GIM NH HNG CA CC HIU NG PHI TUYN KHI KT HP GHP KNH QUANG THEO BC SNG V KHUCH I QUANG SI TRONG H THNG

THNG TIN SI QUANG

ThS. CHU CNG CN
B mn K thut thng tin Khoa in in t Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: Thng tin quang dn tr thnh phng tin truyn dn ch o trn mng vin thng ca cc quc gia v xuyn quc gia. Ngy nay, cc h thng thng tin si quang truyn ti trn 85% nhu cu dung lng thng tin m con ngi to ra. Mc tiu nng cao nng lc ca thng tin quang thc y vic nghin cu v a vo ng dng nhiu cng ngh v k thut mi. Trong cc cng ngh th cng ngh ghp knh quang theo bc sng v cng ngh khuch i quang si c quan tm nht. Tuy nhin khi kt hp hai cng ngh ny vo h thng thng tin si quang i hi phi gii quyt nhiu vn k thut p ng yu cu ca h thng thng si quang. Bn cnh vn k thut cn gii quyt v s khuch i khng ng u gia cc knh quang v m rng ph ca EDFA th cc gii php lm gim nh nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn l ht sc quan trng khi p dng ng thi hai cng ngh trn vo cc h thng thng tin quang. Summary: The optical communication has become a major transmitting means in the national and international telecommunication network. Nowadays, the optical communication systems have transmitted over 85% of the total information capacity created by Man. The target of improving capacity of optical communication system has pushed up the research and application of new technologies and techniques, of which the technology for combining the optical wave-length division multiplexing and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier draws most attraction. However, it is essential to solve some technical issues to satisfy the requirements of the system when combining two technologies into optical communication system. Besides, the technical issues involving solution to the uneven amplification between the optical channels, measures to reduce the influence of nonlinear effects are significant when applying both technologies to the optical communication system.

I. GII THIU Da trn c tnh truyn dn ca cng ngh ghp knh quang theo bc sng (Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM) v khuch i quang si Erbium (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier EDFA) ta thy khi kt hp s dng hai cng ngh ny l nhm nng cao nng

lc truyn dn ca cc h thng thng tin quang iu ch cng v tch trc tip (IM-DD). V mt k thut, khi ng dng kt hp hai cng ngh ngy tt yu ny sinh cc vn k thut cn khc phc. Cc vn l: - San bng ph tng ch ca EDFA nhm t ti s khuch i ng u gia cc knh. - M rng bng tn ca EDFA p ng nhu cu v s lng knh quang ngy cng gia tng. - Gim nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn tng dn ti gim xuyn nhiu gia cc knh Vic tm kim cc gii php ti u cho cc vn trn cng tc l tm cc gii php nng cao nng lc ca h thng. Vi h thng thng tin quang kt hp ghp knh quang theo bc sng (WDM) v khuch i quang si Erbium (EDFA), nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn tng l do kt hp nh hng ca hai cng ngh khi p dng trn cng mt h thng. Hiu ng phi tuyn tng khng ch l do cng sut tng ca h thng WDM ln m cn do h thng lun c s b cng sut tn hao lm cho cng sut trong si lun lun mc cao. Mt khc di tn tng ch ca EDFA khng ng u lm cho c knh quang th cng sut nh rt ln, c knh quang th cng sut nh li nh. Cc vn ny dn ti nh hng phi tuyn khng nhng tng ln m cn c chiu hng phc tp v kh kim sot hn. Cc nh hng phi tuyn ny trong h thng c s dng nhiu b EDFA lun c tch ly v li gy ra xuyn nhiu ln hn. Bi vy i hi cn c cc bin php ti u cc tham s: Cng sut pht, khong cch gia cc knh, s b khch i EDFA cho cc nh hng phi tuyn ny l nh nht m vn p ng c yu cu tng nng lc ca h thng thng tin quang. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong h thng kt hp WDM v EDFA c nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca h thng, c bit l h thng ghp knh quang vi mt cao. Cho nn, to ra c cc h thng kt hp WDM v EDFA c nng lc ln th vn ti u cc nh hng ny l rt cn thit. Cc hiu ng bao gm: cc hiu ng tn x Brillouin kch thch (Stimulated Brillouin Scattering SBS), tn x Raman kch thch (Stimulated Raman Scattering- SRS), hiu ng trn bn bc sng (Four Wave Mixing -FWM) v cc hiu ng lin quan n hiu ng Kerr nh hiu ng t iu ch pha (Self-Phase Modulation SPM), iu ch pha cho (Cross-Phase Modulation - XPM). Trong , vi cc hiu ng tn x th hiu ng SBS ch nh hng ln khi ta s dng cc b ngun laser c rng ph rt hp (hin ti cc laser ny cha c dng nhiu i vi c cc h thng c tc rt cao). Ni cch khc cha cn phi xt n nh hng ca hiu ng SBS ti cht lng h thng. Vi cc hiu ng phi tuyn lin quan n hiu ng Kerr trong cc h thng WDM c N knh, nu cc knh c cc cng sut pht nh nhau th hiu ng XPM c nh hng ln gp N ln hiu ng SPM cho nn c th b qua vic phn tch SPM m tp trung vo phn tch nh hng ca hiu ng XPM.

II. GIM NH HNG CA HIU NG XPM Hiu ng XPM khng ch gy ra cc nh hng ti tn sc ca h thng m cn gy ra s gin rng ph ca knh quang. Vi s nh hng ti tn sc th hiu ng ny to ra cc tn sc m, tc l lm co hp rng cc xung, iu ny khng gy nh hng g ln n cht lng h thng. Nhng vi nh hng lm gin rng ph ca knh khng nhng lm mo cng ca knh m cn c th nh hng ti cc knh ln cn nu khong cch gia cc knh khng c m bo. gii quyt vn nh hng gin rng ph ca hiu ng XPM ti cc knh ln cn th cch tt nht l m bo khong cc knh an ton. m bo khong cch knh an ton cng c ngha l gim rng ph ca cc ngun pht quang trong h thng WDM, tc l s dng cc ngun pht quang c rng ph hp hn. Hin nay s dng cc chun theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T vi cng sut nh hn 5 mW trn mt knh th nh hng ca ca xuyn nhiu ca cc knh ln cn do XPM l khng ng k. Tuy nhin, nu cng sut pht cng ln th s m rng ph ca tn hiu do hiu ng XPM cng ln v th vic phn tch ph nh hng ca XPM gp kh khn. Vn tnh khong cch knh cho cc h thng WDM c nhiu knh s khng thit thc v th phi tnh ton mc cng sut nh hng ca hiu ng XPM b cho n. Bng vic phn tch ph lan truyn ca tn hiu biu din di dng phng trnh Schoedinger phi tuyn v p dng phng php hm chuyn i chui Voltera bin i Bo Xu a ra kt qu nh sau:
T

Mo cng ca mt knh bt k do hiu ng XPM ca knh th k l :

A X , k (, L ) k P0 exp( L ) P0 exp( L ) exp 2 P exp( L ) 0 2
2

PX , k (, L ) =

(1)

P0 exp(

L ) A X , k (, L ) + A 'X , k (, L ) 2

Trong : Trng lan truyn ca knh th k ti di L l:

j exp L exp D 2 P k ( , 0 ) P 0 2 2 A X , k ( , L ) 2 j j + j 2 (k ) 2 2 2

(2)

Mo cng ca knh bt k do hiu ng XPM ca knh th k l :

P X , k ( , L ) 4 P 0 exp ( L )P k ( , 0 ) sin D 2 / 2 + j 2 (k )

(3)

Nh vy ta phi b cng sut ca hiu ng XPM do mo cng cho mi knh l :

P = M

(N
0

1 ) P X , k ( , L )dz

(4)

Trong M l s b khuch i ca mt tuyn, N l s knh ca tuyn.

III. GIM NH HNG CA HIU NG XPM thun tin cho vic phn tch ta s dng m hnh tuyn thng tin quang s dng WDM v EDFA c s b tn sc nh sau :
1 EDFA B pht L1 L2 L Hnh 1. M hnh ca tuyn thng tin quang s dng WDM v EDFA. L1 L2 M EDFA B lc B thu

Trong m hnh trn, tuyn truyn dn c s dng M b khuch i EDFA, L l khong cch ca tuyn, L 1 +L 2 l khong cch cn phi b cho suy hao cng sut tn hiu, L 1 l on si cn c b tn sc, L 2 l on si dng b tn sc. Hiu ng FWM c kh nng gy ra suy gim cng sut ca tn hiu quang v gy ra xuyn nhiu cho cc knh ca h thng WDM. Thc t th ch c si dch chuyn tn sc DSF l c FWM ln n mc c th gy ra suy gim cng sut ca cc knh do n to ra iu kin kt hp pha. Cc si c tn sc thng c nh hng ca FWM nh. Khi tn hao cng sut knh do hiu ng FWM cho cc knh l khng ng k th hiu ng FWM c th c coi nh ch c nh hng xuyn nhiu ti cc knh ca h thng. Hiu ng FWM vi s tng tc ca 3 knh f 1 , f 2 , f 3 l c nh hng ln ti h thng s dng WDM v EDFA v n c th to ra cc bc sng mi nm trong bng tn ca ca cc knh trong h thng. Cng sut b nh hng l :

6 2 2 Pi (0)P j (0)Pk (0) ( L + L ) Pijk = 1024 d ijk ijk e 4 2 2

1 1 2 2

n c

A e1 A e 2

(5)

Trong : P i , P j , P k : l cc cng sut nh sng u vo vi cc tn s f 1 , f 2 , f 3 .

: Bc sng.
c : vn tc nh sng.

: l cm phi tuyn bc ba.

A e1 , A e 2 : l vng hiu dng tng ng ca si L1 , L1 .

ijk : l h s FWM.

 ijk

1 e 1 ijk = (1) 1 j ijk

( j ( 1 ) ) L1

+e

(1 ) ( 1 j ijk ) L1

1 e 2 ijk ( 2) 2 j ijk

( j ( 2 ) ) L 2

(6)

(1) ( 2) Vi ijk , ijk l h s mt kt hp pha ca cc si L1 v L 2 .

(m) ijk =

( m ) 2 dD ( m ) 2 2 (f i f k )( f j f k ) D + 2c d c

(m) (m) (f i f 0 ) + (f j f 0 )

(7)

m = 1 hoc 2. Vi h thng N knh bc sng c khong cch knh ng u th tng cng sut ca FWM to ra ti bc sng f n l :

Pn = bM 2 P03 e ( 1L1 + 2 L 2 )

f n =fi +f j f k

ijk

2 d ijk

n, i, j, k = 1,2,.,N

(8)

y cng chnh l mc trung bnh m FWM gy ra trong di tn ca h thng WDM. Bi v, cc knh c pht vi rng ph nht nh, tc l chm cc bc sng ( rng ph ca cc knh vi Laser l c ~ 0.1 nm) do FWM cng to ra chm cc bc sng nh hng. Vi cc h thng kt hp WDM v EDFA nhiu ASE l thnh phn c hu v th cch tt nht l phi b cng sut cho n. Nh vy, cng sut pht yu cu m bo t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR0 vi h thng a ra trn l:
T

P0 = 2SNR 0 hvn sp B 0 (e 1L1 + 2 L 2 ) 1)L /(L1 + L 2 ).

(9)

Nh vy FWM gy ra t s tn hiu trn nhiu trong mt knh khi cng sut pht b cho nhiu ASE l:

SNR FWM = P0 e ( 1L1 + 2 L 2 ) / Pn

T cc phng trnh (8) v (10) ta c :
SNR FWM =

(10)

P0 e ( 1L1 + 2 L 2 ) bM 2 P03 e ( 1L1 + 2 L 2 )

f n =fi +f j f k

2 ijk d ijk

(11)

Trong M l s b khuch i EDFA M = Thay P0 t phng trnh (9) vo (11) ta c :

SNR FWM =

L . L1 + L 2

(2SNR

1
0 hvn sp B 0 ( e 1L1 + 2 L 2 )

1) M M 2 b

f n =fi + f j f k

2 ijk d ijk

(12)

T (12) ta thy, ti u SNR FWM tho mn nhu cu th cn phi iu chnh chiu di tuyn v s b khuch i sao cho ph hp (tc l iu chnh M v khong cch gia cc b khuch i L1 + L 2 ). Trong tng hp ti u cho chiu di tuyn th ta c :
L max = L1 + L 2 2SNR 0 hvn sp B 0 ( e 1L1 + 2 L 2 1) (SNR FWM b min n =1, 2 ,..., N
1/ 2

2 ijk d ijk

1/ 2

(13)

Cng thc trn (13) cho thy c c chiu di tuyn ln nht th ta phi iu chnh khong cch cn khuch i tn hiu ( L1 + L 2 ) sao cho ph hp. T cc phng trnh (12), (13) ta thy c th tm c s knh, khong cch tuyn v khong cch knh tt nht vi mc yu cu v SRN nht nh cho nh hng ca hiu ng FWM.
IV. GIM NH HNG CA SRS V NHIU ASE

nghin cu nh hng ca tn x SRS v nhiu ASE trong h thng s dng WDM v EDFA ta cng s dng m hnh tuyn nh hnh 1 phn trn. Theo phn tch ca [D.N.Christodoulides] th cng sut ca knh th n ti cui on th 1 vi cng sut pht nh nhau mi knh l:
T

g ' fNP 0 L e1 Pn ( L 1 ) = NP 0 e 1L1 exp 1 4 A e1

= aP 0 exp (2 n N 1 )

' g1 fNP 0 L e1 sinh 4 A e1 (2 n N 1) g ' fN 2 P0 L e1 sinh 1 4 A e1

(14)

Trong :

1 , 2 : tng ng l suy hao ca cc si L1 , L 2 .

A e1 , A e 2 : tng ng l vng hiu dng ca cc si L1 , L 2 .
' ' g1 , g '2 : tng ng l cc dc tng ch Raman ca cc si L1 , L 2 ; g1 =

dg 1 , df

g '2 =

dg 2 . df L e 1 = (1 e 1 L 1 ) / 1 c trng cho di nh hng ca on si c b tn sc.

f : l khong cch knh ca h thng.

T phng trnh trn (14) ta thy cng sut vo ca on th 2 (si b tn sc) l khc

nhau do theo [D.N.Christodoulides] ta c cng sut ti u vo b khuch i EDFA l:

g ' fJ 0 ( n 1) L e 2 P n ( L 1 ) J 0 e 2 L 2 exp 2 2A e2 Pn ( L 1 + L 2 ) = N g '2 fJ 0 ( m 1) L e 2 P m ( L 1 ) exp 2A e2 m =1

(15)

Trong :

J0

= Pm (L1 ) = aP0 exp( 2 m N 1)

m =1
m =1

(16)

L e 2 = (1 e 2 L 2 ) / 2 : l di nh hng ( di hiu dng) ca si b tn sc.

Cng thc (14) v (15) cho thy nh hng ca tn x Raman ti cng sut ca cc knh v xuyn knh gy ra cho cc knh khc. Khi tn hiu cc knh c khuch i ti EDFA th cng sut ca u ra l

GPn (L1 + L 2 ) .
Tip tc p dng cng thc (15) cho ti khi ti bn nhn ta s c c cng sut ca cc knh khi chu nh hng ca tn x Raman trong c tuyn. Khi nh hng ca xuyn knh ti a ca tn x Raman l :
T

XT =

P0 e ( 1L1 + 2 L 2 ) Pm (L1 + L 2 ) L ( 1L1 + 1L1 ) L1 + L 2 P0 e

(17)

Vi Pm (L1 + L 2 ) l cng sut ti thiu thu c ca cc knh ti bn thu. T cc phn tch trn v phng trnh (17) cho thy xuyn knh ti a ca SRS ph thuc vo cng sut pht, s b khuch i EDFA ca tuyn v khong cch gia cc b khuch i. b cho nhiu ASE th cng sut pht yu cu m bo t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR 0 l:

P0 = 2SNR 0 hvn sp B 0 (e 1L1 + 2 L 2 ) 1)L /(L1 + L 2 ).

(18)

Thay (18) vo (17) ta c th tnh c nh hng ca nhiu do tn x Raman, tuy nhin cng thc ny rt phc tp. n gin ta c th s dng si thay th cho hai si trn vi cc tham s tng ng c nh ngha:
g 'L P0 A
' g1 P0 = A eff e1 L1 z e 1 dz + 0

g '2 P0 e 1L 1 A e2

L1 + L 2

L1

2 ( z L1 )

dz

(19)

Do :

g'L A eff

' g '2 g1 1 e 1L 1 1 e 2L 2 + e 1L 1 1 A e2 A e1 2

(20)

' = g '2 = g ' ; A e1 = A e 2 = A ) th ta c di nh hng ca si thay th l Nu ( g1

L eff

2L2 1 e 1L1 1L1 1 e +e = 1 2

(21)

T phng trnh (14) ta c cng sut ti u vo b khuch i EDFA l:

fNP P n ( L 1 + L 2 ) = NP 0 e ( 1 L 1 + 2 L 2 ) exp 4 g 'L A eff fNP 0 g ' L sinh A 4 eff (2 n N 1 ) fN 2 P 0 g ' L sinh A 4 eff

(22) Vi xuyn knh SRS ti a cho mt knh l:

fP 0 N ( N 1 ) TX = 1 N exp 4 g 'L A eff fNP 0 g ' L sinh A 4 L eff 2 ' fN P 0 g L L 1 + L 2 sinh A 4 eff

(23)
T

Nh vy t phng trnh ny ta c th ti u nhiu theo cng sut pht ( b cho nhiu ASE) s b khuch i. c c TX nh mong mun ta phi dn xp cc tham s cng sut pht s knh khong cch gia cc knh v s b khuch i trn tuyn. ng thi ta cng c cng thc ti u cho khong cc ng truyn theo di khuch i v cng sut pht ( c b cho nhiu ASE) nh sau :
L max = ( L 1 + L 2 ) TX fP 0 N ( N 1) g ' L 1 N exp A 4 eff fNP 0 g ' L sinh 4 A eff fN 2 P 0 g ' L sinh A 4 eff

(24)

Tng t nh trn, c c khong cch tuyn truyn dn l ln nht ta phi dn xp cc tham s : cng sut pht, s b khuch i trn tuyn, v mc nhiu tt nht c th. Trong trng hp c xuyn nhiu gia cc knh nh th P0 f thc xuyn m ti a tr thnh:

g'L << 1 do vy biu A eff

TX

g 'L 1 N ( N 1) P 0 f A 4

L L +L eff 1 2

(25)

Lc ny ta c cng thc ti u cho khong cch ca ng truyn l:

= (L 1 + L 2 ) SNR
1/ 2

L max

2 (1 TX )
0

(26)

hvn

sp

B 0 N ( N 1) f e 1 L 1 + 2 L 2

g 'L 1 A

eff

T cc phng trnh (25), (26) ta thy c th tm c s knh, khong cch tuyn v khong cch knh ti u nht vi mc yu cu v SNR nht nh cho hiu ng SRS.
V. KT LUN

Cc h thng thng tin quang s dng kt hp WDM v EDFA xu hng ngy cng c s dng mnh m trn mng li. cc h thng ni trn hot ng mt cch c hiu qu v nng lc v cht lng th phi gii quyt ng b cc vn k thut nh san bng ph, m rng ph tng ch ca cc b EDFA ng thi phi nh gi v hn ch cc nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn. Ty theo s lng bc sng c s dng, c ly thng tin v cc iu kin, yu cu c th khc m c cc gii php, tnh ton chi tit nhm p ng yu cu k thut v hiu qu kinh t.
T

Ti liu tham kho [1]. Chu Cng Cn. San bng ph tng ch ca EDFA khi kt hp ghp knh quang theo bc sng v khuch i quang si trong h thng thng tin si quang. Tp ch khoa hc GTVT Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti 11/2005. [2]. Chu Cng Cn. M rng ph tng ch ca EDFA khi kt hp ghp knh quang theo bc sng v khuch i quang si trong h thng thng tin si quang. Tp ch khoa hc Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti 6/2008. [3]. Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan. Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective. Academic Press 2002. [4]. Djafa K. Mybaev, Lowell L. Scheiner. Fiber-Optic Communications Technology. Prentice Hall , 2001. [5]. Ivan B. Djordjevic. Optimization of channel spacing in WDM Transmission systems with dispertion compensated links in the presence of fiber nonlinearities. may 2001, Journal of Lightwave Technology [6]. Study of fiber nonlinear effects on fiber optic commnication system Bo Xu