BI GING THIT B U CUI

Ging vin: Vi Th Ngc M

Thi Nguyn, nm 2012.

MC LC

CHNG 1: THIT B U CUI M THANH 1.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN. 1.1.1. m thanh. Sng m l s bin i cc tnh cht ca mi trng n hi khi nng lng m truyn qua. Sng m c th truyn trong vt cht th rn, lng, kh. Sng m khng truyn c trong chn khng. m thanh l cc dao ng c hc ca cc phn t, nguyn t hay cc ht lm nn vt cht v lan truyn trong vt cht nh cc sng. C ting n v m nhc u l cc m thanh. Trong vic truyn tn hiu bng m thanh, ting n l cc dao ng ngu nhin khng mang thng tin. Khi kch thch dao ng m trong mi trng th kh th nhng lp b nn v nhng lp kh b dn c hnh thnh. Trng thi nn v dn ln lt c lan truyn t ngn m di dng sng dc (phng dch chuyn ca dao ng trng vi phng truyn m). S bin i p sut tng xung quanh p sut tnh bng 1 lng nh p = P - P0 , biu th thanh p. n v p sut 1 pascal, vit tt l Pa = N/m2 1 bar = 106 dyne/cm2 = 105Pa V d: p sut tnh P0 ca kh quyn iu kin tiu chun xp x 1 bar = 10 6 thanh p trung bnh trong khng kh. L thuyt sng xc nh c tnh sng m bi phng trnh sng:
V2p = 2 p 2 p 2 p 1 2 p + 2 + 2 = 2 2 x y z c t 2

Thanh p p(x,y,z) l hm cu cc bin khng thi gian. Trong trng hp ring, nu y 2 = 0 , z 2 = 0 th ta c sng phng. Khi ,
x nghim ca phng trnh sng: p = f t l hng s kh v ca bin t, x xc nh c
2 p 2 p

n tr theo gi tr pha t , vi c tnh:

x c

x + x x f ( t 0 + t ) 0 = f t0 0 c c

Do :

x =c t

C l tc truyn nng lng m (gi tt l tc m). Cng m I l cng sut m thng qua mt n v din tch mt sng. Mt nng lng m l nng lng m trong mt n v th tch trng m. I = pv = c. 1.1.2. Thnh gic Thnh gic l mt trong nm gic quan. y l kh nng tip thu m thanh bng cch pht hin cc dao ng qua mt c quan nh tai. con ngi v cc ng vt c xng sng khc, vic nghe c thc hin ch yu bi thnh gic: cc dao ng c tai pht hin v chuyn thnh cc xung thn kinh m b no thu nhn Khng phi mi loi ng vt u nghe c tt c cc loi m thanh. Mi loi c mt khong nghe c c to (cng ) v cao (tn s) cu m thanh. a. Cm th v tn s. Di tn 16 20.000 Hz l phm vi tn s m m tai ngi c th cm th c, gi l m tn. di 16 Hz l h m. Trn 20kHz l siu m. Cm th v tn s m, th hin cao ca m. Khi tng lin tip tn s th tai ngi cm th thy bc bin thin bng nhau v cao m. Trong m hc, ngi ta thng dng n v Octave (oct). S oct tng ng vi tn s fn c xc nh nh sau:
n = log 2 fn f 3.34 lg n f0 f0

Trong fn l tn s o f0 l tn s chun. Vy 1oct tng ng vi bin thin gp 2 ln so vi tn s chun f 0. Khong m tn chim 10 oct. Cc tiu bin thin tng i ca tn s m tai ngi nh ra c gi l ngng vi phn ca thnh gic theo tn s. Ngng ny ph thuc vo gi tr khi u ca tn s, cng ph thuc vo bin v tc di tn. Vy s cm th v tn s m gn vi quy lut log2 theo tn s. b. Cm th v bin . Cm th v bin m th hin to ca m, thng gi l m lng. m lng khng ch ph thuc vo bin m m cn ph thuc vo tn s v hng lot yu t khc. V d, khi tc ng lu mt m thanh bin khng i th m lng gim i.

- Ngng nghe c: l mc thanh p nh nht ca m n m tai ngi cn cm th c, n l mc chuyn t trng thi nghe thy sang trng thi khng nghe thy v ngc li. Ngng nghe c ph thuc tn s, la tui ngi nghe, bin php b tr ngun m,... Thanh p hiu dng ca dao ng iu ha 1000 Hz bng 2.10 -5 N/m2 gi l ngng nghe c tiu chun. - Ngng chi tai: l mc thanh p ln nht m tai ngi cn chu ng c, l mc gii hn kh nng chu ng ca tai ngi, nu vt qua ngng ny thnh gic s b tn thng hoc c th khng phc hi li c. Ngng chi tai ph thuc tn s (nhng t ph thuc hn so vi ngng nghe c). Thanh p hiu dng ca dao ng iu ha 1000 Hz bng 20 N/m2 gi l ngng chi tai tiu chun. Cc tiu bin thin m lng m tai ngi nhn ra c gi l ngng vi phn ca thnh gic theo bin . Ngha l m lng biu th tnh cht lng t ca thnh gic. Vi m lng b gn ngng nghe c th ngng N chng vi dB. Cn m lng trung bnh N = 0.4 dB. c. Cc c im thi gian v khng gian ca thnh gic. Qun tnh ca thnh gic: Hng ng ca thnh gic i vi tc ng ca m khng phi ngay tc th, m c tr. Sau khi m bt u chng 200 ms thnh gic mi xc nh c m lng ca n. Khi m ngng, cm gic thy m cn ko di thm 150 200 ms. Thnh gic khng phn bit khong ngng b hn 50 ms gia 2 m ging nhau i lin nhau. iu ny dn n hin tng che lp v thi gian. Phi qua thi gian tc ng ca m c vi chu k th thnh gic ni xc nh cao m. Hiu ng hai tai: Hai tai ca ngi cch nhau khong cch bng sng m 2000 Hz. Do lch pha, do nhiu x v che chn bi u ngi, vnh tai nn sng m t mt ngun n hai tai c khc nhau; kt qu l con ngi c kh nng nh hng ngun m vi sai s 30 40 (nu ngun m khng qu lch v pha bn). Hiu ng stereo: Khc vi hiu ng hai tai, trong nu c im cm th m i vi mt ngun m, hiu ng stereo l s cm th bng hai tai i vi hai (hoc nhiu) ngun m thanh tng quan. S truyn th ca nhiu ngun m mt lc c s tng quan to nn hiu ng stereo. V vy, so vi truyn t ca mono, cch truyn t ca stereo s cho cm gic m thanh tt hn. 1.2. TING NI 1.2.1. Khi nim Ting ni c c qua pht m ca con ngi to ra nhm mc ch thng tin. Ting ni tng t nh m thanh nhng n ch chim 1 di hp hn cc gi tr ca i

lng vt l (tn s, cng m). N l cng c v sn phm ca t duy nn c lng tin tc rt ln v tru tng cm nhn rt cao. Ch vit to ra biu tng th gic c th tng ng vi ting ni, v vy c th chuyn i qua li gia ting ni v ch vit. 1.2.2. Phn loi Ting ni c phn loi th thnh m hu thanh v m v thanh. m hu thanh: lung khng kh t phi lm thanh i dao ng, pht ra nhng xung m thanh (a ra thanh qun) c tn s f 0, gi l tn s m c bn. Phm vi f0 t 70 Hz n 450 Hz, trung bnh f 0 ca nam gii l 150 Hz, ca n gii l 250 Hz. ng bao ph ca nhng xung m c bn c dc gim dn v pha tn s cao khong 6 dB/1 oct. m v thanh: c bn cht tp m, kt qu ca s pht hi qua cc khe trong khoang ming (mi, mi, rng, li). Khoang ming l mt h thng b lc m phc tp vi hng lot hc cng hng, m tn s cng hng thay i c nh con ngi iu khin tinh vi rt nhiu c quan trong ming. Khi xt c im ph ca mt ngn ng, ngi ta thy c mt s xc nh nhng mu m nguyn t, gi l phonem. ng bao ph ca mi phonem c dng xc nh vi mt s xc nh cc c i (phoman) v cc cc tiu (antiphoman). Di tn tiu chun ca tn hiu thoi l 300 Hz n 3400 Hz. 1.3. S KHI THIT B NHN DNG TING NI Bn thn ting ni l tn hiu tng t, chng s thc hin vic s ha bin thnh nhng tn hiu s v c x l. Mc ch ca vic x l l m bo chnh xc trong qu trnh phn tch hay t tng hp ting ni, vic phn tch (nhn dng) ting ni l vic phn tch ting ni xc nh ra ni dung thng bo hm cha trong ting ni lm sao mt h thng hay mt thit b c th p ng chnh xc mnh lnh dng ting ni, ty theo cc mc ch khc nhau. y l mt cng vic rt kh khn v s khng ng nht, s phc tp ca ting ni, vn t, s nhm ln gia cc t, tp m, mo, cc ging ni, pht m, v s luyn ly trong qu trnh ni. Di y l s khi trnh by cu trc tng th ca thit b nhn dng ting ni c hun luyn.

Hnh 1.1 S khi thit b nhn dng ting ni Qu trnh nhn dng ting ni c chia lm hai giai on: +Giai on hun luyn: To ra cc mu ca cc t cn nhn dng v c lu trong b nh cha cc t cn nhn dng. +Giai on nhn dng: a ra cc mu em so snh vi cc mu c to ra giai on hun luyn thng qua b nh gi tng quan v kt hp vi cc khi nim lut, c php, ng ngha v phn tch thc tin a ra c t cn nhn dng. - Tch bin: V thit b nhn dng tng t nn cn xc nh ranh gii ca nhng t trong mt cu c pht i. C nhiu phng php tch bin c xut, thng thng s dng cc thut ton so snh mc ngng nng lng, bin ca t l im tn hiu ting ni t c mc ngng. Khong lng gia cc t l thi gian tn hiu di ngng. Tch c trng: y l mt khi rt quan trng, tch ra nhng c trng ca cc mu ting ni, chng hn dng ph ca mt t hoc tn s cng hng B phn chun ha: Lm cho cc t c pht m trong nhng hon cnh khc nhau tr thnh ging nhau n nhn dng ng. Sau khi chun ha xong c lu vo b nh cc t vng.

Nim lut, c php, ng ngha c b xung vo phn nhn dng gip pht trin phn tch, chnh xc, ph hp vi thc tin, ng cnh nhm a ra nhng p ng chnh xc cho h thng. nh gi tng quan: So snh cc mu ca t cn nhn dng vi cc mu t c sn a ra c l t no. 1.4. NGUYN L BIN I THUN NGHCH M THANH TN HIU IN 1.4.1. Nguyn l bin i thun nghch m thanh tn hiu in - Nguyn l chuyn t m thanh sang tn hiu in: Da vo hin tng cm ng in t, u vo l ngun m thanh tc ng, u ra l tn hiu in m tn - Nguyn l bin i t tn hiu in sang tn hiu m thanh: Da vo hin tng cm ng in t, u vo l tn hiu in m tn, u ra l tn hiu m thanh. Micro v loa l thit b u cui m thanh c s dng trong nhiu h thng thng tin. Trong micro xy ra bin i m thanh thnh tn hiu in. Trong loa xy ra bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu m thanh. 1.4.2. Cc tham s k thut ca micro v loa a. Micro - nhy hng trc: 0 =
U ra P0

Trong Ura l in p li ra P0 l thanh p ti v tr t micro - c tuyn hng H() l t s gia nhy hng vi nhy hng trc.
H ( ) =

l gc lch gia hng truyn m so vi hng trc m ca micro. H() ph thuc vo kt cu mng micro. - Di tn s lm vic cng rng th m thanh cng tt. c tnh bin phi ng u trong c di tn. b. Loa - nhy hng trc: 0 =
P0 P

Trong P0 l thanh p do lao to ra ti 1 im trn trc m P l cng sut a vo loa.

- Hiu sut loa: =

Pa vi Pa l cng sut m bc x. P

- c tnh tn s l cc quan h 0 (), () . - Cng sut danh nh l in p ca tn hiu cung cp cho loa m loa vn m bo nhng ch tiu k thut cho trc. - in p danh nh l in p ca tn hiu cung cp cho loa t c cng sut in danh nh. - c tnh hng H ( ) =
P P0

Vi P l thanh p trn hng lch gc so vi hng trc m ca loa. 1.5. MICRO V LOA IN NG 1.5.1 Nguyn l

Hnh 1.2 M hnh h in ng. - Khi ta cho dng in I chy trong si dy th di tc ng ca t trng si dy b dch chuyn. Hng dch chuyn ca si dy ph thuc vo chiu ca dng in (bin i in c). - Khi khng cho dng in qua, nu tc ng vo si dy 1 lc lm cho dch chuyn vi tc v th di tc ng ca t trng, trong si dy c dng in cm ng v chiu ca dng in ph thuc vo hng dch chuyn ca si dy (bin i c in). 1.5.2 Micro - Cu to: +Mt nam chm vnh cu v mch dn t vi khe t hnh xuyn. + Mt cun dy gm nhiu vng dy c cng ra bi li n hi c th dch chuyn ln xung t do trong khe t.

+ Mng micro c gn vi cun dy, bn ngoi c mng vi thm nc, li bo v trnh va p.

Hnh 1.3: micro in ng. - Nguyn l hot ng: Tc ng ca m thanh lm cho mng micro dch chuyn ko theo cun dy dch chuyn trong khe t. Do tc ng ca t trng trong cun dy c dng cm ng v hai u cun dy c in p. Tn hiu m thanh c 1 tn s nht nh lm cun dy dch chuyn vi tn s y. u ra ca micro s c in p xoay chiu tn s ng bng tn s m thanh gi l m tn. - u, nhc im: + u im: trung thc cao. Cu to n gin, d hiu d s dng. Cht lng tt, c dng ph bin +Nhc im : Chu chn ng km. Hiu sut thp (0.5% n 4%) 1.5.3 Loa - Cu to: + Mt nam chm vnh cu v mch dn t vi khe t hnh xuyn. + Mt cun dy gn vi mng loa. + Mng loa c th chuyn ng.

Hnh 1.4: Loa in ng Trong : a l nam chm mng hnh tr trn rng, b l cun dy ng qun trn mt khoanh giy, nm trong khe t hnh nhn, c l tr st non, to vi nam chm mt khe t trng hnh nhn kh mnh, d l mng giy (nn loa) gn lin vi cun dy v mng trong, l sn loa, e l mng nhn, g l np nhn ca nn loa. - Nguyn tc hot ng: + Nu a vo hai u cun dy mt in p m tn gm 2 bn chu k. mi bn chu k dng in trong cun dy chy theo mt chiu, cun dy dch chuyn theo mt hng ko theo mng loa dch chuyn to ra m thanh. Tn s ca m thanh ng bng tn s ca tn hiu in. Tn s cng hng c ca h dao ng l 0 =
1 trong m v CM l mC M

khi lng v un ca h dao ng v lin kt n hi (np nhn, mng nhn). 0 c coi l gii hn ca di tn s cng tc. m rng kh nng pht m trm thng mong mun tng un CM n ti a. i vi loa cng sut ln, vnh loa phi lm cng to. Ph bin nht l vnh loa c din tch mt ct bin thin theo quy lut hm s m:
S x = S1e mx

m=

4f c c

S1 l din tch l ca ni vo vnh. m l ch s m rng vnh. x l chiu di vnh loa (trn trc loa t l ca). fc l tn s ct (gii hn di ca di tn). Do hn ch ring v cu to, mi loi loa in ng theo nguyn l s dng nam chm in vnh cu thng ch pht c m thanh tt nht mt di tn nht nh no m khng th pht ton di m nghe c (16 Hz n 20.000 Hz). Nh vy, c th truyn ti m thanh mi di tn nghe c, mt b loa cn s dng nhiu loa vi ng knh v cu to khc nhau (thng thng mt thng loa c cht lng tt thng bao gm bn n nm loa, trong : mt loa trm, hai loa trung v mt n hai loa pht tn. Loa in ng c thit k kh n gin, d lp t v chc chn. Loa in ng hot ng rt linh hot, s dng tin li, c bit tn s thp nhng phin toi ch n cn phi c b phn phn tn v thng phi lp nhiu loa con.

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1.6 MICRO V LOA IN T 1.6.1 Nguyn l.

Hnh 1.5: M hnh h in t B phn ng (mt phn t khp kn mch t) ngn cch vi phn c nh ca mch t bi khe t b rng a; b phn ng c th rung ng t do. Mch dn t thng do nam chm vnh cu to ra v lm li dn t ca cun dy m thanh. Cun ny c c nh trn li mch t. 1.6.2. Micro Trong micro in t, dao ng m lm rung b phn ng, khe t c b rng thay i, lm t tr bin thin, trong t thng xut hin thnh phn bin thin, kt qu cun dy m thanh cm ng sc in ng m tn. T tr mch t ch yu l do khe t quyt nh:
RM a+x 0 S

Trong : x l dch ca phn ng khi v tr tnh do chu tc ng ca thanh p. S l din tch mt ct mch t ti khe 0 = 4 .10 7 H / m T thng do nam chm to ra:
=
RM

l sc t ng ca nam chm vnh cu. trong cun dy s xut hin sc in ng cm ng:

E = W d SW0 = v dt ( a + x) 2

W l s vng dy ca cun dy. Ta thy gi tr E ph thuc c vo x, ngha l tn ti mo phi tuyn. mun mo phi tuyn nh th x<< a. Vy micro in t thng km nhy. 1.6.3. Loa Cu to gm:

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V hnh:

Nam chm vnh cu. Cun dy. Mng loa. Cc ming st non.

Hnh 1.6: Loa in t Trong : a l nam chm, b l cun dy, c l li g, d l mng loa bng giy, l sn loa, e l hai ming st ch U, f l cc ming st non, g l cn cu, mt u gn vo li g, mt u gn vo chp nn loa. Nguyn tc hot ng: - Trong loa in t, dng in m tn trong cun dy m thanh to ra thnh phn t thng xoay chiu, tng ng lc t bin thin gy ra s dao ng ca phn ng kch thch m thanh. - Khi cha c dng in m tn chy qua cun dy th cun dy v li g nm trong mt t trng khng i ca nam chm. - Khi dng din m tn chy qua cun dy loa th to nn t trng bin i. Li g nm trong t trng ny, nn b rung ng theo tn s ca dng in chy qua cun dy. H thng cn cu ny truyn rung ng ny ti mng loa. Mang loa rung ng v pht ra m thanh. - Loa in t c cu to n gin, nhng cht lng km. - Loa in t c ng dng ch yu lm ng nghe in thoi v r.

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Cc loa in t dng trong truyn thanh. Hin nay trn th gii loi b loa ny v trn mang li truyn thanh nc ta, n cng dn dn b thay th bng loa in ng. 1.7. MICRO V LOA TNH IN

Hnh 1.7: M hnh h tnh in Nguyn l: Tm ng dao ng t do lm thnh vi tm c nh mt t in. Trong micro t in, nu tm ng chu tc ng ca thanh p iu ha, th dao ng:
x = x m e jt

Tng ng, in dung t in bao gm thnh phn bin thin:

C=

0S a+x

Trong 0 l hng s in mi S l din tch tm t A l khong cch tinhc gia hai tm t. Trong loa t in: ta c cu to gm: - Mt in p nh thin U0. - Mt t tnh in gm hai tm kim loi, mt tm c nh v mt tm ng.

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Hnh 1.8: Loa tnh in Nguyn tc hot ng: - Trong loa tnh in m thanh c to ra bng cch lm rung mt tm mng ln v mng c treo gia hai tm in cc c nh. in t ngun in chnh c chy qua nhng tm in cc ny, to nn mt trng tnh in vi mt mt m v mt mt dng. Khi tn hiu m thanh (di dng cc tn hiu in t) chy qua tm mng loa, tm mng ny c i cc lin tc. Khi nhim in dng, tm mng s b ht v pha cc m ca trng tnh in, khi b nhim in m, n li b ht v cc dng. - Bng cch ny, tm mng s chuyn ng ko/y lin tc gia hai cc, khin cho khng kh xung quanh b rung ng, t to ra m thanh. - Loa tnh in khng c tn hao nhit, khng c tn hao dng in xoy, khng c tn hao t nn hiu sut cao - Loa tnh in c c tnh tn s kh bng phng. - Gii hn trn ca di tn lm vic rt cao - Loa tnh in c cng sut nh, phi c ngun nh thin nn vic b tr trong phng khng c linh ng, phi phi hp tr khng bng bin p.

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CHNG 2: MODEM 2.1. GII THIU 2.1.1 Khi nim Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut nhu cu con ngi mun chia s thng tin ngy cng ln. Bn cnh ngi ta mun tn dng, khai thc h tng ca mng vin thng phc v cho qu trnh truyn thng. Chnh v vy ngi ta xy dng cc phn h cho php xy dng mng internet pht trin trn nn mng vin thng qua cc bng tn khc nhau trn di tn ca mng vin thng. Chnh v vy tn dng truyn dn ngi trn mng vin thng, mt thit b trung gian gia ng in thoi v my tnh ra i. chnh l modem. Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) l thit b c hai chc nng l iu ch v gii iu ch. y l thit b trung gian kt ni my tnh v ng in thoi bin i tn hiu s t my tnh thnh tn hiu tng t trn ng truyn thoi v bin i tn hiu tng t t ng truyn thoi thnh tn hiu s my tnh c th x l cng vic tip theo. 2.1.2. Phn loi a. Theo tm hot ng: + Modem tm ngn. + Modem c chng VG. + Modem bng rng tm xa. b. Theo loi ng dy: + ng thu ring. + ng quay s. c. Theo ch hot ng: + Modem bn song cng. + Modem song cng. + Modem n cng. d. Theo s ng b: + Modem khng ng b. + Modem ng b. e. Theo phng php iu ch: + iu ch tng t: AM, FM, PM. + iu ch s: ASK, FSK, PSK, ASK coherent PSK. f. Theo tc : Cn c vo tc lm vic ca modem ta c cc loi modem nh: modem 2400, modem 9600, modem V.34, modem 56k g. Theo k thut truyn dn: + Truyn dn bng si quang hay khng phi si quang. + Truyn dn ng b hay khng ng b. + Truyn dn tng t hay ng thu bao s.

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2.2 GIAO THC V CHUN IU CH 2.2.1. Giao thc Modem a. Khi nim: Giao thc ca modem l 1 phng php bao gm nhng th tc chc nng m qua hai modem thng nht thng tin lin lc vi nhau. C th xem giao thc nh 1 ngn ng chung cho c hai thit b. b. Cc chc nng ca giao thc Qu trnh FALL BACK trong modem: Khi tin hnh 1 cuc gi, modem gi s gi 1 m hiu theo 1 phng thc iu ch chn (vic chn v gi i l t ng). - Nu modem b gi c h tr phng php iu ch tng t th kt ni s c thc hin ngay. Nu khng, cc modem n lc quay lui tr li cc phng php iu ch c tc thp hn. Phng php u tin m c 2 modem u c trong qu trnh quay lui s l phng php dng cho kt ni. Qu trnh RETRAINING trong modem: Trong khi ang thc hin kt ni, cng c trng hp 2 modem thay i tc lm vic do ng dy b xuyn nhiu. - Khi 1 trong 2 modem pht hin ra iu ny, n s tin hnh m phn tr li Thao tc ny gi l RETRAINING. - Khi thc hin thao tc ny, kt ni s b treo trong vi giy nhng khng b ct. RETRAINING ch c thc hin khi c 2 modem u c chc nng ny Qu trnh FLOW CONTROL trong modem: Trong qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu, v mt nguyn nhn no m bn thu khng kp nhn d liu ca bn pht, khi cc d liu truyn sau s b mt. - iu khin lung c vai tr ngn chn nhng trng hp ny v iu tit thao tc truyn v nhn d liu gia hai thit b bt k. - C 2 phng php iu khin lung: + iu khin lung bng phn cng RTS/CTS + iu khin lung bng phn mm Xon/Xoff. d. Cc giao thc truyn tp tin Cc giao thc truyn tp tin l nh chun truyn khng li cc tp tin d liu v chng trnh gia cc my tnh. Cc giao thc ny ch tr nn hot ng nh -

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chy chng trnh truyn thng, n c th tin hnh kim tra v sa cha li khi np ln hoc ti xung cc tp tin. Cc giao thc truyn tp tin c dng ph bin gm c: Giao thc XMODEM XMODEM l mt giao thc cho php hai my tnh c th truyn cc tp tin cho nhau qua modem mt cch tin cy bng truy cp gi s. XMODEM l mt giao thc ARQ gi v i n gin, s dng trng d liu c di c nh. Trong cc gi d liu c mt byte tng kim tra (Check sum) pht hin li. Nhim v u tin trong bt c giao thc truyn tp tin no cng phi l thit lp mi lin kt gia pha gi v pha nhn. Giao thc XMODEM thuc dng giao thc iu khin t pha nhn (Receiver driven), tc l pha nhn chu trch nhim kch thch v duy tr truyn thng cc gi d liu. Giao thc XMODEM CRC Giao thc XMODEM ch dng mt byte CheckSum pht hin li do cn st rt nhu li. tng kh nng pht hin li, ngi ta thay mt byte CheckSum bng hai byte kim tra CRC. Giao thc XMODEM CRC s dng thut ton tnh CRC thun (Khng o chiu cc bit) v s dng a thc sinh x 16+x12+x5+1 ca CCITT. S d (CRC) c to ra l mt s nguyn 16 bits, khi truyn i byte cao c truyn trc, byte thp truyn sau. Giao thc Kermit Ta thy rng, giao thc XMODEM v XMODEM CRC ch c thit k truyn mi ln mt tp tin gia hai my vi tnh v hot ng trn cc h iu hnh n nhim, ni m mt chng trnh khi chy s nm quyn iu khin mt cch tuyt i, c quyn s dng ton b ti nguyn ca h thng. Giao thc Kermit c thit k cc my tnh ln v cc my vi tnh c th trao i d liu vi nhau bng truy cp gi s, trn c s gii quyt nhng trc trc xut hin khi mt trong nhng my tnh ni ghp s dng m 7 bits (Vn rt ph bin i vi cc my tnh ln), trong khi cc my vi tnh thng s dng cc tp tin k t pht trin. V c bn, giao thc Kermit vn l mt giao thc ARQ gi v i: Pha gi truyn i mt gi d liu sau i pha nhn xc nhn gi . Pha nhn c th yu cu truyn gi tip theo bng cch phc p ACK hoc yu cu truyn li bng cch gi phc p NAK. Cc c im mi ca giao thc Kermit l: - Pha nhn gim st ton b qu trnh truyn xc nh thi im bt u tp tin mi v trong giao thc Kermit cho php truyn nhiu tp tin trong mt ln truyn. - di ca gi c th bin ng. - Trong giao thc Kermit c a ra mt gi thit l cc k t in c trong bng ASCII (C m t 20h n 7Eh) phi truyn c qua knh. - Giao thc Kermit s dng nhiu loi gi khc nhau - Cc phc p ca pha nhn phi bao gm trn mt gi, mc d cc gi ny c th l rng (Trong giao thc XMODEM phc p l cc k t) - Tn tp tin c cha lun trong giao thc

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- Do c s dng cc gi "bo trc" nn giao thc Kermit rt linh ng, cc c im v kh nng mi c th c d dng thm vo m vn gi c tnh tng thch vi cc phin bn trc. Giao thc lin kt cc b (Local Link Protocol) Cc giao thc c xt n trn thuc loi giao thc End to end. S d c tn gi nh vy l v n yu cu vic sa li v pht hin li phi c t u n cui (T khi c a ca pha gi n khi ghi xung a ca pha nhn), iu ny m bo rng bt k li no xy ra gia pha pht v pha nhn u b pht hin. Trong mt s trng hp, vic thc hin kim tra li ny l khng cn thit nu trong ng truyn d liu khng b li hoc ch b nh hng ca mt loi li bit th ta c th n gin ho bt cc th tc chng li. Giao thc lin kt cc b c thit k cho cc trng hp nh vy. Giao thc lin kt cc b cho php xc nh c byte d liu c b mt khng, nu c th s yu cu truyn li. Cc gi d liu bao gm mt byte cha chiu di gi (LEN), cc byte d liu c chiu di t 0 n 254 v kt thc gi l byte EOP. Lc bt u, pha gi pht byte LEN n khi pha nhn phc p Ack, tip theo, pha gi truyn phn cn li ca gi d liu. Nu pha nhn nhn c gi c s byte ng bng LEN v k t EOP l ng, n s gi NAK xc nhn gi d liu va truyn, tri li, pha nhn s gi NAK yu cu pha gi pht li phn d liu b li (Khng pht li byte LEN). Vic s dng byte EOP (M ASCII l17h) nh du cui gi ch ra rng giao thc s hot ng nh m t trn. ci thin tnh nng lm vic, ngi ta s dng byte SOH (M ASCII l 01h) nh du kt thc gi thay cho byte EOP ch ra rng gi tip theo s c cng di nh gi va c nhn, v th khng cn thit phi c s "bt tay" cho byte LEN. 2.2.2. Chun iu ch lin lc c vi nhau th 2 modem phi c h tr cng 1 phng php iu ch. Cc modem thng tin vi nhau dng 1 phng php iu ch no , phng php iu ch s thng dch d liu s ca my tnh sang tn hiu tng t ca ng dy v ngc li. Cc phng php iu ch thng dng nht bao gm: iu ch/ chun Tc kt ni (bps) Bell 103 110, 150, 300 CCITT V.21 110, 150, 300 Bell 212A 1200 CCITT V.22 1200, 600 CCITT V.22bis 2400 CCITT V.23 c dng chu u, tc 75 CCITT V.29 Chun bn song cng, tc 9600 CCITT V.32 9600, 4800, 2400 CCITT V.32bis 14400, 12000, 9600, 7200 Telebit PEP (Packet ensemble Cc tc cao, chun ring ca Telebit protocol) US Robotics HST (High Speed Cc tc cao, chun ring ca US Robotics Technology) V.terbo 20000, khng phi l mt chun thc s

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V.32 fast V.FC ITU tv34

Tin thn ca V.34 Thuc lp V.fast 28800, 26400, 24000, 21600, 19200, 16800, 14400

2.3. CH HOT NG Cc ch hot ng ca modem: Thng thng modem c 2 ch hot ng

c bn Ch lnh: gi l command mode cho php ngi s dng gi cc lnh t bn phm vo modem yu cu modem thc hin 1 cng vic no . Thng qua ch lnh ngi dng c th tham kho modem, cu hnh hot ng cho n, thc hin cc cng tc kim th bo tr h thng. Ch d liu: gi l data mode cho php ngi dng trao i d liu xuyn qua ng n u xa. Trong ch d liu c 2 ch lm vic l ch hi thoi v truyn nhn tp tin. + Ch hi thoi modem cho php 2 thit b u cui d liu 2 u cu ni c th m thoi qua mn hnh. Ch thng tin trn cu ni qua modem l song cng hon ton. + Ch truyn nhn tp tin cho php cc u cui truyn v nhn tp tin vi nhau. Vic truyn nhn tp tin ca modem c s phi hp cc giao thc truyn (c s dng trong cc phn mm truyn s liu c ci t trong cc u cui d liu hay my tnh). Ch thng tin trong truyn nhn tp tin l song cng hay bn song cng ty thuc vo giao thc ang s dng. Cc giao thc truyn nhn tp tin bn song cng: XMODEM, YMODEM, KERMIT. Ch : khng th gi lnh vo modem khi n ang trong ch d liu v tng t, khng th gi d liu vo modem khi n ang trong ch lnh. Modem s vo ch lnh mt cch t ng khi: + Khi ng modem. + n mt phm bt k trn bn phm khi modem ang quay s. + Reset modem. + Modem khng nhn c tn hiu sng mang ca my khc do ng dy rt mch, b nhiu hay cc tr ngi khc trong qu trnh kt ni d liu. 2.4. TP LNH Khi modem ch lnh c th dng bn phm gi lnh vo cho modem. Cc lnh c th l 1 lnh ring bit hay l 1 dng gm nhiu lnh. Dng lnh c s k t cha trong khng c qu 40. c th cha gch ni v du ngoc d c. 1. Lnh A: l lnh dng tip nhn cuc gi khi modem khng ch tr li t ng. ng thi l lnh dng chuyn t cuc thoi sang cuc gi d liu. 2. Lnh A/: Ra lnh cho modem thc hin li lnh ngay trc . 3. Lnh AT: L lnh lun c g vo trc cc lnh ngoi tr lnh A/, nhm bo cho modem bit tc hin ti, khun mu k t, thng s kim tra.

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4. Lnh , : L lnh tm dng trong chui lnh quay s. 5. Lnh D: L lnh quay s kt ni vi u xa. 6. Lnh E: L lnh lp li k t, lnh c 2 tham s. + 0: khng lp li k t. + 1: lp li k t. 7. Lnh +++: L k t thot tm ra ch lnh m khng ngt cuc ni. 8. Lnh !: L lnh chuyn cuc gi. Dng sau s in thoi trong chui lnh quay s v trc s in thoi mun chuyn.. 9. Lnh H: L lnh thc hin gc my. 10. Lnh I: L lnh nhn dng modem hay kim tra b nh chnh, c 2 tham s. + 0: nhn dng modem (mc nh). + 1: kim tra b nh chnh. 11. Lnh L: l lnh chn m lng loa, c 3 tham s. + 1: thp. + 2: trung bnh. + 3: cao. 12. Lnh M: l lnh iu khin loa, c 4 tham s. + 0: tt loa. + 1: m loa cho n khi kt ni c. + 2: M loa lin tc. + 3: Ging tham s 1 nhng khng c lao trong khi quay s. 13. Lnh O: L lnh tr modem v ch d liu t ch lnh tm thi. 14. Lnh P: Ch dng trong chui lnh quay s yu cu modem quay s kiu pulse. 15. Lnh T: Ch dng trong chui lnh quay s yu cu modem quay s kiu tone. 16. Lnh Q: L lnh modem cho php hay khng cho php gi p ng. c 2 tham s. + 0: Cho php. + 1: khng cho php. 17. Lnh Sr?: L lnh c cc gi tr 1 thanh ghi, ch r s thay cho s ca thanh ghi. 18. Lnh;: L lnh yu cu tr v ch lnh sau khi quay s. 19. Lnh V: L lnh cho php chn kiu p ng, c 2 tham s. + 0: p ng s. + 1: p ng cu. 20. Lnh W: Khi thc hin cuc gi dng lnh ny modem truy cp ng dy v i dial tone trong 1 thi gian trc khi quay, thi gian c xc nh trong thanh ghi S7. 21. Lnh X: L lnh chn tp p ng, c 5 tham s. 22. Lnh Z: l lnh reset modem. 23. Lnh &C: Vi tham s 1 th modem cng nhn tn hiu sng mang khi tn hiu ny c thc. Vi tham s 0 th modem xem nh sng mang t u xa lun lun tn ti ngay khi chng c thc. 24. Lnh &L: Chn ch hot ng dial up hay lease line.

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+ 0: dial up. + 1: lease line. 25. Lnh &M: Chn ch hot ng ng b hay bt ng b cc tham s chn ty theo modem. 26. Lnh &V: Cho hin ln mn hnh cu hnh c lu gi k c s in thoi v b nh. 27. Lnh &T: L lnh kim th, cc tham s hot ng ty theo modem. 28. Lnh &Zn=: L lnh dng lu tr s in thoi vo b nh. 29. Lnh Sr=: L lnh dng gn 1 gi tr cho 1 thanh ghi, ch r s c thay bi ch s c th ca thanh ghi. Ch : Trn y ch l cc lnh thng c 1 s modem thng dng. Trong thc t 1 modem c th c 1 s lnh ring ty vo nh ch to. 2.5. VN TN HIU V CC PHNG PHP IU CH TRONG MODEM. 2.5.1 S suy gim v bin dng tn hiu. nh hng ca s suy gim v bin dng ni chung c th lm thoi ha 1 tn hiu dn n sai d liu my thu. 2.5.1.1. S suy gim. Khi 1 tn hiu lan truyn dc dy dn v l do no bin ca n gim xung c gi l s suy gim tn hiu. S suy gim tn hiu gia tng theo 1 hm ca tn s, trong khi tn hiu li bao gm 1 di tn. V vy tn hiu s b bin dng do cc thnh phn suy gim khng bng nhau. khc phc vn ny, cc b khuch i c thit k sao cho khuch i cc tn hiu c tn s khc nhau vi h s khuch i khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cn c thit b cn chnh gi l equalizer c dng cn bng s suy gim xuyn qua 1 bng tn c xc nh. 2.5.1.2. Gii hn bng thng. Bt k 1 knh hay ng thng tin no: cp xon, cp ng trc, radio... u c 1 bng thng xc nh lin h vi n, bng thng ch ra rng cc thnh phn tn s no ca tn hiu s c truyn qua knh m khng b suy gim. Do , khi truyn d liu qua 1 knh cn phi nh gi nh hng ca bng thng trn d liu truyn. V cc knh thng tin c bng thng gii hn, nn khi tn hiu nh phn truyn qua knh, ch nhng thnh phn tn s trong di thng s nhn c bi my thu. 2.5.1.3. S bin dng do tr pha. Tc lan truyn ca tn hiu thun nht dc theo 1 ng truyn thay i ty tn s. Do , khi truyn 1 tn hiu s, cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau to nn n s n my thu vi s tr pha khc nhau, dn n bin dng do tr pha ca tn hiu ti my thu. S bin dng s gia tng khi tc bit tng. Bin dng tr lm thay i cc thi khc c tn hiu gy kh khn trong vic ly mu tn hiu. 2.5.1.4. S nhiu. Khi khng c tn hiu, 1 ng truyn dn hay knh truyn c xem l l tng nu mc in trn l zero. Trong thc t, c nhng tc ng ngu nhin lm cho tn hiu in trn ng truyn khc zero, cho d khng c tn hiu d liu no c truyn trn . Mc tn hiu ny gi l mc nhiu ng dy. Khi 1 tn hiu b suy gim th bin ca n gim n mc nhiu ng.

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Mt nguyn nhn gy nhiu c bit n gi l nhiu xuyn m. Nhiu hnh thnh do 2 dy dn t k nhau. Tn hiu truyn trn dy ny tr thnh tn hiu nhiu vo dy kia. Mt dng nhiu khc l nhiu xung in, nguyn nhn gy ra bt ngun t cc tc nhn bn ngoi nh ngun in nng, cc thit b ang hot ng. Loi nhiu th 3 c bit n nh l nhiu nhit, hin din trong tt c cc thit b in v cc phng tin truyn, bt chp hin tng ngoi cnh. 2.5.2. Cc phng php iu ch. C 3 phng php iu ch c bn chuyn tn hiu nh phn sang dng thch hp truyn qua mng in thoi cng cng PSTN. - ASK - FSK - PSK

- iu ch a mc.
2.6. MT S H THNG MODEM 2.6.1. H thng modem thng thng Chc nng ca cc khi c th tm tt nh sau: - Khi giao tip ng dy: Dng phi hp tr khng vi ng dy v chuyn i tn hiu gia mch ng dy cn bng v mch in khng cn bng ca modem m b phn chnh l bin p sai ng. - B ghp song cng: Dng phn tch tn hiu gia thu v pht. Ch yu ngn khng cho tn hiu pht quay tr li mch thu v a tn hiu thu vo ngay b lc thu. - B iu ch (FSK modulator): Dng iu ch tn hiu d liu ln sng mang cao tn ph hp vi bng thng ng in thoi. - B gii iu ch: tch tn hiu d liu t sng mang cao tn thu c. - B tch ngng: dng ngn chn tnh trng tip nhn tn hiu lin tc ngay c tn hiu nhiu, khi tn hiu d liu n qu yu., b gii iu ch khng th dng c. - B lc thu: cung cp mt s nhy cm cho modem thng qua s khuch i v chn lc ca cc b lc thng. - B lc pht: gii hn tn hiu FSK c truyn, n loi b cc ha tn pht sinh t b iu ch, ng thi loi bt cc hi bc cao tit kim cng sut truyn. - Mch iu khin bt tay: Khi ny iu khin hot ng ca modem v gim st cc trng thi ca modem bng cch dng cc ng tn hiu RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, CD ca chun giao tip EIA-232. 2.6.2. Modem thng minh tiu biu. Cc Modem thng minh c thit k trn c s cc vi x l kt hp vi cc h thng modem khng thng minh. Nh ng dng h thng c kh nng lp trnh, modem c tng cng mt s tnh nng m cc modem th h trc khng c. Thng qua cc chng trnh iu khin c ci t trong b nh, modem s hot ng 2 ch c bn l ch lnh v ch d liu. Kh nng c th lp trnh ca h thng to iu kin a vo modem cc giao thc lin kt d liu, trong bao gm cc th tc pht hin v khc phc li, cc gii thut nn d liu... lm cho hot ng truyn nhn d liu ca modem tin cy v nhanh chng hn.

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CHNG 3: THIT B U CUI BU IN 3.1. MY FAX 3.1.1. Nguyn ly : Fax (truyn anh tinh) la dich vu sao chep t xa vi tc cao nh tin hiu in truyn dn trong mang in thoai.Tin hiu Fax la analog. Bc anh gc cn truyn i se c chia thanh nhng phn t nguyn t anh,tp hp thanh dong anh va manh anh nh trong T.V. Bn phat trc hin s bin i ln lt sang trung binh cua mi phn t anh gc thanh mc tng ng ti l cua tin hiu in. S ln lt vi quy lut xac inh cua cac phn t anh goi la quet (quet dong,quet manh). H thng quang hoc c bit se tao ra vt sang quet. Tin hiu in (tao ra khi quet anh gc bn may phat) c truyn dn ti may thu. Bn thu thc hin bin i ngc tin hiu in thanh hinh anh trn vt mang tin. S phn b bc sang trn anh nhn phai ti l vi s phn b bc sang trn anh gc. i vi vn ban chi cn truyn net, thi chi cn mt bc sang cua net ni ln trn bc sang cua nn la u. Cac thit bi truyn anh tinh loai truyn net la n gian nht. Phc tap hn la loai Fax yu cu truyn nhiu cp sang. So vi truyn anh ng (T.V), tc truyn tin cua truyn anh tinh thp hn nhiu. Nh vy co th nh knh thoai truyn anh tinh. in bao truyn anh tinh (Fax) khng nhng yu cu ni dung vn ban (nh in bao truyn ch) ma con truyn ca cu truc khng gian cua vn ban gc. Fax c dung truyn cac vn ban ma ban sao xa gi nguyn hinh thc phap li cua no. Fax rt thun li truyn vn ban ch tng hinh. 3.1.2. Phn loai : - Theo ng dung : + Fax net :2 cp anh sang. + Fax anh tinh : nhiu cp anh sang. + Fax truyn bao :kh rng net cao. - Theo ch quet : +quet c hoc +quet in t - Theo tin hiu : My fax c chia thnh 4 loi sau : GI : Truyn dn tng t : FM, tn hiu mc trng 1300 Hz, tn hiu mc en 2100Hz; phn gii 96 dng /1in; tc truyn 1 trang A4 mt 6 pht GII ging nh GI, tc cao hn: 1 trang A4 mt 3 pht GIII truyn dn s PCM, en/ trng hoc n 32 cp sng . Dng k thut PSK, QAM t tc n 9600 baud. phn gii 200 dng /1in 1 pht cho 1 trang A4 GIV c thit k cho ISDN, truyn dn s 56kbit/s. phn gii 400 dng / 1in, tc : 5s cho 1 trang A4.

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3.1.3. S khi v k thut my fax.

Hnh 3.1: M hnh my fax c in. Hnh 3.1 biu th phn pht ca fax c in. Tm nh gc c c nh trn mt trng hnh tr. Trng c m t n tc quay nhanh. Qua gim tc v nh vit, m t lm cho biij bin i quang in chuyn ng thng, u, chm. B bin i quang in bao gm ngun sng n nh vi ph nh sng xc nh. nh sng c thu knh dn quang hi t thnh vt sng c hnh dng kch thc nht nh chiu ri vo phn t nh trn trng. sng ca phn t nh xc nh phn x ca n, do thng lng nh sng phn x m phn t bin i quang in nhn c cng xc nh, kt qu tn hiu in c bin xc nh. T nh n tn hiu in l mt qu trnh bin i m tuyn tnh ph thuc hng lot nhn t v chu tc ng nhiu loi nhiu. Bng cch qut vt sng n hnh v, ta thy vt qut s qut nhanh theo chiu quay v dch chuyn chm theo ng sinh ca trng, kt qu c ng qut xon c vi bc xt nhau kn c mt trng. Quy lut qut ca cc my fax khc nhau c th rt khc so vi m t trn. Tuy nhin, v bc nh l khng gian 2 chiu, nn qut phi theo 2 ta , mt ta c qut nhanh l qut dng, mt ta c qut chm l qut mnh; phi hp qut dng v qut mnh qut kn bc nh gc.

Hnh 3.2: Qut dng in t trong phn pht my fax nh dy diot.

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Hnh 3.2 gii thiu cch qut in t ca my fax hin i. H quang hc chiu nh mt dng ln dy diot quang. 1728 diot quang xp u lin nhau to ra phan gii 8 pixel /mm. Xung ng h c mch qut in t a n cung cp theo th t trc sau cho cc diot quang t u dng. Nh vy to ra qut dng, mi diot quang thu hnh 1 pixel. Trc cun giy to ra qut mnh. Tng ng pha my thu c dy 1728 kim ghi nhit ln giy fax (nhy vi nhit). Khi c dng in tn hiu (tng ng 1 pixel nh) th kim nng ln to ra hnh nh thu c ca 1 pixel, qu nhit kim c vi ms. Nhiu my fax hin i cn dng CCD thay cho dy diot quang hnh 3.3. CCD l mt dy cc t in MOS. Nhng t in ny l cc phn t nh m s c hay khng c in tch biu th cc bit 1/0. in tch np vo c th dch chuyn t t in ny sang t in khc k tip tng t nh s chuyn dch mc logic trong b ghi dch.

Hnh 3.3: Qut dng in t trong phn my fax nh CCD. Qu trnh tng hp nh bn my thu l qu trnh bin i ngc tn hiu in nhn c thnh cp sng tng ng ca phn t (pixel) c ta xc nh theo nguyn tc ng b trn vt mang nh. Trc khi thc hin pht v thu nh gia 2 i tc, 2 i tc phi lm th tc lin lc v bt tay; tc l quay s, thit lp ng b, chn mode... 3.1.4. Ch tiu, c trng k thut ca fax. 3.1.4.1. Kch thc, hnh dng vt sng qut. Yu cu i vi vt sng qut l: hi t tt, kh nng phn gii cao, chi ln, khng nhe, c kch thc v hnh dng chnh xc. thc hin yu cu trn, my fax dng cc h thu knh v tm chn tinh vi; ngun sng l loi n c bit c cung cp dng mt chiu n dng n p hay dng cao tn n p. Thng gii hn ca nt theo yu cu s dng, chng hn: kch thc vt sng khng cn nh hn nt mnh nht ca hnh nh cn truyn v cng khng cn nh hn phn gii ca mt. Dng v sng qut hnh trn n gin hn dng vt sng qut hnh ch nht. Dng vt sng hnh ch nht c nt tt hn. Vt qut trn dn = (0.921) dmin, dmin lf phn gii yu cu vt qut hnh c nht b = dn, a<b. chnh xc ca vt sng qut trn trang bo l 5m, do yu cu n nh cng sng 5% v bin rung ng c kh 0.03 mm. 3.1.4.2. C li qut hng ln th tc qut ln nng hnh nhn c sc, b th tc qut b nhng hnh mn u thng chn = dmin.

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3.1.4.3. Kch thc nh. nh hnh ch nht c nhiu kh tiu chun, c d A 4 l 210x335 mm. Truyn trang bo kh ln hn: 420 x 610 mm. 3.1.4.4. Tc qut N. N l s dng qut trong 1 pht. Trong trng hp nh gc c nh trn trng quay, th N chnh l tc quay ca trng N vng/pht. 3.1.4.5. Thi gian pht mt nh. 1 pht qut n dng; 1s qut N/60 dng, thi gian qut 1 dng l 60/N (s); Vy tc qut dng Vx = N/60. S dng qut mt nh: L/. Thi gian pht 1 nh:
L L ( pht ) = x60( s ) N N

Vy tc qut mnh: V y =

N
60

3.1.4.6. Ch s tc dng tng h M. My pht v my thu c cng h s hp tc th nh thu mi ng dng c vi nh pht. Truyn fax thng, v d: M = 264. Truyn trang bo. V d: M = 3100. 3.1.4.7. ng b. Bn pht v bn thi c tc qut khc nhau (khng ng b) hoc khng ng thi bt u mi dng qut, mi mnh qut gia chng (khng ng pha) u dn n s nghing nh. T mc cho php ca nghing nh s dn n yu cu ng b. Ngi ta tm ra nhiu gii php t yu cu gay gt trn. Bng mt bng trng phn x 100% nh sng c nh mp nh, my thu nhn c tn hiu ng b dng, ng b mnh. 3.1.4.8. Di tn ca tn hiu fax. Xt cc dng nh gc sau y: a. Rt nhiu dng qut c cng mc tn hiu: fMIN = 0.

b. Xung tn hiu:

f =

N . 60

c. fMAX tng ng vi c li gia 2 sc ng bng 2:

TMIN = 2 VX

f MAX =

1 TMIN

VX 2

Truyn fax thng, v d: fMAX=1465Hz. Truyn trang bo, v d: fMAX=180.000Hz. Di tn fax tuy hp nhng chch khi di tn knh thoi, v th dng MODEM (thng ch to trong cng v my i vi my fax hin nay) truyn fax qua mng in thoi. 3.2. IN THOI C NH

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3.2.1. Chc nng v s khi. My in thoi l thit b u cui phc v thng tin thoi qua mng in thoi. c im k thut ca my in thoi ph thuc k thut truyn dn tn hiu thoi ca mng. Chc nng c bn ca my in thoi l: - Phat va tip nhn bao hiu. - Phat ma s thu bao bi goi. - Phat va thu tin hiu thoai noi chuyn. - Kh trc m, chng cac loai nhiu va iu chinh m lng m thu c la d nghe nht. Hin nay k thut vi l c dng trong cc my in thoi khin kh nng dch v v cung cp tin ch ca my in thoi rt phong ph. K thut my tnh trong mng thng tin in thoi s ch ng v kt hp vi thit b u cui to ra nhiu dch v in thoi cht lng cao. May in thoai bao gm cac khi sau: - Chung. - Chuyn mach nhc_t. - Quay s. - T hp (ng noi va tai nghe trn cu truc co tay cm). - Mach kh trc m,dit ting keng, clic, iu chinh m lng. Ngoai cac khi c ban trn, may in thoai con co th co :h thng vi x ly,h thng ghi m man hinh va cac h thng h tr truyn dn. S khi cua may in thoai :

Hnh 3.4: S khi my in thoi - Bao v qua ap chng in ap cao do ng dy in thoai bi chp vao mang in hay bi sm set anh hng. - Bao v ao cc in ap mt chiu t tng ai a n cac khi sau no co cc tinh c inh.

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- Chung phan ng vi tin hiu chung do tng ai gi n (20Hz, 88V hay 25Hz, 86V phat 2s, ngt quang 4s). Mach chung co tinh chon loc tn s va tinh phi tuyn sao cho no chi lam vic vi dong chung ma khng lin quan n dong mt chiu,dong am thoai tin hiu quay s. - Chuyn mach nhc t : trang thai nghi, ti hp t trn vi tri quy inh, lam cho chi mch chung c ni vao dy thu bao, con mach phia sau no (quay s,am thoai ) bi ngt khoi dy thu bao. trang thai lam vic, co ngi nhc t hp ln khoi may, mch chung bi ngt, mach phia sau no c ni vi dy thu bao. Chuyn mach nhc - t co th la c khi, t quang tuy thuc tng loai may. - Quay s bng ia quay s hay bng ban phim : ia quay s la mt cu kin c khi. Khi quay mt s,tay ngi lam cun lo xo dung cu quay s, khi tha tay ra ia quay tr v vi tri tinh nh lc gian cua lo xo. Nh vai tro cua mt c cu n inh tc trong ia quay s ma tc quay v n inh am bao nhng xung quay s co b rng chun 38ms, c ly chun 62 ms, s xung ung bng s c quay (ring s 0 la 10 xung), tng s quay lai cach nhau mt khoang chun u ln tranh nhm ln s.

Hnh 3.5: Ma trn bn phm DTMF Hnh 3.5 biu th bn phm DTMF tng quan cc i tn s to ra m ha s thu bao. Cc con s ghi tng ng theo hng v ct l gi tr tn s, n v Hz. Khi bm phm quay s DTMF, hai m c tn s ct v hng tng ng ca ma trn nh hnh bn c pht i ng thi. Tn s cc m DTMF c chn sao cho xc sut s gi do m gy ra khi quay s l thp nht. M a tn lng m cn c th truyn i xa theo mng in thoi. - Vn kh trc m: trc m la ting n ngi cm may va ting n ni t may c thu qua micro (ng noi), sau o t mach in thoai tr lai phat ra loa (tai nghe) cho chinh ngi noi phai nghe. Nu khng co mach kh trc m, thi trc m c khuch ai, lam kho chiu ngi dung in thoai, khin ngi o noi nho i, kt qua u bn kia khng nghe ro. 3.3. IN THOI DI NG 3.3.1.Khi qut v in thoi di ng. * c im, chc nng. Chc nng nghe, ni l chnh. C kh nng nghi m, ghi hnh. C kh nng xem TV. C kh nng truy cp internet.

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 C kh nng nghe radio. C kh nng nghe nhc..v.v * Phn loi: C nhiu loi khc nhau: in thoi en trng. in thoi c th nh, mn nh mu. in thoi c kt ni 3G, mn cm ng..v.v. 3.3.2.S cu trc mch in. Gm c 3 khi chnh l Khi Thu - Pht tn hiu . Khi iu khin Khi ngun

Hnh 3.6: S khi my in thoi di ng. a. Khi ngun Chc nng ca khi ngun: + iu khin tt m ngun. + Chia ngun thnh nhiu mc ngun khc nhau. + n nh ngun cung cp cho cc ti tiu th. Nguyn l hot ng mch ngun my di ng : Ngun Pin VBAT c ni trc tip vo IC ngun, khi n v gi nt m ngun POWER ON/OFF th chn PWR ON ca IC ngun s chuyn t trang thi logic 1 xung 0 ( hay chn c ni t), ngay lp tc IC ngun s hot ng v a ra cc in p: VBB =2,8V, VCORE=1,8V cp cho CPU v b nh hot ng; in p VCXO=2,8V cp cho thch anh dao ng OSC 13MHz to ra xung ng h cp cho CPU hot ng. Sau , CPU s trao i d liu vi Memory ly ra phn mm

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iu khin hot ng ca my, trong c cc lnh quay li iu khin IC ngun gi cc in p ra n nh cp cho khi thu pht tn hiu hot ng gi l cc in p iu khin v my di ng ln ngun. iu khin mch np b sung: Mach sc bao gm phn t chnh l IC sc Charging IC, n c nhim v ng ngt v iu chnh dng sc cho Pin. IC sc hot ng di s iu khin ca IC ngun v CPU. Dng in t b sc i vo IC np c CPU iu khin thng qua lnh CHA-EN np vo pin, khi pin y thng bo qua chn bo pin BSI a v CPU m CPU v ngt dng np. b. Khi iu khin Khi iu khin bao gm CPU (Center Process Unit n v x l trung tm) v Memory (b nh). CPU thc hin cc chc nng: + iu khin tt m ngun chnh, chuyn ngun gia ch thu v pht + iu khin ng b s hot ng gia cc IC + iu khin khi thu pht sng + Qun l cc chng trnh trong b nh + iu khin truy cp SIM Card + iu khin mn hnh LCD + X l m qut t bn phm + iu khin s hot ng ca Camera + a ra tn hiu rung, chung v chiu sng n LED Memory (b nh) bao gm: + EEPROM l IC lu gi cc chng trnh qun l thit b, qun l cc IC , qun l s IMEI . Thng EEPROM ca nhng my i cao c tch hp trong FLASH. Ni dung trong ROM do nh sn xut np vo in thoi trc khi xut xng. + FLASH : L b nh truy cp nhanh c dung lng kh cao, dng lu gi cc chng trnh phn mm ca my di ng, khi hot ng CPU s truy cp vo FLASH ly phn mm iu khin my hot ng. + SDRAM (Syncho Dynamic Radom Access Memory): L loi RAM ng l b nh tm thi lu tm thi cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho qu trnh x l ca CPU

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+ Memory Card : Th nh ngoi dng cho cc my i cao lu gi hnh nh , fim ca nhc c. Mch SIM Card:

S chn ca gi SIM trong mt my di ng + Chn VSim l chn cp ngun cho Sim thng bng 3V c ly t IC ngun + GND chn t + Chn Data l chn gi liu + Chn Reset l chn xo + CLK l chn xung ng h cp cho Sim hot ng Ngoi chn VSim, GND , th cc chn CLK, Data, Reset, tu tng hng sn xut m chng c th c u trc tip vo CPU, hoc i qua IC ngun ri mi a vo CPU x l. d. Mch x l mn hnh LCD Mn hnh my di ng l loi tinh th lng LCD c loi trng en ,c loi mu chng c ni vi CPU qua BUS s liu 8 bit hoc 16 bit. Nhng my di ng gp 2 thn thng phi c h thng dy cp dn t bo mch ln mn hnh. Hin nay nhng dng my PDA s dng loi mn hnh cm ng. e. Mch bn phm Mch bn phm ca di ng c thit k theo dng ma trn ngang v dc, c ni trc tip vi CPU hoc qua mch lc bn phm. Khi n s CPU s phn tch v gii m s ta bm. f. Khi thu pht tn hiu Khi thu pht tn hiu bao gm:

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+ RX: Knh thu + TX : Knh pht tn hiu Knh thu: Hin nay vi cng ngh GSM ti Vit nam ang s dng bng tn 900MHz c tn s thu l 935MHz n 960MHz. Tn hiu cao tn c thu vo anten, sau a ti Chuyn mch anten hay Anten swich, khi thu bng GSM 900MHz, chuyn mch anten s ni anten vi ng GSM RX sau c lc cao tn RX Fiter ti b lc thu loi b nhiu v nhng tn s khng cn thit ly ra di tn s t (935MHz - 960MHz). Tn hiu cao tn c khuych i tng bin , qua b ghp h cm to tn hiu cn bng a vo RF IC ( IC x l cao tn), ti y n c trn vi dao ng ni to ra t b dao ngVCO to thnh tn hiu trung tn, qua b khuych i tung tn n b tch sng iu pha ly ra tn hiu RXI, RXQ. Tn hiu RXI, RXQ c a sang AUDIO IC l IC thc hin chc nng gii m, m ho A/D, D/A, IC ny s gii m tn hiu RXI, RXQ thnh tn hiu tng t, sau khuych i a n tai nghe. Cc tn hiu khc c a xung CPU theo 2 ng IDAT, QDAT ly ra tn hiu bo rung chung ,tin nhn. Knh pht: Khi bt ngun, my di ng s c s liu ca SIM Card thng qua mch SIM Card , sau chuyn n CPU x l ri a n AUDIO - IC theo hai ng IDAT, QDAT m ho trc khi pht i. Tn hiu Micro c a thng vo IC m m tn sau cng c m ho A/D. Cc tn hiu khc (thng qua giao tip bn phm) s c CPU x l v a n IC m m tn theo hai ng IDAT, QDAT m ho trc khi pht i. Sau khi m ho, IC m m tn cho ra 4 tn hiu ( TXIP,TXIN, TXQP, TXQN) a sang IC x l cao tn RF-IC , IC cao tn s tng hp cc tn hiu li sau s iu ch theo nguyn l iu pha ln sng mang cao tn ( 817MHz - 915 MHz) sau a ra ngoi qua b ghp h cm, qua b lc pht, b tin khuch i n IC cng sut khuch i cng sut ln, qua b cm ng pht, qua chuyn mch anten, pht ln an ten n trm BTS. IC cng sut c iu chnh cng sut pht qua ng APC (Auto Power control) t IC x l cao tn a ti, nhm mc ch tit kim pin, v tng tui th cho IC cng sut. Mt phn tn hiu c ly ra trn b cm ng pht c hi tip v RF IC qua ng DET gip mch APC t ng iu chnh cng sut pht .

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