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JOREDO ULL

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6.3.2. Caractere GH UHSURGXF LH

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6.3.4. Caractere de exterior

 6HOHF LD  (IHFWXO VHOHF LHL

6.5. Potrivirea perechilor la animalele domestice

 &ULWHULL GH FODVLILFDUH L VLVWHPH GH vPSHUHFKHUL

6 QFUXFLDUHD 6.7. Consangvinizarea (endogamia)

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6.9.1. Genotipul animalelor

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6.10. SisWHPH L PHWRGH GH DPHOLRUDUH

2ELHFWLYHOH XUP FXQRDWHUHD ULWH

:
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Cuvinte cheie SRSXOD

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LD PXWD LD PLJUD LD VHOHF LD FRQVDQJYLQL]DUHD KHULWDELOLWDWHD IHUP VLO HIHFWLY PDWF  QXFOHX GH SURGXF LH UHIRUPDWH KHWHURJDPLD

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SULQ VSRULUHD HIHFWLYHORU L

ULUHD SURGXF LHL SH FDS GH DQLPDO 0

ULUHD SURGXF LHL JOREDOH SULQ FUHWHUHD HIHFWLYHORU QX SRVWL

HVWH WRWGHDXQD FHD PDL HFRQRPLF

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rea,

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VH UHDOL]H]H SURGXF LL PDUL SULQ P

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LUHD SRWHQ LDOXOXL JHQHWLF 3OHFkQG GH OD HIHFWLYHOH GHD SURGXF LL  DYkQG FD

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HVWH SURFHVXO GH PRGLILFDUH GLULMDW D SRWHQ LDOXOXL SURGXFWLY D GH RP

$PHOLRUDUHD DQLPDOHORU

caracterelor ereditaUH
GHWHUPLQ LQIOXHQ HD]

D JHQRIRQGXOXL SRSXOD LLORU GH DQLPDOH GRPHVWLFH vQ GLUHF LD GRULW

PRGLILF UL vQ VWUXFWXUD JHQHWLF SURGXF LD

D SRSXOD LHL vQ SRWHQ LDOXO GH SURGXF LH GHFL LQGLUHFW

2PXO LQWHUYLQH vQ SURFHVXO GH UHSURGXF LH PRGLILFkQG VWUXFWXULOH JHQHWLFH DOH SRSXOD LLORU

(SRSXOD LD HVWH XQLWDWHD GH OXFUX D DPHOLRU

'HFL DPHOLRUDUHD GLULMHD]  )DFWRULL FDUH LQIOXHQ HD]

ULL

HYROX LD SRSXOD LLORU

.
JOREDO SULQ

SURGXF LD DQLPDO

&UHWHUHD SURGXF LHL ]RRWHKQLFH JOREDOH VH UHDOL]HD]

FUHWHUHD QXP UXOXL GH DQLPDOH QX HVWH WRWGHDXQD HFRQRPLF  FUHWHUHD SURGXF LHL PHGLL SH FDS GH DQLPDO DF LRQkQG VLPXOWDQ SULQ DPHOLRUDUHD JHQHWLF vPEXQ W LUHD FRQGL LLORU GH H[SORDWDUH L

5LWPXO GH DPHOLRUDUH JHQHWLF  vQ XOWLPD YUHPH DPHOLRUDUH OXFUX vPEXFXU

a crescut prin optimizarea programelor de WRU DYkQG vQ YHGHUH VFRSXO ILQDO - FUHWHUHD SURGXF LHL
ULL IUHFYHQ D JHQHORU L D JHQRWLSXULORU GLQWU R SRSXOD LH VXQW

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GH YDULD LH JHQHWLF 

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Principalele miMORDFH

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vQ

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GLULMDUHD

vPSHUHFKHULORU

vQFUXFLDUH L FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH

- figura 6.1.
ULL

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LQH VHDPD GH XUP WRDUHOH FDUDFWHUH SURGXF LD UHSURGXF LD YLDELOLWDWHD L

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  ! ! 49  (#@   1 0 $ 0 0A B ! ( $ E ( ! !60!

C % D 1  0 !

Fig.6.1. - 'LDJUDPD IDFWRULORU SULQ FDUH VH SRDWH DF

GXS 'U J QHVFX & 'HRDUHFH WHKQRORJLD GH DPHOLRUDUH HVWH GHSHQGHQW FDUDFWHU GH OD ILHFDUH HVWH QHFHVDU V VH FXQRDVF

LRQD vQ DPHOLRUDUH

GH SDUWLFXODULW

LOH JHQHWLFH DOH XQXL

KHULWDELOLWDWHD K

2 2

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alte
1
2

FDUDFWHUH SRQGHUHD YDULD LHL QHDGLWLYH L GH PHGLX VSHFLDO OLPLWDUHD LQIOXHQ D VDX vQO Q XLUHD

Iuliana Neagu, 1998. h2 = VA  YDULD LD YDORULL GH DPHOLRUDUH 9pYDULD LD WRWDO

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CAPITOLUL VI
UXL FDUDFWHU D ILHF UHL SRSXOD LL D ILHF UHL JHQHUD LL L D vQWUH  L  GDF

cu sexul. HeritDELOLWDWHD HVWH SURSULHWDWHD ILHF

FRQGL LLORU GH PHGLX vQ FDUH HYROXHD] 9DORDUHD ULGLFDW KHULWDELOLWDWHD HVWH UHGXV GH FUHWHUH L H[SORDWDUH D KHULWDELOLW

SRSXOD LD UHVSHFWLY  +HULWDELOLWDWHD YDULD]

YDORDUHD GHS HWH  LQIOXHQ D JHQRWLSXOXL HVWH PDUH

i invers.
L XQHRUL HYLGHQ LD] XQ PHGLX RSWLP

LL P UHWH DQVD WUDQVPLWHULL FDUDFWHUXOXL OD GHVFHQGHQ L 'DF

WUDQVPLWHUHD FDUDFWHUXOXL HVWH VODE

n principiu, grupDUHD FDUDFWHUHORU GXS

KHULWDELOLWDWH LQIHULRDU

KHULWDELOLWDWH HVWH XUP WRDUHD

 DX FDUDFWHUHOH YLDELOLWDWHD IHFXQGLWDWHD QDWDOLWDWHD SUROLILFLWDWHD

ULWPXO GH UHSURGXF LH ORQJHYLWDWHD SURGXFWLY  UH]LVWHQ D OD EROL HWF

heritabilitate medie (0,2-

OkQLL SURGXF LD GH RX HWF KHULWDELOLWDWH ULGLFDW

DX

FDUDFWHUHOH

GXUDWD

ODFWD LHL

FDQWLWDWHD

GH

ODSWH

JUHXWDWHD

FRUSRUDO  WLSXO GH FRQIRUPD LH WDOLD VSRUXO vQ JUHXWDWH LQGLFHOH GH FRQYHUVLH D KUDQHL ILQH HD

! DX FDUDFWHUHOH GXUDWD JHVWD LHL

GH JU VLPH

68

GH ODFWR] 

GH SURWHLQ  UDQGDPHQWXO OD W LHUH JURVLPHD VWUDWXOXL GH JU VLPH OXQJLPHD ILEUHL GH OkQ 

precocitatea ouatului, greutatea oului, lungimea mameloanelor etc.

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VHOHF LH

genotipice.
Q ILJXUD  HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW VFKHPDWLF UHOD LD JHQRWLS

-fenotip.

 &DUDFWHUH GH SURGXF LH )LHFDUH SURGXF LH HVWH Uezultanta unui ansamblu de caractere complexe care, la rndul lor, sunt ansamblul caracterelor simple.

F)GIHQP)RTSUAV3W X`Ybac V3WTVdWTV3S U Y 9 i RTG Y r)SDRTSts FpGIHvP)RTStU

F)GIHQP3ReSUAV3W f G X GgWgGgS U Y iqRTG H G Y r3SRTSts Q u rdP X SH Y HvR w GgUxS a R Y)y StGh SHvRTGgi Y3c SVpHbG

i G Y a GhFpiqGhF Y q G Hbr3GgWgS Y H X I X Ggr)SVdW UIP)UAV3W Y SGgS X Ggr3SVdW c P9H a V X UAGFpiVdUxG X Ggr3SV

fxY3c RTP)iqSr3G

Fig.6.2. - 6FKHPD

UHOD LHL JHQRWLS

-fenotip
GH SURWHLQ  K

3URGXF LD GH ODSWH LQFOXGH FDUDFWHUHOH FDQWLWDWHD

GH JU VLPH

&DQWLWDWHD GH ODSWH HVWH FDUDFWHU OLPLWDW GH VH[ FX KHULWDELOLWDWH PLF FRUHOHD] QHJDWLY FX

= 0,2 - 0,42); se

GH JU VLPH L VODE SR]LWLY FX XQHOH FDUDFWHUH GH GH]YROWDUH L FRQIRUPD LH

(tabelul 6.1.).

Georgescu Gh. L =

YRL , 

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CAPITOLUL VI
GH LQWHUDF LXQL JHQHWLFH QHDGLWLYH GRPLQDQW  GH IDFWRULL

&DQWLWDWHD GH ODSWH HVWH LQIOXHQ DW

GH PHGLX LQWHUQ YkUVWD OD SULPD I WDUH UDQJXO ODFWD LHL OXQD GH ODFWD LH SUHFXP L GH IDFWRULL H[WHUQL KU QLUHD LJLHQD FRUSRUDO  QXP UXO GH PXOVRUL SH ]L *U VLPHD L SURWHLQD GLQ ODSW

e sunt corelate pozitiv ntre ele; au heritabilitate mare (h2 = 0,5-

- 0,6). Tabelul 6.1.

&RHILFLHQWXO GH KHULWDELOLWDWH DO XQRU vQVXLUL OD WDXULQH9HOHD &

QVXLUHD

Valoarea h2 pe 0,20-0,42
vQ

QVXLUHD

Valoarea h2 0,20-0,25 0,60-0,70

GH

5DVH GH ODSWH L PL[WH

Cantitatea
&RQ LQXWXO JU VLPH

de

lapte

0DVD FRUSRUDO QDWHUH

D YL HLORU OD

lacWD LH QRUPDO
PHGLX

0,50-0,70 0,40-0,50 0,50-0,70

Talia
$FXPXODUH PHGLH ]LOQLF PDV

3URGXF LD GH JU VLPH SXU WRWDO &RQ LQXWXO PHGLX GH

0,42-0,59 0,65-0,85

5DQGDPHQWXO OD W LHUH

proteine n lapte
'XUDWD ODFWD LHL 'XUDWD JHVWD LHL

0,20-0,25 0,30-0,40 0,70-0,75

IRUPD

3RQGHUH vQ FDUFDV

- carne - carne calit.I Raport carne-oase

)LQH H ILEU PXVFXODU

0,60-0,65 0,78-0,83 0,70-0,77 0,72-0,86 0,70-0,90 0,38-0,57

Indicele mamar
/XQJLPHD L

0,80-0,90 0,10-0,20 0,34-0,70 0,40-0,60

mamelon Fertilitatea la vaci

0DV FRUS OD QDWHUH ]LOQLF

Rase de carne
5DQGDPHQWXO OD W LHUH $FXPXODUH GH PDV PHGLH

Capacitatea de valorificare a hranei

3URGXF LD GH FDUQH

]LOQLF VDX JUHXWDWHD OD R DQXPLW L FRQIRUPD LD FDUFDVHL

(bovinH VXLQH RYLQH FDSULQH S V UL LHSXUL GHSLQGH GH VSRUXO PHGLXO 2 2 YkUVW K = 0,35); consumul specific (h = 0,3- FRPSR]L LD
L HVWH LQIOXHQ DW FD YkUVW  SURGXLL OD

Consumul specific este puternic corelat pozitiv cu sporul n grHXWDWH

L VSRUXO GH IDFWRUL GH RUGLQ LQWHUQ YkUVW  VH[ JHVWD LH GH LQIOXHQ D PDWHUQ

R I WDUH SURGXF LD GH ODSWH L IDFWRULL LQWHUQL DOLPHQWD LH DG SRVW PHGLX HWRORJLF

prH]LQW XQ DVSHFW caractere determinate pentru calitate (h2 = 0,5) .

3URGXF LD GH RX HVWH XQ

3URGXF LD

GH

OkQ

FDQWLWDWLY

= 0,4-

L XQ FRPSOH[ GH

FDUDFWHU OLPLWDW GH VH[ L FXSULQGH QXP UXO GH RX UXO GH RX

= 0,2-0,3),

greutatea oului (h =0,5-0,7), forma oului HWF 1XP

HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH PDL PXO L IDFWRUL

HVWH FRUHODW QHJDWLY FX JUHXWDWHD YLH L

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CAPITOLUL VI
GLQ IDSWXO F VXQW XWLOH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH

 &DUDFWHUH GH UHSURGXF LH ,PSRUWDQ D DFHVWRUD SHQWUX DPHOLRUDUH UH]LG

HFRQRPLF L SRW LQIOXHQ D LQGLUHFW HILFLHQ D VHOHF LHL FUHWH QXP UXO GH FDQGLGD L FUHWH LQWHQVLWDWHD VHOHF LHL )HUWLOLWDWHD KHULWDELOLWDWHD PLF SUROLILFLWDWHD L QDWDOLWDWHD LQWU GHL DX PDUH LPSRUWDQ SHQWUX H[SORDWDUH SULQ

K = 0,10- AmHOLRUDUHD ORU VH UHDOL]HD] neaditive (heterozis).

UDU vQ RELHFWLYXO VHOHF LHL LQWHUDF LXQLOH JHQHWLFH

SULQ vQFUXFL UL LQGXVWULDOH FDUH YL]HD]

 &DUDFWHUH GH YLDELOLWDWH L UH]LVWHQ FD RELHFWLYH DOH VHOHF LHL

OD vPEROQ

YLUL

'HL LPSRUWDQ D DFHVWRUD SHQWUX SURGXF LH HVWH PDUH DPHOLRUDWRULL QX LQFOX

d aceste caractere

Referindu-ne la acestea, putem vorbi despre anomalii.

$QRPDOLLOH HUHGLWDUH SRW IL XQHRUL XWLOH JHQD QDQLVPXOXL SLWLFH PDPH GH EURLOHU FX LPSRUWDQ vQ UHGXFHUHD FRQVXPXOXL GZDUI OD J LQL SURGXFH J LQL

propriu de furaje pe ou, deci

PDL PDUH GHFk

UHGXFHUHD SUH XOXL GH SURGXF LH $QRPDOLLOH SURGXVH GH PHGLX VW UL SDWRORJLFH GHWHUPLQDWH GH WHPSHUDWXU  UDGLD LD VRODU  DOLPHQWD LH DJORPHUD LH VH SRW UHVWUkQJH SULQ RE LQHUHD GH KLEUL]L FH DX UH]LVWHQ

rasele pure.
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- 'U J QHVFX & nu s-au putut forma linii absolut rezistente sau receptive.

 SHQWUX UH]LVWHQ H OD GLIHULWH EROL

(VWH PDL VLJXU L PDL LHIWLQ D VH GREkQGL UH]LVWHQ D SULQ LPXQL]DUH GHFkW SULQ VHOHF LH

6.3.4. Caractere de exterior

Q SUH]HQW VXQW OXDWH vQ FRQVLGHUDUH QXPDL FDUDFWHUHOH FRUHODWH FX SURGXF LD GH]YROWDUHD FRUSRUDO  FRQIRUPD LD FRUSRUDO  FRQVWLWX LD FRQGL LD URED L DFHVWHD vQ FRUHOD LH JHQHWLF FX DOWH

caractere.
 6HOHF LD 6HOHF LD HVWH SURFHVXO GH DOHJHUH D DQLPDOHORU SHQWUX UHSURGXF LH VDX SURFHVXO GH

GLVFULPLQDUH UHSURGXFWLY 6HOHF LD DF LRQHD]

QHvQWkPSO WRDUH D JHQRWLSXULORU OD WRDWH QLYHOXULOH GH RUJDQL]DUH D PDWHULHL YLL L SRDWH IL REVHUYDW SULQ

QXP UXO GH GHVFHQGHQ L SURGXL L UH LQX L GH OD ILHFDUH LQGLYLG 'LVFULPLQDUHD UHSURGXFWLY DUH XUP WRDUHOH FDX]H

.
DYHD PDL PXO L VDX PDL SX LQL

ntmplarea (un individ, indiferent de valoarea lui, poatH

GHVFHQGHQ L VHOHF LD QDWXUDO VHOHF LD DUWLILFLDO DUWLILFLDO PHGLXO GH YLD IDYRUL]HD]

UHSURGXF LD FHORU PDL DGDSWD L

RPXO DF LRQHD] VH IDFH SH ED]D

vQ GLUHF LD GRULW  FXQRDWHULL SHUIRUPDQ HORU SURGXF LL ODSWH OkQ 

6HOHF LD

greutate...), alegndu-VH

4

S ULQ LL SRWHQ LDOL L DSRL HIHFWLYL GLQ LQGLYL]LL HIHFWLYXOXL PDWF

VH DOHJ

S ULQ LL JHQHUD LHL XUP WRDUH VHOHF LD SH DVFHQGHQ L FX QXFOHX GH SU VLO  (WDSHOH VHOHF LHL DUWLILFLDOH VXQW

SUHGLF LD YDORULL GH DPHOLRUDUH D FDQGLGD LORU OD VHOHF LH FODVDUHD FDQGLGD LORU GXS YDORDUHD GH DPHOLRUDUH

Iuliana Neagu, 1998. Idem 6 Idem

5

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OD UHSURGXF LH L RE LQHUHD HIHFWLY GH GHVFHQGHQ L QLYHOXO UHDOL]DW

UH LQHUHD OD UHSURGXF LH IRORVLUHD GLIHUHQ LDW DO VHOHF LHL SULQ PRGLILFDUHD SHUIRUPDQ HORU SRSXOD LHL

(IHFWXO JHQHWLF DO VHOHF LHL VH PDWHULDOL]HD]

promovnd o parte din indivizi.

Q IXQF LH GH VXUVD GH LQIRUPD LH IHQRWLSLF  VHOHF LD VH IDFH GXS SHUIRUPDQ H SURSULL LQWUDIDPLOLDO L SHUIRUPDQ HOH UXGHORU SHUIRUPDQ D SURSULH SH SH DVFHQGHQ L SH LQWHUIDPLOLDO GHVFHQGHQ L L SH UXGH FRODWHUDOH 'XS GXS QXP UXO FDUDFWHUHORU OXDWH vQ RELHFWLYXO VHOHF LHL DFHDVWD VH IDFH SHQWUX XQ FDUDFWHU PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHUH SULQ PHWRGHOH vQ WDQGHP SH QLYHOH

PHWRGHOH VXVPHQ LRQDWH LDU GXS

inGHSHQGHQWH L SH LQGLFL GH VHOHF LH

0HWRGHOH GH VHOHF LH VH PDL FODVLILF L GXS YDORDUHD GH DPHOLRUDUH JHQHUDO VDX VSHFLDO  IHOXO vQ FDUH HVWH YL]DW PRGLILFDUHD FDUDFWHUHORU GLUHFW VDX LQGLUHFW  L GLUHF LD GH PRGLILFDUH D SRSXOD LHL GLUHF LRQDO  VWDELOL]DWRDUH GLVUXSWLY 

Sub aspectul costului,

PDL FRQYHQDELO FX L DUH GRX QX LQGLYLGXDOL]DUH

VHOHF LD SH SHUIRUPDQ H SURSULL LQGLYLGXDO

VDX PDVDO  HVWH FHD

YDULDQWH LPSXQH FRQWUROXO LL PRQWHL L I W ULORU L vQUHJLVWUDUHD RULJLQLL VH

recomDQG curci);
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SHQWUX DPHOLRUDUHD FDQWLW

GH OkQ

D RLORU L JUHXW

LL YLL OD SRUFL RL J LQL

JUXSHD]

I W ULOH

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RE LQHUHD

GH

ORWXUL

PDUL

GH

FRQWHPSRUDQL

IRUPDUHD

grupelor, FRQWUROXO FDUDFWHUXOXL VHOHF LH - figura 6.3.).

Q FDGUXO SRSXOD LLORU VHOHF LD LQWUDIDPLOLDO  FDUH VH DSOLF

OD R DQXPLW

YkUVW

L FODVDUHD vQ PRPHQWXO OX ULL GHFL]LHL GH

PLFL

XQGH

HVWH

SHULFROXO

vPSHUHFKHULORU

vQUXGLWH

VH

UHFRPDQG

SHQWUX DFHOHDL FDUDFWHUH FD L SUHFHGHQWD FDUDFWHUHOH QX VXQW VXUDUH

limitate de sex L QX LPSXQ VDFULILFDUHD SHQWUX P

- figura 6.4.

Fig. 6.3. - 6HOHF

3DUDOHO FX VHOHF LD DUWLILFLDO DUWLILFLDO  VHOHF LD QDWXUDO FRQVWDW P F

LD PDVDO

OD RL ,XOLDQD 1HDJX 

DF LRQHD]

L VHOHF LD QDWXUDO  FKLDU GDF

vQFHWHD]

VHOHF LD

FRQWLQX  VXSUDYLH XLQG QXPDL DQLPDOHOH DGDSWDWH GXS

FkWHYD JHQHUD LL WUHEXLH V H[LVWH

SURGXF LLOH DFHVWRUD VXQW VF ]XWH PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH VHOHF LD DUWLILFLDO

continuu.
Q YHGHUHD VHOHF LHL DQLPDOHOH WUHEXLH LQGLYLGXDOL]DWH WUHEXLH V OL VH LQ HYLGHQ D SURGXF LHL V OL VH GHWHUPLQH JUHXWDWHD V ILH P VXUDWH V VH FXQRDVF VSRUXO PHGLX ]LOQLF OD WLQHUHW JHQHDORJLD HWF GDU OL VH IDFH L XQ ULJXURV FRQWURO VDQLWDU YHWHULQDU

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CAPITOLUL VI

Fig. 6.4.- 6HOHF

Q XUPD FODV ULL vQWU R IHUP

LD LQWUDIDPLOLDO vQWU

L vQFUXFLDUH URWDWLY

LQWHUIDPLOLDO

-o herghelie (Iuliana Neagu, 1998)

UHFRUG L HOLW DVLJXU

HOLW  DQLPDOHOH VH vPSDUW vQ  FDWHJRULL FHOH PDL EXQH H[HPSODUH GLQ FODVHOH GHVFHQGHQ LL SHQWUX vQORFXLUHD

QXFOHXO GH SU VLO

HIHFWLYXO PDWF 

tabelul6.2.) de la care
GH]YROWDUHD FUHVF WRULHL QXFOHXO GH SURGXF LH

VH

RSUHVF

UHIRUPDWHORU

GHFL

DQLPDOH GHVWLQDWH H[SORDW ULL VDX OLYU ULL DOWRU IHUPH

animale reformate = animale care nu mai sunt rentabile n exploatare (se vor sacrifica).
$SUHFLHUHD UHSURGXF WRULORU VH IDFH SULQ ERQLWDUH YH]L FDSLWROXO ,9

Tabelul 6.2.
&HULQ H PLQLPH GH vQFDGUDUH vQ FODVH GXS FDQWLWDWH GH JU SHUIRUPDQ D SURGXFWLY  VLPH L FDQWLWDWH GH ODSWH SH ODFWD LH QRUPDO

a vacilor din rasa Holstein )UL] Record JU VLPH lapte (kg) (kg) 176 4.500 204 5.225 223 5.700 226 5.800 224 5.750
IHPHOH GLQ QXFOHXO GH

(OLW JU VLPH

/DFWD LD

(kg) 142 170 186 190 188

SU VLO VH

lapte (kg) 3.900 4.450 4.900 5.000 4.950

IRORVHVF

Clasa I JU VLPH lapte (kg) (kg) 100 115 127 130 128 2.700 3.100 3.430 3.500 3.470

Clasa a II-a JU VLPH lapte (kg) (kg)

I a II-a a III-a a IV-a a V-a

7
&HOH PDL EXQH

VXE FHULQ HOH

clasei I
FH YRU IL UH LQX L SHQWUX

SHQWUX

RE LQHUHD

PDVFXOLORU

UHSURGXF LH LDU FHOHODOWH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD IHPHOHORU FDUH V

DVLJXUH QXFOHXO GH VHOHF LH

&UH D 9 L FRODE 

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

a VI-a a VII-a a VIII-a a IX-a a X-D L SHVWH

228 218 216 212 208

5.700 5.575 5.525 5.425 5.325

186 183 181 178 175

4.900 4.800 4.750 4.675 4.600

127 125 124 122 120

3.430 3.360 3.330 3.260 3.200

FX PRGLILF UL DOH

 (IHFWXO VHOHF LHL 8UP ULOH H[FOXGHULL GH OD UHSURGXF LH DOH JHQRWLSXOXL SRSXOD LHL VH VROGHD] DFHVWXLD OD JHQHUD LD XUP WRDUH FDUH DSDU vQ VkQXO SRSXOD LHL L SRDUW

GHQXPLUHD GH HIHFWXO VHOHF LHL XUP UHWH OD WRDWH FDUDFWHUHOH GH YHGHUH HFRQRPLF VXQW

sau FkWLJ JHQHWLF (J *HRUJHVFX *KL = cantitative, efeFWXO

VHOHF LHL VHOHF LHL UHSUH]LQW

YRL ,  (IHFWXO VH GLQ SXQFW

QWUXFkW PDMRULWDWHD FDUDFWHUHORU FDUH LQWHUHVHD]

GHSODVDUHD PHGLHL JHQHWLFH D DFHVWRUD vQ SRSXOD LD VXSXV

([SULPDUHD HIHFWXOXL VHOHF LHL VH IDFH SULQ GHSODVDUHD PHGLHL JHQHWLFH GH OD R JHQHUD LH OD

alta (g = h2 x i) sau prin raportarea mediei genetice la intervalXO GLQWUH JHQHUD LL h2 . i gy = ---------y
(IHFWXO VHOHF LHL GHSLQGH GH XUP WRULL IDFWRUL

'LIHUHQ D GH VHOHF LH UHSUH]LQW SU VLO

GLIHUHQ D GH VHOHF LH L

heritabilitatea caracterelor, h2 (vezi mai sus);

LQWHUYDOXO GLQWUH JHQHUD LL \ vQ FD]XO FDOFXO ULL HIHFWXOXL DQXDO GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH PHGLD FDUDFWHUXOXL OD LQGLYL]LL DOHL SHQWUX vQ YDORUL

vQ XUPD VHOHF LHL L PHGLD FDUDFWHUXOXL OD SRSXOD LD GLQ FDUH SURYLQ 6H H[SULP L DOH GHYLD LHL VWDQGDUG V VDX DOH YDULD LHL V GH YDULDQ D JHQRWRSLF D HIHFWXOXL

DEVROXWH DOH FDUDFWHUXOXL DQDOL]DW L vQ XQLW 0 ULPHD GLIHUHQ HL GH VHOHF LH

).
VHOHF LHL L HIHFWXO

GHSLQGH

LQWHQVLWDWHD VHOHF LHL 5 9DULDQ D JHQRWLSLF PDUH SHUPLWH UHDOL]DUHD GLIHUHQ HL DFFHQWXDWH GHFL FUHWH

VHOHF LHL L LQYHUV FD]XO OLQLLORU FRQVDQJYLQL]DWH ,QWHQVLWDWHD VHOHF LHL SURFHQWXO GH DQLPDOH UH LQXWH SHQWUX SU VLO GLQ ILHFDUH JHQHUD LH HVWH

UDSRUWXO GLQWUH QXP UXO PDVFXOLORU GLQ ILHFDUH JHQHUD LH L QXP UXO PDVFXOLORU UH LQX L SHQWUX SU VLO  PLF GH UH LQHUH LQWHQVLWDWH PDUH Q GLUHF LD SURGXF LHL GH ODSWH YkUVWD SULPHL I W UL UHSUH]LQW R vQVXLUH LQGLYLGXDO

LPSRUWDQW  FX LPSOLFD LL DWkW vQ UHGXFHUHD GXUDWHL

YLH LL UHSURGXFWLYH  FkW L vQ UHDOL]DUHD SURGXF LHL vQ

maxime ntr-R prodXFWLY

 'DF

ODFWD LH FkW PDL WLPSXULH DPEHOH vQVXLUL DYkQG OD UkQGXO ORU FRUHVSRQGHQ

DFFHOHUDUHD ULWPXOXL GH VHOHF LH WDEHOXO  vQ WHKQRORJLD GH H[SORDWDUH DGRSWDW

L HFRQRPLFLWDWHD

VH PHQ LQH QHVFKLPEDW QXP UXO DQLPDOHORU GLQ HIHFWLY

E , F n care: E - % anual de nlocuire a femelelor sau masculilor din efectiv: R=

E= 100 , V2 V1


unde: V1 - vrsta PHGLH D SULPHL I W UL DQL V2 - YkUVWD PHGLH D UHIRUP ULL DQL F - QXP UXO PHGLX GH IHPHOH VDX PDVFXOL RE LQX L DQXDO GH OD R IHPHO

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

Tabelul 6.3.
,QWHQVLWDWHD VHOHF LHL OD WDXULQH vQ FRQGL LLOH PHQ LQHULL FRQVWDQWH D HIHFWLYXOXL vQ SRSXOD LH 9HOH

a C., 1983)

Vrsta primei
I W UL DQL

9kUVWD GH UHIRUP  DQL

2 2,5 3 3,5
 6 VH FDOFXOH]H ( L 5

6 25,00 28,25 33,33 40,00

8 16,67 18,22 20,00 22,22

10 12,50 13,33 14,29 15,33

 DQL L  OXQL 92

12 10,00 10,51 11,11 11,78

 DQL L  OXQL L )

De exemplu: ntr-un efectiv de taurine avem V1

E=
R=

100 = 16,6% 6
SURFHQWXO GH YL HOH UH LQXWH SHQWUX SU VLO GLQ FHOH Q VFXWH

16,6 = 41,5% 0,4

'DU vQ SUDFWLF  DYkQG vQ YHGHUH HOLPLQ ULOH FDUH VH IDF WUHEXLH UH YL HOH ,QWHUYDOXO GLQWUH JHQHUD LL UHSUH]LQW QDWHULL GHVFHQGHQ LORU WDEHOXO 

inut un efectiv dublu de

WLPSXO VFXUV GH OD GDWD QDWHULL S ULQ LORU L GDWD PHGLH D

Tabelul 6.4.
,QWHUYDOXO GLQWUH JHQHUD LL *HRUJHVFX *K L = YRL , 

Specia Taurine lapte Porcine Ovine Cabaline

* LQL

RaporWXO GLQWUH JHQHUD LL DQL la masculi la femele 4,6 6,0 2,4 3,0 3,6 4,3 9,5 8,9 1,2 1,8
HVWH DFXW

media 5,3 2,7 3,9 9,3 1,5

3UREOHPD LQWHUYDOXOXL GLQWUH JHQHUD LL

OD VSHFLLOH PDUL GHRDUHFH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD

HIHFWXOXL VHOHF LHL GRULWH HVWH QHYRLH GH WLPS vQGHOXQJDW 'H H[HPSOX OD WDXULQH WUHEXLH V PDVFXOL WHVWDUHD GXS GHVFHQGHQ L VH DFRUGH DWHQ LH GHRVHELW OD DOHJHUHD UHSURGXF WRULORU

ED]

6.5. Potrivirea perechilor la animalele domestice OperD LXQHD GH vPSHUHFKHUH vQWU-XQ DQXPLW IHO D FXSOXULORU vQ VFRSXO RE LQHULL GH SURGXL FX HUHGLWDU GRULW SRDUW GHQXPLUHD GH potrivirea perechilor XUP UHWH RE LQHUHD XQHL
L GHWHUPLQ DPHOLRUDUHD SULQ 'DUZLQ VSXQHD F vPSLHGLFDUHD vPSHUHFKHULORU OLEHUH L DOHJHUHD MXGLFLRDV D LQGLYL]LORU

GHVFHQGHQ H SULQ FRPELQDUHD VH[HORU RSXVH FO GHWH ED]D HUHGLWDU PRGLILFDUHD IUHFYHQ HL JHQRWLSXULORU

SHQWUX vPSHUHFKHUH VXQW SLHWUH XQJKLXODUH vQ DUWD FUHWHULL DQLPDOHORU 

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI
D SDUWLFXODULW LORU L LQWHQVLILFDUHD ORU OD JHQHUD LLOH XUP WRDUH vQWkPSO WRDUH

Stabilirea cuplurilor masculi x fHPHOH DUH FD VFRS IL[DUHD vQ ED]D HUHGLWDU

VHOHF LRQDWH OD DQLPDOHOH GH SU VLO Q FD]XO vPSHUHFKHULORU

- nedirijat -

HIHFWLYHOH

GH

DQLPDOH

SUH]LQW

omogenitate; de exemplu rasele naturale. n cazul mperecherilor dirijate familiilor.

SDUWHQHULL DX DFHOHDL vQVXLUL

vQ GHVFHQGHQ

vQVXLULOH

S ULQ LORU YRU IL HYLGHQWH L SURGXLL UH]XOWD L FRQVWLWXLH SXQFWXO GH SOHFDUH SHQWUX IRUPDUHD OLQLLORU L

6.5.1. Criterii de clDVLILFDUH L VLVWHPH GH vPSHUHFKHUL

&ULWHULLOH GXS FDUH VXQW FODVLILFDWH VLVWHPHOH GH vPSHUHFKHUH VXQW L QRUPDO  VDX GH FODV  KHWHURJHQH VDX RPRJHQH L JHQRWLSLF QHvQUXGLWH VDX IHOXO UHSURGXF LHL FRQVDQJYLQ UHSDUWL]DUHD FXSOXULORU LQGLYLGXDO

DVHP QDUHD VDX QHDVHP QDUHD IHQRWLSLF

nrudite).
PSHUHFKHUHD FRQVDQJYLQ VH UHDOL]HD] vQWUH DQLPDOH vQUXGLWH FX XQXO VDX PDL PXO L DVFHQGHQ L FRPXQL YH]L SXQFWXO  PSHUHFKHUHD QRUPDO VH UHDOL]HD] vQWUH DQLPDOH GLQ DFHHDL UDV  I U OHJ WXU GH UXGHQLH

vQ VFRSXO FRPELQ ULL LGHDOH D FHORU PDL LPSRUWDQWH FDUDFWHUH DOH SDUWHQHULORU SURGXF LH GH]YROWDUH FRQIRUPD LH 6H RE LQ DVWIHO FLUH]L RPRJHQH FX HIHFWH DPHOLRUDWLYH OHQWH GDU VLJXUH PSHUHFKHUHD LQGLYLGXDO DFHDVW PHWRG HVWH RSHUD LD GH UHSDUW

izare a femelelor pentru fiecare mascul. Prin

VH RE LQ UH]XOWDWH UDSLGH L FHUWH UHSUH]LQW RSHUD LD GH VWDELOLUH D FDWHJRULHL VDX FODVHL GH IHPHOH FH VH

PSHUHFKHUHD GH FODV UHSDUWL]HD] PDVFXOLORU

PSHUHFKHUHD KHWHURJHQ

KHWHURJDPLD VH IRORVHWH vQ XUP WRDUHOH VLWXD LL FODV LQIHULRDU FX PDVFXOL GLQWU XQD

mperecherea femelelor dintr-R

DPHOLRU ULL vPSHUHFKHUHD FDOLW LQGLYL]LORU GLQ LOH FHORUODOWH

VXSHULRDU

vQ

YHGHUHD

OLQLL

GLIHULWH

SHQWUX

RE LQHUHD

GH

OLQLL

QRL

FDUH

vQVXPH]H

.
PLF GH PDUH GH JU VLPHXUP ULQGX SULQ YDORUL ULGLFDWH DPEHORU FDU

'H H[HPSOX VH SRW vPSHUHFKHD OLQLL GH WDXULQH FX SURGXF LL PDUL GH ODSWH L JU VLPH FX OLQLL GH OD FDUH VH RE LQ SURGXF LL PHGLL GH ODSWH L IRUPDUHD XQHL OLQLL FDUDFWHUL]DW

-se fie actere, fie infuzia unei linii n calitatea celeilalte. Astfel de mperecheri au aplicabilitate la toate speciile. PSHUHFKHUHD RPRJHQ DUH FD VFRS vQW ULUHD vQVXLULORU HUHGLWDUH OD GHVFHQGHQ L - homogamie - vPSHUHFKHUHD I FkQGX-VH vQWUH DQLPDOH FX vQVXiri morfo-SURGXFWLYH L FKLDU HUHGLWDUH
$FHVW VLVWHP VH IRORVHWH vQ YHGHUHD RE LQHULL DQLPDOHORU GH SU VLO  0DVFXOLL UH]XOWD L GLQ DFHVWH vPSHUHFKHUL VXQW YDORURL GDWRULW PDULL SXWHUL GH WUDQVPLWHUH D FDUDFWHUHORU HUHGLWDUH vQWUH LQGLYL]L DO F URU SHGLJUHX QX SUH]LQW VWU PRL

DVHP Q WRDUH

mperechereD

QHvQUXGLW

VH SUDFWLF

FRPXQL 6H UHFRPDQG

D IL IRORVLW

vQ IHUPHOH GH SURGXF LH GDU L vQ FHOH GH VHOHF LH SURGXLL

RE LQX L ILLQG QRUPDO GH]YROWD L L FX YLWDOLWDWH VSRULW  'H]DYDQWDMXO HVWH F  GLQ OLSVD VWU PRLORU FRPXQL YDORURL DL SDUWHQHULORU SRVLELOLW FRQVROLGDUH D vQVXLULORU YDORURDVH vQ JHQHUD LLOH XUP WRDUH VXQW UHGXVH LOH GH

 QFUXFLDUHD QFUXFLDUHD HVWH vPSHUHFKHUHD vQWUH LQGLYL]LL XQHL SRSXOD LL VDX GLQ SRSXOD LL GLIHUL (IHFWHOH vQFUXFL ULL VXQW

te.

VH VFKLPE LQIOXHQ HD]

IUHFYHQ D JHQHORU GHFL L SHUIRUPDQ D SRSXOD LHL YDULHWDWHD SRSXOD LHL

se produce fenomenul heterozis.

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

0HWRGHOH GH vQFUXFLDUH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH JUDGXO vQUXGLULL L VFRSXO XUP ULW

l nrudirii: a. mperecherea animalelor din specii diferite: hibrizii genului Bos: taurine x Zeb => Santa Gertruda, Charbrai, Brangus; taurine x Yac; KLEUL]LL VXEIDPLOLHL (TXLQDH P JDU [ LDS FDWkU
DUP VDU [ P J UL EDUGRX

'XS

JUDGX

cabaline x zebre = zebroizi; hibrizii genului Ovis: Merinos x Muflon => Merinos de munte (n Caucaz);
OD S V UL JkVFD FRPXQ J LQ UD [ ID]DQ FRPXQ [ UD /HHDVF  [ JkVFD FDUXQFXODW 

b. mperecherea animalelor din rase diferite ! PHWLL c. mperecherea animalelor din linii diferite => hibrizi.
'XS VFRSXO XUP ULW

a. vQFUXFL

UL GH DPHOLRUDUH

:
DEVRUE LH GH VWHS VH SUDFWLF FX SHQWUX vQORFXLUHD VDX UDVHORU %UXQ  VODE SURGXFWLYH L

vQFUXFLDUHD H[HPSOX

GH

- de
FX

VXUD

vQORFXLW

6LPPHQWKDO

LJDLD

XUFDQD

Merinos) - figura 6.5.

vQFUXFLDUHD GH LQIX]LH SHQWUX D FRUHFWD XQHOH GHIHFWH L SHQWUX HYLWDUHD FRQVDQJYLQL] ULL

- figura 6.6.;

VH SUHIHU FRPELQ UL GH UDVH FX tip productiv diferit); b. vQFUXFL UL LQGXVWULDOH = au ca obiectiv producerea hibrizilor de exploatare; hibrizii nu se

vQFUXFLDUHD SHQWUX IRUPDUHD GH UDVH QRL GH VLQWH]

vPSHUHFKHD]

vQWUH HL vQFUXFLDUHD vQWUH GRX SRSXOD LL SHQWUX RE LQHUHD )1

VLPSO DSOLF

de comercializare). Se
PLHLORU GH FDUQH

OD S V UL FRFRL /HJKRUQ [ J LQL 5KRGH ,VODQG SHQWUX WLQHUHW GH FDUQH OD RL SHQWUX

J LQL RX  OD YDFL FX ODSWH RE LQHUHD

&KDURODLVH

'H]DYDQWDMXO HVWH F

HIHFWXO KHWHUR]LV PDWHUQ QX IRORVHWH PLHOX HOH VFURIL HOH YL HOHOH

din F1 VH VDFULILF

Fig.6.5. - QFUXFLDUHD GH VXEVWLWX LH D XQHL SRSXOD (Iuliana Neagu, 1998)

LL

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

Fig.6.6. - QFUXFLDUHD GH LQIX]LH vQWU-R SRSXOD (Iuliana Neagu, 1998)

GXEO GH vQWRDUFHUH %DFN

LH

-cross - ILJXUD $ 6H DSOLF

PDL DOHV vQ DPHOLRUDUHD SRUFLQHORU GH

exploatare;
WULSO ILJXUD % DU

- SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD SRUFLQHORU L RYLQHORU GH FDUQH L D S

V ULORU SHQWUX RX 

/D QRL vQ WUHL OLQLL

VH DSOLF

OD S V UL OD UDVD /HJKRUQ KLEULGXO $OER  D UH]XOWDW GLQ vQFUXFLDUHD D VH RE LQ GH OD KLEUL]LL 5RVR  >, [ 0 [ +@ GLQ

>' [ ) [ /@ 2X OH FX FRDMD FRORUDW

rasa Rhode-Island;
FYDGUXSO URWDWLY ILJXUD & ILJXUD '

- VH IRORVHWH vQ DPHOLRUDUHD LQGXVWULDO D J LQLORU SHQWUX FDUQH - HVWH VLPSO FD DSOLFDUH L VH RELQXLHWH OD DPHOLRUDUHD porcinelor,
LQYHUV KRPRJDPLHL PHQ LQkQG KHWHUR]LJR LD

RYLQHORU L WDXULQHORU

heterogamia - DF LRQHD]

Fig.6.7. - QFUXFLDUHD GXEO L URWDWLY  A - de ntoarcere; B - WULSO  & - FYDGUXSO  ' URWDWLY 'U

QHVFX & 

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

6.7. Consangvinizarea (endogamia) Consangvinizarea este mperecherea unor animale mai nrudite dect media nrudirii din
SRSXOD LH 2ULFH UHSURGXFHUH vQ VLQH D XQHL SRSXOD LL GXFH OD FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH JUDGXO HL GHSLQ]kQG SRSXOD LL vQFKLVH GH P ULPHD SRSXOD LHL VHOHF LH L GLULMDUHD vPSHUHFKHULORU 7R L LQGLYL]LL GLQ VXQW GXS XQ DQXPLW QXP U GH JHQHUD LL vQUXGL L vQWUH HL FX FkW SRSXOD LD HVWH PDL PLF  vQUXGLUHD

este mai mare9.

*UDGXO GH vQUXGLUH VH VWDELOHWH FX DMXWRUXO FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRQVDQJYLQLWDWH

- F - ce se poate

estima pe pedigreu :

1 F( x ) = 2
n care:

n1 + n 2 +1

(1 + Fa )

F(x) - coeficientul de consangvinizare a individului x; n1 L Q2 - QXP UXO VFKLPE ULORU GH JHQHUD LH vQWUH VWU PRXO FRPXQ L PDP F(a) - coeficientul de cRQVDQJYLQL]DUH DO VWU PRXOXL FRPXQ - VH vQVXPHD] WRDWH SRVLELOLW LOH GH FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH SH GLIHUL L VWU
&DOFXOXO SUHVXSXQH WUDVDUHD SHGLJUHXOXL VWUXFWXUDO DO XQXL LQGLYLG FDUH V VWU PRLL FRPXQL

VDX WDW 

PRL FRPXQL DUDWH OHJ WXUD FX

CoeficientXO GH FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH HVWH GLIHULW DVWIHO

  GH MXP WDWH IUD L   GH YHUL SULPDUL  

S ULQWH

GHVFHQGHQW



 vQWUH IUD L  

GH MXP WDWH YHUL SULPDUL

Deci, coeficientul de consangvinizare este 1/2 din coeficientul de nrudire.

Q IXQF LH GH FUHWHUHD PHGLH D FRQVDQJYLQL] ULL SH JHQHUD LH VH GHRVHEHVF PDL PXOWH WLSXUL

de consangvinizare: LQFHVWXRDV F = 12 - 25%); DSURSLDW F = 6 - 12%); PRGHUDW F = 1 - 6%); vQGHS UWDW F < 1%).
 (IHFWHOH FRQVDQJYLQL] PSHUHFKHUHD vQUXGLW IL[HD] L LQWHQVLILF ULL DUH XUP WRDUHOH HIHFWH L GRULWH D FDUDFWHUHORU OD UHSURGXF WRUL ]GUXQFLQDW  HVWH XWLO vQ FD]XO IRUP ULL GH UDVH

pozitive:

XQHOH FDOLW

P UHWH SXWHUHD GH WUDQVPLWHUH HUHGLWDU UHIDFH FRQVHUYDWLVPXO HUHGLWDU GDF

DFHVWD D IRVW

noi. Efectele negative mai frecvent ntlnite sunt:

VF GHUHD IHFXQGLW LL L SUROLILFLW LL PLFRUDUHD WDOLHL L D JUHXW VF GHUHD YLWDOLW LL FRUSRUDOH D GHVFHQGHQ LORU LL L D SURGXF LHL

VF GHUHD SXWHULL GH IRORVLUH D KUDQHL

aparL LD PRQVWUXR]LW
OD FUHWHUHD

LORU PDQLIHVWDUHD GHSUHVLXQLL GH FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH OD FkWHYD vQVXLUL DOH  QXP UXO GH SXUFHL FX   QXP UXO GH RX FX

Q WDEHOXO  HVWH SUH]HQWDW

DQLPDOHORU GRPHVWLFH 3URGXF LD GH ODSWH VFDGH FX   FRHILFLHQWXOX

i de consangvinizare cu 10%. Depresiunea de consangvinizare se :

PDQLIHVW

GLIHULW DIHFWkQG PDL DOHV FDUDFWHUHOH FX KHULWDELOLWDWH PLF  FHOH LPSOLFDWH vQ DGDSWDUHD OD PHGLX

)UHFYHQ D L LQWHQVLWDWHD FX FDUH DSDU HIHFWHOH LPSHUHFKHULORU vQUXGLWH GHSLQG GH

VSHFLD HIHFWHOH VH UHVLPW UHSHGH L SUHJQDQW OD DQLPDOHOH FX FLFOX GH UHSURGXF LH VFXUW L OD FHOH SROLWRFLFH LHSXUL VXLQH S V UL

&UH D 9 L FRODE 

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

JUDGXO L PRGXO GH vQUXGLUH HIHFWHOH VXQW PDL SXWHUQLFH OD DQLPDOHOH FX JUDG PDL DSURSLDW GH

nrudire; durata practiF

ULL FRQVDQJYLQL] ULL HIHFWHOH VXQW PDL HYLGHQWH GDF

VH SUDFWLF

vQGHOXQJDW

FRQGL LD IL]LRORJLF

L vQVXLULOH GH H[WHULRU DOH LQGLYL]LORU VXSXL vPSHUHFKHULL HIHFWHOH VXQW PDL EXQ L FHOHODOWH vQVXLUL EXQH

SX LQ HYLGHQWH OD DQLPDOHOH FX FRQGL LH IL]LRORJLF

Tabelul 6.5.
'HSUHVLXQHD GH FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH'U J QHVFX & 

10

'HSUHVLXQHD GH FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH OD FUHWHUHD

Caracteristica
3URGXF LD GH ODSWH 1USXUFHLI WDUH

Greutarea purceilor la 154 zile Greutatea lnii Lungimea lnii

1URX J LQ

Eclozionabilitatea

I 125 kg 0,38 buc. 1,65 kg 0,280 kg 0,12 cm 9,24 buc. 4,36%

Fx cu 10% II 3,2 4,6 2,7 5,5 1,3 6,2 6,4

III 0,17 0,15 0,12 0,51 0,14 -

FRQGL LLOH GH PHGLX vQ FDUH DX IRVW FUHVFX L S ULQ LL HIHFWHOH QHJDWLYH DOH FRQVDQJYLQL] ULL GLVSDU GDF DQLPDOHOH vQUXGLWH DX IRVW GLIHULW  LQXWH vQ FRQGL LL GLIHULWH GH PHGLX

UHJLXQL JHRJUDILFH GLIHULWH KU QLUH

RQWRJHQH]D GDF

SURGXLL VXQW FUHVFX L vQ PHGLX FRUHVSXQ] WRU YRU UHVLP L PDL XRU HIHFWHOH QHJDWLYH

ale mperecherilor nrudite. n SUDFWLFD ]RRWHKQLF FRQVDQJYLQL]DUHD HVWH IRORVLW

DVWIHO OLQLL L IDPLOLL vQ FDGUXO UDVHORU GDU L UDVH QRL 'LQ

vQ OXFU ULOH FXUHQWH GH DPHOLRUDUH 6H RE LQ OLQLLORU FRQVDQJYLQL]DWH VH RE LQH

vQFUXFLDUHD

fenomenul de heterozis la hibrizii consangvini.

/LQLD FRQVDQJYLQL]DW UHSUH]LQW XQ JUXS GH LQGLYL]L PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ DVHP Q WRUL JHQHWLF FH D UH]XOWDW GLQ vPSHUHFKHUL vQWUH LQGLYL]L vQUXGL L WLPS GH PDL PXOWH JHQHUD LL PSHUHFKHULOH VXQW GH WLSXO S ULQ L [ GHVFHQGHQ L IUDWH [ VRU  VHPLIUD L [ VHPLVXURUL YHUL

primari (figura 6.8.).

Fig.6.8. - 7UHL SURJUDPH GH IRUPDUH D OLQLLORU FRQVDQJYLQL]DWH &UH

10
&LIUHOH DUDW VF GHUHD DSUR[LPDWLY D OXL )x FUHWHUHD FX 

D 9 L FRODE 

D SHUIRUPDQ HORU DEVROXWH , vQ SURFHQWH ,, VDX OD GHYLD LL VWDQGDUG ,,, OD

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CAPITOLUL VI
XQ JUDG GH vQUXGLUH PHGLX VXSHULRU ID GH SRSXOD LD GLQ FDUH

/LQLLOH FRQVDQJYLQH H[SULP SURYLQH 'LQX , L

colab., 1982).
JHQHWLF XUP ULQGX

3HQWUX RE LQHUHD OLQLLORU FRQVDQJYLQL]DWH VH SDUFXUJ PDL PXOWH HWDSH

alegerea intemeietorului liniei dintr-R IDPLOLH YDORURDV a-L WUDQVPLWH vQVXLULOH nrudite cu ntemeietorul;

-se capacitatea lui de

IRUPDUHD L FRQVROLGDUHD vQVXLULORU SULQ DOHJHUHD IHPHOHORU FX FDUDFWHUH YDORURDVH DVHP Q WRDUH

PHQ LQHUHD L SHUIHF LRQDUHD vQVXLULORU SULQ VHOHF LD ULJXURDV 'XS

D PDVFXOXOXL L IHPHOHORU

VFRDWHUHD vQWHPHLHWRUXOXL GH OD UHSURGXF LH VH DOHJH XQ FRQWLQXDWRU GLQ GHVFHQGHQ LL FX

FHOH PDL YDORURDVH vQVXLUL SHQWUX D S VWUD VDX LQWHQVLILFD FKLDU vQVXLULOH YDORURDVH DOH OLQLHL /D DQLPDOHOH GRPHVWLFH SURGXFHUHD L FRPELQDUHD OLQLLORU FRQVDQJYLQL]DWH V

-au realizat la
UHOHY

porc (anul 1940 - GHEXW J

([SHULPHQWXO XUP WRDUHOH DVSHFWH

LQL RYLQH WDXULQH ILJ OLQLLORU

.6.9.), cabaline etc.

GXS 'U J QHVFX & 

SURGXFHULL

FRQVDQJYLQL]DWH

IL[DUHD JHQRWLSXULORU YDORURDVH QHFHVLW QXP U PDUH GH OLQLL

FXSULQGHUHD vQWUHJLL SRSXOD LL GH RULJLQH UH]XOWkQG XQ

consangvini]DUHD VWUkQV  I U VHOHF LH HVWH FHD PDL HILFLHQW vPSHUHFKHUH sub raport economic, formarea liniilor consangvinizate este costisitoare;
FUHWHUHD OLQLLORU YDORURDVH HVWH IRDUWH FRVWLVLWRDUH

Fig.6.9. - 6FKHPD SURGXFHULL W XUDLORU FRQVDQJYLQL pe aOHOH DOH SRSXOD LLORU LPSRUWDWH
*HRUJHVFX *K L = YRL ,   )HQRPHQXO GH KHWHUR]LV L VHOHF LD SHQWUX KHWHUR]LV %XIIRQ L 'DUZLQ vQ VHFROXO ;9,,, L UHVSHFWLY ;,; DX VHVL]DW F SURGXLL GH vQFUXFLDUH hibrizii - VXQW PDL YLJXURL GHFkW LQdivizii puri. Prin heterozis (termen propus de Schull n 1914) se vQ HOHJH VXSHULRULWDWHD SHUIRUPDQ HL PHGLL D KLEUL]LORU UHFLSURFL ID GH PHGLD SHUIRUPDQ HORU

SRSXOD LHL SDUHQWDOH vQ DFHOHDL FRQGL LL GH PHGLX

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

P + PB PAB A 2 H AB = 100 PA + PB 2 n care: HAB - procentul de heterozis, %; PAB - PHGLD GHVFHQGHQ HL )1 a hibridului; PA - SHUIRUPDQ D PHGLH D OLQLHL $ PB - SHUIRUPDQ D PHGLH D OLQLHL % Heterozisul este opus (complementar) depresiunii de consangvinizare. Prin mperecheri nrudite are loc un SURFHV LQYHUV GH FUHWHUH D KRPR]LJR LHL GHFL GH PDQLIHVWDUH D HIHFWXOXL JHQHORU
QHIDYRUDELOH L GH VF GHUH D SHUIRUPDQ HL LQGLYL]LORU FRQVDQJYLQL]D L ID LQGLYL]LORU QHFRQVDQJYLQL]D L GH SHUIRUPDQ D PHGLH D HOH I U D VH IDFH VHOHF LH GXFH OD HJDODUHD

mperecherea liniilor consangvinizate ntre

FRPELQDW UHSUH]LQW ED]

IHQRPHQXOXL KHWHUR]LV FX GHSUHVLXQHD GH FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH vQ FD]XO VHOHFW ULL ORU GXS

DSWLWXGLQHD

L DSRL vPSHUHFKHUHD ORU HIHFWXO KHWHUR]LV GHS HWH GHSUHVLXQHD GH FRQVDQJYLQL]DUH L

a producerii hibrizilor industriali - mai ales la plante.

LPSRUWDQ HL IHQRPHQXOXL SHQWUX PDUHD SURGXF LH DQLPDOHOH FH PDQLIHVW HIHFW SRSXOD LLORU GHVWLQDWH KLEULG ULL DUH ORF GXS FXP HVWH vQI LDW vQ ILJXULOH 

'DWRULW

KHWHUR]LV VXQW SURGXVH SH FDOH LQGXVWULDO  SULQ vQFUXFLDUHD XQRU SRSXOD LL VHOHF LRQDWH FX DFHVW VFRS

SeleF LD

 L ,XOLDQD 1HDJX 

Fig.6.10. - 6HOHF

LD UHFLSURF UHFXUHQW

SH GHVFHQGHQ L

Fig.6.11. - 6HOHF

LD UHFLSURF

SH GHVFHQGHQ L

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

CAPITOLUL VI

Linii A B C D E

A AA BA CA DA EA

B AB BB CB DB EB

C AC BC CC DC EC

D AD BD CD DD ED

E AE BE CE DE EE
LL FRPELQDWLYH

Fig.6.12. - 7DEHO GLDOHO vQ FDUH VXQW FXSULQVH UH]XOWDWHOH FDSDFLW 6.9. GeQHWLFD L LQJLQHULD JHQHWLF
vQ ]RRWHKQLH

D  SRSXOD LL  PDUWRUL  KLEUL]L GLUHF L  KLEUL]L UHFLSURFL

6.9.1. Genotipul animalelor Genotipul UHSUH]LQW WRWDOLWDWHD PDWHULDOXOXL JHQHWLF FRQ LQXW vQ ILHFDUH FHOXO organismul.
,QGLYLGXO HVWH SURGXV SULQ IX]LXQHD FHOXOHORU VH[XDOH SURYHQLWH GH OD )LHFDUH VSHFLH DUH XQ QXP U VSHFLILF GH

FDUH DOF WXLHWH

S ULQ L

FHOXOHOH

VRPDWLFH DOH GHVFHQGHQWXOXL FRQ LQ  FURPR]RPL DL WDW OXL L  FURPR]RPL DL PDPHL

cromozomi

GH GLPHQVLXQH L IRUP

GHWHUPLQDW

(tabelul 6.6.).
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gene, care determLQ

FDUDFWHUHOH

L

SUDFWLF

SRW

H[LVWD

FRDUQHORU OD ERYLQH L FDSULQH JHQD 2 GHWHUPLQ R JHQ GHWHUPLQ

PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHUH PDL UDU JHQD & JHQ

GH DOELOLVP GHWHUPLQ

FXORULL S UXOXL SLHOHD DOE  RFKLL VHQVLELOL OD OXPLQ  IUDJLOLWDWH PDUH OD PDL PXOWH VSHFLL GH

animale;
PDL PXOWH JHQH GHWHUPLQ XQ FDUDFWHU IUHFYHQW DSWLWXGLQLOH HFRQRPLFH DO

e animalelor

SURGXF LL VSRU GH FUHWHUH WDOLH FXORDUH VXQW LQIOXHQ DWH GH QXPHURDVH JHQH

Tabelul 6.6.
1XP UXO GH FURPR]RPL *HUEHU L 0RUHO 
1XP U GH FURPR]RPL

Specia Om Taurine Cabaline Ovine Caprine Porcine Iepuri

3 V UL

celule sexuale (n) 23 30 32 27 30 19 22 39

celule somatice (2n) 46 60 64 54 60 38 44 78

Q IXQF LH GH DVHP QDUHD JHQHORU DQLPDOHOH SRW IL KRPR]LJRWH SHUHFKHD GH FURPR]RPL DX DFHHDL JHQ  L KHWHUR]LJRWH SHUHFKHD GH FURPR]RPL SRDUW R JHQ GLIHULW 

GeneOH SRW DF LRQD GXS

R JHQ

FXP XUPHD]  VH H[WHULRUL]H]H GRPLQDQ  'H H[HPSOX JHQD + vPSLHGLF 

QX SHUPLWH FD DOWD V

IRUPDUHD FRDUQHORU GHFL HVWH GRPLQDQW  ID

GH JHQD

h FDUH HVWH UHFHVLY

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CAPITOLUL VI
HUHGLWDWH LQWHUPHGLDU  'H H[HPSOX JHQHOH 5U DF LRQHD] OD FDO VXSHUGRPLQDQ  VH PDQLIHVW vQ

JHQHOH DF LRQHD] GHRSRWULY L GDX

FX DFHHDL IRU FXORDUHD PXUJ

FURPR]RPLL KHWHUR]LJR L VXQW VXSHULRUL FHORU KRPR]LJR L FD]XO SUROLILFLW LL IHFXQGLW LL FDSDFLW GH OD R LL GH DGDSWDUH JHQHUD LH OD DOWD DUH

Transmiterea caracterelor Mendel):

XQLIRUPLWDWHD LQGLYL]LORU GLQ GLVMXQ LD FDUDFWHUHORU vQ )2 LQWHUPHGLDU WUDQVPLWHUHD

OD

ED]

OHJLOH

HUHGLW

LL

*UHJRU

SULPD JHQHUD LH )1

FDUH

DX

ED]D HUHGLWDU

KRPR]LJRW 

GLQ

FRPELQDUHD ORU UH]XOWkQG SURGXL FX DFHODL JHQRWLS

. RaporturLOH JHQRWLSXULORU VXQW  KRPR]LJRW GRPLQDQW  KHWHUR]LJR L

UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUH IHQRWLSXUL VXQW  FDUDFWHUHORU SUH]HQ D FRDUQHORU L FXORDUHD VH WUDQVPLW D

L  KRPR]LJRW UHFHVLY LDU OD IHQRWLSXUL  vQ FD]XO WUDQVPLWHULL GRPLQDQWH /D WUDQVPLWHULOH L VXSHUGRPLQDQW LQGHSHQGHQW

independent).
/D DQLPDOH R SUREOHP LQWHUHVDQW D ELRORJLHL PRGHUQH FX LPSOLFD LL HFRQRPLFH

semnificative, o constituie determinarea sexului.

Q HFKLSDPHQWXO FURPR]RPLF DO DQLPDOHORU H[LVW FURPR]RPL RELQXL L DXWRVRPL L FURPR]RPL GHWHUPLQDQ L DL VH[XOXL KHWHURFURPR]RPL 'H H[HPSOX XQ WDXU DUH  FURPR]RPL GLVSXL vQ SHUHFKH SOXV FURPR]RPLL ;< WRWDO  FURPR]RPL YDFD DUH  FURPR]RPL GLVSXL vQ SHUHFKH L GH GRX RUL FURPR]RPLL ; vQ

total 60

cromozomi.
0HFDQLVPXO GHWHUPLQ ULL VH[XOXL VH SUH]LQW KHWHURJDP ;< LDU IHPHOD HVWH KRPR]LJRW DX FURPR]RPLL ;; L IHPHOHOH ;< *HUEHU L 0RUHO  DX DU WDW F HVWH SRVLELO VHSDUDUHD VSHUPDWR]RL]LORU FX FURPR]RPL vQ ILJXUD /D PDPLIHUH VH[XO PDVFXO HVWH LQYHUV PDVFXOLL ;; /D S V UL FDULRWLSXO VH SUH]LQW

; GH FHL FX FURPR]RPL < SHQWUX DOHJHUHD VH[XOXL GHVFHQGHQ LORU GLQ UHJQXO DQLPDO UHSUH]HQWkQG FKLDU R UHYROX LH vQ FUHWHUHD DQLPDOHORU $VWIHO V DU SXWHD RE LQH

FUHWHUHD QXPHULF FUHWHUHD LQWHQVLW XWLOL]DUHD SH

D PDVFXOLORU GHVWLQD L vQJU ULL LL VHOHF LHL IRORVLQGX VH QXPDL PDVFXOLL YDORURL

D vQFUXFL ULORU LQGXVWULDOH LQWHQVLILFkQGX-se efectul -5% a randamentului de sacrificaUH FUHWHUHD FX DSUR[LPDWLY 15% a progresului genetic)11 . KHWHUR]LVXOXL FUHWHUHD FX 

VFDU

ODUJ

Fig.6.13. - 0HFDQLVPXO GHWHUPLQ

11
*HRUJHVFX *K L = YRL , 

ULL VH[XOXL QRUPDO IHPHOH 

  PDVFXOL  YRL , 

- stnga

L KHUPDIURGLWLVP

- GUHDSWD *HRUJHVFX

*K L =

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

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Q HUHGLWDWHD VH[XOXL VXQW L DQRPDOLL

provocate de dereglarea mecanismului genetic.

IHQRPHQXO FURVVLQJRYHU vQ ID]D GH PHLR]  QRQ

a) Hermafroditismul
GLVMXQF LD SHUHFKLORU

SRDWH

IL

SURYRFDW

GH

GH FURPR]RPL

VH[XDOL

vQ PHLR]  SLHUGHUHD XQXL FURPR]RP ; OD SULPD

diviziune a ovulului fecundat....

$VWIHO F  OD XQ LQGLYLG VXQW SUH]HQWH DPEHOH VH[H RSXVH 6H vQWkOQHVF KHUPRIURGLWLVP ODWHUDO  GLQ FRUS HVWH IHPHO L  PDVFXO KHUPDIURGLWLVP ID FHO ODOW L KHUPDIURGLWLVP PR]DLFDW XQ VH[ DUH FDUDFWH

-VSDWH ID D H[SULP XQ VH[ VSDWHOH SH rele diseminate pe caracterele celuilalt

GHQXPLUHD GH

sex)12. b) Intersexualitatea

VFKLPEDUHD VH[XOXL vQ RQWRJHQLH VH vQWkOQHWH OD SRUFL L FDSUH PDMRULWDWHD DX JRQDGH PDVFXOH L SRDUW

LQWHUVHFLORU VXQW FDULRWLSLF GH VH[ IHPHO FKLDU GDF

"sindromul Klinefeler".
 ,QJLQHULD JHQHWLF &RPSOH[XO GH SURFHVH IRORVLW GH RP SHQWUX D LQWHUYHQL L LQIOXHQ D PHFDQLVPHOH GH

WUDQVPLWHUH D FDUDFWHUHORU GH OD R JHQHUD LH OD DOWD SUHFXP L PHFDQLVPHOH QDWXUDOH FDUH DVLJXU IRUPDUHD GH]YROWDUHD L HYROX LD RUJDQLVPHORU SRDUW GHQXPLUHD GH LQJLQHULH JHQHWLF 3RSHVFX

96W  (D GHVFKLGH SHUVSHFWLYHOH LQWHQVLILF ULL DPHOLRU ULL DQLPDOHORU Q SUH]HQW PHWRGHOH ELRWHKQRORJLFH FH VH XWLOL]HD] SHQWUX VSRULUHD ULWPXOXL GH DPHOLRUDUH

a animalelor domesticH

VXQW vQV PkQ DUHD DUWLILFLDO  WUDQVSODQWXO GH HPEULRQL FRQWUROXO VH[XOXL

IHFXQGDUHD LQ YLWUR FORQDUHD L WUDQVJHQH]D

Transplantul de embrioni
$FHVW SURFHGHX UHSUH]LQW SUHOHYDUHD GH HPEULRQL GLQ DSDUDWXO JHQLWDO IHPHO GRQDWRU vQ

vederea transfeUXOXL OD IHPHOH GLQ DFHHDL VSHFLH UHFHSWRU SHQWUX D DVLJXUD JHVWD LD
$FHDVW PHWRG ELRWHKQRORJLF GH DPHOLRUDUH HILFLHQW D DQLPDOHORU HVWH IRORVLW vQ

S.U.A., )UDQ D &HKRVORYDFLD *HUPDQLD &DQDGD 'DQHPDUFD debutDW vQ  SULPLL SURGXL RE LQX L ILLQG OD RYLQH L VXLQH
7UDQVSODQWXO F OGXUL DOHJHUHD GH HPEULRQL LQFOXGH L XUP WRDUHOH GRQDWRDUHORU UHFHSWRDUHORU LHL

$QJOLD 2ODQGD HWF vQ 5RPkQLD D

RSHUD LL

GHVFRSHULUHD L UHFROWDUHD

IHPHOHORU

vQ

SURGXFHUHD

HPEULRQLORU

transplantul embrionilor; GLDJQRVWLFDUHD JHVWD

'XS  GH OD GHEXWXO F OGXULORU OL VH H[HFXW )HFXQGDUHD DUH ORF SULQ PRQW QDWXUDO

GHSLVWDUHD GRQDWRDUHORU vQ F OGXUL REVHUYDUHD DWHQW

GH GRX

RUL SH ]L vQ ]LXD 

LQMHF LL KRUPRQDOH SHQWUX VWLPXODUHD IXQF LHL RYDUXOXL VDX vQV PkQ DUH DUWLILFLDO UHSHWDWH OD  L  RUH GXS SODVDW vQ FROXO XWHULQ

LQWUDUHD vQ F OGXUL 5HFROWDUHD HPEULRQLORU GLQ XWHU VH IDFH FX R VRQG ILJXUD  'RQDWRDUHD VH SUHJ WHWH DSRL SHQWUX R QRX Q SULYLQ D UHFHSWRDUHORU DFHVWHD WUHEXLH V IHQRWLSXO V GH  OXQL ILH ELQH vQWUH LQXW FH DX UHDOL]DW L V DSDU LQ vQV PkQ DUH

FLUH]LL GH RULJLQ  V

QX VH QHJOLMH]H

QX SUH]LQWH DIHF LXQL DOH DSDUDWXOXL JHQLWDO 6H DOHJ YL HOH SUHJ WLUHD FD UHFHSWRDUH FRQVW v

 GLQ

JUHXWDWHD DGXOWXOXL LDU

sincronizarea ciclurilor sexuale (receptoare-GRQDWRDUH

QDWXUDOH VDX LQGXVH SULQ WUDWDPHQW LDU vQDLQWH L GXS (PEULRQLL VH FROHFWHD] vQ VROX LH GH VXOIDW GH

5HFHSWRDUHOH XWLOL]DWH SRW IL vQ F OGXUL VWUHVXO JOXFR] L LQ

WUDQVIHUXO GH HPEULRQL VH HYLW VRGLX  V UXUL PLQHUDOH

SURWHLQH FX DMXWRUXO LQVWUXPHQWDUXOXL VWHULO VH H[DPLQHD]

L VH VSDO  DSRL VH FRQVHUY

vitro, la 200C; prin refrigerare, la -40& SH OXQJ GXUDW FX OLFKLG D]RWLF - FRQJHODUH WUHSWDW  OD 1960C). Transferul lor (donatoare-receptoare) se face chirurgical sau cervical, embrionul fiind depus
vQ FROXO XWHULQ FX XQ SLVWROHW GH WUDQVSODQW JHVWD LL ID GH FHO FHUYLFDO    WUDQVIHUXO FKLUXUJLFDO GHWHUPLQ XQ SURFHQW PDL PDUH GH

Aplicndu-VH WUDWDPHQW GH VXSHURYXOD LH GRQDWRDUHORU WDXULQH VH SRW RE LQH  L FKLDU PDL
PXO L YL HL SH DQ

12

1HJUX LX ( L FRODERUDWRUL 

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Fig.6.14. - 0HWRGH GH UHFROWDUH D HPEULRQLORU FKLUXUJLFDO VXV L VXE FRQWURO HQGRVFRSLF MRV *HRUJHVFX *K L = YRL , 1991) Avantajele acestei biotehnologicii sunt: repURGXF LD UDSLG D IHPHOHORU FX SHUIRUPDQ H H[FHS LRQDOH
SRVLELOLWDWHD GHWHUPLQ ULL VH[XOXL HPEULRQLORU PD[LPL]DUHD SURJUHVXOXL JHQHWLF SH DQ L JHQHUD LH RE LQHUHD GH JHPHQL LGHQWLFL GH PDUH LPSRUWDQ vQ OXFU ULOH GH DPHOLRUDUH D JHQRWLSXULORU

permite formarea de nXFOHH VXSHUHOLW superioare provenite din import;

DUH FD HIHFW vPEXQ W

vQ FDGUXO UDVHORU L PXOWLSOLFDUHD UDSLG

SHUPLWH LPSRUWXO L H[SRUWXO GH HPEULRQL YDORURL L IRUPDUHD LUHD VW ULL GH V Q WDWH D HSWHOXOXL

E QFLORU GH HPEULRQL 

n cadrul acestei metode, la 6-8 zile (vrsta la care se face transplantul embrionului) este
SRVLELO GHWHUPLQDUHD VH[XOXL GDU SULQ GHWHFWDUHD FURPR]RPXOXL PDVFXO <

Controlul sexului
$FHDVW PHWRG YL]HD] FDUDFWHUHOH HFRQRPLFH XWLOH FH VH PDQLIHVW

fenotipic la unul din

13

VH[H 0HWRGD VH ED]HD]

SH VHSDUDUHD VSHUPDWR]RL]LORU FX FURPR]RPL ; GH FHL FX FURPR]RPL <

SULQ FHQWULIXJDUH VHGLPHQWDUH HOHFWURIRUH]  FURPDWRJUDILHUH FkPS PDJQHWLF HWF Q XUPD FHUFHW ULORU V DX RE LQXW XQHOH UH]XOWDWH SR]LWLY

$FHDVW

n Rusia, la iepuri; n Suedia, la taurine.

WHKQLF

e:
SHQWUX GH]YROWDUHD ]RRWHKQLF 

0HWRGD GLULM ULL VH[XOXL HVWH PRGHUQ )HFXQGD LD LQ YLWUR

L GH SHUVSHFWLY

D UHSURGXF LHL DUH ORF vQ DIDUD RUJDQLVPXOXL L FXSULQGH XUP WRDUHOH ID]H 

13

penetrarHD L IL[DUHD VSHUPDWR]RLGXOXL vQ ]RQD SHOXFLG

*HRUJHVFX *K L = YRL , 

=227(+1,( &203$5$7

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IX]LXQHD PHPEUDQHORU SODVPLFH DOH FHORU GRL JDPH L vQFRUSRUDUHD VSHUPDWR]RLGXOXL vQ RRSODVP  DFWLYDUHD RYRFLWXOXL L VLQJDPLD

14

.
LPSOLFD LLORU VDOH DVXSUD UHSURGXF LHL GLQ RE LQHUHD OD XQ FRVW UHGXV D RYRFLWHORU XWLOL]DWH FD

)HFXQGD LD LQ YLWUR DUH SHUVSHFWLYH GH DSOLFDUH GDWRULW

GDU L D DPHOLRU ULL 5ROXO vQ DPHOLRUDUH FRQVW

UHFHSWRDUH GH QXFOHL GH HPEULRQL SURYHQL L GH OD YDFL FX SRWHQ LDO JHQHWLF VSRULW vQ FXUVXO FORQ ULL &ORQDUHD HPEULRQDU

ClRQDUHD HVWH RSHUD LD GH SURGXFHUH D QXPHURDVH DQLPDOH GLQWU-un singur embrion; animalele sunt genetic-identice. 0HWRGD DFHDVWD D DS UXW vQ  RE LQkQGX-VH SkQ vQ SUH]HQW FORQH OD DPILELHQL PLHL YL HL iepuri.
(WDSHOH FORQ ULL VXQW RE LQHUHD GH RYR

cite anucleate destinate primirii nucleelor; izolarea nucleelor de embrioni donatori; reconstituirea embrionilor;
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FXOWLYDUHD HPEULRQLORU UHFRQVWLWXL L LQ YLWUR

FX

SRWHQ LDO

JHQHWLF

ULGLFDW

HYDOXDUHD

UHSURGXF WRULORU L D LQIOXHQ HL PHGLXOXL DVXSUD SHUIRUPDQ HORU 3ULQ FORQDUH VH SRW RE LQH FRSLL WUDQVJHQHWLFH GH DQLPDOH UDUH GHFL FRQWULEXLH OD FRQVHUYDU

ea

rezervelor genetice valoroase. Transgeneza

3ULQ WUDQVJHQH] RULFH JHQ VH SRDWH L]ROD WUDQVIHUD L UHLQWURGXFH vQWU R FHOXO

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ode de ameliorare
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Ce este ameliorarea?
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Care sunt anomaliile provocate de dereglarea mecanismului genetic?

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alelor?
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practice.