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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(


 

(Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy)
1.

012 (Introduction) (1)

!"<=<!>./(, (/?@"/-.A ($"/B/C/ (Aluminum, Density = 2.7 g/cm3)
"K=4<L 35 .4=3.MN/O3=2."!N (Steel, Density = 7.83 g/cm3) B!< 30 .4=3.MN/O3=2
'=2BR2 (Copper, Density = 8.93 g/cm3) "K= (Brass, Density = 8.53 g/cm3) !"<
=<!>./(, B!< !"<W=<!>./(, ($C$BN2B2 (Strength) =,>CX/C2Y2 O-?2BOC.R'()
($A0'Z[>2 (Commercially Pure Al) ($."/(,>2BOC$.$Y/B2R%2 (Ultimate
Tensile Strength) O)@4<L 90 MPa (13 ksi) `4a/b%2.R'()($."/(, B!<($
BN2B2>2 (Very Tough High-Strength Alloys) ( $.$Y/B2R%2 (Ultimate Tensile
Strength) >24<L 690 MPa (100 ksi) !"<=<!>./(, (a0R"!=."!O)@ .4f/O-/@`ggh
'()=,>CX/.Li34/!2 '/OC=.4f//`RYR( `C.4f/1&OC=C2, B!<W-R-/<'Y=/B2
`RYR(
2.
7819: (1)
!"<=<!>./(,bW-A !"<=K)/j `RY"!,/R .C/ !"<W Al-Cu, Al-Si,
Al-Mg, Al-Zn "K==aa<( !"<W=<!>./(,-A"!,j ZO0 C-/R-2O-=,C2.C/ Al-Cu-Si
B!< Mg M%)2 !"<WBOC!<4<.#'a<($0LA-O'()BOOC2-/ b.!K=XY2/`RY=,C2
Y22
!"<W=<!>./(,BAC2.4f/=24<.#' $K=
1. !"<W4<.#'%?/>4.,N/ (Wrought) C/X"6Ca<( Cu, Si, B!< Mg .4f/ZO0W
!"<=<!>./(,W!0C/(?a<WC/%?/>4RY,(R =-R%?/>4==.4f/
BWC/ "K=.4f/B'C2 M%)2a<('-?2'()b=A0ABN2RY,$Y=/`RY (Heat treatable)
B!<'()=A0ABN2`C`RY
2. !"<W4<.#'"!C = "!= (Castable) .4f / !"<'() ( $0 L A- O 1 . &(
$bX/`"!R( C,X"Y"!C="!=.4f/>41L<'@`RY2C, C/
X"6C !"<W4<.#'/(?b=A0ABN2RY,$Y=/`RY
=,C2`NOX/.=4<=A$@=//(? a<!Cb%2,!<.=(,R.n1<.1)$
BN2B2=2 !"<W=<!>./(,"!C=RY,OO<=/=2=/0#$/R.!N R-2/-?/,!<.=(,R
.() , - A =A0 A @  "- A !"<W=<!>  . /( ,4<.#'%? / > 4 .,N / /- % &b% &

1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

2"$ 2551

431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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.1).O`RYa ASTM B918 Standard Practice for Heat Treatment of Wrought Aluminum
Alloys .4f/OY/
3.
<9: (2-4)
/,XY=<!>./(,X/>4 !"<WC !"<A0'Z[ '-?2/(?.1<.K)=.4f/ !"<WB!Y
,- 2 $2.4f / !"<'() ( /?@  "/- .A /=a/(?  A- O ' 2! B!<$bX/"!C =
(Castability) ,-2R(%?/RY,.K)=(.OZO0W .C/ '=2BR2 (Cu) M!=/ (Si) B/(.M(, (Mg)
B2/( (Mn) B!</.! (Ni) .4f/OY/
!"<W=<!>./(,@"-A2/"!C=1-q/a<AA,>.'$O$=2<AA 2 ZO0 .C/
=<!>./(,-M!=/ (Al-Si) =<!>./(,-'=2BR2 (Al-Cu) B!<=<!>./(,-B/(.M(, (Al-Mg)
=,C 2`N O XY 2 /C /X"6C 1- q /a<AA=<!>  . /( ,-M ! =/ R,.O  ZO0
B/(.M(, B!</"K='=2BR2 '@X"Y !"<W."!C/(?b0ABN2`RYRY,OO<=/.1K)=
.1)$BN2B2 (Strengthening by Precipitation Hardening) .1)ZO0WA2=,C2 .C/
Ni, Cr B!< Mn ,-2C,X"Y !"<WBN2.1)%?/ R,!`.1)$BN2B2RY,'@X"Y.4f/
!<!,=2BN2 (Strengthening by Solid Solution) B!<,-2C,4-A402$BN2B2X/
XY2/'()=0L"#>>2 (Hot Strength) `RYRY,
/R=2 !"<W=<!>./(, (Alloy type) ( 3 4<.#'"!- $K=
1. !"<W`r 4,>.'$O$ (Hypo Eutectic Alloys) .C/ ASTM 319, ASTM A356
2. !"<WX!Y,>.'$O$ (Near Eutectic Alloys) .C/ ASTM A413, ASTM 384
3. !"<W`r.4=3,>.'$O$ (hyper eutectic alloys) .C/ LM28 (UK Standard)
4.

0 ?9 @?8 (2)
45aa-,'()$A$0A-O=2 !"<W=<!>./(, ( 2 4< $K=
1. /R B!<>4C2=2./ (Grain Size and Shape)
2. <,<"C2<"C2B/.R/`RO3'0O,#> (Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing, SDAS)
<,<"C2<"C2B/.R/`RO3'0O,#> (SDAS) (='Z1!OC=A-O=2=<!>./(,W
"!C =C /R./ '-? 2 /(?. 1< SDAS .4f /O- @"/R<a,O- =24<=A
(Intermetallic Compound) '() =,>C<"C2B/=2.R/`RO3 (Interdendritic Intermetallic
Constituent) B!<<a,O-=2 12"RO-<"C2.R/`RO3 (Interdendritic Shrinkage)
1K?/x/'2 !"<',=2 !"<W=<!>./(, =ZA, R,1aLO-=,C2BW/#>
R0!<AA 2 ZO0=2 !"<=<!>./(,-M!=/ R-2>4 2 '-?2#1 $2Y2'2a0!#$=2

1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

2"$ 2551

431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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?/2/"!C =X/#1#,"!-2 "!C=.N a (As Cast Microstructures) =2 !"<W
=<!>./(,'()C/W`r 4,>.'$O$ (1) ,>.'$O$ (2) B!<`r.4=3,>.'$O$ (3)

>4 1 BAAa@!=2.OA O=2W!% (Dendritic Growth) B!< $2Y2=2./X/

!"<"!C= (2)
9:A971  (2)
`C . 4f / '() / , XY - / /- ./K) = 2aY = a@  - R RY  /A- O ' 2! R- 2 /-? / !"<W
=<!>./(,`r 4,>.'$O$-OY=2.OZO0W'=2BR2 B!</"K= B/(.M(, .C/ ASTM 319,
ASTM A356 B!< ASTM 355 .1K)=.1)$BN2B2`RYRY,Z( Strengthening by Precipitation
Hardening $2Y 2'2a0 ! #$=2 !"<W=<!>  . /( ,/ R Al-5%Si 4<=ARY  ,
.R/`RO3=2=<!>./(, B!<,>.'$O$M!=/'()B,O-===,>C<"C2.R/`RO3 B!<a<."N/
12"RO- (Shrinkage Pore) <a,=,>CAY2 ./K)=2a !"<W`r 4,>.'$O$(C2BN2O-
Y2 (Long-Range Freezing)
9:1  (2)
!"<W,>.'$O$ Al-Si bXY`RY R,O2X/!-&L<=2 !"<W'()=A0A.1K)=.1)
$BN2B2`C`RY (Non Heat Treatable Alloys) .C/ ASTM A413 "K=bW'=2BR2
B!</"K = B/( . M( , .1K) = .1)  $BN 2 B2 R,!`OO<=/ (Strengthening by
Precipitation Hardening) .C/ ASTM A360 B!< ASTM 336 !"<W=<!>./(,."!C/(?a<
`"!O-X/#1"!=."!`RYR( bW!O`RY'-?2X/BAA"!C=', B!<"!C= R,XYBC113
1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

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431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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!"< C/ ASTM A413 W!O R,XYBC113 !"< (Die Casting Alloy) .K)=OY=2$'/'/
OC=-RC=/Na<W'=2BR2 .C/ .R ASTM A413 XY.4f/?/C/=2.K=.R/'<.! Y=OC=
=2,/1"/< 4!=-//?@ (Water Jacket) O-b-2 (Cases) B!< $`gOb// .4f/OY/

>4 2 BW/#>R0!=2<AA=<!>./(,-M!=/ B!< $2Y2a0!#$'()C/WOC2j

(2)
$2Y2,>.'$O$M!=/ (Eutectic Silicon) b'@X"Y!<.=(,R`RY R,R-RB4!2
$2Y2 (Modification) .K)="!C=RY,BAA', "K=BAA"!C=b (Permanent Mould) R,
.OZO0 M.R(, (Na) "K=O=/.'(, (Sr) X//?@ !"<'()WC/!RB~B!YC=/.'!2
C=/BAA"!C= R,XY4L.1(,2 0.01-0.015%Na .4f/OY/ '@.C//(?'@X"Ya0R,>.'$O$,Y,
a 11.7%Si `4.4f/ 13%Si .1K)="!(.!(),2.RM!=/4x#> (Primary Si) B!<'@X"Y
$2Y2,>.'$O$M!=/!<.=(,R R-2>4 3
9:A7B1  (2)
XY2/X/#<'() OY=2,,O-a$Y=/O)@ B!<X/L<.R(,-/'/
.(,R(`RYRY, .C/ !>>A (Piston) X/.$K)=2,/O3-/R4#,X/ (Internal Combustion Engine,
ICE) `RYBC !0C LM28 B!< LM29 B!<.K?=>A.$K)=2,/O3b'()W!ORY,"!C=X/BC113."!N
(Die Cast Car Engine) M%)2XY`RY R,`COY=2(4!=>A."!N (Iron Cylinder Liners) `RYBC LM30

1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

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431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
(ASTM 390) =<!>./(,W`r.4=3,>.'$O$."!C/(?OY=2.Og=g=- (P) .1K)='@X"YM!=/
4x#> (Primary Si) (/R.!N!<.=(,R R-2>4 4

>4 3 W!=24-A402 $2Y2=2=<!>./(,-M!=/'()(C/W,>.'$O$ (2)

>4 4 '@X"Y/R=2M!=/4x#>!<.=(,R%?/X/ !"<'()(C/W

`r.4=3,>.'$O$ (2)
5.

9:
1:D (3)
$2Y21K?/x/ (Matrix) =2 !"<W=<!>./(,$K= -phase R,a<( $2Y2
(Constituents) '().Ra'()ZO0W (Alloying Elements) O--A=<!>./(, "K=ZO0

1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

2"$ 2551

431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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=K) / j B!Y  B,O-  ===,>C # ,X/ -phase $2Y  2'() 4 /(? a <OC  2- / X/ !"<W
=<!>./(,BOC!</RR-2BR2X/O2 1
 1 9 :E (Major Constituents) 17J9::D
DK (3)
Commercial Designation
Major Constituents
213.0
(Al-Cu), (Al-Cu-Fe), (Al-Fe-Si)
295.0
(Al-Cu), (Al-Fe-Si)

6.
(1)

242.0

(Al-Ni), (Mg-Si), (Al-Cu-Ni), (Al-Cu)

222.0

(Al-Cu), (Al-Cu-Fe)

443.0
355.0
356.0
319.0

(Si), (Al-Fe-Si)
(Si), P(Al-Fe-Si), (Al-Si)
(Si), P(Al-Fe-Si), (Al-Mg)

514.0

(Mg-Si), (Al-Fe)

520.0

(Al-Mg), (Mg-Si), (Al-Fe)

710.0

(Mg-Si), (Al-Fe-Si)

850.0

(Sn), (Al-Ni)

712.0

(Mg-Si), (Al-Fe-Si)

(Si), (Al-Cu), (Al-Fe-Si)

<?0 9: (Precipitation Hardening of Aluminum Alloys)

!"<W=<!>./(,-'=2BR2 b0ABN2`RY R,Z('@X"Y.ROW!%

=24<=A=<!>./(,-'=2BR2 X/#1=2BN2'().(,C Precipitation Hardening "K=
Age hardening
> 4 5 BR2.4!() , /B4!2 $2Y  2=2 !"<W=<!>  . /( , '=2BR2 '() X "Y
4L3 Precipitation Hardening $K= !"<W=<!>./(, a<,=X"Y'=2BR2!<!,.4f/
!<!,=2BN2`RY>20R 5.7 wt% Cu '()=0L"#> 548 C B!<.K)==0L"#>!R!2=,C2Yj
(Slowly Cooled) 4L=2'=2BR2a<!<!,`RY/Y=,!2'() 0.2 wt% Cu '()=0L"#>"Y=2
1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

2"$ 2551

431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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4L=2'=2BR2'()./a0R=)O- a<`4=,>C-A=<!>./(, X"Y4<=A CuAl2 "K= .g
(>4 5)
!"<W=<!>./(,-'=2BR2 '()W'=2BR2O)@C 0.5 wt% Cu `Cb'@=A
0A.1K)=.1)$BN2"K=$BN2B2 R,'@ Aging `RY .1<`CCa<=A !"<WX"YY=/
B!Y'@X"Y.,N/.N"K=Y=,C2` a<`C(W!OC=.4!(),/B4!2 $2Y2 B!<bY !"<=<!>./(,
W'=2BR2C 5.7 wt% Cu =A0ABN2 R,'@ Aging a<X"YW!'2RY/$BN2
O)@C !"<W'()W'=2BR2X!Ya0R>20R'()'=2BR2a<!<!,`RYX/!<!,=2BN2

>4 5 .4!(),/B4!2 $2Y2a0!#$ '()=-O.,N/O-Yj '()WC/<A'2

$Y=/ B!<'@X"Y$BN2.1)%?/RY,OO<=/=2=/0#$/R.!N (6)
<?0  Precipitation Hardening  2 EQ R
1. Solution Heat Treatmentment = Homogenization + Quenching
'@ Homogenization '@ R,=AX"Y$Y=/BC !"<Wa=0L"#>"Y=2%?/`4'()
=0L"#>4<L 500 550 C a/`RY.g '-?2"R .1K)=X"Y.RO-.4f/./K?=.R(,-/
(Single Phase) B!Ya%2/@ !"<W==a.O0A/?@ (Quenching) a0R4<2$3N.1K)=X"Y./K?=
!"<W(!-&L<.4f/ Single Phase -)<,<"/%)2'()=0L"#>O)@X/'()/(?$K= =0L"#>"Y=2.g=2
!"<WX/L</(? a <=,>C X /#<=2 Metastable a<`RY  !<!,=2BN 2 =)  O-  ,) 2 ,R
(Super Saturated Solid Solution) #,"!-2a.,N/O-a/b%2=0L"#>4OB!Y !"<Wa<
( $2Y2.4f/!<!,=2BN2'()(4L=2'=2BR2>2C4L'()a<(`RYX/#1R0!
1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

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431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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M%)21Y='() a<.4!(),/B4!2`4>C #< Stable '-/'(. K)=#<OC2j .C/ =0 L"#> "K =.!
.4!(),/B4!2`4
2. Aging
/@ !"<W'()WC/0A/?@ '?2`Y'()=0L"#>'()."<X/<,<.!"/%)2 =0L"#>'()XY
Aging =aBAC2`RY.4f/ 2 /R $K= bY Aging '()=0L"#>"Y=2ZR .(,C Natural Aging C/
=0L"#> Aging '()>2C=0L"#>"Y=2.(,C Artificial Age .!K==0L"#>B!<.!'()XYOY=2
1aLaC/W'()(=,>CX/ !"<WR-2!C .C/ bY !"<W=<!>./(,-'=2BR2 '()(
'=2BR2W=,>C4<L 4.5 wt% Cu =0L"#> Homogenization 550 C =0L"#> Aging 180
C .4f/.! 1 -/
X/L< Aging a<.R4 Age Hardening %?/ ./K)=2a.RAR.A(?,=2
Lattice ."O0a.R Coherency Precipitation =2 CuAl2 M%)2(/R.!N B!<
<a,=,>C'-)`4 M%)2.4f/W!X"Y !"<WR-2!C($0LA-OX/RY/$BN2.1)%?/ =/%)2.!
=2'@ Aging OY=2.!K=X"Y."<.1< bY'@'?2`Y//./`4a<.R#<'().(,C
Over Aging $K= $BN2'().1)%?/a<.)!R!2 '@X"Y'@ Age Hardening `C`RYW!O
OY=2

>4 6 OO<=/=2=/0#$/R.!N (Precipitate Phases) (a) Incoherent forms

B!< (b) Coherent form (7)
7.

:0<?09::D (3-5)
F ?/2/a<XY2/X/#1#,"!-2"!C= (As-Cast) !C$K= "!-2aB<?/2/
==aBAA"!C=B!Y 4!C=,X"Y.,N/X/A,4Oa/b%2=0L"#>"Y=2 R,`COY=2WC/
4-A402$0L#1XRj RY,$Y=/
O a0R4<2$3"!-.1K)=!R$.$(,RRY,$Y=/ (Thermal Stress Relieving) "K=
=A=C=/ (Annealing) /-)/.=2 R,'-)`4.(, T2 -Ob04<2$3"!-=2'@ T2 .1K)=!R
1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

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431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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$.$(,R B!<4h=2-/,,O-X/L<XY2/ ?/2/'()WC/'@ T2 a<($=C=/
."/(,R( (Ductility) BOC$C$OY/'/B2R%2 (Tensile Strength) a<!R!2 R,/@?/2/
`4=A'()=0L"#> 343C .4f/.! 2 -) 2 B!Y/@?/2/==.,N/O-X/A,4Oa/b%2
=0L "#>  "Y=2 Y =1% 2 <-2 $K =OY =2$A$0 X"Y( =-O.,N /O- '()Y 1='() a <4h =2- /. R
Thermal Stress X/?/2/"!C=
T1 $K= 4!C=,X"Y?/2/.,N/O-#,X/A,4Oa/b%2=0L"#>"Y=2 ("!-2a
B<==aBAA"!C=) B!Y/@?/2/`4'@ Natural Aging .4f/.! 21 -/ M%)2a<'@X"Y`RYA-O
'2!'()R(CZ( F B!< O
T4 $K='@ Solution Heat Treatment + Quenching "!-2a/-?/4!C=,X"Y.R
Natural Aging .1K)=X"Y`RYA-O'2!'()R(%?/ R,.n1<=,C2,)2$C$OY/'/B2R%2
T5, -T51, -T551 .4f/'@ Solution Heat Treatment + Quenching + Artificial
Aging R,./Y/'@ Solution Heat Treatment '()=0L"#>`C>2/-.1K)=4h=2-/,,O-
=2./ B!<.1)$(.b(,#1/R (Dimension Stability) =2?/2/"!C=
T6, -T61, -T62, -T65 '@ Solution Heat Treatment + Quenching + Artificial Aging
M%)2 a<'@ X"Y ` RY A- O'2!> 20 R R,.n1<$C  Tensile Strength B!< Yield Strength
L<.R(,-/,-2-& Elongation `Y`RY
T7, -T71, -T75, -T755 '@ Solution Heat Treatment + Quenching + Artificial aging
+ Overaging '@X"Y.R.4!(),/B4!2A-O'2!=,C2 !C$K= $C Tensile Strength
B!< Yield Strength a<!R!2=,C2X/L<'()$C Elongation .1)%?/=,C2-R.a/ M%)2OC2a
'@ T6
E
D0<?09::D (3-5)
!"<=<!>./(,"!C='()C/W`r 4,>.'$O$.R A356 (LM25/ AC 4C) XY2/
C/X"6C`RYBC Airframe Casting, Machine Parts, Aircraft B!<?/C/'()OY=2$BN2B2
(Strength) >2 A-O R,'-)`4($bX/"!C=R(.,(), $bX/!%2`=,>C
X/.Li3R(
'@ Thermal Treatment
- Sand & Permanent Mould-O Annealing
.1K)=!R$.$(,R (Stress Relieve) R,=A'()=0L"#> 343C .4f/.! 2 -) 2
"!-2a/-?/4!C=,X"Y.,N/X/A,4Oa/b%2=0L"#>"Y=2
- Sand-T6
1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

2"$ 2551

431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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'@ Solution Heat Treatmentment '()=0L"#> 538C .4f/.! 12 -) 2 B!Y

Quench X/ Hot Water (66C -100C) "!-2a/-?/'@ Natural Aging > 8 -) 2 B!YORY,
=A'()=0L"#> 154C .4f/.! 2-5 -) 2
- Permanent Mould-T6
'@ Solution Heat Treatmentment '()=0L"#> 538C .4f/.! 12 -) 2 B!Y
Quench X/ Hot Water (66C-100C) "!-2a/-?/'@ Natural Aging > 8 -) 2 B!YORY,
=A'()=0L"#> 154C .4f/.! 3-5 -) 2
- Sand & Permanent Mould-T7
'@ Solution Heat Treatmentment '()=0L"#> 538C .4f/.! 12 -) 2 B!Y
Quench X/ Hot Water (66C -100C) "!-2a/-?/'@ Natural Aging > 8 -) 2 B!YORY,
=A'()=0L"#> 227C .4f/.! 8 -) 2
- Sand-T71
'@ Solution Heat Treatmentment '()=0L"#> 538C .4f/.! 12 -) 2 B!Y
Quench X/ Hot Water (66C -100C) "!-2a/-?/'@ Natural Aging > 8 -) 2 B!YORY,
=A'()=0L"#> 246C .4f/.! 3 -) 2

1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

10

2"$ 2551

431 203 Physical metallurgy II

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1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

 !"
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(


Oa,3/- ba/R : !"</=!0C."!N, @/-113a0!2L3"',!-,
113$-?2'() 4 , 2543, 218 "/Y
Z/#L3 &L3, !L( 0qb! B!<Z(<1-q/3 A-O23 : .'$ / !,( B!< !"<
',=2=<!>./(,"!C=, >/,3.'$ / !,( !"< B!<-R0B"C2O (MTEC), 113$-?2'() 1,
2543
Aluminum Casting Technology, The American Foundry mens Society, Inc., 2nd
Edition, 1997
D. D. Bradney : The NFFS Guide to Aluminum Casting Design: Sand and permanent
mould, Center for Applied Research in Metal Casting Department of Industrial
Technology University of Northern Iowa, 1994
ASTM B917/B917M-01: Standard Practice for Heat Treatment of Aluminum-Alloy
Castings from All Processes, 2005
R. A. Higgins: Engineering Metallurgy Part1: Applied Physical Metallurgy, 6th Edition
, 1993, p 416
P. L. Mangonon: The Principals of Materials Selection for Engineering design,
Prentice-hall International Inc., 1999, p.326

1 234566
Age Hardening in Aluminum Alloy

11

2"$ 2551