Primary Sources 1792 Guillotine Models. 1792 Guillotine. http://boisdejustice.com/1792 /1792 .html. (accessed January 16, 2013).

The images provided on this site were used on our website. They provided us with a much more thorough understanding of how guillotines worked. The site also provides an image that shows how the guillotine is used in pop culture. A depiction of Louis XVIs execution by the guillotine. Universal History Archive/Getty Images. This site allowed us to access an archive of images including this one that is used on the turning points portion of our site. This image shows a Louis XVIs beheading by the guillotine. "All French Revolution Documents." All French Revolution Documents. http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/allfr.html. (accessed December 29, 2012). We used an image of Marie Antoinette's execution using the guillotine from this source. Baze v. Rees. 217 S. W. 3d 207. (2008). The Supreme Court decision of Baze v. Rees affirms that lethal injection as a form of execution is humane. This case is helpful as it studies how modern methods of execution are determined to be humane, just as the guillotine was in 1792. Compte rendu aux sans-cullotes de la republique francaise par la tres-haute, trespuissante et tres expeditive dame guillotine, dame du Carousel, de le place de le Revolution, de la Greve, et autres lieux par le citoyen Tisset, cooperateur du succes de la republique francaise. Paris: Denne, Petit et Tourbon, an II (1793/1794). Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France. This painting was particularly difficult to find, but is a great source as it shows the guillotines influence. Cruikshank, Issac. The Martyr of Equality. Royal Pavilion & Brighton Museums. This image depicts the Duke of Orleans with the severed head of King Louis XVI and a guillotine in the background. The caption reads, The Martyr of Equality. We used this image on the Symbol of Equality page of our Turning Points section. The use of the guillotine and the death of Louis XVI at its blade is representative of the guillotine as a mechanism that symbolized equality. David, Jacques-Louis. Death of Marat. Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. Brussels, Belgium. This painting, which is used on our legacy page, shows Marat after being assassinated by Charlotte Corday. This famous painting shows the legacy that Charlotte Corday has left.

De Poligna, Armand. The Execution of Georges Cadoudal. Musee De La Ville. Paris, France. An image of this painting of the The Execution of Georges Cadoudal by Armand de Poligna is used on the viewpoints page of our website. We felt it was an appropriate image for this page as the multiple spectators, executioner, and Cadoudal each depict differing viewpoints. Monnet, Charles. Journee du 21 janvier 1793 la mort de Louis Capet sur la Place de la Revolution. Grosvenor Prints. This image of the beheading of Louis XVI was helpful in allowing us to understand the popularity of the guillotine and executions during the French Revolution. High Court Upholds Lethal Injections. CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-28 0_162-4019257.html. (accessed January 29th, 2013). This article covered the 2008 Supreme Court decision, which rejected the petitioners claim that lethal injection was inhumane. The article was useful in that it covered the execution procedures in other states and the decision. We looked to modern decisions regarding humane methods of execution to see the Guillotines lasting legacy. "History of the Guillotine." Guillotine. http://boisdejustice.com/History/History.html (accessed January 16, 2013). This website proved to be very helpful in my research. French documents from the French Revolution have been scanned in, on this website documenting the guillotine becoming the law. Other documents on this site reference the method of decapitation as humane. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Code Penal, 1791. National Archives. Paris, France. This document shows the 1791 Penal Code made by the French National Assembly. The pen marks through the writing are said to depict the end of King Louis XVIs sovereignty, and the beginning of the new Republic. "RESERVED for Crushr Guillotine earrings by whatsNew on Etsy." Etsy - Your place to buy and sell all things handmade, vintage, and supplies. http://www.etsy.com/listing/106343155/reserved-for-crushr-guillotine-earrings (accessed January 26, 2013). This site provided us with an image of original 18th Century guillotine earrings. We used this image on our website to display the cultural infatuation with the guillotine. Robespierre, Maximillien. Justification of the Use of Terror. 5 February 1794. This statement by Robespierre displays his feelings toward his campaign for a republic. With this he also describes that the justification for his Reign of Terror is his love of country. This quote helped us understand the motives of Robespierre.

Sue, Jean Joseph. Opinion ... sur le supplice de la Guillotine. Paris, France. 1796. This text includes a first hand account of the beheading of Charlotte Corday. It allows us to see how many viewed the use of the guillotine. Tauney, Nicolas Antoine. 1795. The Triumph of the Guillotine in Hell. Musee De La Ville De Paris, France. This painting can be seen on our website. Produced just following the Reign of Terror, it relays a compelling and grotesque message of the guillotines deadly influence. Tocqueville, Alexis De. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Garden City: Doubleday, 1856. De Tocquevilles text describes the political climate of France when the guillotine was first introduced. Although written years after the introduction of the guillotine, his account as a political thinker is useful in providing us with an understanding as to how the guillotine was used and viewed nearly half a century following its beginning. Tussaud, Marie, and Francis Herv. Madame Tussaud's memoirs and reminiscences of France, forming an abridged history of the French revolution. London: Saunders and Otley, 1838. This source allowed for us to understand how Madame Tussaud was both an employee of the Republic, as well as an example of how the guillotine continues to have a legacy today. The Constitution of 1791. National Assembly. 3 Septermber 1791. This document shows the motives and changes that the new republic would see. Following much research, we found that these also foreshadowed who would fall to the guillotine. We used text from the Constitution of 1791 on our website in our analysis of the guillotines influence as a historical turning point. The Law of Suspects. French National Convention. 17 September 1793. The law of suspects passed as a decree during the 1793 French National Convention, justifies the right for suspects to be arrested. Furthermore, it shows the extent of the Reign of Terror and eventually extends the number of people sent to be subject to the guillotines blade. "Washington DC Events | What's Going On at Madame Tussauds | DC Events ." Official Madame Tussauds website - best ticket prices online, guaranteed! . http://www.madametussauds.com/Washington/NewsAndEvents/Default.aspx (accessed February 13, 2013). We used this website as a primary source to show the legacy that Madame Tussaud, who gained popularity by casting the heads of guillotine victims continues to have. We used a graphic from the site on the legacy page of our

website. Wiertz, Antoine. Thoughts and Visions of a Severed Head: First minute. On the scaffold. Center: Second minute. Under the scaffold. Right pane: Third minute. Into eternity. 1853. Brussels: Wiertz Museum. This painting, although a century following the French Revolution, shows the impact that the guillotine had. Death and violence became a part of the culture.

Secondary Resources "18 departments' budgets get guillotine nod - The New Indian Express ." Latest India News | Breaking News | World & Business News | Sports & Entertainment news . http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1517760.ece (accessed April 1, 2013). This web article is used on our website to show modern references to the guillotine. We found it particularly interesting that the Indian parliament has a legislative option called the guillotine, which allows an item to be passed without any discussion. Amato, Joseph Anthony, and David Monge. Victims and values: a history and a theory of suffering. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. This text provided us with information on the guillotine, and particularly the execution of King Louis XVI. The section, Death to Sacrifice provided us with information regarding a popular French litany that focused on the guillotine as the protector of the new French Republic. Arasse, Daniel. The Guillotine and the Terror. London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 1989. This book provided us with information regarding the Reign of Terror. We used the information regarding the number of deaths by guillotine, and compared it with other information we found regarding that number. ARKA News Agency. "Armenian government to enforce electronic guillotine." ARKA News Agency. arka.am/en/news/politics/armenian_government_to_enforce_electr onic_guillotine/ (accessed April 1, 2013). We utilized this web article to demonstrate the guillotine in todays culture. The word has been manipulated to mean efficient in terms of this Armenian article regarding their new Electronic Guillotine database system. "Articles." The Guillotine. http://www.theguillotine.info/articles/outside.php. (accessed January 10, 2013). We obtained information concerning the guillotine as the turning point in the French Revolution from this source. Specifically, this source allowed us to do research and find numerous other primary sources. Baecque, Antoine de., and Charlotte Mandell. Louis XVI. In Glory and terror: seven

deaths under the French Revolution, 90-92. New York: Routledge, 2001. This text by de Baecque and Mandell cover the deaths of seven individuals during the French Revolution. The chapter on Louis XVI proved to be of great use to us as it chronicled how the revolutionaries felt as though the blood of the king at the blade of the guillotine would symbolize equality. Boeckel, Bruce Oliver. Crossing the guillotine: symbolic violence and religious fury in the age of the French Revolution. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1993. This source was useful in that it provided information on the guillotine as a movement during the French Revolution that brought about violence. This violence, according to Boeckel was symbolic. He mentions how this was likely due to the promotion of a society developed by the people in theories prior to the French Revolution. Carlyle, Thomas. The guillotine. Copyright ed. Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1851. Thomas Carlyles book, The Guillotine, provides an overview of the French Revolution and the guillotines influence during it. Furthermore, this text which was written in the late 19th Century. The most helpful aspect of the text is the recount of Robspierres death by the guillotine. Cohen, David S.. "Media Biz Must Master the Mobile Web or Face the Guillotine | Variety." Variety. http://variety.com/2013/digital/news/future-of-media-dependson-mastering-mobile-web-1200194393/ (accessed April 3, 2013). An image of this article can be seen on the Legacy page of our website. We used the article to illustrate how the guillotine continues to be referenced in popular culture. Cohen, M. J., and John Major. History in quotations. London: Cassell, 2004. In Cohen and Majors History in Quotations, the authors chronicle historical events through quotations. One such quote from a chapter on the guillotine was from the 18th Century and commented on how the method of execution was quite humane. Freeman, Shanna. "HowStuffWorks "Brain Stays Alive After Decapitation"." HowStuffWorks "Science". http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-themind/human-brain/10-brain-myths6.htm (accessed March 19, 2013). This site provided us with information on myths and opinions on decapitation. The article specifically focuses on debunking Charlottes Corday blush following her execution. "French Revolution - Robespierre, and the Legacy of the Reign of Terror." Rich Geib's Humble Outpost in Cyberspace. http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/french/french.html (accessed January 16, 2013). This personal web domain provided me with a general overview of the French Revolution. Most importantly, the site gave me the names of important figures during the French Revolution so that I could later research these individuals

reactions to the use of the guillotine. "French Revolution Video - History.com. History.com - History Made Every Day American & World History. http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos (accessed January 16, 2013). This short video by Jeffrey Lewis tells about the French Revolution. Although the video shows a comedic view of the French Revolution, it shows how the French Revolution interprets the historical events in todays culture. Particularly, the film shows a modern interpretation of the guillotine during the Reign of Terror. Gerould, Daniel Charles. Guillotine: its legend and lore. New York, NY: Blast Books, 1992. In Geroulds Guillotine, he discusses how this method of execution has been seen in various realms of popular culture. Particularly Gerould covers how the guillotine has been interpreted throughout literature. "Grillo Says His Party French Revolution Without Guillotine - Bloomberg." Bloomberg - Business, Financial & Economic News, Stock Quotes. http://www.bloomberg.co m/news/2013-03-29/grillo-says-his-party-is-french-revolution-without-guillotine.html (accessed April 3, 2013). This article shows how the guillotine continues to be referenced today. We used an image of this article on the Legacy portion of our website. "Guillotine." Guillotine. http://www.crimemuseum.org/library/execution/guillotine.html. (accessed January 14, 2013). This website was useful in obtaining information conceding the mechanisms of use of the guillotine from this source. It also provided information on the history of the machines development. Hector Fleichsmann, La guillotine en 1793 d'aprs des documents indits des Archives Nationales (Paris: Librairie des Publications Modernes, 1908), 290. This text provided us with information on Madame Tussaud and Curtius. A quote describing Curtius work can be seen on our legacy page. "History of the Guillotine." http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/guillotine.html. (accessed December 30,2012). This website allowed us to find information concerning the number of executions using the guillotine. The number of deaths by guillotine was often skewed between sources, yet this site provided a thorough look at the guillotine. Kershaw, Alister. A History of the Guillotine. London: John Calder, 1958. We obtained information about the injustices of the guillotine from this source. This source was particularly helpful in allowing us to find viewpoints that opposed the use of the guillotine.

Klein, Christopher. "The Guillotines First Cut History in the Headlines - History.com History Made Every Day - American & World History. http://www.history.com/ ews http://www.history.com/news/the-guillotines-first-cut (accessed January 9, 2013). This article by Christopher Klein covers the life and death of the guillotines first victim Nicolas-Jacques Pelletier. This was useful in understanding how the guillotine was first perceived. The article also helped to provide images of the guillotine and its victims. "Lela Graybill on A Proximate Violence: Madame Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors." NCAW | Volume 11, Issue 3 | Autumn 2012. http://www.19thcartworldwide.org/index.php/autumn10/a-proximate-violence#_ftn30 (accessed February 13, 2013). The Lela Graybill site provided us with extensive information on Maddame Tussaud and Phillipe Curtius. This site also led us to find primary resources including Madame Tussauds memoirs. Lewes, George Henry. The Life of Maximilien Robespierre. London: Chapman and Hall, 1849. From this source on Maximilien Robespierre we were able to find descriptions on how the guillotine was used during the Reign of Terror. Also, the source detailed how the guillotine transformed from a humane method of execution to a tool of terror. Lienhard, John H. "No. 1448: Guillotin/Guillotine." University of Houston. http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1448.htm (accessed January 16, 2013). This web article from the University of Houstons video episodes on engineering briefly covers the mechanics of the guillotine. Many of our sources provide historical or cultural accounts, but this source focuses on the mechanical logistics. Furthermore, it provides the first drawing of a guillotine. Mann, Henry. Turning points in the world's history. New York: The Christian Herald, 1897. Henry Manns Turning Points in the Worlds History, covers a multitude of historical topics and provides an interpretation of their influence. One chapter covers the guillotine and describes how the guillotine provided a humane form of execution, was the first method of execution to be used on all social classes, and caused the death of nearly 40,000 during the Reign of Terror. "Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution Timeline. Reign of Terror: 1793-1794 PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/timeline/reign.html (accessed January 16, 2013). This PBS article was particularly helpful when beginning our topic. The timeline helped us become familiar with the history of the French Revolution. While doing research we would often reference this timeline to understand the sequence

of events. Mercer, Jeremy. When the guillotine fell: the bloody beginning and horrifying end to France's river of blood, 1791-1977. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008. The language and history of Mercers work allowed us to form a better understanding of the guillotines influence. By covering nearly 200 years, the text discusses the rise of the guillotine, its use, and its influence. Specifically, it describes how La Marseillaise, the song used on our website, relates to the guillotine and the violence of the French Revolution. Neely, Sylvia. A concise history of the French Revolution. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. This detailed history of the French Revolution by Sylvia Neel helped us familiarize ourselves with events of the time. A background on Robespierre and Guillotine in this book were useful in developing background for our website. Noire Gloire: 18th Century Mourning Customs in a time of Revolution. Decollete: Guillotine. http://www.blastmilk.com/decollete/guillotine/. (accessed January 22, 2013). This website led us to numerous sources that told of the mourning customs during the French Revolution. This is particularly useful as the culture in France and Europe began to change as the guillotine made its way into literature and art. Opie, Robert Frederick. Guillotine: the timbers of justice. Stroud: Sutton, 2003. This unique look on the guillotine by Robert Frederick Opie allowed us to fully understand how the guillotine was a turning point in history. What he calls the timbers of justice shows how many view the guillotine as a new opportunity to make execution humane rather than strictly a gruesome method of decapitation. Period, Time. "The Guillotine: A Humane Form of Execution." HistoryWiz: for students, teachers and lovers of history. http://www.historywiz.com/ (accessed January 9, 2013). This overview of the guillotine was written to help students understand its influence. The guillotine is described to be a method of decapitation that its victims would not suffer under. This site also provided us with images of early guillotines. Prothero, George Walter. "The Guillotine." The Quarterly Review, Volume 73 LXXIII (1843): 273. This article was helpful in understanding the scientific views on Charlotte Cordays supposed blush following her beheading. The text contained articles and information from previous studies done on the matter. Sarat, Austin. The Killing State: Capital Punishment in Law, Politics, and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

This book covers all forms of capital punishment, but was immensely helpful in the section regarding the guillotine. Sarat remarks that the guillotine was revolutionary. We also used this book to lead us to search for other sources, including some primary sources on the execution of Louis Capet. Schechter, Harold. Savage pastimes: a cultural history of violent entertainment. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005. Schechters text documents the obsession that societies around the world have had with violence. We used this text in order to find evidence of the French societys fascination with the guillotine. The work was also helpful in creating links as to how the guillotines legacy continues to be seen. Stewart, Gail B. Life During the French Revolution. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1995. With this book, we obtained information containing the stages of the French Revolution. The text covered the introduction of the guillotine and its importance. "Timeline of Events 1789-1799." https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/timeline.html. (accessed January 4, 2013). Mount Holyoke Universitys course titled The France of Victor Hugo provided us with a useful site. This timeline of events helped us create the historical context page of our website. "The French Revolution." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0120706/. (accessed January 16, 2013). We obtained a list of important officials who were executed with the guillotine from this source. The Guillotine Headquarters. The Guillotine Headquarters. http:// www.guillotine.dk/default.html. (accessed January 17, 2013). This website was profound influential in the development of our project. This site provided us with information, a history, and a gallery of images regarding the guillotine. Traverso, Enzo. The origins of Nazi violence. New York: New Press, 2003. This text addresses the guillotine as a revolutionary tool in the history of executions. Traverso describes how the guillotined eliminated the role of an executioner, and made the executions dehumanized and a methodic process.