LABORATORY MANUAL COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN LAB ME- 406-E

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Dronacharya College of Engg.

LIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

SNO 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Implementation of line drawing and circle drawing algorithm Write a program to create projection of 3-D, given object. To create 2-D and 3-D write frame models of a bracket. To create solid cube with a hole using constructive solid geometry on Auto CAD To create the surface of diffuser section of wind tunnel on Auto CAD. To create a spur gear on auto CAD. To create solid cube with a hole using boundary representation on Auto CAD. Static deflection analysis of a cantilever with point load at the free end using Finite element analysis package.

PAGE NO FROM TO 1 5 6 14 20 23 29 36 39 13 19 22 28 35 38

Experiment No:-01
Implementation of line drawing and circle drawing algorithm

Introduction: Computer Aided Drafting can be done by using the graphic

commands available in HLL like BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, C and C++ .Since basic graphics is very popular, a detailed discussion of basic graphic is given. C and C++ are now been widely used for solving engineering design problems. Hence the graphic commends in these language are also given to enable the reader to become familiar with these languages.

Procedure:
Procedure for drawing a line: Figure shows a line connecting points,
P1 (75, 60) and P (215,150). This statement is;. 10 SCREEN 20 LINE (75, 60)-(215,150) A line can be created in C graphic as: Line (x1, y1, x2, y2); Where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the end coordinates.

Program:

1.

Draw a line using DDA algorithm

/*algorithm for line drawing by using DDA*/ #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> #include<graphics.h> horizontal (xs, xe, y) float xs, xe, y; {flot x: for (x=xs;x<xe;++x) { putpixel(x, y, 5); }} vertical (ys,ye,x) float ys,ye,x float ys,ye,x; { float y; for (y=ys;u<ye;++y) {

putpixel(x, y, 78); }return; } include (x1,x2,y1,y2) float x1,x2,y1,y2; {float xs,xe,y,x,m,c,dy,dx; dx=x2-x1; dy=y2-y1; m=dy/dx; c=y1-m*x1; if(dx>0) {xs=x1;y=y1;xe=x2; }else{ xs=x2;y=y2;xe=x1;} for(x=xs;x<=xe;++x) { y=m*x+c; putpixel(x,y.RED); }return} main() { int drive,mode; float x1,x2,y1,y2,xe,xs,ye,ys; detectgraph(&driver,&mode); printf(enter the values of x1,y1,x2,y2/n); scanf(%f%f%f%f\,&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2); intgraph(&drive,&mode,\\tc); setpleatte(0,10); if (yi==y2) {xs=x1;xe=x2;y=y1; horizontal(xs,xe,y) }else if (x1==x2) {ys=y1;ye=y2;x=x1: vertical(ys,ye,x)} horizontal(xs,xe,y) }else if(x1==x2) {ys=y1;ye=y2;x=x1; vertical(ys,ye,x)} else{ inclined(x1,y1,x2,y2);} getch();restorecrmode(); return;}

2. Draw a line using Bresenhams algorithm.

#include conio.h #includemath.h #includestudio.h #includegraphics.h /*Bresenhams algorithm for line drawing*/ main() { int driver,mode,x1,y1,x2,y2; void line-drw(int x1 void line-drw(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int z); detectgraph (&driver,&mode); printf(enter the values of x1,y1,x2,y2/n); scanf(%d%d%d%d,&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2); intigraph(&driver,&mode,\\tc); line-drw(x1,y1,x2,y2,5); getch(); restorectmode(); } void line-drw (int x1,inty1,intx2,inty2,int z); { register int I, distance,t; int x=0,y=0,delta_x,delta_y; int incx,incy; delta_x=x2-x1; delta_y=y2-y1; /*Computer the direction of the increment, if 0 means either a vertical horizontal line*/ if(delta_x>0)incx=1; else if(delta_x==0)incx=0; else incs=-1; if(delta_y>0)incy=1; else if(delyta_y==0)incy==0; else incy=-1 /*determine which distance is greater*/ delta_x=abs(delta_x); delta_y=abs(delta_y); if(delta_x>delta_y) distance=delta_x; else distance=delta_y;

/*draw the line*/ for (t=0;t<distance+1;t++) { put pixel(x1,y1,z); x+=delta_x; y+=delta_y; if(x>distance) { x-=distance; x1+=incx; } if (y>distence){ y-=distance; y1+=incy;}}} Procedure: Procedure for drawing a circle: Figure shows a circle drawn with center(160,100) and radius 55.The circle statement is given as: 30 CIRCLE (160,100),55 A circle can be create in C graphic as: Circles(x,y,z); Where (x,y) is the center and r is the radius. Program: 1. Draw a circle using Bresenham,s algorithm /*Draw a circle using Bresenham,s algorithm */ #include conio.h #include math.h #include grapics.h double asp_ratio; main() {int driver, mode: void circle_drw(int xc, int yc, int r, int z); detectgraph(&driver,&mode); intigraph(&drive, &mode,\\tc); circle_drw(100,100,25,3); getch();restorcrtmode(); }circle_drw(int xc, int yc, int r, int z) { register int x,y, delta; void plot_circle(int x, int t, int k, int z); asp_ratio=1. 4

Y=r; delta=3-2*r; for(x=0;x<y;++x); { plot_circle(x,y,xc,yc,z); if(delta<0) delta+=4*x+6; else{ delta+=4*(x-y)+10; y--; } x++; } if(x==y) plot_circle(x,y,xc,yc,z); } void_plot_circle(int x, int y, int xc, int yc, int z) } int stx,edx,x1,sty,edy,y1; sty=y*asp_ratio; edy=(y+1)*asp_ratio; stx=x*asp_ratio; edx=(x+1)*asp_ratio; for(x1=stx;x1<edx;++x1) { putpixel(x1+xc,y+yc,z); putpixel(x1+xc,yc-y,z); putpixel(xc-x1,yc-y,z); putpixel(xc-x1,y-yc,z); } for(y1=sty;y1=edy;++y1) { putpixel(y1+xc,x+yc,z); putpixel(y1+xc,yc-x,z); putpixel(xc-y1,yc-x,z); putpixel(xc-y1,x+yc,z); } }

Experiment No 02
Write a program to create projection of 3-D, given object. Introduction: In computer graphics a 3-D object is viewed on a 2-D display. A
projection is a transformation that performs this conversion. Three types of projection are used in engineering practice; Parallel, Perspective and Isometric.

Program:
Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<70 Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 30 Command: Specify opposite corner: *Cancel* Command:_line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command:_ erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: c CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<30.0000>: Command: Command:_.erase 1 found Commansd:_circle Specify center point for circle point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:*Cancel* Command:_line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Commansd:_circle Specify center point for circle point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<31.4301>:

Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Specify opposite corner: *Cancel* Command: Commansd:_circle Specify center point for circle point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<32.2863>: Command: Command: Commansd:_circle Specify center point for circle point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<. 12.6610>: Value must be positive and nonzero. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<12.6610>: Value must be positive and nonzero. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<12.6610>: Value must be positive and nonzero. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<12.6610>: Command: Command: Commansd:_circle Specify center point for circle point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<. 12.6610>: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point:1 Invalid point. Specify first point: 170,140 Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Specify opposite corner: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Zero length line created at (170.0000,140.0000,0.0000) Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: 1 LINE Specify first point: 170,140 Specify next point or [Undo]: @401<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: 7

Command:_erase 1 found Command: 1 LINE Specify first point: 170,140 Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @60,90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: 60<9 Unknown command 60<9. Press F1 for help. Command: Specify opposite corner: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<90 Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<180 Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<90 Specify next point or [Undo]: @10<0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @40<270 Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command: 8

Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @*Cancel* Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @28<270 Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: 290,140 Unknown command 290,140. Press F1 for help. Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: 290,140 Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @60<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @40<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: Command: Specify opposite corner: Command: Specify opposite corner:_.erase Invalid window specification. Command: Specify opposite corner: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: 1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: 9

Command: 1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<90 Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command:1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<180 Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command:1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<270 Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: Command: Command:_chamfer (TRIM mode)Current chamfer Dist1=10.0000,Dist2=10.0000 Select first line or [Polyline/Distence/Angle/Trim/Method]: Command:1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Zero length line created at (304.7902,170.0000,0.0000) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Zero length line created at (304.7902,170.0000,0.0000) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command:1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:1 LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: 10

Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =60 Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =29.57 Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =40 Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =30 Command: Command: Command:_u DIMLINEAR GROUP Command:

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Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =30 Command: Command: Command:_u DIMLINEAR GROUP Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: *Cancle* Command: Command:_u GROUP Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =99.83 Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =40.53 Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =9.71 Command: Command: Command:_dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text =20.76 12

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Experiment No: 03
To create 2-D and 3-D wire frame models of a bracket. Introduction: CADD is powerful technique to create the drawing. Traditionally the
components and assemblies are represented in drawings with the help of (elevation, plan and view), of a bracket. Since any entity in this type representation requires only two coordinates (X and Y), such software packages were called Two-Dimensional (2-D) drafting packages. With the evolution of CAD, most of three packages have been upgraded to enable 3-D representation. However, 2-D representation is still the standard way of representing components.

Wire Frame Modeling: In wire frame modeling the object is represented by its.
The objects appears as if it is made up of wires. In the case if complex path wire frame models can be confusing. Some clarity can be obtained throw hidden lines elimination.

Program :
Regenerating model. Auto CAD menu utilities loaded. Command: _pline Specify start point: Current line width is 0.0000 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 54 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 8 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 23 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 34 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 8 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Command: reg REGION Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found Select objects: 1 loop extracted. 1 Region created. Command: ext EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 14

Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -38 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: ucs Current ucs name: *WORLD* Enter an option [New/Move/Ortho graphic/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/Apply/?/World]: <World>: n Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/Object/Face/View/X/Y/Z]<0,0,0>:3p Specify new origin point<0,0,0>: Specify point on positive portion of X-axis<208.1051,152.6653,0.0000>: Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY plane<207.1051,153.6653,0.0000>: Command:_line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:0 OFFSET Specify offset distance or[Through]<1.0000>:38 Select object to offset or <exit>: Specify point on side to offset: Select object to offset or <exit>: Command:_line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:_line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:0 OFFSET Specify offset distance or[Through]<38.0000>: 10 Select object to offset or <exit>: Specify point on side to offset: Select object to offset or <exit>: Command: OFFSET Specify offset distance or[Through]<10.0000>: Select object to offset or <exit>: Specify point on side to offset: Select object to offset or <exit>: Command: tr TRIM Current settings: Projection=UCS,Edge=None Select cutting edges.. 15

Select objects: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: _line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:_line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: reg REGION Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 1 found,2 total Select objects: 1 found,3 total Select objects: 1 found,4 total Select objects: 1 loop extracted. 1 region created. Command: ext EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -6 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: c CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: *Cancel* Command: _line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:_line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: c 16

CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or[Diameter]: d Specify diameter of circle: 22 Command: c CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: *Cancel* Automatic save to E:\Documents and Settings\alok jindal\Local Settings\Temp\Drawing2_1_1_6334.sv$... Command:_erase 1 found Command:_erase 1 found Command:_uERASE Command:_uERASE Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or[Diameter] <11.0000>: d Specify diameter of circle <22.0000>:14 Command: ext EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -16 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command: ext EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -16 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: uni UNION Select objects: *Cancel*

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Command: Command: *Cancel* Command: su SUBTRACT Select solids and regions to subtract from. Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract.. Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Command: Command: Command: _shade mode Current mode: 2D wireframe enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]<2D wireframe>:_g Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: Command: Command: _shade mode Current mode: Gouraud Enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]< Gouraud >:_h Specify opposite corner: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Regeneration model. Command: Chamfer (TRIM mode) Current chamfer Didt1=0.0000, Dist2=0.0000 Select first line or [Polyline/Distence/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: Base surface selection Enter surface selection option [Next/OK(current)]<OK>: Specify base surface chamfer distance: 2 Specify other surface chamfer distance<2.0000>: Select an edge or [Loop]: Select an edge or [Loop]: Edges must belong to base face. Select an edge or [Loop]: Select an edge or [Loop]: Automatic save to E:\Documents and Settings\alok jindal\Local Settings\Temp\Drawing2_1_1_6334.sv$... Command: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Regenerating model. Command: ch PROPERTIES Command: *Cancel* Command: cha

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CHAMFER (TRIM mode) Current chamfer Didt1=0.0000, Dist2=0.0000 Select first line or [Polyline/Distence/Angle/Trim/Method/mUltiple]: Base surface selection Enter surface selection option [Next/OK(current)]<OK>: Specify base surface chamfer distance: <2.0000>: Specify other surface chamfer distance<2.0000>: Select an edge or [Loop]: Select an edge or [Loop]: Command:_shadmode Current mode: Hidden Enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]< Hidden >:_g Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Regenerating model. Command:_qsave Command:_qsave Command: list Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 3DSOLID Layer: 0 Space: Model space Handle = 39 Bounding Box: Lower Bound X=0.0000, Y= -34.0000, Z= -38.0000 Upper Bound X= 54.0000,Y=46.0000, Z=0.0000

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Experiment No:-04
To create solid cube with a hole using constructive solid geometry on auto CAD Introduction: A good modeling system of solid object should satisfy the following
requirements: 1. Rigidity:- A solid object has an invariant configuration or shape which is independent of the objects location or orientation. 2. Homogeneous 3 Dimensionality:- A solid object must have an interior and solid boundary and cannot have a finite portion of space. 3. Finiteness:- A solid must have finite portion of space. 4. Finite Description:- A solid mist have a finite number of faces so that they can be correctly represented in the computers.

Program:
Regenerating model. Auto CAD menu utilities loaded. Command: _pline Specify start point: Current line width is 0.0000 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 66 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 66 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 66 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: C Command: RE*Cancel* Command: Command: *Cancel* Command: EXT EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -66 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Regenerating model. Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. 20

Regenerating model Command: Command: Command: _line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: C CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: D Specify diameter of circle: 15 Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: EXT EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -66 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: SU SUBTRACT Select solids and regions to subtract from. Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract.. Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Command: Command: Command: _shade mode Current mode: 2D wireframe enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]<2D wireframe>:_g Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: 21

Command: Command: _shade mode Current mode: Gouraud Enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]< Gouraud >:_3 Command: Command: Command:_qsave Command:_qsave Command: LIST Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 3DSOLID Layer:0 Space: Model space Handle = 2E Bounding Box: Lower Bound X=186.1005, Y= 138.2924, Z= -66.0000 Upper Bound X= 252.1005, Y=204.2924, Z=0.0000

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Experiment No:-05
To create the surface of diffuser section of wind tunnel on auto CAD Introduction: A good modeling system of solid object should satisfy the following
requirements: 5. Rigidity:- A solid object has an invariant configuration or shape which is independent of the objects location or orientation. 6. Homogeneous 3 Dimensionality:- A solid object must have an interior and solid boundary and cannot have a finite portion of space. 7. Finiteness:- A solid must have finite portion of space. 8. Finite Description:- A solid mist have a finite number of faces so that they can be correctly represented in the computers.

Program:
Regenerating model. Auto CAD menu utilities loaded. Command :_spline Specify first point or [Object]: Specify next point: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify start tangent: Specify start tangent: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command :_spline Specify first point or [Object]: Specify next point: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify start tangent: Specify start tangent: 23

Command: Command: *Cancel* Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: _line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command :_spline Specify first point or [Object]: Specify next point: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify start tangent: Specify start tangent: Command: Specify opposite corner: Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command: Command :_spline Specify first point or [Object]: Specify next point: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify start tangent: Specify start tangent: Command:_erase 1 found Command: _line specify first point: Command :_spline Specify first point or [Object]: Specify next point: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: Specify start tangent: Specify start tangent: Command: _line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: _Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window]<real time>: Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: REVSURF Current woreframe density: SURFTAB1=6 SURFTAB2=6 24

Select object to revolve: Select object that defines the axis of revolution: Command: *Cancel* Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: PEDIT Select polyline or [Multiple]: Object selected not a polyline Select polyline or [Multiple] Object selected not a polyline Do you want to turn it into one?<Y> Enter an option[Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: J Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 1 found,2 total Select objects: 0 segment added to polyline Enter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo] *Cancel* Command: Specify opposite corner: Command: Command: *Cancel* Command: _Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window]<real time>: Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: _pan Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: _Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window]<real time>: Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: PEDIT Select polyline or [Multiple]: Object selected not a polyline Select polyline or [Multiple] Object selected not a polyline Select polyline or [Multiple] Object selected not a polyline Select polyline or [Multiple] Enter an option[Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: J 25

Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 1 found,2 total Select objects: 0 segment added to polyline Enter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo] *Cancel* Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command: Command: _pline Specify start point: Current line width is 0.0000 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Command: F FILLET Current setting: Mode=TRIM, Radius=0.0000 Select first object or [Polylilne/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: R Specify fillet radius <0.0000>: 20 Select first object or [Polylilne/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: Select second object: Command: _Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window]<real time>: Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command:_uZoom Realtinme GROUP Command:_uFILLET Command: F FILLET Current setting: Mode=TRIM, Radius=0.0000 Select first object or [Polylilne/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: R Specify fillet radius <0.0000>: 70 Select first object or [Polylilne/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: Select second object: Command:_uFILLET Command: F FILLET Current setting: Mode=TRIM, Radius=0.0000 Select first object or [Polylilne/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: R Specify fillet radius <0.0000>: 100 Select first object or [Polylilne/Radius/Trim/mUltiple]: 26

Select second object: Command: PEDIT Select polyline or [Multiple]: Enter an option[Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: J Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 0 segment added to polyline Enter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo] *Cancel* Command: Command: *Cancel* Command: _line specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: REVSURF Current woreframe density: SURFTAB1=6 SURFTAB2=6 Select object to revolve: Select object that defines the axis of revolution: Specify start angle <0>: Specify included angle (+=ccw,-=cw)<360:>: Command: _shade mode Current mode: 2D wireframe enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]<2D wireframe>:_g Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Regenerating model. Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model. Command: _shade mode Current mode: Gouraud Enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]<2D wireframe>:_g Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Command:_u Gouraud ShadedGROUP Command:_u REVSURF Command: SURFTAB1 Enter new value for SURFTAB1 <6>: 50 Command: SURFTAB2 Enter new value for SURFTAB2 <6>: 50 Automatic save to E:\Documents and Settings\alok jindal\Local Settings\Temp\Drawing2_1_1_6334.sv$... Command: Command:_REVSURF

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Current woreframe density: SURFTAB1=50 SURFTAB2=50 Select object to revolve: Select object that defines the axis of revolution: Specify start angle <0>: Specify included angle (+=ccw,-=cw)<360:>: Command: Command: Command: _shade mode Current mode: 2D wireframe enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]<2D wireframe>:_g Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command:_qsave Command: LIST Select objects: 1 found Select objects: POLYLINE Layer: 0 Space: Model space Handel=70 50x53 mesh M-closed VERTEX Layer: 0 Space: Model space Handel=71 Mesh At point, X=163.6929, Y=239.5338, Z=0.0000 VERTEX Layer: 0 Space: Model space Handel=72 Mesh At point, X=191.9433, Y=84.3783, Z=0.0000 VERTEX Layer: 0 Space: Model space Handel=73 Mesh At point, X

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Experiment No: 6

To create a spur gear on auto CAD

Introduction : CADD is a powerful technique to create the drawings. Traditionally

the components and assemblies are represented in drawings with the help of (elevation, plan and end view ) , of a bracket. Since any entity in this type of representation requires only two coordinates ( X and Y ) , Such software packages were called Two dimensional ( 2-D) drafting packages. With the evolution of CAD, most of these packages have been upgraded to enable 3-D representation. However, 2-D representation is still the standard way of representing components.

Program:
Regenerating model. Auto CAD menu utilities loaded. Command: _spline Specify first point or [ Object ]: Specify next point: Specify next point or [ Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: Specify next point or [ Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: Specify next point or [ Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: Specify next point or [ Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: Specify next point or [ Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: Command : su SUBTRACT select solids and regions to subtract from.. Select Objects: 1 found Select Objects: Select solids and regions to subtract.. Select Objects: 1 found Select objects: Command:_ shademode Current mode: 3D wireframe Enter option [ 2D wireframe /3D Wireframe/Hidden/flat/Gouraud/flat+edges/gouraud+edges] <3D wireframe>: _f 29

Command: _ 3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display Shortcut menu. Regenerating model. Command: _shademode Current mode: Flat Enter option [2D wireframe/3D] Wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges]<Flat>:_3 Command:_3dorbitPressESC or Enter to exit, or right click to display shortcut-menu Regenerating model. Command: su SUBTRACT Select solids and regions to subtract from.. Select objects: 1 found Select object: *Cancel* Command:_shademode current mode: Hidden Enter option [2D wireframe/3D Wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges]<Hidden>:f Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or Enter to exit, or right click to display Shortcut-menu Regenerating model. Command:_ shademode current mode: Flat Enter option [2D wireframe/3D Wireframe/Hidden/Flat/ Gouradd/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges] <Flat>:_3 Command: Specify opposite corner: Command: _3dorbit Press ESC or Enter to exit, or right click to display Shortcut-menu. Regenerating model. Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model Command:_u 3D Wireframe GROUP Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model Command:_u Flat Shaded GROUP Command:_u Hidden GROUP Command:_u SUBTRACT Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model Command:_u 3D Wireframe GROUP Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model Command:_u Flat Shaded GROUP Command:_u SUBTRACT Command:_u SUBTRACT Command:_u SUBTRACT Command:_u INTELLIPAN Command:_u INTELLIZOOM

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Command:_u Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u EXTRUDE Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcut-menu. Regenerating model. Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model. Command:_u EXTRUDE Command:_3dorbit press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcut-menu. Regenerating model. Command: Command: *Cancel* Command:_u INTELLIPAN Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u Command:_u INTELLIPAN Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u Command:_u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model. Command:_u INTELLIPAN Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u LIST Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u LIST Command:_u INTELLIZOOM Command:_u INTELLIPAN Command:_u REGION Command: Command: *Cancel* Command: tr TRIM Current settings: Projection= UCS, Edge=None.

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Select cutting edges Select object: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: Command: Command : _.erase 1 found Command: reg REGION Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 1 found, 2 total Select objects: 1 found, 3 total Select objects: 1 found, 4 total Select objects: 1 loop extracted. 1 region created. Command: ext EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES = 50 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: -55 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command: _3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display Shortcut-menu. Command: su SUBTRACT Select solids and region to subtract from.. Select object: 1 found Select object: 1 found, 2 total Select object: 1 found, 3 total Select object: Select solids and regions to subtract.. Select object: 1 found Select object: Automatic save to E:\Documents and Setting\alok jindal\Local Setting\Temp\BAJU4_4_1_1_6334.sv$... Command: Command: _3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display Shortcut-menu. Regenerating model. Command: Command: Command: _shademode Current mode: 3D wireframe 32

Enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges]<3D wireframe>: _g Command: _3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display Shortcut_menu. Regenerating model. Command: uni UNION Select objects: 1 found, Select objects: 1 found, 2 total Select objects: 1 found, 3 total Select objects: 1 found, 4 total Select objects: 1 found, 5 total Select objects: 1 found, 6 total Select objects: 1 found, 7 total Select objects: 1 found, 8 total Select objects: 1 found, 9 total Select objects: 1 found, 10 total Select objects: 1 found, 11 total Select objects: 1 found, 12 total Select objects: 1 found, 13 total Select objects: 1 found, 14 total Select objects: 1 found, 15 total Select objects: 1 found, 16 total Select objects: 1 found, 17 total Select objects: 1 found, 18 total Select objects: *Cancel* Command: _u UNION Command: _U 3d Orbit GROUP Regenerating model. Command: _u 3D Wire frame GROUP Command: _u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model Command: _u Gouraud Shaded GROUP Command: _u 3D Orbit GROUP Regenerating model Command: _u SUBTRACT Command: _u Command: _u 3D Orbit GROUP Command: _u EXTRUDE

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Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcut-menu. Regenerating model. Command: uni UNION Select objects:1 found Select objects:1 found,1 total Select objects:1 found,2 total Select objects:1 found,3 total Select objects:1 found,4 total Select objects:1 found,5 total Select objects:1 found,6 total Select objects:1 found,7 total Select objects:1 found,8 total Select objects:1 found,9 total Select objects:1 found,10 total Select objects:1 found,11 total Select objects:1 found,12 total Select objects:1 found,13 total Select objects:1 found,14 total Select objects:1 found,15 total Select objects:1 found,16 total Select objects:1 found,17 total Select objects:1 found,18 total Select objects:1 found,19 total Select objects:1 found,20 total Select objects: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcut-menu. Regenerating model. Command: Command: Command:_shademode Current mode:3D wireframe enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges]<3D wireframe>: _f Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcutmenu. Regenerating model. Command: Command: Command:_shademode Current mode:3D wireframe enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges] <Flat>:_3 Command: ext EXTRUE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES =50

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Select objects: 1 found, Select objects: Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: -55 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command: _3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display Shortcut-menu Regenerating model. Command: su*Cancel* Command: Command: Command: _shademode Current mode: Gouraud Enter option [2D wireframe/3D Wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges]<3D wireframe>: _g Command: _3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display Shortcut-menu Command: Command: Command: _shademode Current mode: Gouraud Enter option [2D wireframe/3D Wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges]<Gouraud>: _h Command: su SUBTRACT Select solids and region to subtract from.. Select objects: 1 found, Select objects: Command: Command: Command: _shademode Current mode: Hidden Enter option [2D wireframe/3D Wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edges/gOuraud+edges]<Hidden>: _f Command: Command: Command:_qsave Command: list Select objects: 1 found, Select objects: 3DSOLID Layer: 0 Space: Model space Handle = 6A Bounding Box: Lower Bound X = 217.3609, Y = 91.1144, Z = -55.0000 Upper Bound X = 341.3609, Y = 215.1144, Z = 0.0000

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Experiment No:-07
To create solid cube with a hole using boundary representation on auto CAD Introduction: A good modeling system of solid object should satisfy the following requirements:
9. Rigidity:- A solid object has an invariant configuration or shape which is independent of the objects location or orientation. 10. Homogeneous 3 Dimensionality:- A solid object must have an interior and solid boundary and cannot have a finite portion of space. 11. Finiteness:- A solid must have finite portion of space. 12. Finite Description:- A solid mist have a finite number of faces so that they can be correctly represented in the computers.

Program:
Regenerating model. Auto CAD menu utilities loaded. Command: _pline Specify start point: Current line width is 0.0000 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 66 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 66 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 66 Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: C Command: RE*Cancel* Command: Command: *Cancel* Command: EXT EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4

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Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -38 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Regenerating model. Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Regenerating model. Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: Command: Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Command: C CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify radius of circle or[Diameter]:D Specify diameter of circle: 15 Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: Command:_erase 1 found Command: EXT EXTRUDE Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify height of the extrusion or [Path]: -66 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: SU SUBTRACT Select solids and regions to subtract from. Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract.. Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Command:

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Command: Command: _shade mode Current mode: 2D wireframe enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]<2D wireframe>:_g Command:_3dorbit Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right click to display short cut menu. Command: Command: Command: _shade mode Current mode: Gouraud Enter option [2D wireframe/3D wireframe/Hidden/Flat/Gouraud/fLat+edge/gOuraud+edges]< Gouraud >:_3 Command: Command: Command:_qsave Command: LIST Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 3DSOLID Layer: 0 Space: Model space Handle = 2E Bounding Box: Lower Bound X=186.1005, Y= 138.2924, Z= -66.0000 Upper Bound X= 252.1005,Y=204.2924, Z=0.0000.

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