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Multiple Division Techniques
Multiple Division Techniques
Multiple Division Techniques
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Outline
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Walsh Codes Near-far Problem Types of Interferences Analog and Digital Signals Basic Modulation Techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
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Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
User 1
User 2
User n
Time Multiple channels per carrier Most of second generation systems use TDMA
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
User n
...
User 2 User 1
Time
Code Users share bandwidth by using code sequences that are orthogonal to each other
Some second generation systems use CDMA Most of third generation systems use CDMA
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 5
Types of Channels
Control channel
Forward (Downlink) control channel Reverse (Uplink) control channel Forward traffic (information) channel Reverse traffic (information) channel
Traffic channel
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Control channels
fn
f2
f1
MS
Forward channels (Downlink)
f2 fn
Traffic channels
BS
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Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
FDMA
f1 f2 f1 f2
MS #1 MS #2
MS #n
fn
fn
BS
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Frequency
f1
f2
fn
f1
f2
fn
Frequency
Forward channels
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
TDMA
Frequency f Slot Frequency f
MS #1
#2
#2
t t
#2
#2
#1
#1
MS #2
MS #n
Frame
Frame
Frame
#1
Frame
#n
#n
#n
#n
#1
BS
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Frame
#1 #2 #n
Frame
#2 #n
Frame
#2 #n #1
Frame
#2 #n
Frame
#2 #n #1 #2 #n #1
Frame
#1 #n #2 #n
#1
#2
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Frame
#1 #2 #n
Frame
#2 #n
Time
Guard time
Head
Data
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Frequency f
C1 C2
MS #n
Cn
Cn
BS
Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes, Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes
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Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Capacity vs FDMA 1 * Depends on the number of slots ** Depends on the number of codes
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Receiver
De spread Digital signal s(t)
Power
Power
Power
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
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Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Receiver
Despread
Digital signal
Spreading signal
Digital signal
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Time
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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t t t t t t t t
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Near-far Problem
MS2
BS
MS1
Distance MS2 d2
Distance d1 MS1
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BS
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Types of Interference
Interference baseband signals
Baseband signal
Spreading signal
Despread signal
Interference signals
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
f1
f2
Frequency
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Power Control
Controlling transmitted power affects the CIR
1 Pr Pt = 4df c
Pt = Pr = d = f = c = = Transmitted power Received power in free space Distance between receiver and transmitter Frequency of transmission Speed of light Attenuation constant
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Modulation
Small antenna size Antenna size is inversely proportional to frequency e.g., 3 kHz 50 km antenna 3 GHz 5 cm antenna Limit noise and interference, e.g., FM (Frequency Modulation) Multiplexing techniques, e.g., FDM, TDM, CDMA
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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1 Time
..
10,000
Frequency (Hz)
Guard band
4,000
Frequency (Hz)
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Carrier signal
Time
AM signal s(t)
Time
Amplitude of carrier signal is varied as the message signal to be transmitted. Frequency of carrier signal is kept constant.
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 27
Carrier signal
Time
FM signal s(t)
Time
FM integrates message signal with carrier signal by varying the instantaneous frequency. Amplitude of carrier signal is kept constant.
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 28
Time
Time
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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sin( 2f c t )
Carrier signal
sin( 2f c t + )
1 Message signal x(t) PSK signal s(t) 0 1 1 0 1
Time
Time Time
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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1,1
0,0
1,0
(a) BPSK
(b) QPSK
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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1000
1100
0100
0000
1001
1101
0101
0001
1011
1111
0111
0011
1010
1110
0110
0010
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
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