The Civil Rights Movement:

SHOWDOWN IN BIRMINGHAM 1963

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Elissa Candiotti Sarah Green

Senior Division Primary Sources: Booth, Heather. Telephone Interview. 31 March 2013. Hearing of Heather Booths story was an extremely memorable and advantageous asset to our project. She vividly explained her experience in the movement in Chicago and Mississippi, and although she did not participate in the movement in Birmingham, she provided invaluable information about the Civil Rights Movement during the year 1963. Marrisett, Andrew. Telephone Interview. 16 March 2013. Beneficial, reliable, and honest are just few of the words to describe this phenomenal interview. We learned of Andrew Marrisetts courage and bravery as he participated every step of the way throughout the Civil Rights Movement, specifically in Birmingham. His knowledge of Birmingham was so essential to our project, as we learned of the endless effort he and many others executed in order to achieve success. McKinstry, Carolyn. "Child Protester." Telephone interview. 12 Jan. 2013. This interview cannot be forgotten. As a child protestor and a current civil rights activists, we learned of Carolyn McKinstrys experience in Birmingham. She watched the bombing of houses and the police brutality, just as a young, innocent child. This motivated her to take action, and to today, continue to fight for equal rights amongst all citizens. Moldovan, Alfred. Telephone interview. 20 Jan. 2013. This interview was beneficial, as for the first time, we heard from a completely different point of view. Alfred Moldovan worked in the medical field and was asked to take part in the action by politicians. We heard of his touching experience in Alabama. Murray, Paul. Telephone Interview. 27 Jan. 2013. Motivational and intriguing are two of the few words to describe this interview. As a professor of sociology today, Paul Murray has reflected upon his involvement in the movement and it has clearly impacted his current day

life. Hearing of his story and his advice to us, has positively contributed to our project. Pinchback-Hines, Cynthia. "The National Civil Rights & Social Justice Speakers & Training Bureau." Telephone interview. 20 Jan. 2013. Speaking to Cynthia Pinchback-Hines was such an honor because she and her husband have started an organization recently to benefit young children, curious about the Civil Rights Movement. It allows all individuals to get in touch with participants in the movement, to keep the stories alive. Saltonstall, Stephen L. College Protester. Telephone interview. 16 March 2013. Stephen L. Saltonstall vividly explained his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement, as a senior in college. He described the heart-wrenching stories of his involvement in the movement as a young child and depicted its impact upon him even today. Shores Lee, Judge Helen. "Child Participant." Telephone interview. 19 Jan. 2013. Judge Helen Shores Lee was extremely patient and diligent in describing her experience. As a young child, she watched her friends and family endure brutal conditions. This has had a large impact on her today, as she serves as a judge, to emphasize the significance of equal rights for all. Wasch, Monte. College Protester. Telephone interview. 16 March 2013. Monte Wasch was a phenomenal speaker who so perfectly explained the true brutality of the violence in the southern states during the Civil Rights Movement. His experiences are extremely admirable and enabled us to better understand the dynamic of the year 1963 in the movement. Zellner, Bob. Telephone Interview. 17 March 2013. One of the most intriguing interviews of all, Bob Zellner explained how he deviated from the traditions of his family, as he refused to belong to the Ku Klux Klan. Unlike his family members, he became a civil rights activist in Birmingham. His story and his background were so intriguing and

unforgettable. His information about Birmingham specifically was so valid and on-point with out project. This was truly an appreciated interview. Secondary Sources: Adler, David A., and Bill Farnsworth. Heroes for Civil Rights. New York: Holiday House, 2008. Print. This book was excellent at describing the difficult barriers the African Americans faced, specifically in Birmingham, Alabama. It provided us with vivid descriptions of the riots many participated in, to achieve goals that seemed insurmountable during that time. Arsenault, Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Print. This book analyzed the events of the Freedom Riders, who travelled across the south to advocate civil rights for African Americans. Relevant to our research was the impact of the Freedom Rides that ultimately encouraged more non-violent protests across the south. "Baylor Magazine: Baylor University News." Baylor Magazine. N.p., 03 Sept. 2003. Web. 05 Jan. 2013. This article was an excellent source for understanding Sarah Collins Rudolphs personal experience during the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. Reading this article furthered our knowledge on this unforgettable event in Birmingham in 1963. Boyd, Herb. We Shall Overcome. Naperville, IL: Source, 2004. Print. This book was assisted with a documentary that perfectly described the movement. We listened to the remarkable stories of many participants and we saw footage of the 16th Street Baptist Church, which we researched so diligently. Brimner, Larry Dane. Birmingham Sunday. Honesdale, PA: Calkins Creek, 2010. Print. This book focused upon the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing. As this was a notable event in Birmingham during the movement, it was vital

that we understood the influence it had upon those individuals living in Birmingham during this time period. Cobb, Charles E. On the Road to Freedom: A Guided Tour of the Civil Rights Trail. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin of Chapel Hill, 2008. Print. A quite large book, filled with descriptions of the years 1960 through 1970, this book was a reliable source. The colored pictures of documents furthered our comprehension of the time period. Visualizing the information is a great way to better understand the information provided. Currie, Stephen. The Birmingham Church Bombings. Detroit, MI: Lucent/Thomson Gale, 2006. Print. Focused on the unforgettable Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing, this book elaborated on the causes and effects of this unforgettable rage in history. We read from the point of view of many who were involved and as well, from historians who analyzed this ferocious event. Eskew, Glenn T. But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1997. Print. This information provided by this source is very prevalent throughout our project. This book went into detail about every day of the Civil Rights Movement, specifying the significance of leaders, ordinary folk, and the students. "Equal Access to Public Accommodations - The Civil Rights Movement in Virginia - Virginia Historical Society." Virginia Historical Society The Center for Virginia History. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. <http://www.vahistorical.org/civilrights/equal.htm>. This website added invaluable information to our project, by informing us of the non-violent protests that occurred in many southern states in the nation, throughout the year of 1963. This allowed us to gain background knowledge of the time period, to help us better understand the dynamic changes that Birmingham brought to the nation.

Hampton, Henry, Steve Fayer, and Sarah Flynn. Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s. New York: Bantam, 1990. Print. This was a fantastic book that provided the stories of numerous participants in the movement. Reading the interviews with these participants, allowed us to further understand the brutality and ferociousness they endured. Harding, Vincent, Robin D. G. Kelley, and Earl Lewis. We Changed the World: African Americans, 1945-1970. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Print. This book recounts the compelling relationship between the whites and African Americans during 1945 and 1970. Contributing to our project, were the beneficial quotes and explanations of the protests, court cases, and drafted laws during this period. The title, We Changed the World was definitely supported by the events described in the book. Hasday, Judy L. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: An End to Racial Segregation. New York: Chelsea House, 2007. Print. This book was undoubtedly one of the most utilized and necessary for our project. The turning point, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, was a major focus of our project. This source was phenomenal for dependable quotes, descriptions, and pictures. We further understood Birminghams impact through the reliance on this novel. Levinson, Cynthia. We've Got a Job: The 1963 Birmingham Children's March. Atlanta, GA: Peachtree, 2011. Print. This book was a vital source in understanding the impact of the Childrens March in Birmingham, 1963. As it was written recently, there were many observations taken from current historians, who helped us better comprehend the events in 1963. This book diligently explained the courage, perseverance, and dedication so many of the children had, as they marched and protested together. Lyon, Danny. Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement. Chapel Hill: Published for the Center for Documentary Studies, Duke University, by the University of North Carolina, 1992. Print.

Focusing on the memorable southern Civil Rights Movement, this source was incredibly useful towards our research of the impact of Birmingham. We read of the Civil Rights Movement as a whole, learning of the triumph, consequences, and changes. This enabled us to see life in Birmingham before and after the movement. McWhorter, Diane. A Dream of Freedom: The Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968. New York: Scholastic, 2004. Print. This book intensely spoke of the purpose of Project C and its everlasting impact. Through this source, we were able to gain knowledge of the causes and effects of the movement and the specific role that Birmingham played. Newman, Mark. The Civil Rights Movement. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004. Print. This book specialized in defining the various groups involved in the Civil Rights Movement, providing specific details and events that these perseverant groups partook in. Samuel H. Pillsbury, SpeechCreating Freedom: Birmingham, 1963, a Legal Sermon in Celebration of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday, January 15, 1999, 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 747 (2000). This speech made by Samuel H. Pillsbury, spoke of the importance of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s contributions and D-Day. It specifically spoke of the phases of D-Day, the number of deaths, the goals, and the results. As the childrens involvement was such an empowering force, it was beneficial for us to read this speech to better understand what motivated these children to fight back. Teaching, Tolerance. The Mighty Times Children's March. Montgomery, Alabama: Southern Poverty Law Center, 2005. Print. An unforgettable source of information, this book included a memorable documentary that undoubtedly grabbed our attention. It was an excellent way to hear the stories of those involved and see a slideshow of touching pictures that defined the movement.

"The Civil Rights Movement." Abbeville Press. N.p., 2007. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. This article in the Abbeville Press Newspaper described a heart-wrenching interview with Danella Bryant, a high school student in Birmingham during the Civil Rights Movement. Understanding her point of view was vital in order to truly respect the students perseverance and courage. Venable, Rose. The Civil Rights Movement. Chanhassen, MN: Child's World, 2002. Print. This novel was very important to our project and research. It described so intensely the various point of views of those individuals who participated in the movement. This book provided further insight as to why Birmingham was a nucleus for the Civil Rights Movement and how it changed so many lives. Weatherford, Carole Boston. Birmingham, 1963. Honesdale, PA: Wordsong, 2007. Print. This book recounts the everlasting impact of the year 1963 in Birmingham. Pertaining to our topic perfectly, this book was an excellent source for information. There were detailed chapters and an informative summary of the key events that occurred in Birmingham, specifically in 1963. Wexler, Sanford. The Civil Rights Movement: An Eyewitness History. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1993. Print. This book provided a surplus of colored photographs taken during the Civil Rights Movement. Many of these photographs were taken in Birmingham, especially between 1963 and 1964. "WGBH American Experience . Freedom Riders | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. American Experience. Web. 15 Jan. 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/. This website was extremely beneficial as we were able to see a virtual tour of the journey across the south that so many took part in. As well, an

organized and interactive timeline enhanced our understanding of the time period.