LI M U

Mn hoc Cu truc d liu nng cao la mt mn c ban, nn tang cho mi ngi hoc va lam v cng ngh thng tin. Trong mn hoc nay, chung ta c tim hiu, nghin cu rt nhiu cu truc d liu cung vi nhng ng dung cua chung trong thc t. Tai liu nay nhm gii thiu v cu truc splay tree cy splay va ng dung splay tree trong nen d liu. Chung ti xin trn trng t lng bit n ti Tin s Nguyn Manh Hung - ngi trc tip ging dy mn hc Cu truc d liu nng cao. Chung ti cng xin chn thnh cm n cc bn b v ng nghip nhit tnh gip ti hon thnh bi tp ny. Mc d c gng nhng chc hn tai liu khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. V vy chung ti rt mong c Thy cng cc bn nhn xt v gp ti c tai liu ny c hon thin hn. Chung ti xin trn thanh cam n!

Ha Ni, thang 5 nm 2009 Nhom hoc vin thc hin: L Thu Ha Pham Thi Thanh Tn Trng Thi Hng Thuy

MUC LUC

LI M U.........................................................................................1 1. Splay tree.............................................................................................3

1.1 Gii thiu v Splay tree.................................................................3 1.2 Nguyn tc hot ng cua splay tree............................................4 1.2.1 Phng phap Bottom Up.........................................................4 1.2.2 Phng phap phn tich Top Down........................................6 1.3 Cac phep cp nht trn Splay Tree................................................9 1.3.3 Split (i,T) Tch cy T ti node i...........................................10 1.3.4 Insert (i,T) .............................................................................12 1.3.5 Delete (i,T) Xo nt i khi cy T.........................................13 1.4. Phn tch khu hao.....................................................................14 1.4.1 Chi ph khu hao cho 1 bc trong php quay c bn..........15 1.4.2 Chi ph khu hao cho php quay nt i v gc r trong php quay c bn....................................................................................15 1.4.3 B truy nhp ....................................................................16 1.4.4 inh ly cn bng ..................................................................17 1.4.5 inh ly ti u tinh hoc...........................................................18 2.1 S dung phep quay Splaying trong nen d liu ...........................20 2.2 S dung phep quay Semi - Splaying trong nen d liu ...............23

2. ng dung cua nen d liu qua Splay tree.......................................20

1. Splay tree
1.1 Gii thiu v Splay tree Splay tree c cc tc gi D.D.Sleator v R.E.Tarjan a ra nm 1983. Cy Splay l cy tm kim nh phn, song mi php ton trn cy i km theo thao tc cu trc li cy, nh cac cy t iu chinh khac la cy AVL hay cy o en, c gi l splaying cy. Vi cy AVL hoc cy - en, chng ta khng quan tm ti tn sut truy cp ca cc phn t d liu, m thay cho iu chng ta lun lun m bo cy khng bao gi mt cn bng ti mi nh, v do thi gian thc hin cc php ton trn cy l O(logn). ci t cy AVL hoc cy - en, ta cn phi a vo mi nh thng tin v s cn bng hoc v mu ca nh . Trong khi o, Splaying cy nhm mc ch gim bt tng thi gian truy cp d liu bng cch dch chuyn cc d liu c thng xuyn truy cp ln gn gc cy, v v vy s truy cp ti cc d liu s nhanh hn. u im ca Splay cy l chng ta khng cn lu thng tin v s cn bng ca cc nh, v do , tit kim c b nh v s ci t cng n gin hn. Bn canh o, Splay tree la cy nhi phn tim kim nn cung kha ro rang, d hiu va d dang thc hin cac thao tac c bn nh: tm kim, xo, chn, Y tng cua Splay tree la sp xp cc nt va c xt, c tn sut s dng cao v gc va xem xt vi cc nt trong c nhiu con chu hay cc nt l. Vic chuyn mt nh v bt k ln gc cy l rt n gin bng cch s dng cc php quay cy (tri hoc phi), mi ln quay nh v c chuyn ln 1 mc. Chng hn, di chuyn nt c truy nhp x v gc bi php quay:

1.2 Nguyn tc hot ng cua splay tree Trn cy splay, cc php quay c nh ngha bng cc quy tc quay quay dn nt c xt v gc C 2 phng php quay: - Bottom Up: Xut pht t nt c truy cp, ta quay nt ny t di ln trn cho n khi n tr thnh nt gc. - Top Down: Xut pht t gc ca cy, ta quay nt ny t trn xung di n khi n nt ang c truy cp. - Trn cy splay, cc php quay c nh ngha bng cc quy tc quay quay dn nt c xt v gc. Nu x la gc cua cy thi khng phai thc hin gi. 1.2.1 Phng phap Bottom Up Ph thuc vo cu trc ca ng dn truy cp v lun m bo cy Splay vn la cy tim kim nhi phn, phng phap Bottom Up s dung 3 quy tc quay c ban sau: Dng 1: Zig Gia s cha cua nut x la gc cua cy, ta thc hin quay x quanh nut cha cua x.

Dng 2: Zig-Zig Cha ca nt x khng phai l gc ca cy, nt x l con tri ( hoc con phi) cua nut gc, cha ca nt x l con

Quay y quanh z

Quay x quanh y

phi (hoc con tri) cua nut gc. Ta thc hin phep quay cha cua x quanh ng cua x va quay x quanh cha ca x.

 Dng 3: Zig-Zag Cha ca nt x khng l gc ca cy, nt x l con tri (hoc con phi) cua nut gc, cha ca nt x l con phi (hoc con tri) cua nut gc. Ta thc hin quay x quanh cha ca x va quay x quanh ng ca x. Quay x quanh y Quay x quanh z

Vi du: Ap dung quy tc quay quay nut a thanh nut gc.

Cha ca a l nt d, khng phi l nt gc, d l con tri, cn a l con phi,p dng quy tc zig-zag
i f e d a b D E a c F C D C D E F B c G A d b E F f a e G H g H h I J

i i h g f A d c b e G H I J h

J I

Cha ca a l nt b, khng phi l nt gc, b v a u l con phi, p dng quy tc zig-zig

B C

i h g a J I H a d b c e h

Cha ca a l nt f, khng phi l nt gc, f l con tri, cn a l con phi. p dng quy tc zig-zag

g d b c e

H G

E D

G h a I

C J

E D

f d b c F e

A B

H G

Cha ca a l nt h, khng phi l nt gc, a v h u l con tri p dng quy tc zig-zig

E D

1.2.2 Phng phap phn tich Top Down Ph thuc vo cu trc ca ng dn truy cp v lun m bo cy Splay vn la cy tim kim nhi phn, phng phap Bottom Up s dung 4 quy tc quay c ban sau: Dng 1: Zig Cha ca nt Y l gc ca cy, ta thc hin: Quay nt Y quanh nt cha ca Y. Nt Y tr thnh nt ch ca X.

 Dng 2: Zig - Zig Cha ca nt Z khng phi l gc, nt Z v cha ca nt Z cng l con tri (hoc con phi) cua nut gc. Ta thc hin: Quay cha ca Z quanh ng ca Z va quay Z quanh cha ca Z

Dang 3: Zig Zag Cha ca nt Z khng l gc ca cy, nt Z l con tri (hoc con phi), cha ca nt Z l con phi (tri) cua nut gc. Ta thc hin quay cha ca Z quanh ng ca Z.

Dang 4: Reasembling Thc hin: sp xp li cy

V D: Ap dng cc quy tc quay nt 18 tr thnh nt gc

g -Za g i Z

Zi gZi g

-6-

Zig

Re a

se

m bl e

1.3 Cac phep cp nht trn Splay Tree 1.3.1 Find (i, T) - Tm kim nt i trn cy T - Tm kim nt i trn T, nh BST - Nu tm thy, quay nt i v gc - Nu khng c i, quay nt cui cng c thm trn ng dn tm kim v gc. V d tim nt 65 trn cy T
5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 2 5 6 3 4 3 6 65 5 6 6 5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 4 3 6 3 6 5 7 0 6 0 7 0

Dng zig-zag

=>quay nt 65 quanh nt
70, quay nt 65 quanh 60
2 0 1 6 4 0 4 3

5 0 6 5 6 3 6 6 7 0

6 0

Dng zig => quanh 65 quanh 50

6 6

6 0

V d tim nt 42 trn cy T
5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 2 5 6 3 4 3 6 5 6 6 6 0 7 0

Nt 42 khng tim thy trn cy, nt 43 c thm ln cui cng trn ng dn tim kim => quay nt 43

4 3 4 0 2 0 1 6 6 5 6 3 6 6 5 0 6 0 7 0

Dng zig-zag =>quay nt 43 quanh nt 40, quay nt 43 quanh 50

1.3.2 Catenate (T1,T2)

- Ni 2 cy T1 v T2 c 1 cy BST - Tm nt i ln nht trong cy T1 - Quay i v lm gc T1 - Ni T2 lm con phi ca nt gc i

i T1 T2 T1
V d ni 2 cy

i T2 T1 T2
sau

1 0 8 2 3 2 5 2 9 5 5

6 0 7 5 6 5 9 0

Cy T1
2 9 2 5 1 0 8 5 2 3 5 5 6 5 6 0

Cy T2

7 5 9 0

1.3.3 Split (i,T) Tch cy T ti node i Trng hp 1: i T Quay nt i v lm gc ca T Ct lin kt tri hoc lin kt phi ca nt i 10

=> cy T c tch ti nt i thnh 2 cy : T1, T2

Ct lin kt phi ca i
i

Quay i v gc
T 1 T 2

T 1

T i 2

Ct lin kt tri ca i
T 1 T 2

Trng hp 2: i T gc ca T Ct lin kt phi ca nt i- hoc lin kt tri ca i+ => cy T c tch ti nt i- hoc i+ thnh 2 cy: T1, T2
Quay i- v gc
T 1 i -

Quay nt i- (nt c gi tr lin trc i) hoc i+ ( nt c gi tr lin sau i) v

i -

Ct lin kt phi ca iT 2 T 1 T i 2 +

Quay i + v gc

i +

T1
Ct lin kt tri ca i +
T 2

T V d tch cy T ti nt 60 1
5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 6 3 4 3 6 5 6 6 6 0

T 1

T 2

Quay nt 60 (dng zig)

5 0 7 0 2 0 1 6 5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 4 3 6 5 6 3 6 6 6 0 7 0 4 0 4 3 6 3

6 0 7 0 6 5 6 6

Ct lin kt tri ca nt 60

Cy T1

Cy T2
-9-

11

1.3.4 Insert (i,T) Insert (i,T) - Phep chen 1 - Chn nt vo nh trong BST - Quay nt va c chn v gc - Nu c i trong T th quay nt v gc Insert (i,T) Phep chen 2: - Thc hin Split(i,T) ta c 2 cy con T1, T2 - Ni cy T1 thnh con bn tri ca nt i, T2 thnh con bn phi ca nt i
Ni T1 thnh con tri ca i Split(i,T)
T 1 T 2

Ni T2 thnh con phi ca i

T 1

T 2

V d chn nt 42 vo cy T
4 0 4 3 5 0 6 0

5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 6 3 4 3 6 5 6 6 6 0 7 0

Split(42,T )
1 6

2 0

Cy T1
4 2 6 5 4 3 5 0 6 0 7 0 6 5 6 3 6 6 6 3 6 6

7 0

4 0 2 0

Cy T2

Ni T1 thanh con trai cua 42 Ni T2 thanh con phai cua 42

1 6

12

1.3.5 Delete (i,T) Xo nt i khi cy T Quay nt i v nt gc ca cy T (nu nt i khng c trn cy T thi quay nt c thm ln cui cng trn ng dn tim kim) Ct b lin kt tri v lin kt phi ca nt i, ta c hai cy T1 v T2 Xa nt i Catenate(T1, T2)
i i

Quay nt i

Ct lin kt tri v lin kt phi ca nt i, xa nt i

T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2

Catenate(T1, T2)
T

V d xa nt 40 khi cy T

5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 2 5 6 3 4 3 6 5 6 0

Quay nt 40 v gc
2 0

40 5 0 2 5 4 3 6 0 7 0

7 0

1 6

6 6 2 0 1 6

2 5
5 0 4 3 6 0 7 0 6 5 6 3 6 6 6 3

6 5 6 6

V d xa nt 80 khi cy T
5 0 4 0 2 0 1 6 2 5 6 3 4 3 6 5 6 6 6 0 7 0 2 0 4 0 4 3 2 5 5 0 6 3 6 0

7 0

6 5 6 6

13

1 6

1.4. Phn tch khu hao Khi mt kiu d liu c ci t v c s dng trong mt chng trnh p dng th thng thng l mt dy cc php ton ca kiu d liu s c thc hin, ch t khi ch thc hin mt vi php ton. Nhng t trc n nay, ta mi ch quan tm nh gi thi gian chy ca mi php ton ring bit, v c th l nh gi thi gian chy trong trng hp xu nht v thi gian chy trung bnh ca mi php ton. Chng ta c th nh gi thi gian chy trong trng hp xu nht ca mt dy php ton bng phng php n gin sau. nh gi thi gian chy trong trng hp xu nht ca mi php ton trong dy, sau ly tng nhn c cn trn ca thi gian chy trong trng hp xu nht ca c dy php ton. Tuy nhin cch nh gi ny l qu th, bi v khi mt php ton c thc hin, n c th lm thay i v tr ca cc d liu trong cu trc v do c th lm cho trng hp xu nht ca cc php ton c thc hin sau khng xy ra. Nh vy thi gian chy thc t trong trng hp xu nht ca mt dy php ton c th thp hn nhiu so vi tng thi gian chy trong trng hp xu nht ca mi php ton trong dy. Phng php phn tch khu hao cho php ta c th nh gi cn trn cht ca thi gian chy ca mt dy php ton. Phng php ny thng c s dng nh gi thi gian chy ca mt dy php ton trn cc cu trc d liu t iu chnh. Gi W(i) l trng lng nt i, w(i) dng, l hng s bt k S(x) kch cua nt x= trng cc nt trong cy con ca x: - K chla th cthc ca mt nt xtng trn c ylng splay k hi u l cc s(x): s(x)= w ( y)
yTx

Bc ca nt x l rank(x) = r(x) = log 2 (s(x)) (th nng ca nt) Hm th nng: = tng cc bc ca cc nt trong cy Thi gian ca php quay = tng s ln quay trong php quay .
- Hmthnng camt cy Splay: pf( )= r(x)
x T

Trong T lton b cc nt ca cy splay, x lmt nt thuc T

inh nghia: Hiu th nng

Trong :

Y: nt T: cy trc khi quay 14

R: cy sau khi quay rank+(y): th nng ca nt y sau khi quay Rank-(y): th nng ca nt y trc khi quay Vy ta co: 0 mi x T, do mi nt dch chuyn dn v gc nn bc sau quay >= bc trc quay. Khi o: Chi ph khu hao = chi ph thc s + hiu th nng 1.4.1 Chi ph khu hao cho 1 bc trong php quay c bn

Trong o: end: th nng ca cy sau khi quay o: th nng ca cy trc khi quay Cng thm hng s 1 l chi ph thc s ca cy ban u bin thnh cy sau khi thc hin php quay.

Trong :

Y: nt T: cy trc khi quay R: cy sau khi quay rank+(y): th nng ca nt y sau khi quay Rank-(y): th nng ca nt y trc khi quay

1.4.2 Chi ph khu hao cho php quay nt i v gc r trong php quay c bn

Trong :

A: chi ph khu hao quay nt i v gc rank(r): th nng ca nt gc Rank(y): th nng ca nt i trong cy trc quay

Chiu cao cy ban u = 2 (trong php quay c bn), nt gc c chiu cao l 0.Chi ph thc s = 1

Ti bc j trong qu trnh quay i v gc: 15

Trong :

Aj: chi ph khu hao bc j tj: chi ph thi gian thc s cho bc j (j-1): th nng ca cy trc bc truy cp j (j): th nng ca cy sau bc truy cp j

Sau p dng cho m thao tc trong qu trnh quay i v gc, vy tng chi ph khu hao l:

1.4.3 B truy nh p Thi gian khu hao ti B truy nhp: a quay mt nt x trong mt gian khu tr ti a quay nt x trong cy gc t l: c y Thi splay c nt gc t l:

3(r(t) - r(x)) +1 = O(log(

Chng minh: i vi mi php quay c bn:

s(t ) )) s( x )

Gi s, s v r, r tng ng l kch thc v bc ca nt trc v sau quay. Ta c thi gian khu hao ti a ca mi php quay: Zig l: 3.(r(x) - r(x)) + 1 Zig zig hoc zig zag l: 3.(r(x) - r(x))

Thi gian khu khao cua phep quay Zig : tgkh = 1 + = 1 + r(x) + r(y) - r(x) - r(y) 1 + r(x) + r(y) - r(x) - r(y) (do r(y) r(y)) 1 + r(x) - r(x) 1 + 3(r(x) - r(x)) (do r(x) r(x)) 16

Thi gian khu khao cua phep quay Zig Zig: tgkh = 2 + = 2 + r(x) + r(y) + r(z) - r(x) - r(y) - r(z) = 2 + r(y) + r(z) - r(x) - r(y) 2 + r(x) + r(z) - 2r(x) do r(x)= r(z) do r(y) r(x), r(x) r(y)

2r(x) - r(x) - r(z) + r(x) + r(z) - 2r(x) do 2 2r(x) - r(x) - r(z) 3(r(x) - r(x)) Thi gian khu khao cua phep quay Zig Zag tgkh = 2 + r(x) + r(y) + r(z) - r(x) - r(y) - r(z) = 2 + r(y) + r(z) - r(x) - r(y) 2 + r(y) + r(z) - 2r(x) do r(x) = r(z) do r(x) r(y)

2r(x) - r(y) - r(z) + r(y) + r(z) - 2r(x) do 2 2r(x) - r(y) - r(z)

B truy nhp: Thi gian khu hao ti a quay mt nt x trong mt V y: Thi gian khugc tr ti a quay nt x trong cy gc t l: c y splay c nt t l: 3(r(t) - r(x)) +1 = O(log(
1.4.4 inh ly cn bng nh l: Thi gian truy cp m nt trong cy splay n nt l: O((m+n)log n) Chng minh: Ban u, gia s rng mi nut co trong lng la 1/n, khi o:

2(r(x) - r(x)) 3(r(x) - r(x))

do r(x) r(x)

s(t ) )) s( x )

Sau khi cac nut a c a v cung trong lng tc la: w(i j)=w(i)=1/n va w=1, ta c:

17

Vy: Thi gian truy cp m nut trong cy Splay n nut co phc tap la O((m+n)log n) 1.4.5 inh ly ti u tinh hoc Nu tt c cc nt c truy cp t nht 1 ln th tng thi gian truy cp l: O(m + q(i) log (m/q(i)) ) Trong : q(i): tng thi gian s ln - truy cp ti nt i n: s nt ca cy splay m: s nt c truy cp Chng minh nh l ti u tnh hc Gia s hang tai nut i la q(i)/m (tng cua tt ca cac q(i) la m) va tng trong lng cua w la 1, khi o:

M theo gt: mi nt c truy cp t nht 1 ln nn ta c:

Vy: Nu tt c cc nt c truy cp t nht 1 ln th tng thi gian truy cp l: O(m + q(i) log (m/q(i)) ) Mi php ton trn cy Splay km theo 1 hoc 2 php quay cy. Thi gian thc hin mi php ton l t l vi thi gian thc hin php quay cy tng ng. Do thi 18

gian chy thc t ca mt dy php quay cy tng ng vi dy php ton b chn trn bi thi gian khu hao ca dy php quay cy . Thi gian khu hao ca mt php lm quay l O(logn). Vy thi gian thc hin mt dy php lm quay tng ng vi mt dy m php ton l O(mlogn). iu cng c ngha l thi gian thc hin mt dy m php ton trn cy Splay xut pht t cy rng l O(mlogn).

19

2. ng dung cua nen d liu qua Splay tree

Nhu cu trao i d liu gia mi ngi ngy mt tng, d liu m chng ta mun chia s, trao i ngy mt ln hn, phc tp hn v a dng hn. gii quyt vn ny bi ton nn d liu ra i, mc ch ca n l lm gim kch thc ca d liu gc nhm giup cho vic x l d liu nhanh hn (sao chp, di chuyn, ti d liu,) Nn d liu thng la mt qua trinh ma hoa thng tin bng cach s dung s bit it hn nhiu so vi ma ban u nhng ngi oc ma vn co th hiu c toan b ni dung cua oan ma nh vic s dung ma ban u. Co nhiu phng phap nen d liu khac nhau kho co th c phng pht nn tng qut no cho kt qu tt i vi tt c cc loi tp tin Splay tree co nhiu u im trong ng dung nen d liu la vn ban (Trong c mt s k t no c xc sut xut hin nhiu hn cc k t khc) 2.1 S dung phep quay Splaying trong nen d liu Mt trong nhng ng dng ca splay tree l nn d liu.Qu trnh nn d liu c thc hin thng qua vic m ha d liu Thc hin m ha d liu: Gi s chng ta mun m ha vn bn thng qua bng ch ci no . Ta xy dng mt cy nh phn cha cc ch ci ca cc nt l ca n.Qu trnh xy dng cy c thc hin da trn hot ng ca Splay Tree m ha mt xu c cc k t thuc bng ch ci ta lm nh sau: + Gi s x l k t u tin cn m ha + Xut pht t gc ca cy ( c xy dng sn) ta i theo mt ng dn t gc ti x. Trong qu trnh i ta m ha l 0 khi i sang tri v m ha l 1 khi i sang phi. Dy cc m 01 thu c chnh l dy m ha k t x + Quay nt cha ca x v gc v dng cy mi sau khi quay cha ca x m ha ch ci tip theo.

20

V d: m ho chui k t aabg... Xy dng cy nh phn m cc ch ci l ca n

0 0 a b c d e f g h

M ha k t a la 000 Quay nt cha ca a, c cy mi

a b

d e f g h

M ha k t a tip theo la 0 V nt cha ca a l gc nn khng phi quay

a b

d e f g h

M ha k t b la 10 21

Quay nt cha ca b, ta c cy mi

b c d e f g h

M ha k t g la 1110 Thc hin giai ma: Gii m v m ha phi thng nht vi nhau v cy ban u. Thc hin giai ma la qua trinh ngc vi ma hoa Phn tch vic nn d liu thng qua cy splay - Vic nn d liu qua cy splay hiu qu nh th no? - Gi s m l # ca cc k t trong xu gc - Chiu di ca xu sau nn = m+chi ph cc php quay m chi ph cc php quay, theo nh l ti u tnh hc c xc nh: O(m + q(i) log (m/q(i)) ) Ta c m + O(m + q(i) log (m/q(i)) ) = O(m + q(i) log (m/q(i)) ) c bit, chiu di ca chui sau khi nn thng qua b m Huffman t nht l q(i) log (m/q(i)). Nhng xy dng c b m ha Huffman, ta cn bit trc tn sut xut hin ca cc k t trong chui. m ha mt chui cc k t bng m Huffman ta phi tri qua hai qu trnh c chui. Ln c ln th nht nm c tn xut xut xut hin cc k t trong chui, xy dng bng m. Ln c th hai mi thc hin vic m ha da vo bng m. m ha mt chui cc k t bng Splay Tree ta khng cn phi quan tm n tn xut ca cc k t trng chui. V cc k t trong chui thuc mt bng ch ci nht nh, ta xy dng mt cy nh phn m cc l ca cy l cc k t thuc bng ch ci ny. Cy nh phn ny c th dng m ha mt chui k t vi tn xut xut hin cc k t l bt k. Qu trnh m ha ch cn c chui k t mt ln. Hot ng ca Splay Tree l lin tc 22

y cc nt c thm sau mi php ton v gc, nn cc k t c tn xut xut hin cao s t ng c y v gc. V vy qu trnh m ha mang hiu qua nn cao 2.2 S dung phep quay Semi - Splaying trong nen d liu Xet mt dang khac cua Splay Tree la Semi splaying (ban quay) D. Jones (88) ch ra rng k thut nn qua cy semi-splay (mt bin th ca cy splay) c th cnh tranh c vi m ho Huffman ng (Vitter 87) Vi phep quay nh binh thng regular splaying ta co phep zigzig thc hin nh sau:

inh nghia phep ban quay (semi - splaying) nh sau: xoay cha cua x la y quanh ng cua x la z. Sau o xet tip vi y
z

*
D x

C A B C D

Dang zig va zig zag thc hin nh vi slaying thng thng. Nn d liu qua semi-splay M hoa : - M ho k t x: trn ng dn t gc ti x, m ho l 0 nu i sang tri v m ho l 1 nu i sang phi. - Nu l semi play zig-zig th bn quay theo quy tc trn - Xon cy sao cho k t c m l l cc tri V d m ha aabg 23

0 0 0
a b c d e f g h
M ha k t a la 000 a l nt cc tri nn khng phi xon cy

Ma hoa ky t a tip theo la 0, minh hoa cy sau y

Do nt cha ca a gc nn ta khng phi quay n

24

 M ha k t b la 100

M ha k t g la 10110 nh sau:

25

Nhn chung khng th c phng pht nn tng qut no cho kt qu tt i vi tt c cc loi tp tin v nu khng ta s p dng n ln phng php nn ny t c mt tp tin nh tu . K thut nn ap dung cu truc Splay tree thng c p dng cho cc tp tin vn bn ma trong c mt s k t no c xc sut xut hin nhiu hn cc k t khc.

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KT LUN
Splay tree c cc tc gi D.D.Sleator v R.E.Tarjan a ra nm 1983. Splaying cy nhm mc ch gim bt tng thi gian truy cp d liu bng cch dch chuyn cc d liu c thng xuyn truy cp ln gn gc cy, v v vy s truy cp ti cc d liu s nhanh hn. u im ca Splay cy l chng ta khng cn lu thng tin v s cn bng ca cc nh, v do , tit kim c b nh v s ci t cng n gin hn. K thut nn ap dung cu truc Splay tree thng c p dng cho cc tp tin vn bn ma trong c mt s k t no c xc sut xut hin nhiu hn cc k t khc. Vi thi gian co han nn cha th nghin cu su cung nh tim hiu nhiu hn na cac ng dung cua splay tree. Rt mong nhn c s ong gop y kin cua thy giao va cac hoc vin khac.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Gio trnh thut ton. NXB Thng k 2002. Nhm Ngc Anh Th dch [2]. Slide Bi ging mn hc Cu trc d liu nng cao. TS Nguyn Mnh Hng [3]. Ti liu COMP670 online Algorithm Self-organized Splay Tree. Hung Lau Yung [4]. Handbook of Data Structures and applications. 2005. Dinesh P.Mehta v Sartaj Sahni. [5]. Cc cu trc d liu cao cp. Website congdongCviet.com

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