit tt chng c ngha tru tng trong nhiu m hnh hu ch (v d, cc lc lng v vect vn tc) Mi bin ch s con(phn t mng) ban u mc nh l 0. Th nghim - tp lnh giao thc "c th in vo" mng vi gn cc bin ch s con nh trong: A[19, 4] = 7.3 | v[2] = a 3 * b cho i = 1 n n | x [i] = 20 * i | k tip hoc t danh sch d liu hay tp tin v c cc bi tp, nh trong: data 1.2, 4, a + 4 * b, 7.882, | read v, A, Sau khi khai bo, vect v ma trn, v kt qu cc bin ch s con, c th c t do s dng c hai trong giao thc th nghim v trong cc phn on chng trnh NNG NG. Phn on NNG NG c th n nh biu thc bin thi gian cc phn t mng. Cc chng trnh c khng khai bo bin ch s con, vect, hoc ma trn khng nh ngha.

Trc bin ch s con x [i], y [i], ... hoc vect x, y, ... c th c s dng nh l bin trng thi trong phng trnh vi phn (mc 1-2), cc tp lnh giao thc th nghim phi k khai mng bin trng thi mt chiu (vector trng thi) vi mt khai bo trng thi nh sau: STATE x[n], y[m], Cc bin trng thi v hng khng cn phi c khai bo, tr trng hp c s c s dng trong m hnh con (Phn 3-17), hoc trong nhiu hn mt phn on chng trnh NNG NG. 1.2 Vector hot ng trong on Chng trnh NNG NG kt hp vc t ha (A) Gn vc t v biu thc vc t Gi s rng cc giao thc th nghim khai bo vect y1, y2, y3, ... tt c cc cng kch thc n, vi: ARRAY y1[n], y2[n], y3[n], Sau , gn mt vector [1] Vector y1 = g (t; y2, y3, ...) (3-2a) Trong mt on chng trnh NNG NG bin dch t ng vo n thit lp i lng v hng y1 [i] = g (t; y2 [i], y3 [i], ...) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) (3-2b) Bin thi gian m phng l t. g () l vit tt ca bt k biu hin c th c s dng trong mt i lng v hng.Nh vy biu thc vector c th bao gm ch s, cc tham s v hng, du ngoc n, th vin hm, cc hm nh ngha ngi s dng, hoc chc nng bng tra cu.Li tr v khi mt c kt hp vect vi kch thc khng bng nhau. V d, nu y, u, v, v z l cc vector n-chiu, sau Vector y = (1 - v) * (cos (alpha * z * t) + 3 * u) bin dch thnh y [i] = (1 - v [i]) * (cos (alpha * z [i] * t) + 3 * u [i]) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) Lu rng biu thc g () l nh nhau cho tt c n vector thnh phn y1 [i]. Trnh bin dch mong mun c n chiu vector t cu trc d liu mng. M cho cc thnh phn vector n tip sau to ra bi mt vng loop trnh bin dch. Mi i qua vng lp ny l bin dch hot ng cho cc biu thc g (y2 [i], y3 [i], ...) v sau t ng tng ch s vector i. Kt qu l m vc t ha rt nhanh, v khng c thi gian chy loop trn tiu . Mt phn on chng trnh NNG NG c th c nhiu gn vector vi kch thc ging nhau hoc khc nhau. (B) Vector phng trnh vi phn Gi s rng cc giao thc th nghim khai bo cc mng n chiu (3,1) v cng khai bo mt vector trng thi n-chiu x vi STATE x[n] Sau , mt phng trnh vi phn vect (phng trnh vector trng thi ) Vector d/dt x = f (t; x, y1, y2, ...) (3-3a) (3-1)

trong mt on chng trnh NNG NG bin dch t ng vo n phng trnh vi phn v hng d / dt x [i] = f (t; x [i], y1 [i], y2 [I], ...) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) (3.3b) f () i din cho mt biu thc vector ty , cng ging nh ti mc 3-2a. Cc gi tr ban u ca cc bin trng thi ch s con x [i] mc nh l 0, tr khi cc giao thc th nghim gn gi tr khc. Sau khi chy m phng, cc gi tr ban u ca tt c cc bin trng thi ca phng trnh c th c thit lp li bng cch thit lp li v bo co drunr trong tp lnh giao thc th nghim. Mt phn on chng trnh NNG NG c th cha bt k s lng vector gn v phng trnh vi phn vector cng vi cc i lng v hng v/hoc phng trnh vi phn. Vector khc nhau, phn cng cc mc tiu v vector trng thi c th c kch thc khc nhau.Biu thc v hng cng c th cha bin ch s con r rng, vi iu kin l cc mng ca chng c nh ngha (C) Cc ng dng quan trng Vector ha v nhn rng m hnh Mt h thng cho trc c vector n-chiu v phng trnh vi phn vector n-chiu, nh sau: Vector y1 = g1(t; x1, x2; a, alpha) Vector y2 = g2 (t; x1, x2, y1; beta) Vectr d / dt x1 = f1 (t; x1, x2, y1, y2, b, c) Vectr d / dt x2 = F2 (t; x1, x2; gamma) c bin son thnh b tng ng ca cc hot ng v hng n y1 [i] = g1 (t; x1 [i], x2 [i]; mt [i], alpha) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) y2 [i] = g2 (t; x1 [i], x2 [i], y1 [i]; beta) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) d / d x1 [i] = f1 (t; x1 [i], x2 [i]; y1 [i], y2 [i]; b [i], c [i]) (i = 1, 2, ... , n) d / dt x2 [i] = F2 (t; x1 [i], x2 [i]; y1 [i]; gamma) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) Trong th t , Trnh bin dch hiu qu s to ra n m hnh nhn rng. Cc m hnh c kt hp tham s khc nhau a [i], b [i], c [i] c xc nh bi vector tham s a, b, v c, nhng tt c n m hnh nhn rng chia s cc tnh nng c i din bi cc tham s v hng hoc cc bin alpha, beta, v gamma. Vector ha cho php to mt s lng ln cc m hnh m phng trong mt ln chy duy nht. Cc ng dng ca k thut ny l cng c m phng mnh m v chng l nhng ch chnh ca cun sch ny. C th: Nghin cu vector nh hng ca tham s, m phng nhn rng cc m hnh vi cc gi tr tham s khc nhau (phn 4-2 v 4-3). Vector ha Monte Carlo m phng tnh thng k v cc mu ca cc m hnh vi cc thng s u vo ngu nhin hoc nhiu (Phn 4-7 n 40-10; Chng 5). Mng n-ron-m phng c th nhn rng cc m hnh Nron khc nhau (Chng 6.). Phng php ca Lines i din cho ph hp vi phng trnh vi phn tng phn nh b phng trnh vi phn thng thng (Phn 70-10 n 7-14). Bn m phng da trn th nhng nhn rng cc m hnh tng trng cy trng hoc cc loi cnh tranh ti cc im khc nhau ca mt cnh quan (Phn 7-15 v 7-16).

1.3 Biu thc vector v ma trn vector (A) nh ngha Bt k vector n chiu trong biu thc vector f hoc g ti mc 3-1 v 3-2, ni y2, c th l mt sn phm-vector ma trn A * v. y, l mt ma trn hnh ch nht m n , v v l mt vector m chiu, c hai u khai bo trong giao thc th nghim. Biu thc cho A hay v khng th c thay th, nhng A v v c th c c xc nh bi cc bi tp trc. Khng thun li ma trn-vector sn phm s t ng b t chi vi mt thng bo li.C th hn, mt ma trn-vector-sn phm gn nh Vector y = Tanh (A * v) bin dch thnh n i lng v hng

Mt vector v s dng trong mt sn phm ma trn A * v phi l mt vector ca vector trng thi n gin hoc n khng th l mt biu thc vector, ma trn vector sn phm, hoc ch s-chuyn vector (Phn 3-6). Nh chng ta lu , mc d, c th ch nh mt biu thc vector n chiu cho v vi mt vector chuyn nhng trc . c bit, bin i tuyn tnh v hng Vector z = B * v | Vector y = A * z hiu qu ca nhn v bi sn phm AB ca hai ma trn kch thc tng thch hp. i vi ma trn, vector sn phm c vit l A% * x, DESIRE chuyn cc A. ma trn ny rt hu ch trong cc ng dng mng Nron (Phn 6-12). (B) Mt v d n gin: dao ng cng hng M hnh sau y l in hnh ca mt lp ln ca cc h thng mass-spring. Cc h Phng trnh vi phn d / dt x1 = x1dot | d / dt x1dot = - ww * x1 - k * (x1 - x2) d / dt x2 = x2dot | d / dt x2dot = - ww * x2 - k * (x2 - x1) - r * x2dot (3,4) M hnh mt i dao ng iu ha cng ca l xo. Cc dao ng u tin l khng bi nghet, v dao ng th hai ca nht gim xc. Khi h c khi ng vi mt gi tr khi to ban u x [1] = 0,5, cc dao ng th hai to ra ting vang vi chuyn ng ca cc dao ng u tin; cc gim xc trong dao ng th hai cui cng mt i nng lng ca c hai h thng (Hnh 3-1). Chng trnh m phng trong m hnh hnh 3-1 cc lnh th 4 cng vi mt phng trnh vi phn vector. Cc tp lnh th nghim giao thc khai bo mt vector trng thi bn chiu v ma trn A 4x4 vi: STATE x[4] | ARRAY A[4,4]

Sau ti hin cc bin trng thi x1, x1dot, x2, x2dot, vector trng thi thnh phn (bin ch s con) x [1], x [2], x [3], x [4].Cc ma trn 4 4

c in vi mt d liu / c gn data 0, 0, 1, 0; 0, 0, 0, 1; - (ww + k), - k, 0, 0; - k, (ww + k), 0, - r | read A 1.4 Vector d liu ly mu-Bi tp Phng trnh v Vector khc bit Bin ch s con, v do vect v ma trn, c th c ly mu d liu bin cng nh bin "lin tc", do c th c cc tp vector, bao gm c phng trnh vector khc bit, v cp nht cc bi tp

Trong phn-NNG NG-d liu ly mu phn sau mt OUT hoc m Mu, nh trong trng hp ca v hng (Phn 2 -1). Mt cch khc chng trnh vector phng trnh l s khc bit trong hnh thc gia tng Vector delta q = biu thc vector tng ng vi

Vector q = q + biu thc vector q l mt phng trnh vector trng thi khc nhau,(xem thm Phn 2-2). Lu rng cc gi tr ban u ca tt c cc thnh phn mng khng r rng quy nh ti cc giao thc th nghim mc nh l 0.iu ny ng cho tt c khng ch bin nh nc m c vi cc bin ch s con 1.5 Sp xp Vector v thit lp bin ch s con Bi tp nh ngha bin Vector cho cc phng trnh vi phn hay phng trnh khc nhau phi c sp xp nh trong mc 1-9 v 2-1, nhng by gi li sp xp khng th tr v bn tin "bin khng xc nh" , do tt c cc mng c nh ngha trc. cc m hnh n gin c th c sp xp theo kim tra. Cng c th sp xp nhn rng (Vector ha) dng cc m hnh v hng trc khi thm Vectr ca h d / dt v Vector tin t. Phn cng r rng cho bin ch s con d / dt x [2] = - x [3] y [n] =a * sin (t) + b thng ch c s dng "sa i" mt Vectr trc d/dt hoc chuyn nhng cho cc gi tr Vector ch s c la chn, nh trong mc 7-6b v Bng 7-1. iu t ra khng c vn phn loi. 1.6 Vectors chuyn dch ch s Cho mt khai bo v vector (v [1], v [2], ..., v [n]), ch s-chuyn phin bn v (k) ca v c th c gii thiu vo biu thc vector n chiu, nhng khng phi trong ma trn vector kt qu hay kt qu DOT.Nhng thay i ch s k l mt lm trn biu thc v hng tnh ti thi gian bin dch. Khi mt biu thc c cha vector v {k} c bin dch, v {k} gp phn chuyn dch ch s-vector thnh phn v [i+ k] trong bt k vc t v c th phn gp thnh cc thnh phn vector v [i].V vy, nu y1, y2, ... l nhng vect n-chiu, Vector y1 = g (t; y2, y3 (k), ...) bin dch vo cc tp v hng n y1 [i] = g (t; y2 [i], y3 [i + k], ...) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) ni trnh bin dch thit lp v [i + k] vi k = 0 + i <0 hoc i + k> n. Hot ng ca vector dch chuyn thc hin quan h gia vector thnh phn vi ch s khc nhau.iu ny th v v hu ch nhiu m hnh ng dng, chng hn nh ng k thay i, s tr thi gian, to nhiu gi ngu nhin, v x l tn hiu k thut s Lp mng Nron vi b nh v mng d bo (Phn 6-22), mt phn phng trnh vi phn (Phn 7-11), logic m c hm thnh vin (Phn 7-7). C th, vector thnh phn gi tr c th c dch chuyn dc theo mt mng vector, v cng c mu ca mt hm v hng s (t) ca thi gian m phng t c th c chuyn vo v ra khi mt mng vector (Phn 6-22). (3-5b) (3-5a)

1.7 Tng hp, sn phm DOT , v nh mc Vector a) Sums v Sn phm DOT Mong mun sn phm DOT thit lp bn trong kt qu ca cc vector cho bin v hng. Trong c hai phn on chng trnh NNG NG v tp lnh th nghim giao thc

Bin dch tng v sn phm DOT khng phi chu bt k ph tng kt-loop vng (bin dch khng loop vng). Cc vect x v y trong mt php tnh DOT khng l biu thc vector hoc vc t chuyn dch ch s Nhng y c th l mt sn phm-vector ma trn A * v hoc A%*v (mc 1.3), hnh thc song tuyn tnh x * A * y v cc hnh thc bc hai x * A * x c th c nh gi ngay ngn.Mong mun t ng t chi sn phm khng tng thch vi mt thng bo li. Phn on chng trnh NNG NG cng chp nhn tng hp cc sn phm DOT, v d, DOT p = p * q + r * s + x * A + y * z * 1 (B) Euclide, Taxicab, v tiu chun Hamming Phn b DOT c hiu qu cc ch tiu tnh ton vector bnh phng, thng l li cc bin php cn thit trong thng k v nghin cu ti u ha.c bit, DOT xnormsq = x * x mang li ch tiu bnh phng Euclide

ca mt vector x. Khong cch Euclide gia hai vect x, y l cc ch tiu | | X - y | | ca s khc bit ca chng. Do Vector e = x - y | DOT enormsq = e * e a ra cc bin php li hu ch

Cc tng hp ca cc chc nng v hng c th c tnh ton thun tin nh trong S = exp (x [1]) + exp (x [2]) + exp (x [2]) + ... + exp (x [n]) vi: Vector y = exp (x) | DOT S = y * 1 c bit Vector xa = abs (x) | DOT xanorm = xa * 1

To ra nhng ch tiu taxi (chun city-block ) anorm = | (x [1]) | + | (x [2]) | + ... ca mt vector x. Tiu chun taxicab ca mt s khc bit vector (khong cch taxicab, nh trong mt thnh ph vi cc khi hnh ch nht) l mt bin php khc li hu ch. Nu tt c cc thnh phn x [i] ca vector mt x bng 0 hoc 1, cc ch tiu taxicab gim chun Hamming, m ch n gin l m cc yu t khc khng. Khong cch Hamming | | x - y | | gia hai vect l s cc cp phn t tng ng khc nhau. 1.8 La chn Ti a/ti thiu v mt n (A) La chn ti a / ti thiu Vic chuyn i vector Vector y ^ = biu thc vector Tnh ton vector c sn xut bi Vector y= biu thc vector v sau tp hp tt c, nhng thnh phn ln nht ca n n 0. Vect nh vy c bit hu ch nh b chn mu trong m hnh m phng mng Nron- (Phn 6-4). tm gi tr ymax ca cc thnh phn vector ln nht ca biu thc vector, s dng Vector y^ = vector expression | DOT ymax = y * 1 Ch s I ca cc thnh phn vector ln nht y [i] c th c xc nh vi mt vng lp nh trong tp lnh giao thc th nghim: i = 0 | repeat | i = i + 1 | until y[i] <> 0 | I = i Cc thnh phn vector nh nht ca biu thc vector l tr cc thnh phn ln nht biu thc vector. La chn ti a hoc ti thiu hu ch trong cc nghin cu nh hng ca tham s, v nghin cu ti u ha (Phn 4-3). Lu rng cc php tnh ny p dng quy tc to ra bi cc mng vector tng ng (Phn 3-11). (B) Biu thc vector mt n Biu thc Vector c s dng vi php tnh Vector v Vectr d / dt (v cng vi cc php tnh delta Vectr, mc 3-4) c th c mask vi mt mt n vector vv n-chiu, nh trong: Vector x = [vv] vector expression Vectr d/dt x = [vv] vector expression Thnh phn th i ca mt biu thc vector masked c thit lp 0 cho tt c cc gi tr ca ch s i nh vy m vv [i] 0. Vector Mask vv c thnh lp bi cc chng trnh giao thc th nghim v khng thay i trong qu trnh chy m phng. Vector mt n c s dng "prune" lp trong m phng mng neuron. 1.9 Php ton ma trn trong tp lnh giao thc-Th nghim Cc m hnh Mong mun s dng ma trn vector sn phm (Phn 3-3), v cng nh ma trn mu trong nghin cu mng Nron (Phn 6-5b). Chng ta thy trong Phn 3-1 cc tp lnh giao thc th nghim, khai bo, "in" mng ma trn. thun tin, tp lnh th nghim giao thc mong mun cng c th cho ra mt ma trn n v v ma trn vung rng, hon v v nghch o ma trn vung, v cc sn phm ca cc ma trn vung s dng sau ny trong chng trnh.Sau khi cc ma trn vung A, B, C, ... c khai bo: MATRIX A = 0 reset tt c cc A [i, k] = 0

MATRIX A = 1 sn xut ra mt ma trn n v A (1s dc theo ng cho) MATRIX B = $In (A) to B ma trn nghch o ca A (nu n tn ti) MATRIX B =% A to B cc chuyn v ca ma trn ca A MATRIX D = a * A * B * C * ... to ra mt ma trn D (l mt ty chn v hng) Nhng php gn tr li thng bo li nu khng phi l ma trn vung hoc khng thch hp, hoc nu mt nghch o khng tn ti.Nh lu , cho ng kch thc tng ma trn ch nht A, B MATRIX B =% A to B l mt chuyn v ca A (b [i, k] = a [k, i] cho tt c i, k) khng tng thch ma trn A, B mt ln na b t chi vi mt thng bo li. 1.10 Gn ma trn v phng trnh vi phn phn on chng trnh NNG NG Phn on chng trnh NNG NG c th thao tc cc ma trn khai bo trong giao thc th nghim bng vic gn ma trn MATRIX W = biu thc ma trn Biu thc ma trn l hm ca v hng a, b, ..., vect u, v, ..., v/hoc ma trn A, B, ..., c th l hng hoc bin. Mt s v d nh MATRIX W = a * b + A (W [i, k] = a * A [i, k] + b) MATRIX W = a + b * A * B (W [i, k] = a * A [i, k] + b * B [i,] k) MATRIX W = recip (A) (W [i, k] = 1 / A [i,] k) MATRIX W = sin (A) (W [i, k] = sin (A [i,] k)) MATRIX W = v u * (W [i, k] = u [i] v [k]) MATRIX u W = & v (W [i, k] = min (u [i], v [k])) C php ca biu thc ma trn tng qut c xc nh trong hng dn s dng phn tham khohn na ma trn c th c thao tc nh l vect tng ng (Phn 3-11). Phng trnh vi phn ma trn c s dng ch yu sa i ma trn vector kt qu W*x trong cc nghin cu ti u ha (h thng kim sot, thng k hi quy, kt hp m hnh, v mng Nron).c bit, cc ma trn phng trnh vi phn {0{/0} DELTA W = biu thc ma trn tng ng vi MATRIX W = W + biu thc ma trn Kt qu l thnh phn ma trn W [i,k] chnh l l phng trnh vi phn bin trng thi (Phn 2-2). Gi tr mc nh ban u ca chng bng khng, tr khi c quy nh khc bi cc giao thc th nghim.chng khng c thit lp li bng cch thit lp li hoc lnh drunr. Cc bin php phng nga, mc 2-2 p dng. 1.11 Php ton vector v ma trn s dng Vectors tng ng Tp lnh giao thc th nghim Mong mun c th s dng hai giao thc rt hu ch tng ng khai bo tng t nh trong Fortran.c bit, vic khai bo MNG sa i ARRAY x1[n1] + x2[n2] + = x, Khai bo cc vc t con x1, x2, ... cng vi mt vector x s chiu n1 + n2 + ... m cc yu t che ph cc vector con x1, x2, ..., bt u vi x1.sau c th truy cp, ti x2 [3] cng nh x [n1+3]. Vector con c bit hu ch trong m phng mng Nron (Phn 6-2).

Loi th hai khai bo tng ng ARRAY V[n, m] = v . Cho php mt ngi truy cp vo mt mng hai chiu v cc yu t ca c hai nh l mt ma trn V m n v nh l mt vector v vi kch thc nxm. Sau tng ng vi biu thc vector vi Vector thun v thut ton Vectr d/dt lin h v sa i ma trn c th c s dng. K thut ny c th thng (khng phi lun lun) thay th vic gn ma trn .ng dng bao gm x l hnh nh, m hnh logic m (Phn 7-7), v m hnh phong cnh (Phn 7-15). Lu rng c hai vector con kt hp v vect mng tng ng cho php xc nh cc phn t ti a v ti thiu ca cc mng ln theo phng php ca Mc 3-8. 1.12 vn Vect trong Vt l Vectors nh lc hoc vn tc khng phi l k hiu vit tt hu dng ch cho nhiu phng trnh;chng c ngha tru tng/1} nhiu mi lin h c s dng trong cc vn vt l d hiu nht khi chng ta biu din chng dng vector, v d, Vectr d / dt v tr = vn tc | Vectr d / dt vn tc = lc / khi lng Tuy nhin, t c kt qu nh tha s qu o, n thng l cn thit xc nh thnh phn vector v cc gi tr ban u nh cc bin v hng ch s con 1.13 M phng ca mt l phn ng ht nhn Cc chng trnh trong hnh 3-2 cho thy mt m hnh vector thu gn ca chui phn ng trong mt l phn ng ht nhn.D. Hetrick 's vn sch gio khoa c in [1-3] dn l phn ng ton b vo mt vng li n v neglects chui phn ng ng c bi cc sn phm phn ng nh xenon.Cc bin tng thi l bnh thng ha chui phn ng cng sut ra enp (t l thun vi mt ntron), nhit l phn ng temprtr, v mt su sn phm tin cht bnh thng ha d [1], d [2], ..., d [6]. M hnh vc t nh gn thu thp cc bin trng thi d [i] vo mt vec t trng thi 6 chiu. Khi iu khin u vo-rod b * t tng r phn ng, chui enp tng ng 1.14 Ma trn bin i tuyn tnh v xoay Gn n gin vector nh Vector y = A * x thun tin thc hin cc hot ng tuyn tnh trn vect, nh php quay.Lu rng y = A * x c th biu din kt qu ca vic lun phin cc vector x vo mt v tr mi, hoc y c th l mt i din ca x trong mt h thng phi hp lun chuyn. Vic lun chuyn ca mt vector my bay x (x [1], x [2]) vo vector y (y [1], y [2]) c th c lp trnh vi hai php gn nh ngha bin v hng y [1] = x [1] * cos (theta) - x [2] * sin (theta) y [2] = x [1] * sin (theta) + x [2] * cos (theta) Thay vo , mt lun phin ma trn A hai chiu vi ARRAY A [2, 2] c th c khai bo trong giao thc th nghim, v sau c th phn t bin thi gian A [i,k] ca A c quy nh trong mt phn on chng trnh NNG NG: A[1,1] = cos(theta) | A[1,2] = sin (theta) A[2,1] = A[1,2] | A[2,2] = A[1,1] By gi c th quay c m hnh vi Vector y = A * x

10

11

Chng Trnh vi Vector / Matrix hot ng v cc m hnh ph

Hnh 3-2b. Thi gian-lch s hoa tiu ca l phn ng nhit enp sn lng c to ra bi chng trnh Hnh 3.2a. Khi kim sot vic tng r phn ng, phn ng dy chuyn lm tng cc l phn ng nhit trong l phn ng TRIGA gio dc, iu ny ln lt gim eactivity, do mt on ngn v an ton kt qu xung in (tham kho [1]). Vic lun chuyn ma trn A biu din chuyn ng my bay ca chng ta l mt tru tng hu ch, iu ny tr nn r rng khi chng ta mun xoay mt s vect x1, x2, ... thng qua cng mt gc theta: Vector y1 = A * x1 | Vector y2 = A * x2 | ........ quay ma trn 3chiu c ch trong m phng bay. 1.15 M hnh phng trnh trng thi cho h thng iu khin tuyn tnh Sch gio khoa hin i [4] m t h thng iu khin tuyn tnh bng phng trnh vector, m chng ta m t dng my tnh c th c c Vectr d / dt x = A * x + B * u Vector y = C * x + D * u x (x1, x2, ...) l mt vector ca cc bin trng thi, v u v y l cc vector u vo h thng v cc bin u ra.Cc ma trn A, B, C, v D xc nh cc k hoch iu khin v c th l cc hm thi gian t.Ly mu tuyn tnh d liu h thng iu khin c th c m t tng t vi gn d liu ly mu vector [4]. Hm v m hnh con do ngi dng nh ngha Tp lnh giao thc th nghim mong mun c th nh ngha cc hm mi v m hnh con nh phn m rng ngn ng th ti s dng. Trong on tip theo chng trnh NNG NG , cc trnh bin dch subprograms chy s l m ni tuyn nhanh chng m khng cn ph thi gian chy cc hm gi v tr v .Tng t nh vect, hm v m hnh con do ngi dng nh ngha nhiu hn k hiu vit tt.Chng c th l tru tng m lm cho mt m hnh m phng d dng hiu hn nhiu, khng ch d dng hn cho chng trnh. Hm v m hnh con do ngi dng t nh ngha c th tp hp trong cc tp tin th vin ti s dng.

12

1.16 Chc nng ngi dng nh ngha Tp lnh giao thc th nghim c th to ra cc chc nng ngi dng nh ngha vi khai bo hm nh sau: FUNCTION abs2d (u $, v $) = sqrt (u $ ^ 2 + v $ ^ 2) Sau khi khai bo, cc hm mi c th c vin dn trong giao thc th nghim hoc trong mt phn on chng trnh NNG NG RR = abs2d (x, y) s l chnh xc tng ng vi gn RR = sqrt (x ^ 2 + y ^ 2). Mong mun tr v mt li khi gi trnh khai bo, lp lun khng ng. Mt nh ngha hm phi ph hp vi mt dng chng trnh, nhng nn nh rng mt dng chng trnh c th c m rng thnh mt dng khc trn mn hnh hoc nim yt. Chng ta tham s u$,v$ chng c th c nhn bit nhn mt cch d dng, nhng iu ny l khng cn thit.i s gi phi khng c gn ch s con. Tn ca i s gi phi c bo v trnh nhng hiu ng bn ngoi. iu ny c ngha rng bt k c gng s dng tn ca chng sau khi th tc nh ngha hm u a ra mt thng bo li. nh ngha hm c th bao gm cc thng s lin tc v cng c th bin khc hn l cc i s gi. Mt i s a ra c th c bt k m t hp l trong bi cnh a ra. biu thc nh vy c th bao gm bn quyn v cc bin ch s con. Trong cc tp lnh giao thc th nghim, lp lun gi trnh c th c khai bo trc cc s phc tp hoc cc s nguyn cng nh cc s thc. Trong on chng trnh NNG NG, th tc gi trnh c th l thc hay biu thc vector . Hm ngi dng nh ngha c th c thu thp trong cc tp tin th vin ti s dng (Bng 3-1). Di y l mt s v d hu ch da trn mc 2-13: FUNCTION max(aa, bb) = aa + lim(bb aa) FUNCTION tpulse(aa, bb) = swtch(t aa) swtch(t bb) (aa < bb) Hm nh ngha c th c lng nhau, ngha l, chng c th cha cc hm nh ngha trc y quy nh chc nng. Nhng nh ngha quy nh: FUNCTION f1(x) = f1(x) + 1 v cng c chc nng gi quy, nh trong: FUNCTION incr(x) = x + 1 | q = incr(incr(incr(y))) Table 3:1 Mt s ngi dng nh ngha chc nng * CHC NNG max (x $, y $) = x $ + lim (y $ - x $) CHC NNG min (x $, y $) = x $ - lim (x $ - y $) CHC NNG cotan (x $) = cos (x $) / sin (x $) CHC NNG asat (x $, alpha $) = alpha $ * SAT (x $ / alpha $) (alpha $> 0) CHC NNG rng buc (x $, $ alpha, beta $) = Lim (x $ - alpha $) - lim (x $ - beta $) + $ alpha (alpha $ <beta $) CHC NNG relay (ctrl $, mt $, b $) = b $ + (a $ - b $) * swtch (ctrl $) hoc FUNCTION f1(x) = f2(1) + x | FUNCTION f2(y) = f1(y+1)

13

CHC NNG tpulse (alpha $, beta $) = Swtch (t - alpha $) - swtch (t - beta $) (alpha $ <beta $) 1.17 M hnh con (A) Khai bo v gi m hnh con Cc m hnh ph quy nh ti cc giao thc th nghim c th c vin dn trong cc phn on chng trnh NNG NG to ra thng xuyn s dng, bin cc hot ng quy nh v/hoc cc h thng phng trnh vi phn trong mt dng gi trnh n. Phn 612 v 7-12 minh ha cho cc ng dng ca cc m hnh ph Submodels phi c khai bo trong tp lnh giao thc th nghim trc khi chng c vin dn trong mt on chng trnh NNG NG.V d: SUBMODEL quad (x $, y $, ydot $, mt $, b $) d/dt y = ydot $ $ d/dt ydot $ = x $ - mt b * y $ $ - $ * ydot $ nh ngha mt-phng trnh vi phn submodel i din cho mt khi lng hn ch bi mt l xo v ma st nht. Mt khi submodel c khai bo, n c th c vin dn trong bt k on chng trnh NNG NG vi bin thch hp hoc thay th cc tn tham s cho mi i s gi. Gi s chng trnh ny c gi tr trc y c giao cho cc u vo i s gi trnh, y, ydot, w, r, cc s yu cu submodel (B) Submodels vi phng trnh vi phn i vi submodels lin quan n phng trnh vi phn (d/dt hoc Vectr d/dt ) tt c cc bin gi phng trnh vi phn trng thi phi c khai bo vi khai bo STATE trong giao thc th nghim (Phn 3-1). iu ny l cn thit, ngay c trng thi cho cc bin v hng, khng ch cho-bin mng trng thi. Nhng cc bin trng thi gi khng cn phi khai bo STATE v chng khng bao gi c s dng trong phng trnh vi phn thc t.V d, nh ngha v gi trnh trng lng l xo quad(x$, y$, ydot$, a$, b$) ti mc 3-17a i hi vic khai bo STATE y, ydot nhng cc bin gi y $ v ydot $ khng cn phi c khai bo l bin trng thi. 1.18 X l gn d liu ly mu, gii hn v chuyn mch Mt hm ngi dng t nh ngha s dng gn d liu ly mu,gii hn hoc chuyn mch (Bng 3-1) ch to ra mt dng NNG NG on code, v c th c lp trnh nh vy, sau mt OUT, mu m, hoc bc khai bo nh c trnh by ti Phn 2-10 v 211.Tuy nhin, submodels c th to ra nhiu dng m khng th c ngn cch bi OUT, mu m, hoc bc bo co trong mt nh ngha submodel.Kt qu l, mt submodel phi to ra ch c phng trnh vi phn, h thng ("tng t") m, ch c gii hn / chuyn i hot ng tnh ton trn cc bin tng t, hoc ch tnh ton ly mu d liu .Gn d liu ly mu mt cch an ton c th bao gm gii hn / cc php ton chuyn i.Sau l khng chnh xc gi submodel c xc nh bi SUBMODEL signal(y $, $ p, w $) d/dt y = w $ $ $ * p p $ = SGN (p $ - y $)

14

 to ra sng v sng tam gic vung theo cch ca Phn 2-17. Cc m kt qu thng l cc vic khc nhau, c l bi v chng ta ch l tch hp mt u vo lin tc bng a hoc c hai -a.

III. Kt lun:
Trong topic ny ch gii thiu cc chng trnh hot ng v cc m hnh ph s dng php ton VECTOR\MATRIX gii bi ton m phng h ng hc v xy dng chng trnh m phng. Trong c v d m phng hot ng ca 1 l phn ng ht nhn. Mc d ch l 1 thut ton dng m phng nhng ngi c c th hiu c cch xy dng thut ton v cch xy dng chng trnh m phng. MC LC

15