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2279نظرية معالجات المعلومات
2279نظرية معالجات المعلومات
Gagne Theory
&
Information Processing Model
)(632
:
: .
:
/
/
2009 / 2008
0
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) (2002-1916 1....................................................................................................
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) 14................................................................................................ (sensory registers
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) 15.......................................................................................:(short term memory
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)16........................................................................................................ :(long term memory
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) (2002-1916
Robert Gagne 1916
) (,North Andover Massachusetts 1937
Yale University
Brown University 1940 Pennsylvania State
University
1949 " 1916
). (
:
).
(207
.
:
:
.1 ) (Motor skills
.:
.
. ( Gagne,1988 p 59 ) .
.
.2 :(Attitudes) :
). (146
: ,
.3 ) ( condition of thought
).
(Gagne,1973 p 64
:
.4 ) :(Verbal information
:
(1 (2.
(3 .
.5 ) :(Intelligential skills
.
:
.
.
)(
.
.
:
:
.1 : .
.2 :
). (1984
) (:
) (
).. (139
:Problem Solving:
: rule learning:
concept learning :
multiple discrimination :
verbal association :
) ( chaining :
)(stimulus- response
signal learning
:
:
.1 :signal learning
) ( diffuse
.
:( .(
.(
) 1984 .( 90
.2 ) : (stimulus- response
) (Thorndike
).(skinner
3
(1: (2 . (3
) . (9091
.3 ) ( :chaining :
(1:
(2.
(3 (4.
)(Gagne, 1969,p 88
.4 verbal association :
.
(1: :
main hand ).manual
(1970
(2
(3 (4
.5 multiple discrimination :
(1: (2 (3
(4 (5
(6
) .(1970
.1
.6 : : concept learning :
4
: ) (
(1: ) ( (2. ) ( (3 )
(
.7 : rule learning: "
" 100
(1:
(2 .
(3.
.8 :Problem Solving:
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
:
o
o
o
o
o
o
) (1970
5
:
.
) (
.
).
(
:
" "
Hierarchy
.
Prerequisite .
" "
.
. Task Analysis
) (capabilities
.
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.
" "
.
" :
-1 .
-2
.
-3
.
-4 -
- ) " .1982
( 487
"." conditions of learning
Nine Events of Instruction
:
.1 :
.2 :
.3 :
.4 :
.5 :
.6 :
.7
.8
.9
http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/Articles/gagnesevents/index.htm
. /
http://docs.ksu.edu.sa/DOC/Articles49/Article490153.doc
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
:
.1
.2
Information Processing Model
.
" :
".
)( :
<--------- <---------
inputs cpu
outputs
). . 1980 (
Information processing model
This is a simple processing model
Decision
making
Output
Input
Feedback
Response
programming
Memory
Decision
making
Motor
output
Sensory input
perception
feedback
:
:
9
: :
.
: :
.
:
) (
: ) (
.
: :
.
Information Processing Model of Human Functions
Cognition
Memory
Decision making/planning
Learning
Communication
Response selection
decisions
Sensation/Perception
Psycho-physics
Perceptual Processes
& Augmentation
Attention
information
Anthropometry
Dynamics/Biomechanics
Speech
Motor Control
Response Execution
intent, action
data
stimuli
observations
Environment
Technologies
People
modifications
) (
Psycho-Motor
: :
v
v
v
). (
Wickens model of human information processing
10
http://ecow.engr.wisc.edu/cgibin/get/ie/549/carayon/notes/ie549_infoprocessingmodels_website.ppt#263,6,Wickens
model of human information processing
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/say-cheese/kim/wickens.html
:
.1 .
.2
.3
.4
.
Top-down
processing
Perception
Bottom-up
processing
Knowledge
)(expectancies & desires
Experience
The senses
Stimulus
World
) (
:
:
) .. (
:
.I ) :(Encoding inputs
) (
11
:
visual encoding
:acoustic coding
:
:
:
.
:
.1
.2
:
.1: .2 .
.3
:
serial processing:
Parallel Processing :
.II storage:
30- 20
.
.III Retrieval :
.
(1:
12
(2
.1 :
: .
.2 :
.
spread of activation effect
networks
) ( Cue
Reconstruction brain storming
).(ashcraft,1989
.3 :
.
:
.
13
.
:
.
-1 ) (decay of information
.
-2 ) (displacement-interference theory
:
.
.
.
-3 :
,
-4 :
good gestalt
-5
.
:
) (sensory registers
.
,
:
.1
14
.2
.3
.4
.1 : . automatic decay
. 2 interference and displacement
. 3
: images
kelle & chase
,
.
: echoic memory ,
30-5 .
working memory
:
.1
.2 9-5 7
.3
.4 30
.5 :
.1
.2
15
.3
.6
..
.1 : 45
.2
.1 :
:
: SMART
.
.2 :
7 79
1085329
108 53 29 .
.
.1
.2 :
.3 : .
memory attribute
.
16
control
processing
:
.
:
.4
.1 rehearsal
.5
.2
.6
.3
.1
.2
.3
.4
:
representation form
.
: ) (
. : ) (
:
17
: : :
.1
.2
.3 :
.
:
: :
flavell
, :
bruer
-1
-2
-3
-1 :
-2 :
.
18
-1 ) /(
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
http://tip.psychology.org/gagne.html
19