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Sdac Lec Torques
Sdac Lec Torques
Sdac Lec Torques
qsmzeeshan@yahoo.com ; 0321-9595510
Torque
Gravity
Solar Press. Magnetic LEO
Orbital Altitude
GEO
Examples
Uncertainty
cm) Thruster Misalignment (typically 0.1 0.5 ) Thruster Mismatch (typically ~5%) Rotating Machinery Liquid Sloshing (e.g. propellant) Flexible structures Crew Movement
Disturbing Torques
T T
H I r F
3 Iz 3 2R
I y sin 2
y
Magnetic Torque
where:
Tm
Tm
m xB
m S/C residual magnetic dipole Amp m 2 B strength of Earth' s magnetic field M for points above the equator 3 R 2M for points above the poles 3 R M Earth' s magnetic moment 7.96 1015 tesla m 3 R orbit radius meters
*Note value of m depends on S/C size and whether on-board compensation is used - values can range from 0.1 to 20 Amp-m2 - m = 1 for typical small, uncompensated S/C
Aerodynamic Torque
Ta
where:
Ta
F c pa cg
1 C D Av 2 2
atmospheric density C D coefficien t of drag typical S/C values are 2 - 2.5 A cross - sectional area v velocity C pa center of atmospheric pressure Cg center of gravity
F c ps cg
Fs As 1 c cos i
F
Tsrp c ps cg Fs
solar radiation presure disturbanc e torque center of solar radiation pressure center of gravity solar flux density W m2
c speed of light As area of illuminate d surface reflectance factor 0 i sun incidence angle 1, typical value 0.6 for S/C
FireSat Example
Disturbing Torques
All of these disturbing torques can also be used to control the satellite
Gravitational attraction:
f = m/r2 Top: f1 > f2 torque is out of the page Bottom: f1 > f2 torque is into the page In both cases, the torque is a restoring torque, tending to make the satellite swing like a pendulum
In the 60s was viewed as free attitude control In general, G2 is not accurate enough, spacecraft can even flip over Not really free, because of boom mass However, OrbComm and TechSat 21 use gravity gradient with flexible solar panels on an extensible wrapper around the boom The Moon is gravity-gradient stabilized; Lagrange (1736-1813) showed this In the 60s was viewed as free attitude control In general, G2 is not accurate enough, spacecraft
Tech SAT 21
Attitude control is the exercise of control over the orientation of an object with respect to an inertial frame of reference or another entity (the celestial sphere, certain fields, nearby objects, etc.). Controlling vehicle attitude requires sensors to measure vehicle attitude, actuators to apply the torques needed to re-orient the vehicle to a desired attitude, and algorithms to command the actuators based on
(1) sensor measurements of the current attitude (2) specification of a desired attitude.
The integrated field that studies the combination of sensors, actuators and algorithms is called "Guidance, Navigation and Control" (GNC)
Attitude
Attitude sensor
Error signal
Commands
Torques
Controller
Actuator
Spacecraft
Ground control
Sensors
Measured attitude Attitude
Determination: Sensors Control: Actuators Controls attitude despite external disturbance torques acting on spacecraft
Rate Requirements (e.g. Slew) Stationkeeping Requirements Disturbing Environment Mass and Volume Power Reliability Cost and Schedule
ADCS Design
ADCS Design
ADCS Design
ADCS Design
ADCS Design