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DC Machines
DC Machines
DC Machines
Stocker Center, home of Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology
For Part 3 of
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
2
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Ohio Ohio Universitys Universitys Russ Russ College College of of Engineering Engineering & & Technology Technology
Introduction
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Electrical energy = vi t Motor Generator Mechanical energy = Temt
+ v
Te
Flux-cutting Rule: Voltage e = Blu is induced in the moving conductor ascending the stationary rails
B (flux density) is in T., the moving conductors length and speed (l and u) are in m. and m./sec. respectively
12:21 PM Ohio Ohio Universitys Universitys Russ Russ College College of of Engineering Engineering & & Technology Technology
From Example 13.1 (pp. 494-495): v = 0.5 B r12 = 6.28 V. for B = 0.4 T., = 1200 RPM and r 1 = 0.5 m.which for the machines physical size and speed, isnt very much. Moral: The homopolar scheme isnt practical
12:21 PM Ohio Ohio Universitys Universitys Russ Russ College College of of Engineering Engineering & & Technology Technology
AC Generator
DC Generator
Commutator-brush assembly mechanically rectifies the coils AC voltage so that DC voltage appears across the brushes
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DC Motor
Conductor a under S pole
A unidirectional (CCW) torque acts on the coil per text Fig. 13.7, p. 499 (left-hand rule for forces acting on the coils conductors) 12:21 PM Ohio Ohio Universitys Universitys Russ Russ College College of of Engineering Engineering & & Technology Technology
DC Machine Parts
Armature Lamination
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Wave Winding
Odd- and even-numbered conductors are at the top and bottom of the slots respectively
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Coil in slot
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Shunt excited (armaSeries excited (armature & field in parallel ) ture & field in series ) 12:21 PM Ohio Ohio Universitys Universitys Russ Russ College College of of Engineering Engineering & & Technology Technology
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17
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EIa = Te 123.5 . = 226.4 N.m 123.5 rad./sec. which has solution E = 226.4 V.
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Ia
Ra
+
RaIa
Shaft
Vt
n Rf Field
If + Vf
E = V t - RaIa (KVL) and E = k 1n so that n = (V t - RaIa )/(k1 ) which is the so-called speed equation If the field isnt saturated, then = k fIf so that n = (V t - RaIa )/(kIf ) where k = k1kf
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Ia
Supply
Example 13.5
A 250 V. shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.25 and a field resistance of 125 . At no load (1200 RPM), the motor draws a current of 5 A. At full load, the motor draws 52 A. Whats the motors full-load speed (in RPM)?
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Ia
Supply
Ia
Supply
Ia
Supply
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+ + E
Ra = 0 Rf
Ia
I = 0 A. + Vt
If
Unloaded Shunt Excited Generator Given that the machine isnt loaded and that Ra is negligible, Ia = If and E(If) = RfIf where E(If) is a non-linear function of the field current I f. The implications of this are shown in the next slide.
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Slope = Rf
+
E
Residual magnetism
Rf If
If
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Example 13.6
A 50 KW, 250 V., short-shunt compound generator has the following date: Ra = 0.06 , Rser. = 0.04 and Rf = 125 . Calculate the induced armature emf at rated load and terminal voltage. Take 2 V. as the total brush-contact voltage drop. +
Ia Ra = 0.06 Rser. = 0.04
RaIa
+
Rf = 125 If V t = 250 V. 50 KW
+ E
I = 50KW/250 V. = 200A.
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Ia Ra = 0.06
+
V t = 250 V. 50 KW
+ E
+
Vf
Rf = 125 If
I = 200A.
KVL: V f = Vt + R ser.I = 250V. + .04200A. = 258 V. If = Vf/Rf = 258V./125 = 2.064 A. and by KCL: Ia = I + If = 200 A. + 2.064 A. = 202.064 A. KVL: E = Vf + R aI a = 258 V. + .06202.064A. = 270.12 V. KVL: E = E + V brush = 270.12V. + 2V. = 272.12 V. Note that Vbrush isnt shown on the schematic
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I
Rf
Ia
Ra = 0.05
Vt = 230 V.
If
+ RaIa + E
50 hp Shunt Excited Motor On starting, E = k1 n = 0 V. (since n = 0 RPM) By KVL: Ia = (V t - E)/Ra = 230 V./.05 = 4.6 KA. and Pa = (Ia)2 Ra = 1.058 MW = 1.42 Khp >> 50 hp = rated hp Where is this power going? In practice, high starting currents are limited by way of a starting mechanism which places resistance in series with the armature during startup 12:21 PM Ohio Ohio Universitys Universitys Russ Russ College College of of Engineering Engineering & & Technology Technology
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Ia
Supply
Example 13.7
The shunt motor draws 7 A. when running at 1120 RPM and 46 A. at a greater load. Whats the motors speed at this greater load, and, what is its speed if the field resistance is increased to 100 at this (46 A.) load?
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Ia
Supply
Ia
Supply
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I = 46A. +
Ia
Supply
Example 13.8
Whats the motors speed if its running as shown above (with a 0.1 resistor placed in the armature circuit)? From Example 13.7, I f = 3.07A., Ia = 42.93A. and k = 0.0668 so the speed equation gives n = (230V. - 0.15 42.93A.)/(3.07A. 0.0668) = 1090 RPM (Note: P0.1 = (42.93A.)2 0.1 = 184.3 W.)
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+
Vm
Ia
Motor E
Vm = Vt , Switch down: Vm = 0 V.
The average voltage (Vm) across the motor (and hence its speed) is controlled (see Figure 13.23 on text p. 516) by the electronically controlled switch (Thyristor) Three temporal switching schemes are shown on the next slide
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Vave. = V
Where: = Duty cycle = t on/T
FM-PWM hybrid
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Thyristor
Supply
Vt
+
Vm
Ia
Freewheeling diode (provides path for motors current during Thyristor shut-off)
+ Ldi/dt
Motor
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Thyristor = SC
Vm = Vt
Supply
Vt
+
Vm
Ia
+ Ldi/dt
Motor
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Thyristor = OC
0 A. Ia decreasing (no supply)
Vm = 0 V.
Supply
Vt
+
Vm = 0 V.
Ia
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Example 13.9
For a DC series motor, the following data are given: supply voltage = 440 V., duty cycle = 30%, motor circuit inductance = 0.04 H., maximum allowable change in armature current = 8 A. Determine the chopper frequency. The average voltage across the motor is Vave. = V t = 0.3 440V. = 132 V. The voltage across the motor circuit inductance is V t - V ave. = 440V. - 132V. = 308 V. = 0.04H.8A./ton = Li/t (mimicking Ldi/dt) which yields ton = 1.04 ms But = t on /T T = t on / = 1.04 ms/0.3 = 3.46 ms so that the frequency is f = 1/T = 1/(3.46ms) = 289 pulses per second
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Converters
These change AC input voltage to a controllable DC voltage which governs the motors speed. They take advantage of natural (line) commutation (by way of sinusoidal zeros) so no complex commutation circuitry is needed. See text pp. 519-522 for details including performance figures of merit (i.e., input power, displacement and harmonic factors)
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Example 13.10
A 1hp, 240 V. DC motor is designed to run at 500 RPM when supplied from a DC source. The motors armature resistance is 7.56 . Its torque and backemf constants are 4.23 Nm/A and 4.23 V/(rad.sec.) respectively. The motor is driven by a half-wave converter at 200 V., 50 Hz. AC and draws a 2 A. average current at a certain load. While the SCR conducts, the average motor voltage Vm is 120 V. Determine the torque developed by the motor, the motors speed and the supply power factor. The torque is
E = V m - R aIa = 120V. - 7.562A. = 104.88 V. = 4.23 V/(rad.sec.) m = k m Which yields m = 24.79 rad./sec. (which is about 237 RPM) The voltageamperage of the motor is |S|= 200V. 2A. = 400 VA and the average power drawn by the motor is VmI a = 120V. 2A. = 240 W so the power factor is P/|S| = 0.6 lagging.
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Ward-Leonard system
This speed-control approach employs a DC generator supplying a DC motor with a variable DC supply voltage (see Example 13.11 on text p. 523). Speed control is obtained by varying the field current of the generator and/or motor. The Ward-Leonard speed-control methodology is being supplanted by the aforementioned power-electronics schemes.
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Pw&f
Pstray
Output VtIa
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Pstray
Pw&f
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Example 13.12
A 230 V., 10 hp shunt motor draws a full-load line current of 40 A. The armature and field resistances are 0.25 and 230 respectively. The total brush-contact drop is 2 V. and the core and friction losses are 380 W. (total). Calculate the efficiency of the motor assuming the stray-load losses are 1% of the motors rated output. The input power is Pin = V tIline = 230V. 40A. = 9.2 KW The (shunt) field circuit losses are Vt 2/Rf = (230V.) 2/230 = 230 W. The armature losses are P arm.loss = (I line - If) 2Ra = (40A. - 230V./230)2 0.25 = 380.25 W. The core + friction losses are 380 W. and the stray losses are 0.1 hp (1% of 10 hp) which is 74.6 W. The brush-contact losses are Vb-c Ia = 2V. 39A. = 78 W. The total losses are 1142.85 W. So the output power is P in - total losses = 8.05715 W. and the efficiency is (Pout/Pin) 100% 87.58%
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Enthusiasm!!