1.

BASIC PHRASES Goedemorgen khoo-duh-mawr-ghuh Good Morning Goedenacht khoo-duh-nahkht Good Night Tot straks toht straks See you later (in the same day) Dank u wel / Dank je wel dahnk-ew-vehl / dahnkyuh-vehl Thank you Sorry saw-ree I'm sorry / Excuse me Hoe gaat het met u? hoo khaht ut meht ew How are you? (formal) Het gaat / Slecht uht khaht / slehkht So so / Bad Hoe heet u? hoo hayt ew What's your name? (formal) Goedemiddag khoo-duh-mih-dahkh Good Day Hoi / Hallo / Daag / Doei hoy / hah-loh / dahk / dooee Hi / Bye Tot zo toht zoh See you soon Goedenavond khoo-duh-nah-fohnt Good Evening Tot ziens toht zeens Goodbye Alstublieft / Alsjeblieft ahlst-ew-bleeft / ahl-shuhbleeft Please Graag gedaan khrahkh khuh-dahn You're welcome (don't mention it)

Hartelijk bedankt hahr-tuh-lik buh-dahnkt Thank you very much

Pardon, wat zei u? pahr-dohn, vat zay ew Pardon me (didn't understand) Hoe gaat het? hoo khaht ut How are you? (informal) Ik ben moe / ziek ik ben moo / zeek I'm tired / sick. Hoe heet je? hoo hayt yuh What's your name? (informal) Aangenaam (kennis te maken) ahn-guh-nahm (ken-nis tuh mah-kuh) Nice to meet you.

Ja / Nee yah / nay Yes / No Goed / Heel goed khoot / hayl khoot Fine / Very well Ik heb honger / dorst ik heb hohng-ur / dohrst I'm hungry / thirsty. Ik heet... ik hayt... My name is (I'm called)... meneer / mevrouw / mejuffrouw muh-nayr / muh-frow / muh-yuh-frow Mister / Misses / Miss

Ik ben... ik ben I am...

Waar komt u vandaan? vahr kawmt ew fun-dahn Where are you from? (formal) Waar woont u? vahr vohnt ew Where do you live? (formal) Hoe oud bent u? hoo owt bent ew How old are you? (formal) Spreekt u Nederlands? spraykt ew nay-derlahnds Do you speak Dutch? (formal) Ik spreek niet zo goed... ik sprayk neet zoh khood I don't speak ... very well. Wat kost het? vat kohst ut How much is it? Veel plezier! fayl pleh-zeer Have fun! Dat is geweldig / vreselijk! dat is khuh-vehl-duhkh / fray-zuh-likh That is great / terrible! Wat vreemd! vaht fraymt How funny / odd!

Waar kom je vandaan? vahr kawn yuh fun-dahn Where are you from? (informal) Waar woon je? vahr vohn yuh Where do you live? (informal) Hoe oud ben je? hoo owt ben yuh How old are you? (informal) Spreek je Engels? sprayk yuh ehng-uhls Do you speak English? (informal) Ik begrijp het [niet.] ik buh-khraip ut neet I [don't] understand. Ik wil graag... ik vil khrahk I'd like... Veel succes! fayl suk-sehs Good luck!

Ik kom uit Nederland. ik kawm owt nay-der-lant I am from the Netherlands. Ik woon in Amerika. ik vohn in ah-meh-ree-kah I live in America.

Ik ben ... jaar (oud). ik ben ... yahr owt I am ____ years old.

Ik spreek [geen]... ik sprayk [khayn] I [don't] speak...

Ik weet het [niet.] ik vayt ut [neet] I [don't] know. Proost! prohst Cheers! Wees voorzichtig! vays fohr-zikh-tikh Be careful!

Ik hou van je. ik how fahn yuh I love you. (informal)

Ik hou van jullie. ik how fahn juh-lee I love you (all).

Wat jammer! vaht yah-mer What a pity!

Wat is dit / dat? vut iss dit / dut What is this / that?

In the pronunciations, kh denotes a uvular guttural sound. Meneer, mevrouw and mejuffrouw are all written with a small

letter when they precede a name. When typing, de Heer is used instead of meneer and Dhr. is used on envelopes. Mevrouw and mejuffrouw are abbreviated as Mevr. and Mej. In addition, Mw. can be used as an equivalent of the English Ms.

2. PRONUNCIATION
Dutch letters ch sch g w v r j sj tj aa ee ie oo oe eu uu a e i o u ei / ij aai oei ooi ou / au eeuw ieuw uw ui English sound guttural sound, made at back of mouth s followed by guttural ch sound same as ch, guttural sound from back of mouth like v before r, otherwise like w but with bottom lip against top teeth like v, but sometimes closer to f either rolled or guttural y as in yes sh as in ship ch as in chip ah as in father, but longer ay as in hail, but shorter ee as in neat, but shorter oh as in boat oo as in pool, but shorter ur as in hurt, but with lips rounded ew, but with lips rounded (sound not found in English) ah as in father, but shorter eh as in bed ih as in bit aw as in paw, with lips rounded ir as in dirt, but very short between the sounds in "light" and "late" combination of aa and ie combination of oe and ie combination of oo and ie like ow, as in house combination of ee and oe combination of ie and oe combination of uu and oe combination of a and uu The consonants s, f, h, b, d, z, l, m, n, and ng are pronounced the same way in Dutch as in English. P, t, and k are pronounced without the puff of air (called aspiration.) Sometimes the g is pronounced like zh in words borrowed from French. One last vowel sound is found in various Dutch spellings. It is pronounced like uh, as in along or sofa. For

example, this sound is found in de (the), een (a), aardig (nice), and vriendelijk (kind).

3. ALPHABET a ah b bay c say d day e ay f

eff

j k l

yay kah ell

s t

ess tay

u ew
fay

m emm v n o
enn oh pay kew air

w vay x y z
eeks ee-grek zett

g khay p h hah i
ee

q r

4. NOUNS AND GENDER

All nouns have a gender in Dutch, either common (de words) or neuter (het words). It is hard to guess which gender a noun is, so it is best to memorize the genders when memorizing vocabulary. However, two-thirds of Dutch words are common gender (because the common gender has combined the former feminine and masculine genders.) So it may be easier to memorize which nouns are neuter, and then assign common gender to the rest. All diminutives (words ending in -je) and infinitives used as nouns, as well as colors, metals, compass directions, and all words that end in -um, -aat, -sel, -isme are neuter. Most nouns beginning with ge- and ending with -te are neuter, as are most nouns beginning with ge-, be-, and ver-. Common noun endings include: -aar, -ent, -er, -es, -eur, -heid, -ij, -ing, -teit, -tie.

5. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES

common neuter de het de een

Singular "the" Plural "the" Indefinite "a" or "an"

common neuter Singular this deze that die Plural these those dit dat deze die

The definite article is used more in Dutch than in English. It is always used before the names of the seasons, street names and in an abstract sense. There are some idioms that should be memorized, however: in het Nederlands (in Dutch), in de stad (in town), in het zwart (in black), met de auto (by car), met de tijd (in/with time); op tafel (on the table), in zee (in the sea), op kantoor (at the office), in bad (in the bath), op straat (in the street).

6. SUBJECT PRONOUNS
ik jij (je) u hij zij (ze) het ik yay ew hay zay ut I you (singular informal) you (formal) he she it wij (we) vay yewlee we you (plural informal)

jullie

zij (ze)

zay

they

Unstressed forms (shortened forms used mostly in the spoken language) are in parentheses. There are also unstressed forms of ik ('k), hij (ie) and het ('t) but these are not written in the standard language. You will see them in informal writing, however (such as on internet forums or sometimes in film subtitles.)

7. TO BE & TO HAVE
Present tense of zijn - to be (zayn) I am You are He, she, it is ik ben jij / u bent hij, zij, het is ik ben yay / ew bent we are you are wij zijn jullie zijn zij zijn vay zayn yew-lee zayn zay zayn

hay, zay, ut they are is we have

Present tense of hebben - to have (heh-buhn) I have ik heb ik hep wij hebben vay heh-buhn

You have

jij / u hebt

yay / ew hept you have jullie hebben yew-lee heh-buhn hay, zay, ut hayft they have zij hebben zay heh-buhn

He, she, it hij, zij, het is heeft

U heeft rather than u hebt is also possible. Past tense of zijn - to be (zayn) I was You were He, she, it was I had You had He, she, it had ik was jij / u was hij, zij, het was ik had jij / u had hij, zij, het had ik vas yay / ew vas hay, zay, ut vas ik haht yay / ew haht we were wij waren vay vah-ruhn yew-lee vahruhn zay vah-ruhn

you were jullie waren they were zij waren

Past tense of hebben - to have (heh-buhn) we had you had wij hadden jullie hadden zij hadden vay hah-duhn yew-lee hahduhn zay hah-duhn

hay, zay, ut they had haht

You must use the subject pronouns; however, I will leave them out of future conjugations since most verbs only have two forms for each conjugation. Expressions with zijn and hebben: Het/dat is jammer - It's/that's a pity jarig zijn - to have a birthday kwijt zijn - to have lost op het punt staan - to be about to van plan zijn - to intend voor elkaar zijn - to be in order honger / dorst hebben - to be hungry / thirsty gelijk hebben - to be right haast hebben - to be in a hurry het hebben over - to talk about het druk hebben - to be busy het koud hebben / warm - to be cold / warm last hebben van - to be bothered by nodig hebben - to need slaap hebben - to be sleepy zin hebben in - to feel like

8. USEFUL WORDS
sometimes always never soms altijd nooit

often usually now and but or very here there also much another already perhaps

vaak, dikwijls gewoonlijk nu en maar of zeer, heel hier daar ook veel een ander al misschien

9. QUESTION WORDS
who what why when how wie wat waarom wanneer hoe where where to where from which Isn't it?, etc. waar waar... naartoe waar... vandaan welk / welke niet waar?

Welk is used before het words, and welke is used before de words and plural nouns. Niet waar is a tag question, and is added to the end of statements to make them questions. It can translate several ways into English: isn't it?, doesn't it?, isn't he?, doesn't he?, isn't she?, doesn't she?, aren't we?, don't we?, aren't they?, don't they?, aren't you?, don't you?, right?, yes?, etc.

10. NUMBERS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 nul een twee drie vier vijf zes 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th eerste tweede drede vierde vijfde zesde

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 110 200 1,000 1,001 million billion

zeven acht negen tien elf twaalf dertien veertien vijftien zestien zeventien achttien negentien twintig eenentwintig tweentwintig drientwintig dertig veertig vijftig zestig zeventig tachtig negentig honderd honderd en een honderd tien tweehonderd duizend duizend en een een miljoen een miljard

7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 101st 110th 200th 1,000th 1,001st millionth billionth

zevende achtste negende tiende elfde twaalfde dertiende veertiende vijftiende zestiende zeventiende achttiende negentiende twintigste eenentwintigste tweentwintigste drieentwintigste dertigste veertigste vijftigste zestigste zeventigste tachtigste negentigste honderdste honderd en eerste honderd tiende tweehonderdste duizendste duizend en eerste miljoenste miljardste

de helft een derde een kwart

half one third

een keer twee keer

once twice three times

one quarter drie keer

In the word for twenty-two, the is necessary because there are three of the same vowels in a row, and the accent mark shows that the third one needs to be pronounced separately. The use of commas and decimals is reversed in Dutch. Also note that I speak American English, so billion means 1,000,000,000 and not the British counterpart.

11. DAYS OF THE WEEK

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday day morning afternoon evening night today tomorrow tonight yesterday last night day after tomorrow day before yesterday week last week weekend daily weekly maandag dinsdag woensdag donderdag vrijdag zaterdag zondag dag ochtend middag avond nacht vandaag morgen deze nacht gisteren (de) afgelopen nacht overmorgen eergisteren week afgelopen week weekend dagelijks wekelijks

12. MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January February March januari februari maart

April May June July August September October November December month year last year monthly yearly

april mei juni juli augustus september oktober november december maand jaar het afgelopen jaar maandelijks jaarlijks

13. SEASONS
Winter Spring Summer Autumn de winter de lente / het voorjaar de zomer de herfst / het najaar

14. DIRECTIONS
Compass/Wind North South East West noord zuid oost west Location/Movement noorden zuiden oosten westen right left straight rechts links rechtdoor

15. COLORS & SHAPES

orange pink purple blue yellow red black brown oranje roze paars blauw geel rood zwart bruin square circle triangle rectangle oval box sphere cube vierkant cirkel driehoek rechthoek ovaal vak bol kubus

gray white green silver gold beige light dark

grijs wit groen zilver goud beige licht donker

pyramid cone cylinder heart star diamond crescent

piramide kegel cilinder hart ster diamant halvemaan

Licht and donker are added to the colors to mean light and dark: lichtbruin - light brown.

16. TIME
What time is it? It's 1:00 2:00 3:30 5:45 7:03 at 9:30 noon midnight In the morning During the day In the evening At night Hoe laat is het? Het is een uur. Het is twee uur. Het is half vier. Het is kwart voor zes. Het is drie (minuten) over zeven. om half tien twaalf uur 's middags twaalf uur 's nachts / middernacht 's ochtends 's middags 's avonds 's nachts Minuten can be omitted, just as in English.

17. WEATHER
How's the weather today? It's cold beautiful hot clear icy warm windy Wat voor weer is het vandaag? Het is koud Het is mooi Het is heet Het is helder Het is ijzig Het is warm Het is windig

cloudy hazy muggy humid foggy It's snowing It's raining It's freezing

Het is bewolkt Het is mistig Het is drukkend / benauwd Het is vochtig Het is mistig Het sneeuwt Het regent Het vriest

18. FAMILY & PETS

family parents mother father child / children son daughter brother Sister grandparents grandfather grandmother grandchildren grandson granddaughter niece / cousin (f) nephew / cousin (m) uncle aunt stepmother stepfather stepdaughter stepson stepsister stepbrother mother-in-law father-in-law familie ouders moeder / mamma vader / papa kind / kinderen zoon dochter broeder / broer zuster / zus grootouder grootvader / opa kleinkinderen kleinzoon kleindochter nicht neef oom tante stiefmoeder stiefvader stiefdochter stiefzoon stiefzuster stiefbroeder schoonmoeder schoonvader dog cat bird goldfish gerbil hamster ferret hond poes vogel goudvis woestijnrat hamster fret sister-in-law brother-in-law godmother godfather boy girl child man, husband woman, wife friend (m) friend (f) relative siblings twin birth death marriage divorce schoonzuster zwager meter peetvader jongen meisje (n) kind man vrouw vriend vriendin volwassene bloedverwant broers en zusters tweeling geboorte dood huwelijk (n) echtscheiding

grootmoeder / oma adult

daughter-in-law son-in-law

schoondochter schoonzoon

horse pony

paard pony

In the vocabulary lists, (n) after the noun means that the gender is neuter and the definite article is het (rather than de.)

19. TO KNOW PEOPLE AND FACTS

kennen - to know people Present: Past: ken kende ken kenduh kennen kenden kennuh kenduh weten - to know facts weet wist vayt vist weten wisten vay-tuh vist-uh

20. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS

Most plural nouns are formed by adding either -en or -s. Remember that the definite article is always de before plural nouns. 1. -en (the n is pronounced softly) is added to most nouns, with a few spelling changes boek - boeken book(s) jas - jassen coat(s) haar - haren hair(s) huis - huizen house(s) Spelling changes: Words with long vowels (aa, ee, oo, and uu) drop the one vowel when another syllable is added. Words with the short vowels (a, e, i, o and u) double the following consonant to keep the vowels short. The letters f and s occur at the end of words or before consonants, while the letters v and z occur in the middle of words before vowels. (These spelling rules are also used for conjugating verbs, so it's best to memorize them as soon as possible.) 2. -s is added to nouns ending in the unstressed syllables el, -em, -en, and -er (and -aar(d), -erd, -ier when referring to people), foreign words and to most nouns ending in an unstressed vowel tafel - tafels table(s) jongen - jongens boy(s) tante - tantes aunt(s) bakker - bakkers baker(s) Nouns ending in the vowels -a, -o, and -u add an apostrophe before the s: foto's, paraplu's Irregular forms

3. Some nouns containing a short vowel do not double the following consonant in the plural before -en. The plural vowel is then pronounced as long. bad - baden bath(s) dag - dagen day(s) spel - spelen game(s) (like the Olympics, smaller games are spellen) glas - glazen glass(es) weg - wegen road(s) 4. A few neuter nouns take the ending -eren (or -deren if the noun ends in -n) blad - bladeren leaf (leaves) kind - kinderen child(ren) ei - eieren egg(s) been - beenderen bone(s) [Note: been - benen leg(s)] lied - liederen song(s) volk - volkeren nation(s), people 5. Nouns ending in -heid have a plural in -heden. mogelijkheid - mogelijkheden possibility (possibilities) 6. Some other common irregular plurals are: stad - steden town(s) schip - schepen ship(s) lid - leden member(s) koe - koeien cow(s) 21. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Singular mijn (m'n) jouw (je) uw zijn (z'n) haar zijn (z'n) my your (informal) your (formal) his her its Plural ons / onze jullie (je) uw hun our your (informal) your (formal) their

Ons is used before singular neuter/het nouns, and onze is used elsewhere (before singular common/de nouns, and all plural nouns.) Je, the unstressed form of jouw, is commonly used in spoken and written Dutch, unless the speaker/writer wants to stress the pronoun. In the plural, jullie is the norm, unless jullie has already been used in the sentence, then je is used to avoid the redundancy. The other unstressed forms are not commonly written in the standard language, but are commonly spoken and written in informal communication. Like in English, Dutch possessive adjectives are used in front of a noun to show possession: mijn boek (my book). There are a few ways to express the -'s used in English too.

-s can be added to proper names and members of the family: Jans boek (John's book) The preposition van can be used to mean of: het boek van Jan (the book of John = John's book) And in more colloquial speech, the unstressed forms in parentheses above (agreeing in gender and number) can be used in place of the -s: Jan z'n boek (John's book) To form the possessive pronouns, add -e to the stressed forms (except for jullie) and use the correct article. The only way to show possession with jullie is to use van jou (literally meaning "of you"), although all the others can be used with van too. de/het mijne, jouwe, uwe, zijne, hare, onze, hunne (mine, yours, yours, his/its, hers, ours, theirs) 22. TO DO AND TO MAKE doen - to do doe doo doet doot doet doot doen doen doen doon doon doon maak maakt maakt maken - to make mahk mahkt mahkt maken maken maken mah-kuh mah-kuh mah-kuh

Expressions with doen: doen alsof - to act as though doen denken aan - to remind of dichtdoen - to close opendoen - to open pijndoen - to hurt, cause pain 23. WORK male actor actor (stage) author/writer baker bookkeeper bookseller butcher cashier dentist doctor engineer acteur toneelspeler schrijver bakker boekhouder boekhandelaar slager kassajongen tandarts dokter ingenieur kassameisje female (if different from male) actrice toneelspeelster schrifster bakster boekhoudster boekhandelaarster

hairdresser journalist judge lawyer mail man mechanic musician nurse office worker officer painter photographer salesperson secretary singer soldier surgeon teacher

kapper journalist rechter advocaat postbode monteur muzikant verpleger kantoormedewerker officier schilder fotograaf verkoper secretaris zanger soldaat chirurg leraar 24. PREPOSITIONS

kapster journaliste

muzikante verpleegster kantoormedewerkster schilderes fotografe verkoopster secretaresse zangeres

lerares

about above / over according to after against along around at before behind between by during

over boven / over volgens na tegen langs rond(om) bij, om, aan voor achter tussen met, door

in in front of

in, over (used with time) voor

inside / within binnen in spite of near next to of opposite out (of) since through to ondanks bij naast van tegenover uit sinds, sedert door aan, naar(toe) (direction towards something) onder

on top of / on op / aan

because of vanwege

gedurende, tijdens under

except for for from

behalve voor voor van, uit, vandaan

until with without

tot, totdat met zonder

At translates as bij when it's a personal location, such as ik ben bij Jan (I'm at Johns place/I am with John). Om refers to time: om 12 uur (at noon); and aan refers to an impersonal location: aan tafel (at the table). By is met in the sense of ik doe het met de hand (I do it by hand) or ik ga met het vliegtuig (I go by plane). From is van when it refers to a person, een kado van jou (a gift from you); and uit when it is a location, ik kom uit Japan (I come from Japan.) Vandaan indicates from where, as in waar kom jij vandaan (where are you from?) 25. COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES Country Africa America Argentina Asia Austria Belgium Brazil China Denmark England Europe France Germany Great Britain Greece Holland Hungary India Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Afrika Amerika Argentini Azi Oostenrijk Belgi Brazili China Denemarken Engeland Europa Frankrijk Duitsland Groot Brittani Griekenland Holland Hongarije India Ierland Itali Japan Nederland Noorwegen Nationality (masc. / fem.) Afrikaan / Afrikaanse Amerikaan / Amerikaanse Argentijn / Argentijnse Aziaat Oostenrijker / Oostenrijkse Belg / Belgische Braziliaan / Braziliaanse Chinees / Chinese Deen / Deense Engelsman / Engelse Europeaan Fransman / Franaise Duitser / Duitse Brit / Britse Griek / Griekse Hollander / Hollandse Hongaar / Hongaarse Indir / Indische Ier / Ierse Italiaan / Italiaanse Japanner / Japanse Nederlander / Nederlandse Noor / Noorse

Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United States

Polen Portugal Rusland Spanje Zweden Zwitserland Turkije Verenigde Staten

Pool / Poolse Portugees / Portugese Rus / Russin Spanjaard / Spaanse Zweed / Zweedse Zwitser / Zwitserse Turk / Turkse Amerikaan / Amerikaanse

The feminine form of many occupations and nationalities is indicated by one of five endings. For most nationalities, -e is added, as in Nederlandse (Dutch woman). The endings -in, es, -esse and -ster are also used to form female counterparts. -ster is added to verbs while -esse replaces the -is ending of some nouns. boer - boerin (farmer - female farmer/farmer's wife) leeuw - leeuwin (lion - lioness) koning - koningin (king - queen) Rus - Russin (Russian man Russian woman) leraar - lerares (male teacher female teacher) prins - prinses (prince princess) student - studente (male student female student) secretaris - secretaresse (male secretary - female secretary) bibliothekaris - bibliothekaresse (male librarian - female librarian) schrijfer - scrijfster (write - female author) verpleeger - verpleegster (nurse female nurse)

26. NEGATIVE SENTENCES The word niet (not) is used to negate sentences, and is generally placed at the end of the clause. However, niet precedes a preposition, an adjective that follows a noun, and the words binnen (inside), buiten (outside), beneden (downstairs), boven (upstairs) and thuis (at home). Een is usually not preceded by niet or any phrase ending with niet (ook niet - not either, nog niet - not yet). Instead, geen, ook geen and nog geen replace the article. Geen is translated by not a, not any or no when followed by a noun in English. Geen also negates nouns that cannot be counted, such as water, bier and wijn. Jan leest niet. Jan does not read. Hij werkt volgende week ook niet. He is not working next week either. Ik wil geen kopje koffie. I don't want a cup of coffee. Zij hebben nog geen huis gevonden. They have not found a house yet.

27.TO COME AND TO GO komen - to come kom komt komt kawm kawmt kawmt komen komen komen kohmuh kohmuh kohmuh ga gaat gaat gaan - to go gah gaht gaht gaan gaan gaan gahn gahn gahn

Expressions with komen and gaan: Hoe komt het dat.. ? How is it that.. ? Hoe gaat het met u? How are you? Het gaat goed met me. I am fine. gaan zitten - to sit down, be seated 28. TO AND FROM COUNTRIES AND CITIES to naar from uit Ik kom uit Nederland. I come from the Netherlands. Zij gaat naar New York. She's going to New York. 29. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS English has three ways of expressing the present tense, such as I run, I am running, I do run. All three of these tenses are translated as one tense in Dutch. Most verbs are regular in Dutch in the present tense, and it is formed by using the verb stem (the infinitive minus the -en), and adding these endings (Note that there is no ending for the first person singular form, and all the plural forms are identical to the infinitive): Verb drinken - to endings drink -en drink drinken -t -en drinkt drinken -t -en drinkt drinken There is, however, an alternative present tense to express an action that is currently happening: use zijn aan het with the infinitive. Ik ben aan het koken would translate as I am cooking (right now.) The perfect tense in English of expressions of "for," "since" and "how long?" are rendered by the present tense in Dutch: Ik woon hier al vijf jaar. I have lived here for five years. Hij werkt sinds april met zijn broer. He has been working with his brother since April.

Graag is an adverb used with verbs to express "to like to.." instead of using the verb houden van, which literally means to like or love. To form questions, simply invert the subject and verb. For the second person singular form (jij), the -t ending of the conjugated verb is dropped. Dutch does not have an equivalent of the English "do" in questions, so Woon jij in Rotterdam? means Do you live in Rotterdam? although it literally is Live you in Rotterdam? 30. IRREGULARITIES IN REGULAR VERBS When you add the present tense endings, you must observe the regular spelling rules in Dutch. Words with long vowels (aa, ee, oo, and uu) drop the one vowel when another syllable is added. Words with the short vowels (a, e, i, o and u) double the following consonant to keep the vowels short. The letters f and s occur at the end of words or before consonants, while the letters v and z occur in the middle of words before vowels. Notice how the infinitive is still identical to the plural conjugations for wij, jullie, and zij, and the stem is identical to the ik form. Infinitive betalen blijven hopen raden geloven schrijven kiezen haten leven lezen praten rijden wassen gaan staan slaan to pay to stay to hope to guess to believe to write to choose to hate to live to read to talk to ride to wash to go to stand to hit Stem & ik form betaal blijf hoop raad geloof schrijf kies haat leef lees praat rijd was ga sta sla jij, hij, etc. betaalt blijft hoopt raadt gelooft schrijft kiest haat leeft leest praat rijdt wast gaat staat slaat wij, jullie, etc. betalen blijven hopen raden geloven schrijven kiezen haten leven lezen praten rijden wassen gaan staan slaan

One verb that does not follow the spelling rule is komen. The singular forms are all written and pronounced with the short o, while the plural forms are written and pronounced with the long o: kom, komt and komen. (According to the spelling rules, the singular forms should be the long o, but they are not.)

There are five verbs whose ending is only -n: gaan (to go), staan (to stand), slaan (to hit), doen (to do) and zien (to see); the first three change according to the spelling rules. If a stem ends in -t, you do not add another -t for the second and third person singular forms. zitten - to sit; hij zit - he sits Verb stems that end in -oud and -ijd drop the -d in the first person singular and in question forms of the second person singular form. The -d can be written, but it is not pronounced. rijden - to ride; ik rij(d) - I ride; rij(d) jij? - do you ride? 31. MODAL VERBS In Dutch, there are four modals: kunnen - to be able to, can; moeten - to have to, must; mogen - to be allowed to, may; and willen - to want to. Modals can be used with other infinitives without the use of prepositions.

kunnen ik jij / u hij / zij / het wij jullie zij kan kan / kunt kan kunnen kunnen kunnen

moeten moet moet moet moeten moeten moeten

mogen mag mag mag mogen mogen mogen

willen wil wil / wilt wil willen willen willen

The -t of kunt and wilt are dropped in inversions with jij, but not with moet. Kan and kunt are used interchangeably for the second person singular form of kunnen, so jij kan and jij kunt as well as jij wil and jij wilt are both possible. The main difference is that kan and wil are considered slightly more informal with jij than kunt or wilt. Common verbs, such as doen and gaan, can be omitted in Dutch after modals, but not in the English translation. In addition, impersonal constructions with het/dat + modals are used. Dat kan. That's possible/can be done. Het moet. It must be done. When modals are used with other verbs, the other verb is in the infinitive and placed at the end of the clause or sentence. 32. REFLEXIVE VERBS Reflexive verbs express an action that reciprocates back to the subject. In other words, whoever is speaking is doing an action to himself. Examples in English would be: I wash

myself, he hurts himself, we hate ourselves. The reflexive pronouns always follow the subject and verb. Reflexive Pronouns me ons je / u je zich zich The reflexive pronoun u is often replaced by zich to avoid the double occurrence of u. Verbs that are always reflexive: zich afvragen zich bevinden zich ergeren zich gedragen zich generen zich haasten zich herinneren zich herstellen zich schamen voor zich vergissen in zich verheugen op zich verslapen zich voorstellen

ask oneself find oneself get annoyed by behave be embarrassed hurry remember recover be ashamed of be mistaken about look forward to oversleep imagine, introduce oneself

Verbs that can be reflexive or used with other direct objects aankleden amuseren bewegen ergeren opwinden scheren snijden uitkleden verbazen verdedigen verkleden get dressed enjoy oneself move make angry get excited shave (oneself) cut oneself undress (oneself) be amazed defend oneself change clothes

verontschuldigen excuse verschuilen oneself/apologize vervelen hide (oneself) voelen to be bored wassen feel wash (oneself) Emphatic Forms mezelf onszelf jezelf jezelf zichzelf zichzelf The emphatic forms of the reflexive pronouns can only be used with the verbs that can be reflexive or used with other direct objects, and never with verbs that are always reflexive. Elkaar is used when there is a reciprocal meaning of "each other" in English. 33. VERBS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS afhangen van bang zijn voor deelnemen aan denken aan feliciteren met gebrek hebben aan herinneren aan houden van huilen om kijken naar lachen om letten op lijden aan luisteren naar praten/spreken met reageren op rekenen op sterven aan trek/zin hebben in trouwen met twijfelen aan vragen om depend on be afraid of take part in think of/about congratulate on be short of remind like, love (things or people) cry at/about look at/watch laugh at pay attention to suffer from listen to talk to react to rely on die of want marry doubt ask for

weten van zeggen tegen zorgen voor

know about say to care for

34. SEPARABLE PREFIXES aanafbinnen- indoorna- onder- overtoe- voorachter- bijmee- om- optegen- uit- -weg

When verbs with separable prefixes are conjugated, the prefixes go to the end of the clause or sentence. For example, uitgaan (to go out) and weggaan (to go away): Gaan jullie niet meer uit? Don't you go out anymore? Hij gaat vandaag weg. He's going away today. 35. INSEPARABLE PREFIXES beherontvergeer-

These prefixes always remain attached to their infinitives. The inseparable prefixes are unstressed syllables, as compared to the separable prefixes, of which most can stand alone as prepositions. -ann, -onder, -over, -door, -voor and om can also be inseparable prefixes if they are unstressed. 36. PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST INDEFINITE TENSE This tense is used more often than the simple past, especially in conversation, and is equivalent to I have asked or I asked. Regular verbs use a form of hebben or zijn and a past participle. Past participles are made by adding ge- to the beginning of the verb stem and -t or -d to the end. Verb stems are the infinitives minus the -en, with the appropriate spelling changes. The stems are identical to the first person singular present tense form. -t is added to stems ending in t, k, f, s, ch, and p (note that if the stem ends in -t already, you do not double the consonant), while -d is added to all other stems, except those already ending in -d. (If a stem ends in -f or -s, but the infinitive contained -v or -z, then still add a -d) Verbs with inseparable prefixes do not add ge- in this tense. Verbs with separable prefixes add the ge after the prefix and before the stem (afgemaakt). Verb hopen to hope Stem hoop Past Participle gehoopt

maken blaffen missen dromen bellen loven vrezen praten koken blaffen kuchen bouwen horen branden bedoelen bepraten geloven verhuizen afmaken

to make to bark to miss to dream to ring to praise to be afraid to talk to cook to bark to cough to build to hear to burn to mean to discuss to believe to move house to finish

maak blaf mis droom bel loof vrees praat kook blaf kuch bouw hoor brand bedoel bepraat geloof verhuis af...maak

gemaakt geblaft gemist gedroomd gebeld geloofd gevreesd gepraat gekookt geblaft gekucht gebouwd gehoord gebrand bedoeld bepraat geloofd verhuisd afgemaakt

Hebben vs. Zijn Some verbs of motion can take either hebben or zijn depending on whether it is the action that is stressed (hebben) or the destination/direction (zijn.) Verbs taking zijn are generally intransitive (they do not take direct objects) and denote a change in motion/position or change in state/condition. Most verbs derived from zijn verbs also take zijn in the perfect tense. Modals The past participles of the modals (kunnen: gekund; moeten: gemoeten; mogen: gemoogd, willen: gewild) are only used when the modal is used independently of another verb. Ik heb het gemoeten. I had to (do it). If the perfect tense of a modal is used with another verb, then the past participle of the modal is replaced by its infinitive. This double infinitive construction (infinitive of modal + other infinitive) is always placed at the end of the clause or sentence. Ik heb gisteren kunnen komen. I was able to come yesterday. 37. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Infinitive begin understand Past Participle walk must, have to Infinitive lopen moeten Past Participle gelopen gemoeten

beginnen begonnen begrijpen begrepen

offer remain break bring think do drink eat go give have help be called hold look come buy get can, be able to let read lie

bieden blijven breken denken doen drinken eten gaan geven hebben helpen heten houden kijken komen kopen krijgen kunnen laten lezen liggen

geboden gebleven gebroken gedacht gedaan gedronken gegeten gegaan gegeven gehad geholpen geheten gehouden gekeken gekomen gekocht gekregen gekund gelaten gelezen gelegen

may call write sleep hit stand speak die forget lose find ask know show want become say see be sing sit look for

mogen roepen slapen slaan staan sterven

gemogen geroepen geslapen geslagen gestaan gestorven

schrijven geschreven

brengen gebracht

spreken gesproken vergeten vergeten verliezen verloren vinden vragen weten wijzen willen worden zeggen zien zijn zingen zitten zoeken gevonden gevraagd geweten gewezen gewild geworden gezegd gezien geweest gezongen gezeten gezocht

38. ZIJN VERBS A few common verbs take zijn instead of hebben in the present perfect tense: to stop to stay blijven stoppen/ophouden to to blijken verdwijnen disappear appear/seem gaan verschijnen to appear to go gebeuren worden to to happen komen zijn become to come to be 39. FOOD AND MEALS breakfast lunch dinner ontbijt (n) middagmaal (n), lunch avondeten (n) bread pepper salt brood (n) peper zout (n)

glass fork spoon knife napkin plate silverware tea steak cake ice cream coffee pie mustard rice jam soup salad

glas (n) vork lepel mes (n) servet (n) bord (n) bestek (n) thee biefstuk taart / cake / koek roomijs (n) koffie vlaai mosterd rijst jam soep salade

ice vinegar oil sugar butter table dish juice water wine beer beverage milk egg honey snack cheese cookies

ijs azijn olie suiker boter tafel schotel sap water wijn bier (n) drank melk ei (n) honing snack, tussendoortje kaas koekje

40. FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND MEATS fruit pineapple apple apricot banana pear strawberry raspberry cherry lime lemon orange peach grapes vegetables cauliflower vrucht ananas appel abrikoos banaan peer aardbei framboos kers limoen citroen sinaasappel perzik druif groente bloemkool cabbage pumpkin olive radish lettuce tomato onion meat veal lamb beef ham pork bacon sausage poultry kool pompoen olijf radijs sla tomaat ui vlees (n) kalfsvlees (n) lam (n) rundvlees (n) ham varkensvlees (n) bacon worst pluimvee (n)

bean pea cucumber carrot potato

boon erwt komkommer wortel, peen aardappel

duck goose chicken turkey fish

eend gans kip kalkoen vis

The National Anthem of the Netherlands: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe By Marnix van St. Aldegonde (2 stanzas out of 15) Wilhelmus van Nassouwe ben ik van Duitsen bloed den vaderland getrouwe blijf ik tot in den dood. Een Prinse van Oranje ben ik, vrij onverveerd, den Koning van Hispanje heb ik altijd geerd. Mijn schild ende betrouwen zijt Gij, o God mijn Heer, op U zo wil ik bouwen, verlaat mij nimmermeer. Dat ik doch vroom mag blijven, uw dienaar t'aller stond, de tirannie verdrijven die mij mijn hert doorwondt. William of Nassau am I, of Dutch blood; True to the fatherland I remain until death. Prince of Orange am I, free and fearless. To the King of Spain I have always given honour. You, my God and Lord, are my shield, on You I rely. On You I will build; never leave me, So that I may remain pious, your servant at all moments, Dispelling the tyranny that wounds my heart. The National Anthem of Belgium: De Brabanonne By Alexandre Dechet, 1830 O dierbaar Belgi O heilig land der vaad'ren Onze ziel en ons hart zijn u gewijd. Aanvaard ons hart en het bloed van onze adren, Wees ons doel in arbeid en in strijd. Bloei, o land, in eendracht niet te breken; Wees immer u zelf en ongeknecht, Het woord getrouw, dat ge onbevreesd moogt spreken: Voor Vorst, voor Vrijheid en voor Recht. (x3) O beloved Belgium, sacred land of our fathers, Our heart and soul are dedicated to you. Our strength and the blood of our veins we offer, Be our goal, in work and battle. Prosper, O country, in unbreakable unity, Always be yourself and free. Trust in the word that, undaunted, you can speak: For King, for Freedom and for Law. (x3) 41. WORD ORDER

Dutch word order requires Time - Manner - Place. English generally uses place before time, but Dutch cannot. Hij gaat morgen met de trein naar Londen. He's going to London tomorrow by train. (Literally: he's going tomorrow by train to London.) The verb must always be in the second position in a Dutch sentence. This not does not mean that it must always be the second word, however. (Inversion of subject and verb to form questions is an exception.) In de winter gaat hij met de trein naar Londen. In the winter he's going to London by train. (Literally: In the winter goes he by train to London.) Separable prefixes, past participles and infinitive always go to the end of the clause or sentence. The double infinitive construction always goes to the end of the clause or sentence as well. 42. COMMANDS The stem with the appropriate spelling changes is most commonly used as the command form. When being polite, the u form is used (with u following the verb.) If a verb has a separable prefix, it is sent to the end of the clause. The "let's" form plus a verb is rendered in Dutch by laten we + infinitive. When the command is general and no one in particular is being addressed, the infinitive is used, especially on signs. Kijk! Look! Laat mij het doen! Let me do it! Blijft u zitten. Please remain seated. Kijk uit! Look out! Laten we gaan. Let's go. Niet roken. No smoking. Trekken / Duwen. Pull / Push. Note that zijn has an irregular imperative form: wees (and the polite form: weest u) 43. COORDINATING AND SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating conjunctions join two sentences together. Word order is not affected by coordinating conjunctions. Examples are en (and), dus (so, thus), maar (but), of (or) and want (for, because). Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect an independent and dependent clause together, and they do affect word order. An independent (or main) clause contains a subject and verb and can stand alone as its own sentence.

A dependent (or subordinate) clause also contains a subject and verb, but is introduced with a subordinating conjunction and cannot stand alone as its own sentence. Mijn zoon was ziek, toen hij klein was. My son was sick when he was little. Ik weet dat jij mij leuk vindt. I know that you like me. When a subordinating conjunction introduces a clause, the next clause must begin with a verb. Hoewel hij jong is, is hij erg rijk. Although he is young, he is very rich. Zodra ik klaar ben, kom ik even langs. As soon as I'm ready, I'll come over. Subordinating Conjunctions if/when as if except that that although to the extent that now whether because after since als alsof behalve dat dat hoewel inzover(re) dat nu(dat) of omdat na(dat) sinds unless while when (in past) until when before just so that as long as without as far as tenzij terwijl toen tot(dat) wanneer voor(dat) zoals zodat zolang zonder dat zover

44. HOLIDAY PHRASES Happy New Year Happy Easter Merry Christmas Happy Birthday Gelukkig nieuwjaar Zalig pasen / Vrolijk Pasen Zalig kerstfeest Hartelijk gefeliciteerd (met je verjaardag)

Zalig is the word traditionally used by Catholics (the Pope uses it) when saying something in Dutch at Christmas. Protestants say Prettige kerstdagen (nice), Gelukkig kerstfeest (happy), or Vrolijk kerstfeest (cheerful); a lot of variation is possible. 45. BLIJVEN AND LATEN Blijven (to remain) can be used with an infinitive to express a continuous or repeated action. Blijven acts like a modal verb in the sentence; blijven is conjugated and the other verb remains in the infinitive and goes to the end of the sentence.

De kat blijft naar de muis kijken. The cat keeps looking at the mouse. Blijft u maar zitten! Please remain seated! Laten (to let, leave) can also behave like a modal verb when used with another verb. It corresponds to "to let" or "to have something done (by someone else)." In the perfect tense, laten also behaves like a modal because the infinitive is used instead of the past participle when it occurs with another verb. Laten we naar huis gaan. Let's go home. Zij laat haar kamer verven. She's having her room painted. Hij heeft zijn auto laten wassen. He's had his car washed. 46. PLACES airport bakery bank barn barracks bridge building castle luchthaven bakkerij bank schuur kazerne brug gebouw (n) slot (n) lane (town) library market monument museum palace path pavement pharmacy port prison restaurant road (highway) school square stadium store street suburb theater tower town steeg bibliotheek markt gedenkteken (n) museum paleis pad (n) trottoir (n) apotheek haven gevangenis restaurant landweg school plein (n) stadium winkel straat voorstad theater / schouwburg toren stad

bookstore boekwinkel

cathedral kathedraal cemetery kerkhof (n) church cinema kerk bioscoop

police station politiebureau (n)

consulate consulaat (n) corner straathoek

drugstore apotheek embassy ambassade factory farm fountain garage hospital hotel fabriek boerderij fontein garage ziekenhuis (n) hotel

house hut inn

huis (n) hut herberg

town hall university village

stadhuis (n) universiteit dorp

47. TRANSPORTATION bus train airplane ship boat motorcycle automobile streetcar moped bicycle car (auto)bus trein vliegtuig schip boot motorfiets automobiel tram bromfiets fiets auto(mobiel) 48. SIMPLE PAST TENSE The simple past tense in Dutch corresponds to the simple past tense in English. It is not a compound tense like the perfect tense, and some verbs have vowel changes, as in English. Generally, the simple past tense is indicated in English by adding -ed to the verb (for regular verbs, at least.) This tense is used for actions that happened in the past and that are completely done. To form the past tense, add -te (or -de) to the stem for the singular persons and -ten (or -den) to the stem for the plural persons. If the verb stem ends in p, t, k, f, s, or ch, add -te or -ten; for all other endings, add -de or -den. Verbs that have either v or z as the final consonant of the stem change them to f or s first and then add -de and den. wonen - to live geloven - to believe praten - to talk spelen - to play trouwen - to marry werken - to work fietsen - to cycle ik, jij, u, hij, zij woonde geloofde praatte speelde trouwde werkte fietste wij, jullie, zij woonden geloofden praatten speelden trouwden werkten fietsten

49. IRREGULAR STEMS IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE For some verbs, the internal vowel of the stem changes in the past tense. The stem with the changed vowel then acts as the past tense for all persons of the singular, while the plural adds -en to the changed stem. In addition, there are some irregular verbs that change more than the vowel, but still add nothing for the singular and -en for the plural. zijn - to be hebben - to have gaan - to go weten - to know denken - to think blijven - to stay drinken - to drink eten - to eat breken - to break bijten - to bite gieten - to pour 50. HOUSE AND FURNITURE alarm wekker desk clock armchair leunstoel ashtray balcony basket bathroom bed asbak (n) balkon (n) korf badkamer (n) bed (n) door drawer dresser fire flame ik, jij, u, hij, zij was had ging wist dacht bleef dronk at brak beet goot wij, jullie, zij waren hadden gingen wisten dachten bleven dronken aten braken beten goten

bureau deur lade ladenkast vuur (n) vlam

painting pillow pipe (water) radio roof room sheet shovel shower smoke

schilderij (n) kussen (n) pijpleiding radio dak (n) kamer laken (n) schop douche rook (zit)bank trap verdieping kachel

basement kelder

refrigerator koelkast

flat apartement (apartment) floor furniture garden ground floor hearth house iron (flat) vloer bloem meubelen (pl.) tuin

bedroom slaapkamer flower (door)bell (deur)bel blanket blinds box broom bucket deken rolgordijn (n) kist bezem emmer

benedenverdieping sofa haard huis (n) strijkijzer (n) stairs floor (of building) stove

candle carpet ceiling chair chimney closet

kaars tapijt (n) plafond (n) stoel

kerosene key kitchen ladder

petroleum sleutel keuken ladder lamp slot (n) matras spiegel oven provisiekast prullenmand

table tap (faucet) television towel vacuum cleaner vase wall (house) wall (room) window yard

tafel kraan televisie handdoek stofzuiger vaas muur wand raam (n) (achter)tuin

toilet (WC) wc / toilet

schoorsteen lamp kast lock mattress mirror oven pantry paper basket

computer computer corner hoek

cupboard kast curtain cushion gordijn (n) kussen (n)

51. STAAN, LIGGEN AND ZITTEN These verbs are all translated as "to be" in certain cases. When an object is in an upright position, staan is used. When an object is lying down, liggen is used. When an object is inside of something else, zitten is used. De auto staat voor het huis. The car is in front of the house. De krant ligt op de grond. The newspaper is on the floor. De pen zit in de tas. The pen is in the bag. 52. CLOTHING & ACCESSORIES belt boot braces brush button cigar cigarette clothes coat collar comb riem laars bretels (pl.) borstel knoop sigaar sigaret kleren jas boord kam pants (trousers) pin pipe pocket shirt shoe shoelace silk skirt sleeve soap broek speld pijp zak overhemd (n) schoen schoenveter zijde rok mouw zeep

cotton dress fashion glasses glove handkerchief hat jeans match needle overcoat

katoen (n) jurk mode bril (sing.) handschoen zakdoek hoed spijkerbroek lucifer naald overjas

sock stick stocking tie toothbrush toothpaste umbrella underwear waistcoat watch wool

sok stok kous stropdas tandenborstel tandpasta paraplu onderbroek vest (n) horloge (n) wol

53. FUTURE TENSE The future tense consists of a conjugated form of zullen and an infinitive placed at the end of the sentence. Except for the word order, this is similar to English will + an infinitive. The future tense can also be used to express probability. When it does, wel is added to the sentence. ik zal jij, u zult / zal hij, zij het zal wij zullen jullie zullen zij zullen

Like the modals, either zult or zal can be used with jij and u. Both are considered correct. De reis zal twee uur duren. The trip will last two hours. Wij zullen het wel weten. We will probably know it. The regular present tense can also express a future event with the use of time expressions. This is common in English too. Morgen gaan zij naar Rotterdam. They're going to Rotterdam tomorrow. Gaan and an infinitive at the end of the sentence can also be used to express the future. This is equivalent to the English construction "going to + verb." Ik ga een brief schrijven. I'm going to write a letter. Future Perfect Tense The future perfect expresses "will have + past participle" and is as uncommon in Dutch as it is in English. Zullen is still used at the conjugated verb, but the past participle and infinitive of hebben (or zijn) are put at the end of the sentence.

Hij zal de krant gelezen hebben. He will have read the newspaper. 54. VERB MEANINGS Some verbs in English are expressed in Dutch as two different verbs and vice versa. The most common are: kennen: to know a person or a place; to be acquainted with (general familiarity) weten: to know facts (specific knowledge) leven: to be alive, to exist, to subsist wonen: to reside, to dwell betekenen: to signify bedoelen: to intend noemen: to call, name heten: to be called, be named lenen aan: to lend to lenen van: to borrow from leren: to teach (someone something) leren (van): to learn (from someone) 55. INFLECTIONS OF ADJECTIVES When adjectives are placed before nouns, and not after, they add the ending -e. The spelling rules that affect pluralization of nouns and verb conjugations also apply when inflecting adjectives. However, the -e is not added when the adjective occurs before a neuter singular noun without an article (warm water) or a neuter singular noun preceded by een, geen, elk (each), ieder (each), menig (many a), veel (much), welk (which) or zo'n (such a). Adjectives that end in -en, as well as the adjectives linker (left) and rechter (right), do not add -e either. het grote huis - the large house de lange muur - the long wall mijn mooie tuin - my beautiful garden snelle treinen - fast trains een oud huis - an old house vers brood - fresh bread de houten trap - the wooden staircase zijn rechter oog - his right eye When an adjective is placed directly after iets (something), niet (nothing), veel (much), weinig (little), and wat (something), it adds the ending -s. iets moois - something beautiful niets nieuws - nothing new

If the noun following the adjective has been mentioned before, it may be omitted. In English, "one" is used in its place, but there is no equivalent word in Dutch. Dutch simply uses the article and adjective, with the -e inflection, if it is required. Koop je een jurk? Ja, ik neem de blauwe. Are you buying a dress? Yes, I'll take the blue (one.) 56. ADJECTIVES short long, tall loud quiet cute perfect sad happy dear famous different easy difficult pretty ugly small large good bad new tired angry annoying kort lang luid stil perfekt triest, droevig beste bekend, beroemd high wide fat, thick thin weak strong hoog wijd vet, dik dun nauw zwak sterk diep lui goedkoop dom vroeg nabij, dichtbij light dark terrible sweet in love serious clean dirty shy nervous licht donker vreselijk zoet verliefd serieus proper, net vuil verlegen nerveus, zenuwachtig

lief, schattig narrow

blij, gelukkig deep lazy cheap

verschillend, dumb ander gemakkelijk moeilijk mooi lelijk klein groot goed slecht nieuw vermoeid, moe vervelend, irritant early near nice expensive crazy far beautiful curious old

comfortable comfortabel worried right bezorgd juist verkeerd jaloers dronken, zat populair excellent kostbaar alleen belangrijk bezig, bezet ziek, misselijk klaar

mooi, aardig wrong jealous drunk popular excellent valuable duur gek ver(af) mooi

inexpensive goedkoop

nieuwsgierig alone oud jong interessant fantastisch important busy sick ready

kwaad, boos young interesting fantastic

wonderful wonderlijk

57. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Comparisons of equality use the expression even + adjective + als and it translates to "as + adjective + as." In addition, you can use net zo + adjective + als to mean "as + adjective + as," but it is more emphatic. dit hotel is even duur als de andere - this hotel is as expensive as the others But note: zo veel mogelijk - as soon as possible / zo vlug mogelijk - as fast as possible When comparing two things, the comparative form of the adjective is used. It is formed in Dutch by adding -er to the adjective (or -der if the adjective ends in -r). This is used for all adjectives; there is no "more + adjective" construction as there is for some adjectives in English. Comparative adjectives add the -e ending for the inflection according to the requirements above; however, adjectives with three or more syllables do not. When using comparative adjectives, dan translates as "than." leuk - nice leuker - nicer vriendelijk - friendly vriendelijker - friendlier When expressing the highest degree of a quality or characteristic, the superlative form of the adjective is used. Most adjectives add -st (or just -t if the adjective already ends in -s). Since the -st ending does not add a syllable to the adjective, the spelling rules do not apply. All superlatives are inflected like regular adjectives. However, if the superlative adjective is a predicate adjective (follows "to be" and does not precede a noun), then het precedes it and the e is optional. With the superlative, van translates as "in" or "of." In contrast to English, Dutch does use the superlative to compare two or more things. leuk - nice leukst - nicest het grootste huis - the biggest house de duurste kleren - the most expensive clothes Hij is de oudste van de twee. He is the older (literally: oldest) of the two. For ease of pronunciation, adjectives ending in -st and -sch do not add -st to form the superlative, but use meest (most) before. meest juist - most just meest logisch - most logical Don't forget the spelling changes when dealing with long and short vowels:

groot, groter, grootst - big, bigger, biggest laat, later, laatst - late, later, latest Some of the most common adjectives have irregular forms: adjective comparative superlative good goed bad better beter worse best best worst 58. SPORTS golf soccer volleyball football basketball baseball hockey tennis bowling sailing horseback riding boxing roller-skating ice-skating skiing bicycle racing riding a bicycle swimming golf voetbal volleybal rugby, American football basketbal honkbal hockey tennis bowlen, bowling zeilen paardrijden boksen rolschaatsen schaatsen skien wielrennen fietsen zwemmen 59. NATURE air bank bay beach bridge bush cave city cloud lucht oever baai strand (n) brug struik grot stad wolk grass hail hay heath hill ice island lake gras (n) hagel hooi (n) heide heuvel ijs (n) eiland (n) meer (n) rock sand sea shadow sky snow spring (water) star storm rots zand (n) zee schaduw lucht sneeuw bron ster storm erg much veel erger more meer ergst most meest little weinig less minder least minst

high tide vloed

coast country country(side) current darkness desert dew dust earth farm field flower foam fog forest frost

kust land (n) platteland (n) stroom duisternis woestijn dauw stof (n) aarde boerderij veld (n) bloem schuim (n) mist bos (n) vorst

leaf light

blad licht (n)

stream street sun thaw thunder tree valley view water fresh water salt water waterfall wave weather wind world

beek straat zon (ont)dooi donder boom vallei uitzicht (n) water (n) zoet water (n) zout water (n) waterval golf weer (n) wind wereld

lightning bliksem low tide moon mud nature peninsula plain plant pond rain rainbow river eb maan modder natuur schiereiland (n) vlakte plant vijver regen regenboog rivier

meadow weide mountain berg

60. OBJECT PRONOUNS Subject I you (fam.) you (form.) he she it we you (pl.) you (form.) they ik ('k) jij (je) u hij zij (ze) hij / het wij (we) jullie u zij (ze) me you you him her it us you you them Objects mij (me) jou (je) u hem ('m) haar (ze) het ('t) ons jullie (je) u hen (ze) / hun (ze)

Direct and indirect object pronouns are the same in Dutch, except for "them." Hen is used if it is a direct object, and hun is used if it is an indirect object. Generally, indirect objects are preceded by "to" or "from" in English, and direct objects are not preceded by any prepositions. Additionally, these object pronouns are used in prepositional phrases. An alternative way of showing possession without using the possessive pronouns is to use van + object pronoun. In fact,

this is the only way to show possession with the jullie form, as there is no possessive pronoun for it. This construction corresponds to "of + object" and occurs often in sentences with the verb "to be." Is deze pen van jou? Is this your pen? Die schoenen zijn niet van mij. Those shoes are not mine. If the noun is not present in the clause, then die or dat + van + object pronoun is used. Mijn huis is klein; dat van hem is erg groot. My house is small; his is very large. 61. PARTS OF THE BODY ankle arm back beard belly bladder blood body bone brain breath calf cheek chest chin cold cough ear elbow eye eyebrow eyelid face fever enkel arm rug baard buik blaas bloed (n) lichaam (n) hersenen (pl.) adem kuit wang borst kin hoest oor (n) elleboog oog (n) wenkbrauw ooglid (n) gezicht (n) koorts finger flesh foot forehead gum hair hand head vinger vlees (n) voet tandvlees (n) haar (n) hand hoofd (n) hoofdpijn gezondheid hart (n) hiel heup ingewanden (pl.) kaak nier knie been (n) lip lever long mond spier nail neck nerve nose palm rib shin nagel hals / nek zenuw pijn neus handpalm rib scheen skelet / geraamte huid schedel voetzool ruggengraat

voorhoofd (n) pain

bot / been (n) headache health heart heel hip intestines jaw knee leg lip liver lung mouth muscle

shoulder schouder skeleton skin skull sole spine

stomach maag tear thigh throat thumb toe tongue tooth wound wrist traan dij keel duim teen tong tand wond pols

verkoudheid kidney

moustache snor

62. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns - words that correspond to who, whom, that and which in English. These may be omitted in English, but must be included in Dutch. The relative pronoun is put into the correct gender

depending on the noun it refers to. The conjugated verb goes to the end of the sentence as well as with subordinate clauses. Die and dat are the relative pronouns in Dutch; die refers to people, singular common nouns and all plural nouns, whereas dat refers to singular neuter nouns. Kent u de man die daar op de hoek staat? Do you know the man who is standing there on the corner? Dat is het boek dat ik las. That is the book (that) I read. Hier is de jurk die ik gisteren gekocht heb. Here is the dress (which) I bought yesterday. Die is replaced by wie when the clause refers to people and is preceded by a preposition. In addition, whoever is translated as wie. De jongen met wie ik praatte heet Piet. The boy with whom I spoke is called Peter. No relative pronoun is used when the clause refers to things and is preceded by a preposition. In this case, waar- and the preposition are used instead. In some cases, waar- and a preposition can also replace the relative pronoun when referring to people. Dat zijn mensen waarop je rekenen kunt. They are people upon whom you can count. (They are people you can count on.) Wat replaces dat when the pronoun refers to the words alles (everything), iets (something), niets (nothing); to the superlative form of an adjective used as a noun; to the whole preceding clause. It is also used when there is no antecedent (no preceding noun/pronoun to refer to.) Dat is alles wat ik heb. That is everything that I have. Zij komt altijd te laat, wat mij ergert. She always comes late, which annoys me. 63. USES OF ER 1. Personal pronouns are used after prepositions when referring to people. However, when you need to refer to a thing, a compound using er- plus the preposition (either written as one word, or separated by adverbial expression) is used. Daar (that) and hier (this) can also replace er when it is not written as one word. De kinderen spelen er vaak mee. The children often play with it. De kinderen spelen daar/hier vaak mee. The children often play with that/this. 2. Er is used when talking about a quantity or an amount. It is translated as "of it" or "of them," though these expressions are not always used in English.

Ik heb er genoeg gehad. I've had enough (of it.) Hoeveel poesjes heb je? Ik heb er twee. How many kittens do you have? I have two (of them.) 3. In an unstressed position, er means there (an adverb of place). It is replaced by daar in stressed positions (such as the beginning of a sentence.) 4. Er can introduce sentences with an indefinite subject. In this case, er functions as there as a subject, as in "there is/are." 64. ANIMALS animal ant badger bat beak bear bee beetle bird blackbird bull butterfly calf carp cat caterpillar chicken chimpanzee claw cockroach cod cow crab crayfish crow deer dog donkey duck eagle eel dier (n) mier das vleermuis bek beer bij tor vogel merel stier vlinder kalf (n) karper kat / poes rups kip chimpansee klauw kakkerlak kabeljauw koe krab rivierkreeft kraai hert hond ezel eend arend aal horse insect kitten lamb lion lobster louse mackerel mole monkey mosquito moth mouse octopus ostrich owl ox oyster parrot partridge paw pig pigeon rabbit rat rooster salmon scale (sea) gull seal shark paard (n) insekt katje / poesje (n) lam (n) leeuw kreeft luis makreel mol aap muskiet mot muis octopus struisvogel uil os oester papegaai patrijs poot varken duif konijn (n) rat haan zalm schub (zee)meeuw zeehond haai

elephant feather fin fish flea fly fox frog fur gill giraffe goat goose gorilla grasshopper hare hen heron herring hoof horn

olifant veer vin vis vlo vlieg vos kikker vacht / pels kieuw giraffe geit gans gorilla sprinkhaan haas kip / hen reiger haring hoef hoorn

sheep shrimp snail snake sparrow spider squirrel stork swallow tail tiger toad trout turkey wasp weasel whale wing wolf worm zebra

schaap (n) garnaal slak slang mus spin eekhoorn ooievaar zwaluw staart tijger pad forel kalkoen wesp wezel walvis vleugel wolf worm zebra

65. INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS Some verbs require a preposition before an infinitive in Dutch, while others do not. This is true in English as well; e.g. I want to leave vs. I can read. Verbs that do not require te before an infinitive include: modal verbs, blijven, laten, zullen, zien (to see), horen (to hear), voelen (to feel), komen, gaan, vinden (to find), leren (to teach), and helpen. Ik kan komen. I can come. Het zal morgen regenen. It will rain tomorrow. Zij gaat iedere dag zwemmen. She goes swimming everyday. The preposition used in Dutch is te, although the om... te construction can also be used. Verbs that use only te before an infinitive include: zitten, staan, liggen, lopen (to walk), beginnen, proberen (to try), durven (to dare), hoeven (to need), weten. After these prepositions, te is used before an infinitive: zonder (without), in plaats van (instead of), and door (by.) When using om...te, all adjectives, adverbs, objects, and expressions of time, manner and place are placed between om and te. Om... te is always used when the

infinitive occurs at the beginning of the sentence, and when the infinitive refers to a preceding noun. Hij stond op de bus te wachten. He stood waiting for the bus. Het begint te regenen. It's beginning to rain. Ik zei het zonder te denken. I said it without thinking. Het is erg moeilijk om te doen. It is very difficult to do. Hoeveel kost het om hier te parkeren? How much is it to park here? Het is een interessant programma om naar te kijken. It is an interesting program to watch. English infinitives that follow an object are translated into clauses using conjunctions in Dutch. Zij verwacht dat ik kom. She is expecting me to come. (Literally: She expects that I come.) 66. PAST PERFECT TENSE The past perfect tense corresponds to the perfect tense, but the action occurred in the past before another action occurred in the past. In English, it translates to "had" instead of "have" before the past participle. To form this tense, simply use the simple past of hebben or zijn (whichever auxiliary the verb used in the present perfect tense) and the past participle. Zij had de boeken niet gevonden. She had not found the books. Jullie hadden in Paris gestudeerd. You had studied in Paris. 67. CONDITIONAL The conditional mood expresses doubt or uncertainty. In English, "would + infinitive" is used for the present conditional and "would have + past participle" is used for the past conditional. In Dutch, zou/zouden + infinitive is used for the present conditional, and zou/zouden + past participle + infinitive of hebben or zijn is used for the past conditional. (Zou and zouden are the singular and plural past tense forms of zullen.) Ik zou graag thuis blijven. I would like to stay home. Als ik jou was, zou ik dat huis niet kopen. If I were you, I would not buy that house. Ik zou graag thuis gebleven zijn. I would have liked to stay home. 68. DIMINUTIVES

Diminutives are forms of a word that show smallness or endearment and are much more common in Dutch (especially spoken Dutch) than in English. All diminutives in Dutch are formed by adding -je to the noun, and all are neuter nouns and form the plural by adding -s. kindje little child neusje little nose schaapje little sheep Nouns endings in a vowel, y, w or j; nouns that contain a long vowel or diphthong followed by r, l, or n; and nouns ending in unstressed -er, -el, and -en add -tje to form the diminutive. eitje little egg beentje little leg dekentje little blanket Nouns containing a short vowel followed by r, l, n, m, or ng add -etje. balletje little ball stemmetje little voice Nouns ending in unstressed -ing drop the final -g and add kje. verrassinkje little surprise Nouns ending in -m add -pje (unless m is preceded by short stressed vowel.) bezempje little broom 69. PRESENT PARTICIPLE The present participle is made by adding -d (or sometimes de) to the infinitive of a Dutch verb. Present participles are not used as frequently in Dutch as in English. They are used mainly when another action takes place within the specific period of time we are talking about. So, every example sentence is about two actions that take place at the same time. zingen to sing Ze liep zingend naar huis. She walked home singing. lopen to walk Kun jij lopend lezen? Can you read while walking? fluisteren to whisper Hij zei fluisterend dat hij eerder weg wilde. He said whispering that he wanted to leave earlier.

Most of the time an English present participle is not translated by a Dutch present participle. Usually, the Dutch simple present tense is used instead. Ze leest een boek. She is reading a book. 70. PASSIVE VOICE When the subject of the sentence does something, the sentence is in the active voice. If something happens to that person, we use the passive voice. Replacing the auxiliary verb hebben (to have) by zijn (to be) or worden (to become, to be from this moment on), very often results in the passive voice. The verb vinden (to find) is in the active voice: Ik heb gevonden. I have found. Ik had gevonden. I had found. And in the passive voice: Ik ben gevonden. I am found Ik ben gevonden. I have been found. Ik was gevonden. I was found. Ik was gevonden. I had been found. Ik word gevonden. I am found (right now). Suppose that Peter finds you. Ik ben door Peter gevonden. I am found by Peter. Ik was door Peter gevonden. I was found by Peter. Ik word door Peter gevonden. I am found by Peter (right now). Ik word door Peter gevonden. I will be found by Peter. "Ik word door Peter gevonden." in the present perfect has about the same meaning as "Peter vindt mij." in the simple present.