TCPWindowSizeforWWAN

JimPanian Qualcomm

June17,2004

PCCA

TCPWindowSizeforWWAN
RoleofTCPWindowing CalculationofOptimumWindowSize WWANWindowSizeRequirements WWANandLongFatNetworks Conclusions

June17,2004

PCCA

RoleofTCPWindowing
TCPWindowingservesthreepurposes: 1) Optimizethedataflowthroughthepipe 2) FlowControl 3) CongestionControl

June17,2004

PCCA

TCPWindowingreflectsthenumberofsegmentsintransit thathavenotbeenacknowledged
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Segment4 5 6
HostA

7 8 ACK4

HostB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9
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TCPWindowingoptimizesdataflowundernormal conditions
WindowSizeisjustright

HostA

HostB

WindowSizeistoosmall

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PCCA

TCPWindowsizereflectsthesizeofthereceivebufferon receivinghost

TCPSegment(ReceiveWindowSize) or TCPACK(ReceiveWindowSize)

HostA

HostB

HostBprovidesfeedback onReceiveWindowSize.

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PCCA

TCPWindowingprovidesflowcontrol

TCPACK(SmallerReceiveWindow Size)

HostA

HostB

HostBcanshrinktheReceive WindowSizeifithasless bufferspace.Usedtoprevent bufferoverruns.

June17,2004

PCCA

TCPWindowingprovidescongestioncontrol

HostA

Congestionmayoccurwhen anintermediatehosthasa bufferoverrunanddropsIP datagramscontainingTCP segments.

HostB

Intermediate Host

Segment5

June17,2004

PCCA

TCPWindowingprovidescongestioncontrol
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Segment5 6
HostA

7 8 ACK5

HostB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6
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MaxTCPReceiveWindowSize(MRWS)is64KBytes

TCPSegment(WS=TCPMRWS) or TCPACK(WS=TCPMRWS)

HostA

HostB

Theoreticalmaximumreceive windowsizeis64KBytes. Lowervaluesofmaximum receivewindowsizemaybe configured.

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RoleofTCPWindowingThemaximumreceivewindow sizecanbesetbytheOperatingSystem
Example:MicrosoftWindowsprovidesregistryparameters TcpWindowSizeThisparameterdeterminesthemaximumTCPreceive windowsizeoffered.Thisparameterisbothaperinterfaceparameter andaglobalparameter,dependinguponwheretheregistrykeyis located.OverridesGlobalMaxTcpWindowSize. GlobalMaxTcpWindowSizeThisparametercanbeusedtosetaglobal limitfortheTCPwindowsizeonasystemwidebasis.

June17,2004

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11

RoleofTCPWindowingThemaximumreceivewindow sizecanalsobesetbytheapplication Example:Microsoft Windowsprovidesthe setsockoptWindows Socketsfunction (onapersocketbasis). Question:Howdoesan applicationknowhowto setWindowsize intelligently?
Application Ex.FTP

HostB

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12

CalculationofMaxReceiveWindowSize

WindowSizeisjustright

HostA

HostB

MaxReceiveWindowSize=BandwidthxDelay (BandwidthDelayProduct)
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WhycalculatetheMaxReceiveWindowSize?
IftheMaxReceiveWindowSizeistoosmall,itcanconstrain throughput. IftheMaxReceiveWindowSizeistoobig,thenwhenIPdatagrams arelostduetocongestionmoreTCPsegmentsmayhavetobe retransmittedwhichisadragonperformance. MaxReceiveWindowSize=NxMaximumSegmentSize(MSS)to avoidfragmentation.Example:(1460X16,1460X32,1460X40and soon).

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CalculationofMaxReceiveWindowSize
MaxReceiveWindowSize=BandwidthxDelay TheBandwidthishowfastthetransmissionmediumisofthe slowestlinkinthepath.
Example:BandwidthforEthernetis10Mbits/second.

Delay(roundtrip)iscausedbyanumberoffactors:
Serializationdelayoftheindividualcircuitsornetworks Transmissiondelayoftheindividualcircuitsornetworks Processingdelayofthenetworkdevices CanbemeasuredusingPING

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Applicationlayerflowcontrolwithsmallerwindowsizeor chattinesscannegatetheeffectofReceiveWindowSize
Application Application

Segment4 5
HostA

6 7 8 ACK4
HostB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9
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WindowSizeCalculationforEthernet

Example:ThedefaultMaxReceiveWindowSizeforWindows2000 isdesignedforEthernetLANsandis17.5KBytes(MSSx12). Assumptions:Bandwidth=10Mbits/secondDelay=10msecs. CalculateMinimumWindowSize: MinimumWindowSize=10Mbits/secondx.01seconds

8bits/Byte =12KBytes<17.5KBytes

SoaMRWSof17.5KBytesissuitableforEthernet
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WWANWindowSizeRequirementsWWANthroughput mustnotbeconstrainedbyasmallWindowsize
AsmallWindowSizecanconstrainahighthroughputwirelesslink Example:ThedefaultWindows2000MaxReceiveWindowSizeis designedforEthernetLANsandis17.5KBytes. UsingPING,itisdeterminedthatCDMA20001xEVDOhasan averageroundtripdelayof269msecs. MaximumThroughputlimitedbyWindowSize 65KBytes/second(520Kbits/second)=17.5KBytes/269msecs CDMA1xEVDOhasexhibiteddownloadspeedsof: 87KBytes/second(694Kbits/second)
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WirelessMaxReceiveWindowSize(MRWS)versus OperatingSystem
Wireless Technology BW (KBytes/sec) Delay (msec) Theoretical MRWS (KBytes) Win98 MRWS 2KBytes Win2K MRWS 17.5KBytes WinXP MRWS 64KBytes

CDPD GPRS EDGE UMTS CDMA 2000 1xEVDO

June17,2004

0.747 3.07 16.88 14.25 86.78

717 1404 600 340 269

0.54 4.31 10.13 4.85 23.34

OK Toosmall Toosmall Toosmall

OK OK OK OK

OK OK OK OK OK

Toosmall Toosmall

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WirelessMaxReceiveWindowSize(MRWS)versus OperatingSystem
CDPD,GPRS,EDGEnumberstakenfrompreviouslypublishedPCCAWorkshop resultsonmembersonlysite. UMTSnumberstakenfromhttp://www.comnets.uni bremen.de/itg/itgfg521/aktuelles/fgtreffen 200204/ITG_FG521_Hamburg_200204_TimmGeil.pdf CDMA20001xEVDOnumbersobservedfrommyowntesting. Windows98numberobservedonmyownpersonalcomputer.WindowsXP numberobtainedfrommyworkcomputer.Windows2Knumberobtainedfrom http://www.microsoft.com/technet/itsolutions/network/deploy/depovg/tcpip2k.asp Thenumbersonthepreviouspagearenotmeanttonecessarilyrepresenttypical networksbutshowthepotentialdiversityofcharacteristicsacrosswireless networksanddevices.ItisadvisedthatITprofessionalstaketheirown measurementstoperformtechnologyevaluations.
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Recommendation:ITprofessionalsadjustTCPMax ReceiveWindowSizeforWirelessDataModems
ItisrecommendedthatITprofessionalsdeterminetheoptimum WindowSizefortheirwirelessdatatechnologyofchoiceandadjust settingsinthecomputerifneeded. Theconceptsaretooobtuseforenduserstodealwith.

June17,2004

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Recommendation:ITprofessionalsadjustTCPMax ReceiveWindowSizeforWirelessDataModems
Apossibleprocedure:
1) SettheTCPMaximumReceiveWindowSizetoNxMaximumSegment Sizeintheoperatingsystem.Starthigh(closeto64K). 2) MeasuredelaybyPING. 3) MeasurethroughputbyperformingFTPonnoncompressibleZIPfiles. 4) CalculatethetheoreticalTCPMaximumReceiveWindowSizebased uponavailabledata. 5) Repeat14makingtheWindowsizesmallertoverifythatthroughputis notadverselyaffectedbyaWindowSizethatistoolarge. 6) FinalsettingSetTCPMaximumReceiveWindowSizeforthedeviceto avaluegreaterthanthetheoreticalvalue:
1) Adjusteitherintheoperatingsystem(Registry)orthroughapplication settings. 2) Makeanevennumbermultipleofmaximumsegmentsize(ex.Nx1460 bytes)toavoidfragmentation.
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Recommendation:ITprofessionalsadjustTCPMax ReceiveWindowSizeforWirelessDataModems
ITprofessionalsshouldalsoanalyzetheirapplicationsfor applicationlevelflowcontrolorexcessivechattiness.Botheffects cannegatetheMaxTCPWindowSizeSetting.

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Willfuture3GWirelessDataNetworksbeconsidered LongFatNetworks(LFNs)?
LFNsrequireMaxReceiveWindowSize>64KBytes.

Long=HighDelay
HostA HostB

Fat=HighThroughput

HighDelayistypicallyduetolonggeographicdistanceofthepipe.
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1GigEthernetisaLongFatNetwork
8.75MBytesMaxReceiveWindowSize>64KBytes.

HostA

Long=HighDelay (70msecs)
HostB

Fat=HighThroughput (1Gbits/second)

Example:1GEthernetfeedsintoa2.4GbpsOC48linkthatgoescrosscountry.
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Willfuture3GWirelessDataNetworksbecomeLongFat Networks?
ALongFatNetwork(LFN)hasa MaxReceiveWindowSize>64KBytes
Example:1GEthernet.

RFC1323providesWindowScaling
EnablesMaxReceiveWindowSizetobescaledfrom64KBytesto 1GBytes.

Does3GWWANapproachLFN?
IfTCPMaxReceiveWindowSizeexceeds64KthenRFC1323extensions arerequired.

June17,2004

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26

Willfuture3GWirelessDataNetworksbecomeLongFat Networks?
Wireless Technology MaxPhysical LayerBW (Mbits/sec) MaxPhysical LayerBW (KBytes/sec) Delay (msec) Theoretical Physical LayerMRWS (KBytes) 85

UMTS 2.0 CDMA2000 1xEVDO RevisionA CDMA2000 DoubleDO

June17,2004

250

340

3.1

388

269

104

5.0

625
PCCA

269

169
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Itisuncleariffuture3GWirelessDataNetworkswill becomeLongFatNetworks
IfsimplyconsideringTheoreticalPhysicalLayerMRWS,thenfuture 3GnetworkswouldbeLFNs. However,actualTCPthroughputusedtocalculateMRWSistypically lessthanthephysicallayerthroughputbecauseof:
Higherlayerprotocoloverhead . Timedivisionmultiplexingoftheradioresourcewithinacellacross multipleusers SignaltonoiseratiooftheWWANmodemmayaffectthroughput.

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OperatingSystemscurrentlysupportRFC1323Extensions forWindowScaling
Example:MicrosoftWindowsprovidesregistryparameters TcpWindowSize,GlobalMaxTcpWindowSize Tcp1323Opts ThisparametercontrolsRFC1323timestampsand windowscalingoptions. 0 1 2 3 (disableRFC1323options) (windowscaleenabledonly) (timestampsenabledonly) (bothoptionsenabled)

June17,2004

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Conclusions
TCPMaxReceiveWindowSizemustbeconfiguredtobelarge enoughtonotconstrainthethroughputoverthewirelessnetwork. WirelessnetworkshavedifferentrequirementsforTCPMaxReceive WindowSizeduetovaryingthroughputanddelaycharacteristics. Differentoperatingsystemsandcomputershavedifferentdefault settingsforTCPMaxReceiveWindowSize. TCPMaxReceiveWindowSizeshouldbecalculatedbyanITperson andsetcorrectlyincomputersusingwirelessmodems. Ifpossible,thesettingshouldeitherbeperdeviceorperconnection butnotglobal.
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