HR Manual 05

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human (Hreib) handbook.pmd 1 12/6/2005, 2:11 PM

HREIB
Author : Aung Myo Min

Director, HREIB
Layout &
Cover Design by : April
Published by : Human Rights Education Institute of Burma

(HREIB)
Address : G.P.O Box 485
Chiang Mai, 50000,
Thailand
e-mail : hreburma@loxinfo.co.th
Second Edition : 1000 copies, December 2005.
© Aung Myo Min
All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced, provided

that no commercial use is made of it and the author is acknowl-
edged.
Funded by the National Endowment for Democracy

(NED)
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ta&;qdik &f m odaumif;p&mrsm;ESihf yxrt}udrw f iG f ryg0ifcahJ om ta=umif;
t&mrsm;udk jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;ygonf?
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aomolrsm;ESifh oifwef;rwufEdkifaomfvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif;avh
vmcsifI pmtkyfrsm;a&;om;yg[k wdkufwGef;=uaom olrsm;.qENudk jznfh
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H umwGif vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m wd;k wufajymif;vJrr_ sm;pGm wd;k wufjzpf
ay:cJyh gonf? xdu k mvwdt k wGi;f trsKd ;orD;pmcsKyfaemufqufwrGJ sm;/ uav;
pmcsKyfaemufqufwJGrsm;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfr_ w&m;¶Hk;rsm; touf
0ifvmcJh=uonf? xdk@twl jrefrmEdkifiHolEdkifiH om;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;
v_yf&Sm;awmif;qdkaeaom olrsm;t=um;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif;udk
em;vnfvufcv H mr_a&csed f ydrk jkd rifrh m;vmcJo
h nfuakd wG@&onf? *k%o f u d mQ ESihf
wef;wlnrD u _ kd tajccHem;vnfvmI rwlujGJ ym;r_rsm;tay: vufcrH y_ rkd v kd mcJh
onf? wOD;csif;. *k%foduQmudk ydkrdkav;pm;vmcJhonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;txl;umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaomtkyfpk0ifrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;
ta=umif;udk eufeuf¶id_ ;f ¶_id ;f aqG;aEG;vmI ,cifuxuf ydrk w kd efz;kd xm;vm
onfuakd wG@&onf? tzJ@G tpnf;toD;oD;u vl@tcGit hf a&;ta=umif; oifwef;
rsm;yd@k cs&ef awmif;qdrk r_ sm;vnf; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmvsu&f o dS nf? od@k aomf jynfol
vlxt k =um;wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;ta=umif; qufvufynmay;&ef vdt k yfaeqJ
yif? tjcm;olwOD;wa,mufcsif;. *k%foduQmtay: ESdrfhcsapmfum;r_rsm;rSm
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vnf; qufvufwnf&adS eqJyif?
xdk@twGufa=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0av;pm;vdkufem
wefzdk;xm;aom tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf &nf&G,fI avhvmrSwfom;
usifhoHk;Edkif&ef ,ckpmtkyftm; xyfrHjyifqifa&;om;xkwfa0vkdufygonf?
Tpmtkyfjzifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fae=uaom/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk
v_H@aqmfae=uaom/ vl@tcGihfta&;udk ynmay;ae=uaom rdwfaqGrsm;tm;
*k%jf yKygonf? txl;ojzifh rdrEd iS t
hf wl vl@tcGit
hf a&; ynmay; vkyif ef;rsm;udk
e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif tm;}udK;rmefwuf vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufae vsuf&Sdonfh
vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH)rS oifwef;ydk@csolrsm;/ oifwef;
toD ; oD ; rS oif w ef ; ol oif w ef ; om;rsm;. tm;ay;wk d u f w G e f ; csuf u d k
taumiftxnf azmfEdkifcJhojzifh auseyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrdygonf?
Tpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufr0S ikd ;f 0ef;ulnaD y;cJah om ¶H;k wm0efcH
udkxl;jrwf/ rc&pPwif;/ udkaemfaemf/ udk{y&,fESifh tjcm;¶Hk;tzJG@0ifrsm;udk
aus;Zl;wif rSwfwrf;wifvdkygonf?
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vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH)
'DZifbm/ 2005 ckEpS f
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tcef; taMumif;t&m pmrsufEmS
tcef;(1) vl@tcGifhta&;rdwfquf 9
tcef;(2) vl@tcGifhta&;ordkif;a=umif; 14
tm¶Swefz;kd (Asia Value) 22
tcef;(3) EdkifiHwumOya'rsm; 26
tcef;(4) tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm; 31
Ð tjynfjynfqi kfd &f mvl@tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf; 31
Ð pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;tqifhqifh 38
Ð EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf 40
Ð EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf.
aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyfrsm; 43
Ð vl@tcGifhta&;aumfrwD 45
Ð pD;yGm;a&;/vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&mobmwlpmcsKyf47
Ð pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD 50
Ð trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;zsufodrf;a&;
oabmwlpmcsKyf 52
Ð trsKd;orD;rsm;enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;zsufodrf;a&;
pmcsKyfaumfrwD 56
Ð trsKd;orD;rsm;enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;zsufodrf;a&;
Ð pmcsKyfaumfrwD ay:aygufvmyHktqifhqifh 58
Ð uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf 59
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uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD
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Ð vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_enf;rsKd;pkHtm;zsufodrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf 67
Ð vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_enf;rsdK;pkHtm;zsufodrf;a&;oabmwl
pmcsKyfaumfrwD 68
Ð !‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufr_ESifh tjcm;&ufpufr_/ vlom;rqefaom
vlŒ*k%o f u d mQ !‡Kd ;EGr;f apaom ðyusirhf w

_ Œkd udk qefŒusiaf om
oabmwlpmcsKyf/ 69
Ð *sDeDAmppfr_qdkif&moabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf 70
Ð tjcm; vlŒtcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm; 71
Ð vlŒtcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;tqifhqifh 72
tcef;(5) trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhvl@tcGifhta&; 76
Ð trsdK;orD;rsm;tcGifhta&;ordkif;tusOf;csKyf 76
Ð trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufjcif; 83
tcef;(6) urBm@ukvor*~rdwfquf 91
Ð ukvor*~.t"duXme}uD;rsm; 93
- taxGaxGnv D mcH 93
- vkòH cHa&;aumifpdD 96
- pD;yGm;a&;ESiv hf rl a_ &;aumifpD 98
tcef;(7) ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;at*sifpDrsm;ESifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; 103
Ð vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr¶Sif 103
Ð vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr¶Sif.zGJ@pnf;ykH 105
Ð 1503 vkyfief;pOftqifhqifh 111
Ð vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr¶SifnDvmcH 112
Ð vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr¶SifnDvmcHvkyfief;pOfrsm; 112
6 vlt
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tjcm;pmcsKyftajccHtzGJ@rsm;
Ð 116
Ð vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;onfh
ukvor*~¶Sdtjcm;Xmersm; 117
- trsKd;orD;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aumfr¶Sif 117
- ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mr[mrif;}uD;±Hk; 118
- vl@tcGifhta&;Xme}uD; 119
- ukvor*~'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&mr[mrif;}uD;±kH; 119
- tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf 121
Ð tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf. vkyfief;pOf 123
tcef;(8) a'oqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; 125
Ð Oa&mya'o 125
Ð Oa&myaumifpD 125
Ð tar&duefa'o 127
Ð tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;tzJG@ 127
Ð tmz&dua'o 128
Ð tmz&duefnD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ 128
Ð tm&yfa'o 129
Ð tm¶Sa'o 130
tcef;(9) tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; 131
Ð tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@ trsdK;tpm;rsm; 133
Ð tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm; 138
Ð ukvor*~ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; 141
tcef;(10) vl@tcGifhta&;}uD;=uyfjcif; 143
Ð vl@tcGifhta&;}uD;=uyfr_vkyfief;pOf 144
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hf a&;vufpJG 7

tcef;(11) vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;r_ 153
Ð ordkif;a=umif; 153
Ð vlŒtcGifhta&; ynmay;r_qdkonfrSm 155
Ð aphpyfaqmf=oay;olqdkonfrSm 166
tcef;(12) owif;Xmersm;ESifhqufoG,fjcif; 171
Ð a&'D,dk±kyfjrifoH=um;Xmersm;ESifh awG@qkH&mwGif
owdðyoifhonfhtcsufrsm; 173
Ð owif;a&;olrsm;ESifhawG@qkH&mwGifowdðyoifhaomtcsufrsm; 175
Ð owif;a=unmcsufxkwfjyef&mwGif owdðyoifhaomtcsufrsm;176
Ð owif;a=unmcsufa&;om;jcif; 178
Ð owif;pm¶Sif;vif;yGJðyvkyf&mwGifowdðyoifhaomtcsufrsm; 180
tcef;(13)awG@qkHar;jref;jcif; 182
Ð vlawG@ar;jref;&mwGif owdðyoifhaomtcsufrsm; 182
aemufqufwJG (1) tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; 192
aemufqufwJG(2) trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;enf;rsdK;pHkjzifhcJGjcm;zdESdyfr_tm;vHk;yaysmufa&;
oabmwlpmcsKyf 205
aemufqufwJG (3) uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf 226
8 vlt
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tcef; (1)
vlYtcGifhta&; qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm vlom;wa,mufjzpfaoma=umifh vlwdk@wGif¶Sdaom

tcGit hf a&;[lI ±d;k ±d;k av;yifajym&ayrnf? vl@tcGit hf a&;onf vlom;tm;vH;k tay:
d J vlwikd ;f twGuf wef;wlnrD #pmG &Sad eonf? tjcm;rnfou
cJjG cm;jcif;r¶Sb l rS rdrx
d w H iG ¶f dS
aeaom vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ,laqmiford ;f yduk I f r&acs? xd@k jyif rnfonft h cGit
hf a&;
onf ta&;t}uD;qH;k / rnfonft h cGit
hf a&;rsm;udak wmh ta&;r}uD;[lIvnf; owf
rSwI f r&acs? wckEiS w hf ckvnf; tjyeftvSeq f ufpyfaeonf? vl@tcGit hf a&; [laom
acgif;pOfatmufwGif vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;onf wckESifhwck tjyeftvSef trDSðyvsuf
¶Sdonf?
vl@tcGithf a&;qdo k nfrmS vlom;wd@k vl@*%k o f u d mQ tjynfth 0jzifh touf&iS af e

xdkif&ef vdktyfaom tajccHtqifhtwef;tcsufrsm;jzpfonf[lIvnf; aemufxyf
wrsKd ; t"dym` ,fziG q
hf x kd m;vsu&f o
dS nf? vlom;rsKd ;EG,t f m;vH;k t=um; *k%o f u d mQ ESihf
wef;wlnrD u _ kd wefz;kd xm;av;pm;jcif;onf vl@tcGit hf a&;. tESpo f m&tcsuyf ifjzpf
onf? vlom;wOD;tm; av;pm;wefzdk;xm;&efqdkaom xdktESpfom&tcsufudk
,Ofaus;r_wdkif;/ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wdkif;/ udk;uG,fonfhbmomwdkif;/ tawG;tac:
t,ltqwdkif;wGif awG@jrifEdkifonf? vl@tcGifhta&;[k us,fus,favmifavmif
ajymqdkaeaompum;vHk;. t"dutcsufrSmvnf; xdkodk@vlvlcsif; av;pm;wefzdk;
xm;&efukd awmif;qdak ejcif;yifjzpfonf? vlwa,muf. vl@tcGit hf a&;udk csKd ;azmuf
jcif;qdok nfrmS xdo k t l m; vlom;wa,muftaejzifh todtrSwðf y rqufqjH cif;yif
jzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkr_qdkonfrSmvnf; vlom;wkdif;. *k%foduQmudk
av;pm;=u&ef awmif;qdkjcif;omjzpfonf?
vlt
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Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 9

vlYtcGifhta&;qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;
vl@tcGifhta&;.tajccHtcsufrsm;rSm-
- vl@tcGit hf a&;onf vlwikd ;f twGuf arG;&mygtcGit hf a&;jzpfonf? (Human
Right is inherent)
vl@tcGithf a&;ud0k ,f,I
l r&/ v$aJ jymif;Ir&? vlwikd ;f onf vlom;jzpfaeaom
tcsufa=umifhyif vl@tcGifhta&;udk &,lydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdonf?
- vl@tcGifhta&;onf vlom;tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf? (Human Right is

universal)
tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd ;/ ud;k uG,of nfb
h mom/ Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ tawG;tac:/
vdifuJGjym;r_ra&G; vl@tcGifhta&;onf vlom;tm;vHk;tay: wef;wlnDr#r_
&So
d nf? vlom;tm;vH;k onf arG;zGm;vmonfrS pwifI vGwv f yfI wef;wl
nDaom vl@*k%foduQmESifh tqifhtwef;&Sdonf?
- vl@tcGifhta&;udk rnfolurS ,laqmifodrf;ydkufIr&? (Human Right is

inalienable.)
vl@tcGifhta&;udk rnfolwOD;wa,mufurS ,laqmifodrf;ydkufcGifhr&Sd/ vl
wa,muf. arG;&myg tcGit hf a&;udk xdo
k .
l Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ESihf Oya'rsm;u
todtrSwfrðyonfhwdkifatmif xdkolwGif vl@tcGifhta&; cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf?
xdkodk@ todtrSwfrðyjcif;onf xdkoltay: vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufjcif;
jzpfonf?
- vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;onf wckESifhwcktjyeftvSef qufpyftrSDðyaeonf?

(human right is indivisible)
vl@*k%foduQmESifhtnD aexdkiftouf&S ifEdkif&eftwGuf vlom;wdkif;onf
vGwfvyfcGifh/ vHkòcHcGifhESifh vHkavmufaomvlaer_b0rsm;tm; vdkufavsmnD
axGpmG cHpm;cGi&hf o
dS nf? rnfonft h cGit
hf a&;udrk S tjcm;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;xuf
ydkrdkta&;}uD;onf[k ajymqdkIr&? vl@tcGifhta&;wckudk csdK;azmufcH&ygu
tjcm;tcGifh ta&;rsm;udkyg xdcdkufaponf?
10 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlŒtcGit
hf a&;toGiv
f uQ%mrsm;
(1) vltcGit hf a&;tcsKd @onf vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; (Individual
Rights) jzpfovdk wcsKŒd rSmvnf; tkyp f v
k u kd Ef iS hf oufqikd af om tcGit hf a&;rsm;
(Group Rights)&So d nf? xd@k jyiftcsKd @rmS vlwOD;csi;f ESiahf &m/ tkypf v k u
kd Ef iS yhf g ouf
qdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpf=uonf? Oyrm- vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,f,Hk=unf
cGifhonf vlwOD;wa,mufcsif; usifhoHk;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;jzpfovdk tjcm;vl
tkyfpktvdkuf usifhoHk;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;rsdK;jzpfonf?
(2) vl@tcGifhta&;wcsKdŒudk csufcsif;vufiif;taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufI
&aomfvnf;wcsKdŒudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif tpDtpOfjzifhaqmif&Guf&onf? vlw
a,muf. vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhudk csufjcif;cGifhðyI&aomfvnf; ynmoifcGifh
twGuf vdktyfaomausmif;rsm;/ q&mrsm;udk csufcsif;vufiif; taumif
txnfazmfEdkif&ef rvG,fulacs?
(3) tcsdK@aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pD vl@abmiftzJG@tpnf;tusdK;ESifh vlxk
tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGujf zpfap/ pdw"f mwfpm&dwyW ikd ;f qdik &f mtwGujf zpfap vdt k yfygu
Oya't&uef@owfEikd o f nf? Oyrm- vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmcGiq hf akd om tcGit hf a&;
udk xdo k @kd oGm;vmr_a=umifh trsm;jynfot l wGuf rvdv k m;tyfaom tusKd ;rsm;
jzpfapEdik o f nf qdyk gu Oya't& uef@owfEikd o f nf?
(4) od@k aomf atmufygtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk rnfonft h ajctae/ rnfonft h a=umif;
rsKd ;a=umifrh S uef@owfjcif;r&Sad p&[lI owfrw S x f m;onf? xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;rSm
- touf&SifcGifh/ ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_rSuif;v$wfcGifh/ u|efðyjcif;rSuif;v$wfcGifh/
taºuG;a=umifh csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;rS uif;v$wfcGifh/ jypfr_wcktay: ESpfcgjyefpD
&ifjcif;rS uif;v$wfcGifh/ Oya'a&SŒarSmufwGif vlom;wOD;tjzpf qufqHcHydkifcGifh/
vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:,Hk=unf udk;uG,fcGifhwdk@jzpfonf?
wOD;csi;f tcGit
hf a&; (Individual Rights) qdo
k nfrmS tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGihf
ta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;aom vlwdkif;cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;
jzpfonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 11

trsm;tcGit hf a&; od@k r[kwf tkypf v k udk t f cGithf a&; (Collective/ Group Rights)
qdo
k nfrmS tkypf w k ck.tzJ@G 0if (Oyrm- trsKd ;orD;/ uav;oli,f/ rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;pk/
'kuoQ nf/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk/ a&$Œajymif;tvkyo f rm;/ vdiwf cl spo
f rl sm;) jzpfaom
a=umifh tjcm;olrsm;cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom wOD;wa,mufcsif;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;
udk cHpm;cGifhr&aom/ jiif;y,fcH&aom/ cJGjcm;uef@owfcHaom tkyfpk0ifrsm;. tcGifh
ta&;jzpfonf? tkyfpkvdkuf tcGifhta&;rsm;onf txl;umuG,fapmifha&SSmufay;&ef
vdktyfaom tkyfpkrsm;twGuf ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? tkyfpkwpk. tzJG@0ifjzpf
aoma=umifh tjrwfxw k af cgi;f yHjk zwfru
_ kd ydrk ckd pH m;&aom tkypf 0k ifrsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk
umuG,fay;jcif;onfvnf; tkyfpkvdkuf tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkjcif;yifjzpfonf?
w&m;a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;(Legal Rights) qdkonfrSm Oya't&todtrSwf

ðyxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf? cdkifvHkaomta=umif;tcsuf r&Sdrcsif;tjypf
r&S[
d k Oya'u zGiq
hf x
kd m;csurf sm;/ oufao/ tmrcH&&Scd iG rhf sm;onf w&m;Oya'qdik &f m
tcGifhta&;rsm;yifjzpfonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&;[laompum;ESifhtwl trsm;qHk;wGJvsufawGh&onfhpum;vHk;rsm;
rSm vlŒtcGit hf a&;wd;k wufjrifrh m;a&; (Promoting Human Rights) ESihf vlŒtcGit hf a&;
umuG,f apmifah &Smufa&; (Protecting Human Rights) [laompum;ESpv f ;kH jzpfonf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;wd;k wuf jrifrh m;a&;qdo k nfrmS vlŒtcGit hf a&;rsm;wd;k wufvma&;/ Edik if H
awmf. vkyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif vlŒtcGit hf a&;wd;k wufa&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;yg0if taumif
txnfazmfvma&;/ vlŒtcGit hf a&;Oya'rsm;jyXmef;a&;/ ynma&;ESiv hf rl a_ &;tpDtpOf
rsm;wGif vlŒtcGit hf a&;&nf&, G cf surf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f a&;wdŒk yg0ifonf? vlŒtcGit hf a&;
umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&;qdo k !fh pum;&yf.t"dym` ,fwiG f vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmuf
r_rsm;tm; ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;/ jypfwif±_wfcsjcif;/ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfI
jynfolwdkŒtay: zdESdyfr_rsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;jcif;/ zdESdyfoltpdk;&udk EdkifiHa&;t&
wdkuf±dkufzdtm;ay;jcif; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?
vl t
h cGithf a&; wd;k wufjrifrh m;atmif vkyjf cif;wGif vlŒtcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk w&m;
Oya'twGif; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;jcif;ESifh w&m;r#wI aumif;rGefaomw&m;Oya'pepf
xlaxmifjcif;om jzpfonf[k a&S;,cifu,lqxm;=uonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif tpd;k &ESihf
12 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tpdk;&r[kwfaom vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJŒrsm; xlaxmifjcif;onfvnf; vlŒtcGifhta&;

wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif tóuH;0ifvmonf? xdktpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒ
tpnf;rsm;onf ,Ofaus;aom vltzGŒJ tpnf;w&yf xlaxmif&mwGif ta&;ygaom
tcef;u¾rSyg0ifvmonf? zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufqEJ ikd if H tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif vlŒtcGit hf a&;
csdK;azmufcH&r_rsm;udk jynfolwdkŒudk,fwdkif em;rvnfojzifh tpdk;&vufatmufwGif
tom;aoyHpk u H spmG jzifh vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufcaH e&onf? xdt k jzpfrsm;udk tpd;k &
r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;u rD;armif;xd;k azmfxw k jf yoay;Edik of nf? jynfov l x
l k
=um;wGif vlŒtcGit hf a&; todw&m;rsm; tajccdik w f ;kd wufap&ef xdt k zGŒJ rsm;u vkyf
aqmifEikd o f nf? xdt k zGŒJ rsm;tjyif vlŒtcGit
hf a&; wd;k wufjrifrh m;a&;twGuf taumif;
qHk; vkyfaqmifEdkifolrsm;rSm jynfolrsm;udk,fwdkifyifjzpfonf? rdrdwdkŒ vdktyfaeaom
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfum OD;pm;ay;r_rsm; owfrw S +f yD; rdrw
d Œkd ,Ofaus;r_
tajctaet& tusKd ;&SEd ikd rf !feh nf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k ðyvkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh jynforl sm;
ud, k w
f ikd f vlŒtcGit hf a&; wd;k wufatmifvyk f aqmif&mwGif yg0ifEikd f onf?
vl t
h cGit
hf a&;umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&;
vl htcGihfta&; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;onf vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufonfh

oufqikd &f m tpd;k &tay: jypfwifa0zef±w _ cf sjcif;jzpfonf? jypfwif±w _ cf sjcif;ESit hf wl
vdktyfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ vkyfief;pOfonfvnf; tóuH;0ifonf? wcgw&H
Edik if w
H Edik if .
H vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;&yfwef o h mG ;atmif xdEk ikd if w
H iG ;f &Sd tpd;k &
r[kwo f nft h zGJ rh sm;u rvkyaf qmifEikd af wmhonft h cg tjynfjynfqikd &f mtzGJ t h pnf;
rsm;ESihf urBmu h vk or*~. jypfwifa0zef±w _ cf srE_ iS hf ta&;,laqmif&u G rf w _ kd jh zifh vl h
tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;&yfwef‹oGm;atmif óud;yrf;aqmif&Guf&awmhonf?
===???===
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 13

tcef; (2)
vlYtcGifhta&;ordkif;aMumif;
vl@tcGifhta&;[laompum;vHk;udk 'kwd,urBmppf aemufydkif;wGif wGifwGif
us,u f s,f ajymqdok ;kH pJv
G mcJ=h uaomfvnf; xdv k @l tcGit
hf a&;ESiq
hf ikd af om t,ltq
oabmw&m;wd@k ukd a&S;ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmuyif vlom;wd@k u toGit f rsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh vufcH
usifhoHk;vmcJh=uonfudkawG@&onf? vl@tcGifhta&;[lI trnfwyfac: a0:oHk;pJGjcif;
r&S d c J h a omf v nf ; xd k t ,l t qES i f h qif w l a omt,l t qrsm;ud k vl o m;wd k @ .
,Ofaus;r_aygif;pHk/ xHk;xrf;"avhrsdK;pHkwdk@xJwGif awG@Edkifonf?
vl@ordik ;f wav#mufwiG f rdom;pkEiS jhf zpfap/ tkypf jk zifjh zpfap/ vlrsKd ;pktvku d jf zpfap/
tv$mtvdu k jf zpfap/ Edik if t
H vdu
k jf zpfap aexdik cf ahJ om vlom;rsm;t=um;wGif tcGihf
ta&;ESihf wm0ef&rdS w _ @kd ukd vufcu H sio hf ;kH vmcJ=h uonf? a&S;a[mif; vlrt _ zJ@G tpnf;
rsm;t=um;wGif rdrt d ay: qufqaH pvdo k nfh yHpk tH wdik ;f tjcm;olrsm;udk rdru d pwif
qufqyH g[al om xH;k xrf;pOfvmrsm;udk vufuikd pf u GJ sio hf ;kH cJ=h uonf? [dELN a0'usr;f
pmrsm;/ Ak'b< mom a[m=um;csurf sm;/ bmbDv;kd eD;,rf;wd@k . [mrl&mbDukd 'Oya'/
c&pf,mef orRmusr;f pm/ tpPvmrfu&kd rf usr;f pmESihf uGejf zL;&Syt f qdt
k rde@f rsm; wd@k wiG f
vlom;wdk@. wm0efESifh tcGifhta&;wdk@tm; aqG;aEG;wifjycJhonfudk awG@&onf?
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m t,ltqrsm;onf Oa&mywdkufwGif a&S;&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;

pGmu wnf&SdcJhonfudk avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? t*FvefEdkifiH *|efbk&ifvufxufu
ay:aygucf ahJ om r*~emumwm (Magna Carta)wGif aemifumvrsm;twGi;f vl@tcGihf
ta&;[lI t"dym` ,fziG q hf v
kd mcJah om oabmw&m;rsm; yg0ifaeonfukd awG@&onf?
bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;tm; tpd;k &u0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;rS uif;v$wcf iG /hf w&m;
Oya'a&S@arSmufwiG f wef;wlnrD #ciG hf qdak om tcsurf sm;onf vl@tcGit hf a&;[laom
pum;vH;k ray:aygurf D xdak cwfxt kd csed u
f wnf;u xdpk mwrf;wGiyf g0ifaom tcsuf
rsm;jzpfonf?
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;qdak om pum;udk 1945 ckEpS f urBmu
h v
k or*~ ay:ayguv
f monfh
14 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tcsed rf S pwifI oH;k pGcJ ahJ omfvnf; vl t hf a&;t,ltqjzpfaom “ vlwikd ;f onf

h cGit
rdrdwdk‹.EdkifiH/ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmom/ udk;uG,fr_tqifhtwef;rcGJ wef;wlnDr_&Sdonf”
[laom t,ltqrSm xdt k csed rf wdik rf u
D yif wnf&cdS o hJ nf? 18 &mpkEiS hf 19 &mpktwGi;f
Oa&mywdu k wf iG f vlonfvo l m;jzpfaom obm0w&m;a=umifh tcGit hf a&;ydik q
f ikd cf iG &hf dS
onf? Edik if wH Edik if .
H Edik if o
H m;jzpfaoma=umif/h vlrsKd ;ESihf bmoma&;tkypf 0k if wckcjk zpff
aom ta=umif;tcsuaf =umifh rnforl S tcGit hf a&; ydrk ykd ikd q
f ikd jf cif;r&S[ d al om obm0
w&m;tcGifhta&; (Natural rights) t,ltqopf ay:aygufvmonf? yxrwGif
vlom;wd‹k onf tm%mudk csKyfuikd x f m;aom tpd;k &. vufvw G pf y,fzrf;qD;r_rsm;/
w&m;rr#wr_rsm;udk umuG,f&ef olwdk‹. tcGifhta&;udk yxrOD;pGm azmfxkwfcJh=u
onf? xdrk w S qifh tpd;k &xH rdrw d ‹kd . vdv k m;awmif;qdck surf sm; awmif;qdEk ikd &f eftwGuf
vGwv f yf pGmpka0;cGi/hf ajymqdck iG phf onfh Edik if o H m;tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ tpd;k &udk a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡muf Edkif&eftwGuf rJay;ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfcJh=uonf?
xdrk w
S qifh b0touf&iS &f yfwnf Edik &f eftwGuf vdt k yfaom vlaer_tqift h wef;
&&Sda&;/ vkyfief;cGif om,ma&/; ponfh vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfcJh=uonf?
xdkt,ltqopf. tm;ay;v_H@aqmfr_t& 18 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umvrsm;twGif;

xl;jcm;onfh awmfvSefa&;ESpfckjzpfaom tar&duefawmfvSefa&;ESifh jyifopfawmf
vSefa&;wdk@ ay:aygufvmcJhonf? 1776 ckESpfwGif ajrmuftar&duwdkuf&Sd +Adwdo#
udvk ekd rD sm;u tar&duef vGwv f yfa&; a=unmpmwrf; (The American Declaration
of Independence) udk xkwjf yefa=unmcJo h nf? aemufqufw&GJ vm'ftjzpf 1787
ckEpS w
f iG f tar&duefEikd if zH @GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk twnfðyjyXmef;Edik cf +hJ yD; 1791 ckEpS f
wGif tar&dueftcGit hf a&; yÉdnmOf ay:ayguv f mcJo
h nf? tvm;wlyif 1789 ckEpS f
wGif jyifopfEdkifiHjynfolrsm;u oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifpepfudk wGef;vSefEdkifcJh+yD; jyifopf
vlom;tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration of the Rights of Man) udk xkwjf yef
vmEdkifcJhonf?
18 &mpkwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaom jyifopfawmfvSefa&;/ tar&duefawmfvSefa&;wdk@ESifh

‚if;wd@k . a=unmpmwrf;rsm;wGiyf g0ifaom vl t h cGit
hf a&;t,ltqrsm;onf urBm
w0Srf;&Sd zdESdyfcHjynfolwdk‹. vGwfajrmufvdkpdwfudk E_d;qGay;EdkifcJhonf? aemufquf
wGJtjzpf vufwiftar&duEdkifiHi,frsm;. vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJrsm; ay:aygufcJh&
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 15

vlYtcGifhta&;qdkordkif;aMumif;
onf? wcsed wf nf;rSmyif vl@tcGit hf a&;t,ltqrsm;onfvnf; a&SŒwef;od@k a&mufchJ

&onf? od@k &mwGif xdu k mvrsm;twGi;f u ,lqcJah om vl.tcGit hf a&; (Rights of
Man) qdo k nfrmS Edik if wH Edik if w
H iG f jyXmef;xm;aom trsKd ;om;tcGit hf a&; (National
Rights) r#omjzpfonf? wurBmvH;k udk v$r;f òcH+yD; wurBmvH;k u xdr;f odr;f apmifa h &Smuf
&r!fh vl@tcGithf a&; pHw&yftaeESihf pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_tqift h xd ra&muf&cdS ahJ o;acs?
tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfaom aomrwfydef;ef (Thomas Paine)/ *|efpwD;

0yfar; (John Stuart Mill) ESihf [ife&Da';Apfaomf&;D (Henry David Thoreau) wd@k onf
obm0w&m; tcGit hf a&; (Natural Rights) t,ltqudk tajcwnfI vlom;tm;
vHk;ESifhoufqdkifaom tcGifhta&; (Universal Rights) t,ltqudk wqifhwuf
awG;ac:vmcJo h nf? xdtk awG;tac: ynm&Sirf sm;. t,ltqonf vD,akd wmfpwdKG if;
(Leo Tolstoy)/ r[wWr *EDN (Mahatama Gandhi) ESihf rmwifvo l muif; (Martin
Luther King) ponfh xif&m S ;aomolrsm;/ tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;tay: rsm;pGm
=oZmoufa&mufr_&SdcJhonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;ordkif;a=umif;wGif yxrOD;qHk;ay:aygufcJhonfh r*~emumwm

(1215)/ jyifopf vlom;ESihf Edik if o H m;tcGithf a&; a=unmpmwrf; (1789)ESihf tar
&duefz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' (1791) wd@k onf 20 &mpkwiG af y:aygucf ahJ om vl@tcGihf
ta&;Oya'rsm;. ordkif;tp[k qdkEdkifovdk xdkpmwrf;rsm;onf vlŒtcGifhta&;
oabmw&m;ESihf ywfoufI ,aeŒwdik f rSjD irf; ud;k um;ae&aom pmwrf;rsm;jzpfonf?
od‹k aomf xdak =unmpmwrf;rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;/ uav;oli,frsm;/ tom;a&mif&dS
aomolrsm;/ vlra_ &;/ bmoma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Edik if aH &; tkypf t
k zJ@G 0ifrsm;. tcGit
hf a&;
rsm; yg0ifatmifv$rf;+cHKEdkifcJhjcif;r&Sdacs?
20 &mpkumva&mufaomtcg tkyfpkvdkuftcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkif&ef

twGuf pwifvyk af qmifvmcJo h nfukd awG@&onf? 1919 ckEpS w f iG f pwifz@GJ pnf;cJah om
tjynfjynf qdik &f m tvkyo
f rm;tzJ@G csKyf (International Labor Organization) onf
tvkyform;rsm;. usef;rma&;ESifh vkyfief;cGifvHkòcHa&;tygt0if tvkyform;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk av;pm;umuG,f&ef oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk pwifjyXmef;cJhonf?
xd@k twl yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif vlrsKd ;pktzJ@G 0ifrsm;tm; umuG,rf r_ sm;ay;&ef twGuf
16 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

Edik if aH ygi;f csKyf toif;}uD; (League of Nations)u wifjycJah omfvnf; atmifjrifrr_ &&Scd hJ
ay? tar&duefEikd if u H kd tzJ@G 0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvmatmif raqmif&u G Ef ikd cf o
hJ nfth jyif
*syefEdkifiHu w±kwfEdkifiHESifh refcsL;&D;,m;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;/ tDoD,dkyD;,m;
tm; tDwvDEikd if u H wdu k cf ukd jf cif;wd@k ukd wm;qD;jcif;rðyEdik cf o
hJ nfh Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;
}uD;onf 1939 ckESpf 'kwd,urBmppf pwifonfhtcsdefrSpI òydysufcJhonf?
'kw, d urBmppft+yD;wGif vl@tcGit hf a&; t,ltqrsm; t&Sed t f [kejf yif;jyif;jzifh

ay:xGufvmcJhjyefygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; t,ltqrsm;udk ydkrdkwGifwGifus,fus,f
ajymqdk vmcJh=uonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;/ *spfypDrsm;/ vdifwlcspf
olrsm; vlO;D a&ajcmufoef;ausmu f kd owfjzwfow k o f ifcahJ om emZD*smr%Dw@kd . vkyf
&yfu urBmwckv;kH udk wkev f y_ af pcJo h nf? 'kw, d urBmppft+yD;wGif ppfEikd Ef ikd if rH sm;u
olw@kd . vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif vlwOD;pD. tcGit hf a&; (Individual Right) udk tod
trSwfðycJh=u+yD; 1945 ckESpfwGif urBmhvlaer_yHkpHopf (New World Order) wckudk
zefwD;wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? r=umrDwGif xdkurBmhyHkpHopfudk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;uvnf;
vdu k v f t
H wk,l usio hf ;kH vmcJ=h uonf? ppfEikd rf [mrdwt f iftm;pkrsm;u ppf&mZ0wf
aumifrsm;tm; ao'%fay;rnfhtpm; vlxka&SŒarSmufwGif w&m;pD&ifEdkif&ef EsK&if
bwf Edik if w H umppfc±kH ;kH udk zGŒJ pnf;cJoh nf? EsK&ifbwfEiS hf wdu k sKd ðrdŒwdŒk wGif ppf&mZ0wf
aumifrsm;tm; vlom; rsKd ;EG,w f &yfv;kH tay: usL;vGeaf om &mZ0wfjypfr_ (Crimes
against Humanity) ESihf urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;udk xdyg;aESmif, h u S af om &mZ0wfr_ (Crimes
against Peace ) wd k ‹ jzif h tjypf a y;cJ h o nf ? xd k j ypf r _ r sm;onf ouf q d k i f & m
EdkifiHwckcsif;pD. w&m;Oya'udkcsdK;azmufjcif;/ rcsdK;azmufjcif;wdk‹ESifh rywfoufaom
EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfjypfr_ rsm;yifjzpfonf? ppfEdkifol r[mrdwfrsm;bufu rnfol h
udrk # ppf&mZ0wfaumiftjzpf w&m;pGq J t kd jypfay;cJjh cif;r&Sad om tcsurf v S I
JG EsL&if
bwf Edik if w H um ppfc±kH ;kH . pD&ifx;kH rsm;onf urBmo h rdik ;f wGif xl;jcm;aom pD&ifx;kH rsm;
jzpfco hJ nf? Edik if w
H um w&m;Oya'rsm;onf Edik if w H ckcsi;f pD. w&m;Oya'rsm;tay:
v$rf;rdk;r_&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftjzpf vufawGŒjyovdkufjcif;
jzpfonf? ,if;pD&ifxHk;rsm;t& &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefol wOD;csif;udkomru ‚if;wdk‹.
txuft&m&Sdrsm;udkyg }uH&mygrsm;tjzpf ta&;,lpD&ifcsufcscJhonf? xdkr#ru
xdkodk@aom &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_rsm; aemufxyfw}udrf xyfrjzpfyGm;ap&ef twGuf
ñudwifwm;qD;&ef enf;vrf;rsm; }uHq&SmazGvm=uonf? 'kwd, urBmppft+yD;
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 17

Edik if rH sm;taeESihf Edik if wH um+idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf yÉdyuQwm;qD;a&;wd‹k twGuf }uHq pOf;pm;
vmcJo h nf? vlom;wdŒk . b0ESiv hf w G v f yfciG rhf sm;udk cHpm;cGi&hf o
dS nfh tcGit
hf a&;tm;
rnfolrSrw&m;ojzifh apmfum;aESmifh,Sufjcif; rðyEdkifatmif umuG,fr_ rsm;ðy&ef
awG;awmvmcJ=h uonf? wdik ;f jynfwjynf. tpd;k &wcku wdik ;f jynftwGi;f &Sd jynfow l Œkd
tay: vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm; rusL;vGefEdkifap&eftwGuf wurBmvHk;ESifh
oufqikd af om vlŒtcGit hf a&; pHcsed pf EH e_ ;f rsm; owfrw S &f ef }uHqvmcJ=h uonf? ouf
qdik &f m tpd;k &rsm;taeESiv hf nf; rdrw d Œkd jynforl sm;tay: xdv k Œl tcGit
hf a&; pHcsed pf !H e$ ;f
rsm;ESit hf nD qufqt H yk cf sKyfEikd &f eftwGuf óud;yrf;vmcJ=h uonf? aemufqufwt GJ ae
jzifh urBmhEdkifiHrsm;yg0ifaom EdkifiHwumtzJG@tpnf;wckudkzJG@pnf;I vlom;wdk@.
vl@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f&ef[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh 1945 ckESpfwGif urBmhukv
or*~ (United Nation) ay:ayguv f mcJo h nf?
1945 ckEpS w f iG f urBmu h v k or*~tzGŒJ }uD;udk zGŒJ pnf;cJ=h u+yD; tpd;k &rsm;ðyrl usio hf ;kH
=u&rnfh EdkifiHwumpHowfrSwf&ef t,ltqw&yf jzpfxGef;vmcJhonf? EdkifiHwum
vHòk cHa&;ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;udk xdyg;aprnft h E &W m,frsm;ESiyhf wfoufI cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmr_rsm;
ðyvkycf =hJ u+yD; &efpusL;ausmo f nfh Edik if rH sm;udk ukvor*~u ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm;
ðyvkyEf ikd &f ef ar#mrf eS ;f cJo h nf? xdo k Œkd ðyvky&f mwGif Edik if t
H oD;oD;. ðyrlaqmif&u G cf surf sm;
onf vlŒtcGifhta&;tay: wnfrSD&rnf[laom t,ltqvnf; yg0ifvmcJhonf?
aemufydkif;wGif vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&m tawG;tac:onf EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;u
qufvufxrd ;f odr;f xm;vdo k nfh wif;rmaomEdik if aH wmftcsKyftjcmqdik &f m t"dym` ,f
zGiq hf ckd suu f kd ysu, f iG ;f apcJoh nf? vlŒtcGit hf a&;pHrsm;jyXmef;vdu k rf o
_ nf tpd;k &rsm;.
jynfolrsm;tay: zdESdyfr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;csdK;ESdrfr_rsm;udkvnf;
aumif;/ ±du k cf sKd ;Edik cf o
hJ nf? wenf;tm;jzifq h akd omf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &rsm;taeESihf olwŒkd
.vkyu f ikd f aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;tay: Edik if w H um. 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufr_ odŒk r[kwf }uD;=uyf
r_udk vufcHvmcJh=u&awmhonf?
vlŒtcGit
hf a&; t,ltqonf acwfrED ikd if rH sm; pwifay:xGe;f &m Oa&myrSpwifchJ
onf qdkaomfvnf; ,aeŒumvwGif wurBmvHk;&SdEdkifiHrsm;/ jynfolrsm;ESifhvnf;
ywfoufqufEG,fr_ &Sdvm+yDjzpfonf? jynfolwdkŒonf olwdkŒudk,folwdkŒ EdkifiHawmf
tm%mrS umuG,f&eftwGuf txl;ojzifh ,if;tm%monf tcGifhxl;cHvlenf;pk
18 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vufxo J Œkd a&mufomG ;aomtcg umuG,&f eftwGuf vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdak om t,l

tqay:xGe;f vm&onf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf Edik if aH wmftm%mudk csKyfuikd x f m;ol
rsm;onf olwŒkd pdwóf uduf w&m;Oya'udk olwŒkd pdww f ikd ;f usa&;qGcJ iG hf tcGit
hf a&;&Sad om
a=umifh jzpfonf? vlŒtcGit hf a&;onf xdt k m%mrsm;. twdik ;f twmudk uefŒowf
xm;onf? vlŒtcGifhta&; '\eynm&Sif *sufa':e,fvD. “oDtdk&DESifh vufawGŒ
twGi;f u tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;rsm;” pmtkyw f iG f “vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdk
onfrSm acwfopfEdkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHom; wOD;csif;tay: ydkrdkv$rf;rdk;oufa&mufaom
EdkifiHawmftm%mtay: wefjyef xdk;ESufvdkufonfh vlxk.zefwD;r_ jzpfonf”
[kqx kd m;onf? yHrk eS t f m;jzifEh ikd if w
H Edik if w H iG f Edik if o
H m;wdŒk udk w&m;Oya'jzifh xde;f csKyf
xm;onf? odŒk aomf vlŒtcGit hf a&;onf w&m;Oya'txufwiG f wnf&o dS nf? 18
&mpkEiS hf 19 &mpkrsm;twGi;f u vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS obm0w&m; Oya' (Natur-
al Law) rS qif;oufvmonf[k ajymqdc k =hJ u+yD; vlŒtcGit hf a&;udk w&m;Oya'jyXmef;
uef‹owfcsuf (Legislation)jzifh qefŒusiI f r&[k qdck =hJ uonf? pifppftm;jzifh obm0
w&m;Oya'qdkonfrSm wdwdusus vufawGŒqkwfudkifjyo&ef rvG,faoma=umifh
vl Œ tcG i f h t a&;ES i f h ywf o uf I wd w d u sus&nf ! $ e f ; ajymqd k onf h t cgwd k i f ;
ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (UN Charter)ESihf Edik if w H um oabm wlpmcsKyf pmwrf;
rsm;udkom tajccHudk;um;ajymqdk&rnfjzpfonf?
1945 ckEpS f tar&duef qefz&efppPuòkd rdŒwGif ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (Charter

of the United nations)udk rl=urf;a&;qJ& G mwGif tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;/
trsdK;orD;tzJG@rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh bmoma&;tzJG@rsm;onf ukvor*~
tzJ@G 0if Edik if iH ,frsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f I ukvor*~csmwmwGif vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI
tao;pdwfusaom pmydk'frsm; yg0if&eftwGuf txl;v_H@aqmfcJh=uonf? xdkodk@v_H@
aqmfrt _ usKd ;a=umifh ukvor*~tzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;onf vl@tcGit hf a&;tm; Edik if w
H um
u 0dik ;f 0ef;umuG,f apmifah &Smuf&ef vdt k yfonf qdo k nfth ,ltqESihf w&m;Oya'qdik f
&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udk csrSwfEdkifcJhonf? yÉdnmOfpmwrf;.
tzGiehf 'd ge;f wGif Edik if }H uD; Edik if iH ,fw@kd wiG f aexdik af om trsKd ;om;/ trsKd ;orD;tm;vH;k
wd@k . tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;tay: ,H=k unfr&_ o dS nf[I l zGiqhf xkd m;onf? yÉdnmOfpm
wrf;.tydk'f (1)wGif vl@tcGifh ta&;udkav;pm;&efrSm urBm@ukvor*~. t"du
&nf&, G cf suw f ckjzpfa=umif; qdx k m;ovdk tyd'k (f 3)wGif vlrsKd ;/ vdi/f bmompum;ESihf
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 19

udk;uG,fonfhbmom cJGjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhwdk@udk

wdk;wufjyef@yGm;apa&;twGuf av;pm;vdkufem&efvdktyfa=umif; yef=um;xm;onf?
tjcm;tydk'frsm;wGifvnf; ukvor*~tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh vlom;tm;vHk; ESifh
oufqdkifaom vl@tcGifhta&; xGef;um;ap&eftwGuf vdktyfaom yl;aygif;vkyf
aqmifr_rsm; vkyfaqmif=uap&ef wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfxm;onf?
1946 ckEpS w f iG f ukvor*~u zJ@G pnf;cJah om vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f aeI ukv
or*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGiyf g0ifaom vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwvf yfciG [
hf al om t"dym` ,f
rsm;udk zGifhqdk&Sif;jyEdkifrnfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;udk
jyifqifa&;qJcG ohJ nf? 1948 ckEpS f ZGev f wGif xdak =unmpmwrf;udk t+yD;oyfEikd cf t hJ +yD;
1948 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10)&ufae@wGif jyifopfEdkifiH yJ&pfòrdŒwGifusif;yaom urBmh
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHraS eI xdak =unmpmwrf;udk twnfðyjyXmef;Edik cf o hJ nf?
,ae@wdkif ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;,E W,m;wckvHk;. tajccHa&aomufjrpf

ozG,f jzpfaeao;aom tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;onf
vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom EdkifiHom;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;/ EdkifiHa&;
tcGifhta&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vHk;wdk@udk
v$r;f òcHazmfjyxm;onf? a=unmpmwrf;yg tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tao;pdwaf emufwzef
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;tjzpf jyXmef;xm;ovdk EdkifiHrsm;.
zJ@G pnf;yHtk ajccHOya'rsm;ESihf tjcm;Oya'rsm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;xm;vmcJ=h uojzifh
Edik if aH wmftqifw h iG v
f nf; xdak =unmpmwrf;. teSpo f m&rsm; touf0ifaeonfukd
awG@&onf?
a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaomzGifhqdkcsufrsm;u vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiH

wEdik if .H jynfwiG ;f a&;&mrsm;omr[kwv f J Edik if wH umESihf oufqikd af om wm0ef&rdS _
rsm; jzpfonf [laom t,ltqudk xif[yfaponf? xd@k jyif vl@tcGit hf a&;qdo
k nfrmS
vlom; tm;vH;k ESihf oufqikd af om t&mrsm;/ cJjG cm;Ir&aomt&mrsm; jzpfonf[l
aom vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m tajccHtcsurf sm;udk t"dym` ,fazmfjyaeonf? xdt k ajccH
tcsut f & vltcGit hf a&;udk vlwikd ;f onf tcsed w f ikd ;f wGif cHpm;cGi&hf adS omfvnf; tjcm;
olrsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk paw;+yD; rdrt d cGit hf a&;udk cHpm;cGirhf ðyoif[ h I
l vlom;
wdk@u vufcHvmcJh=uonf?
20 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ESpq
f ,f&mpkrwdik rf D vlŒtcGit
hf a&;oabmw&m;rsm;jzpfay:vmr+tqifq
h ifh
vlt
Y cGit
human (Hreib) handbook.pmd

tjynfjynfqikd &f mvl@tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf; (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights
21
tar&duefz@GJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya' (1791 ckEpS )f US Constitution
jyifopf vlom;ESihf Edik if o
H m;wd@k .tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf; (1789 ckEpS )f
French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizens
t*Fvef tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf; ( 1689ckEpS )f
English Bill of Rights
r*~emumwm (1215 ckEpS )f

Magna Carta
vlt
[dELN a0' (Hindu Vedas)
Y cGit
12/6/2005, 2:11 PM
[mrl&mbDu"kd Oya' (Code of Hammurabi)
orRmusr;f pm (Bible)
hf a&;vufpJG
ud&k rfusr;f pm (Koran)
uGejf zL;&SyS 0f g' (Analects of Confucius)
21
1993 ckEpS w
f iG f ukvor*~u OD;pD;usi;f ycJah om Ekid if w H umqkid &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;
nDvmcHwGif jyXmef;cJhonfh AD,ifema=unmpmwrf;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;a=unm
pmwrf;yg vl@tcGit hf a&; tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk ukvor*~tzJ@G 0ifEikd if aH ygi;f 171
Edik if u
H wcJeufxyfrt H wnfðy axmufccH o hJ nf? xdrk #ru vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m r[m
rif;}uD;±H;k wckziG vhf pS wf m0efay;&efEiS hf trsK;d orD;rsm; vl@tcGit
hf a&; tjynft h 0cHpm;
Edkifapa&;twGuf EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;ESifh ukvor*~wdk@u OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmif&ef
vrf;a=umif;rsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhonf?
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tm&Swefz;kd (
Asia Value
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)
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zGHŒòzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS wcsdKŒtpdk;&rsm;u vlŒtcGifhta&; t,ltqqdkonfrSm

taemufwdkif; tawG;tac: jzpfonf? vlŒtcGifhta&; t,ltqjzefŒjzL;r_onf
taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;r_udk oGwfoGif;r_jzpfonf[kqdk=uonf? xdkodkŒ ajymqdkr_onf
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpftwGif;upwifI tm&Sa'owGif us,fus,favmifavmif
ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? tm&Sa'orsm;wGi&f adS om uGjJ ym;onf, h Ofaus;r_/ "avhx;kH pHrsm;
a=umifh vlŒtcGit hf a&;onf wurBmvH;k taeESihf v$r;f òcHr&_ o dS nf[al om tcsut f ay:
tm&Swdkuf&Sd tm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm;u apm'uwufcJh=uonf?
tm&SwdkufwGif tm&SwdkufESifh vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdaom tm&SvlŒtcGifhta&;pH
&S&d rnfqo kd nfh t,ltqudk tm&Swu kd rf t S pd;k &tcsKd Œu wifjyajymqdvk mcJo
h nf? tm&S
wdu k wf iG f wnf&adS eaom vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f t=um; odŒk r[kwf vlwOD;wa,muf
ESifh tpdk;&wdkŒt=um; ,Ofaus;r_t&qufoG,fr_onf taemufEdkifiHrsm;ESifh rwlbJ
uGjJ ym;r_ &So d nf[q k o kd nf? tm&SvŒl todik ;f t0dik ;f wGif vlwef;pm;tzGŒJ (Community)
tusKd ;udk ydrk Okd ;D pm;ay;aqmif&u G +f yD; taemufEikd if rH sm;wGif vlwa,mufcsi;f (Individ-
ual).tusKd ;udk ydr k Okd ;D pm;ay; onf[q k =kd uonf? vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f udk wefz;kd xm;
OD;pm;ay;aom wudk,fawmf oabm(Individualism)xuf "avhxHk;wrf;/ rdom;pk/
aqGrsKd ;/ oHa,mZOf aESmifzŒJG r_/ pkaygi;f vkyaf qmifrw _ Œkd tay: wefz;kd xm;aom tm&SvŒl
tzGJŒtpnf;wGif taemufwdkif;rS oGwfoGif;vmaom vlŒtcGifhta&;t,l tqudk
vHk;0yHkwlul;,l&ef rvdktyf[k ta=umif;jy=uonf?
odkŒ&mwGiftm&Swdkuf&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJŒrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;u xdkt,ltqudk
vufrcHEdkifa=umif;/ vlŒtcGifhta&;[lonfrSm wurBmvHk;wGif&Sdaom vlom;wdkif;
22 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

twGuf v$r;f òcHr&_ adS =umif;qd=k uonf? tm&Swu kd &f dS tpd;k &wcsKd ŒwdŒk u xkwaf zmfajymqdk
aeouJo h Œkd vlŒtcGihf ta&;onf wurBmvH;k tm;v$r;f òcHrr_ &SEd ikd b f J oufqikd &f m Edik if /H
a'owdŒk . ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf xH;k wrf;pOfvmwdŒk tay: rlwnfI uGjJ ym;Edik o f nf[q k o kd nfh
tm&Swefz;kd (Asian Value) t,ltqtay: a':atmifqef;pk=unfu olr. a=umuf&ŒHG
jcif;rS uif;a0;a&; pmtkyfwGif ,ckvdka&;om;xm;onf? “jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ'Drdkua&pD
awmif;qdrk _ wdu k yf x JG rJ mS vlŒtcGit hf a&; qdw k hJ awmif;qdo k aH wGygvmwmeJŒwòydief uf
ppftpd;k &&JŒ owif;pmawG/ pmapmifawGrmS vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdw k m taemufwikd ;f uae
tm&S&JŒ,Ofaus;r_/ xHk;wrf;pOfvmawGudkzsufqD;rJh wdkif;wyg; tawG;tac:w&yfjzpf
w,fvŒkd a0zefyw k cf wf/ r[kww f rf;w&m; ajymqdv k m r,fqw kd mudk óudwifwu G q f vdŒk
&ygw,f” vdŒk a':atmifqef;pk=unfu a&;om;cJo h nf?
tm&SvlŒtcGifhta&;okawoD Yash Ghai u tm&Sa'owGif ajymqdkaeonfh
vlwef;pm;tzGJŒtusdK;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnf[laom t,ltqonf oDtdk&D
t& vlwa,mufcsif;tusdK;xuf vlwef;pm;tzGJŒtusdK;udk ydkrdkumuG,f[ef&Sd
aomfvnf; vufawGŒwGif EdkifiHawmf.pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;
twGu[ f I l ta=umif;jyum vlwef;pm;tzGŒJ . tusKd ;udk ydwyf ifwm;jrpfaejcif;om
jzpfonf[k qdck o hJ nf? tm&Sa'o&Sd Edik if rH sm;wGif vlwef;pm;tzGŒJ tusKd ;. ta&;ygru _ kd
t"du ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; vlwef;pm;tzGJŒ.b0udk taxmuftuljzpfaponfh
vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG toif;tzGŒJ rsm; zGŒJ pnf;xlaxmifciG w hf Œkd
udk av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;r&Syd g? Edik if aH wmfux kd yd g; aESmif, h uS Ef ikd o f nf[al om ta=umif;
jycsujf zifh Edik if o
H m;wdŒk . vlra_ &;ESiEhf ikd if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tay: tm&S&t dS pk;d &rsm;u
wif;wif;=uyf =uyf ydwyf ifrr_ sm;ðyvkyaf eonf[k Yash Ghai uqdo k nf?
,Ofaus;r_EiS hf aemufco H rdik ;f a=umif;csi;f rwlnaD om vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;wGif vlŒtcGihf
ta&; qdkaomt,ltqonf qDav#mftyfpyfr_r&Sd[laom ta=umif;jycsufonf
jynfow l Œkd tay: wcsuv f w$ =f oZmv$r;f rd;k ouf a&mufapvdo k rl sm;. ta=umif;jycsuf
yifjzpfonf? vlŒtcGifhta&; t,ltqrsm;a=umifh jynfolwdkŒtaejzifh EdkifiHawmf
tm%mcsKyfudkifr_tay: jyefvnfar;cGef;xkwfvmjcif;rsm;/ EdkifiHawmftm%mudkyg
uefŒowfjcif;rsm; vkyfvmEdkifonf[k oabmaygufonfhtwGuf óudwifta=umif;
jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m uGm[csurf sm;udk tajcwnfI vlŒtcGit hf a&;
qdik &f mOya'tcsKd Œtay: t"dym` ,faumuf,rl _ trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sad omfvnf; uGjJ ym;r_rsm;rSm
rqdkoavmuftao;tzGJr#omjzpfonf? udk,fvdk&m t"dy`m,fqGJ,lxm;aom
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 23

±d;k &m,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH pH[al om ta=umif;jycsujf zifh jynfow l Œkd &oif&h xdu k af om
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk rsufuG,fðyjcif;rSm rSefuefr_r&SdvSay? a&S;,cifu rd±dk;zvm
vlŒtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkaom pum;vHk;r&SdcJhyg? rdrdwdkŒ. wm0ef/
0wW&m;ESihf vdt k yfcsurf sm;twdik ;f vdt k yfaom,E &W m;wckukd wnfaxmif+yD; touf
&SifvkyfudkifaecJh=uonf? odkŒaomf ,aeŒacwfopfwGif ,cifuJhodkŒ r[kwfawmhbJ
acwfopfEikd if rH sm; ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h yD; urBmopfval er_ypkH w H &yf ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h yD;jzpfonf?
a'ood‹k r[kwf vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;wckwiG f vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS ,cifur&Scd o hJ nf
twGuf ,ckvnf; &Sdp&mrvdk[laomt,ltqonf rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltqom
jzpfonf?
tm&Sa'o&Sd tcsKd @tpd;k &rsm;uvnf; Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;qdik &f mtcGit hf a&;rsm;
udk wkid ;f jynf. pD;yGm;a&;zG@H òzd;wd;k wufatmif vkyaf qmifaepOftwGi;f uef@owfxm;
oifhonf [laomt,ltqudk xkwfazmfajymqdkavh&Sdonf? EkdifiHom;rsm;tm;
Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &; qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; cHpm;cGiu hf akd y;tyfvu kd yf gu wdik ;f jynf.
pD;yGm;a&;zG@H òzd;wd;k wufru _ kd t[ef@twm;jzpfaponf [lIvnf; qkad vh&o dS nf? od@k &m
wGif Edik if oH m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ydwyf ifxm;aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wuf
vmatmif tmrrcHEikd af =umif;udk tm&Swu kd &f dS zdvyd ikd Ef iS hf tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if t H jzpftysuf
rsm;u oufaojyvsuf&Sdonf? xdkESpfEkdifiHpvHk;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;. EdkifiHom;ESifh
Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tm%m&Sit f pd;k &wd@k u ydwyf ifcahJ omfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;c|wòf cH
us+yD;aemufyikd ;f jynfow l @kd . 'Dru kd a&pD awmif;qdrk r_ sm;jzifh &ifqikd af jymif;vJc&hJ onfukd
awG@jrifEkdifonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm vl@*k%foduQmomjzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif;
ajymqd&k mwGif vl@*% k o
f u d mQ wckv;kH udk v$r;f òcHajymqd&k rnfjzpf+yD; wckcsi;f cJjG cm;owf
rSwfajymqdkI r&Edkifyg? tpdk;&w&yf. wm0efonf jynfolwdk@. vGwfvyfcGifhESifh
pm;0wfaea&;zlvrkH _ ESprf sKd ;pvH;k tay: av;pm;&ef wm0ef&o dS nf? vlwa,mufonf
qif;&Jiwfrw G af eygu vGwv f yfru _ kd rcHpm;Edik o f vdk qif;&Jiwfrw G af eonft h a=umif;udk
wifjycGifhr&v#ifvnf; iwfrGwfr_rS vGwfajrmufEdkifrnfr[kwfyg?
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm vlom;tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? ,Ofaus;r_wdkif;
wGiv f nf; vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufaom tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk vufct H od
trSwðf yxm;csurf sm;&Syd gonf? od@k aomfwcgw&HwiG f ,Ofaus;r_wck. vufcx H m;csuf
wckonf vl@tcGit hf a&; tajccHoabmxm;rsm;ESihf udu k n f jD cif;r&Sb d J xdyw f u kd t f jiif;
24 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

yGm;&aom tajctaersKd;vnf;&Sdwwfonf? Oyrm- tmz&duwdkufEdkifiHtcsdK@wGif

±dk;&m ,Ofaus;r_t&"avhtjzpf vkyfaqmifcJhaom trsKd;orD;.vdift*F gudk jzwf
awmufjcif;ESifh ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'owGif usifhoHk;aeonfh vl.ajcvufudkjzwf
awmufI tjypfay; w&m;pD&ifjcif;rsm;onf ,Ofaus;r_ tpOftvmESifh vl@tcGifh
ta&;tajccHoabmxm;rsm;t=um; tjiif;yGm;p&mjzpfvmonf? vl@abmiftodik ;f
t0dik ;f twGi;f wGi&f adS om ,Ofaus;r_"avhx;kH pHrsm;udk omreftjrifrsKd ;jzifh omref=unfh
,Hak vmufjzifh rvHak vmufawmhay? rdrw d @kd . ,Ofaus;r_x;kH wrf;tpOftvmrsm;onf
rdrw d @kd . *k%o
f u
d mQ ESihf vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk apmfum;aESmif, h u
S jf cif;&Srd &Sd rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f
oH;k oyf±_ jrifwwf&ef txl;vdt k yfvo S nf?
===???===
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 25

tcef; (3)
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
Edik if w
H um Oya'rsm;qdo k nfrmS Edik if rH sm;.vkyaf qmifru _ kd pnf;urf; owfrw S f
xm;jcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHrsm;u rdrdwdkŒpdwfwdkif;us Oya'rsm;udkjyXmef;+yD; xifovdk
rtkyfcsKyfap&efESifh rdrdwdkŒ.jynfwGif;a&;&mrsm;udk EdkifiHwumu 0ifa&mufpGuf
zuf&efrvdk rdrw d Œkd ud,
k w
f ikd f ajz&SiS ;f Edik o
f nf[al om t,ltqrsm; aysmufu, G af p&ef
Edik if w
H umOya'rsm;udk jyXmef;&ef vdt k yfonf[al om t,ltqay:vmcJo h nf? Edik if H
.tpd;k &rsm;t=um; oabmwlncD suu f kd tajccHI Edik if w
H umOya'rsm;udk a&;qGjJ cif;
jzpfonf? xdkŒtwl EdkifiHwck. jynfwGif;a&;&mudk wjcm;EdkifiHwcku 0ifa&mufpGuf
zufjcif;rðy&[laom xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& ta=umif;rJh0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;udk [ef‹
wm;Edkif&eftwGufvnf; xdkuJhodkŒaomoabmwlnDcsufudk tajccHI jyXmef;&jcif;
jzpfonf? EdkifiH. tpdk;&rsm;taeESifh oabmwlnDcsufudk av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k
cH0efcsurf ðyrD xdo k abmwlnrD nft h csurf sm;udk óudwifI &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; odEikd &f ef
aqmif&u G &f onf? xdrk wS qifh xdEk ikd if t H m; Edik if w
H um Oya'rsm;wGif yg0ifapjcif;jzifh
Oya'owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemvmap&ef vkyfaqmifonf? xdkŒaemuf
xdkEdkifiH. vkyfaqmifr_udk EdkifiHwumOya'wGif yg0ifaom tcsufrsm;jzifh pHxdk;I
xdef;csKyfavh&Sdonf?
xdo k Œkd xde;f csKyf&mwGif Edik if w

H umpmcsKyfrsm;wGif vufrw
S af &;xd;k ap+yD; pmcsKyfyg
tcsuftvufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemapmifhxdef;apjcif;jzifhjzpfap/ EdkifiHwumtzGJŒ
tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifonfhtzGJŒ0ifrsm;twGuf pHrsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifhjzpfap/ EdkifiHrsm;
twGi;f tiftm;oH;k ajz&Si;f r_ukd [efŒwm;uefŒowfjcif;jzifjh zpfap/ Edik if rH sm;&Std rsKd ;om;
Oya'rsm;twGif;wGif EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfrsm;yg tcsufrsm; v$rf;rdk;oufa&mufap
jcif;jzifhjzpfap xdef;csKyfEdkifonf?
rsuaf rSmufacwfopfurBmwGif Edik if wH umOya'rsm;onf Edik if w

H ckcsi;f tay:wGif
omruawmhbJ tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf Edik if o
H m;wOD;csi;f pDtxd tm%moufa&mufr&_ dS
vm+yD;jzpfonf? rsuaf rSmufumvwGif urBm}uD;rSm wjznf;jznf;usO;f ajrmif;vmcJ+h yD;
26 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
Edik if w
H Edik if EH iS hf wEdik if t
H =um; qufo, G rf cDS rkd _ ydrk w
kd ;kd yGm;vmcJo h nf? omref jynfow l Œkd
uvnf; oufqikd &f mEdik if . H tpd;k &wdŒk tay: ydrk I kd =oZmoufa&mufvmcJ=h uonf?
xdktcg EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;onf ydkrdkta&;ygvmcJhonf? ,cifuEdkifiHwumOya'
rsm;[kqdkv#if yxrqHk;taeESifh EdkifiHrsm;udk&nf!$ef;ajymqdkcJhonf? EdkifiH[laom
pum;vH;k . t"dym` ,fukd rGew f AD 'D ±D kd oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f “Edik if q H o kd nfrmS a&GŒajymif;
aexdkifjcif;r&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm;aexdkif&rnf? twnfwus owfrSwfxm;aom
e,ferdwfydkif;jcm;xm;r_&Sd&rnf? wnf+idrfIoufa&mufr_&Sdaom tpdk;&w&yfu
tkycf sKyf&rnf? Edik if w H um qufqaH &;wGif yg0ifr&_ &dS rnf? tjcm;Edik if rH sm;u todtrSwf
ðyr_&&dS rnf” [k&iS ;f vif; t"dym` ,fziG q hf xkd m;onf? ,cktcgwiG f 'kw, d taejzifh ukv
or*~ynma&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tzGJŒ (,leufpudk- UNESCO) tjynfjynf
qdik &f mtvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf (tdik t f ,fvt f -kd ILO) ponft h zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ tjynfjynf
qdik &f mvGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf zGŒJ (Amnesty International) uJo h Œkd tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzGJŒrsm;yg yg0ifvm+yD;jzpfonf? wwd,trsdK;tpm;rSm vlxk(Peoples) jzpfonf?
ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfwiG f vlx. k qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;xm;onft h csuu f
EdkifiHwumOya'wGif vlxkudkxnfhoGif;todtrSwfðyvmonfudk azmfjyaeonf?
pwkwt Î rsKd ;tpm;rSm vlwOD;csi;f pD (Individual) yifjzpfonf? r=umao;rDu jyXmef;
xm;cJah om Edik if w H um vlŒtcGit hf a&;Oya'rsm;xJwiG f vlwOD;a,mufcsi;f pD. tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udkyg tav;xm;xnhfoGif;vmonfudk awGŒjrif&onf? EdkifiHwumOya'
rsm;onf tm;enf;olrsm;udk tumtuG,af y;+yD; w&m;r#wr_rsm; azmfaqmifapEdik f
vmonftxd tm;aumif;vmatmif wdkufyGJ0if&ayrnf? xdkŒa=umifh EdkifiHwum
Oya'rsm;onf rnfuo hJ Œkd &So d nf/ rnfuo hJ Œkd vkyaf qmifEikd o f nfwŒkd udk avhvm&eftxl;
vdktyfonf?
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;onf EdkifiHrsm;.vkyfaqmifr_udk pnf;urf;owfrSwf&ef

&nf&, G +f yD; rlEpS &f yftay: tajccHxm;onfukd awGŒ&onf? xdrk El pS &f yfrmS Edik if w
H ikd ;f onf
wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdonf[laomtcsufESifh tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk
rxdyg;&[laom tcsufwdkŒjzpfonf? EdkifiHwdkif;wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdonf[kqdk&mwGif
EdkifiHwdkif;onf omwlnDr#r_ tjynfht0&Sdonf? EdkifiH}uD;onfra&G;/ i,fonfra&G;
tcGifhta&;nDr#r_&Sdonf? ukvor*~ tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHwdkif; nDr#aomtcGifhta&;rsm;&Sd
onf[k &nf&, G o f nf? 'kw,
d tcsujf zpfaom Edik if w
H Edik if .
H tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 27

EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
rxdyg;&[laom tcsuu f kd udik pf IJG tcsKd Œtpd;k &rsm;onf rdrw d Œkd Edik if w
H iG ;f &Sd vlŒtcGihf
ta&;tajctaersm;udk tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if u
H a0zefajymqdck &H onft h cg xdo k Œkd ajymqdrk _
onf Edik if wH Edik if .
H jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif; jzpfonf[k apm'uwuf
avh&Sdonf? rdrdwdkŒEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk tjcm;wEdkifiHu
0ifa&mufppfaq;azmfxw k cf iG /hf jypfwifa0zefyikd cf iG rhf &S[
d k qdak vh&o
dS nf? odŒk aomf ,ck
tcsdefwGif vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_udk ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;onf EdkifiHwck.
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk xdcu kd jf cif;jzpfonf[I l ta=umif;jyIr&awmhacs? Edik if w H ck.
vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_onf xdkEdkifiH. jynfwGif;a&;&mom jzpfonf[laom
tcsuu f kd vuf&adS cwfopfEikd if rH sm;ESihf Edik if w H umOya'rsm;u vufrcHawmhyg? ukv
or*~yÉdnmOfwiG v f nf; tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;. tcsKyftjcmudk av;pm;wefz;kd xm;ouJo h Œkd
EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_onf EdkifiHwum+idrf;csrf;a&;udk
xdyg;aESmifh,SufapEdkifonf[kvnf; cH,lonf?
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;wGif EdkifiHwEdkifiH/ Oya'ðyv$wfawmfw&yfuJhodkŒ Oya'

xkwfjyefEdkifaom/ xdkjyXmef;xkwfjyefvdkufaom Oya'trdfefŒtm%mwnf+rJa&;
twGuf vkyfaqmif&aom &JwyfzGJŒrsm;/ w&m;±Hk;rsm;r&Sday? oufqdkif&m EdkifiHawmf
Oya'rsm;wGif w&m;cHukd w&m;±H;k odŒk qifah c:I ppfaq;tjypfay;Edik af omfvnf; Edik if H
wumOya'rsm;wGif EdkifiHwumygvDrefrsm;/ EdkifiHwumw&m;±Hk;rsm;/ EdkifiHwum&J
wyfzGJŒrsm;/ tusOf;axmifrsm;r&Sdyg? EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;wGif trsdK;om;Oya'rsm;
Oya'uJo h Œkd qifwal omt&mrSm pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;/ yÉdnmOfrsm;/ oabmwlncD suf
rsm;jzpfonf?
pmcsKyfpmwrf;[kq&kd mwGif ESpEf ikd if tH =um; oabmwlvufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom

ESpfEdkifiH pmcsKyfrsm;/ (Oyrm-=op=wvsEdkifiHESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESpfEdkifiHt=um; vufrSwf
a&;xdk;xm;aom e,fpyfa'oqdkif&mpmcsKyf) a'otwGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm; oabmwl
vufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;aom a'oqdik &f mpmcsKyfrsm; (Oyrm- tar&duwdu k f Edik if rH sm;.
vlŒtcGihf ta&;qdik &f mpmcsKyf) ESihf Edik if w
H umu oabmwlvufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom
EdkifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; (Oyrm- ukvor*~yifv,fjyifOya'qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyf)wdkŒyg0ifonf?
28 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
EdkifiHwumOya' oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk oufqdkif&mtpdk;&u twnfðyvuf

rSwf a&;xd;k vdu
k o
f nfEiS hf wòydief uf xdEk ikd if o
H nf xdo
k abmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsut
f vuf
rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k cH0efcsufuwdðyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? tcsdKŒEdkifiHrsm;.
trsKd ;om; Oya'rsm;wGif ‚if;wdŒk vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom Edik if w
H umOya' oabm
wlpmcsKyfrsm;yg tcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGr&Sdaom tcsufrsm; yg0ifaeavh&Sd
onf? xdktcg jyXmef;xm;aom trsdK;om;Oya'xJrS rudkufnDaom Oya'rsm;udk
ajymif;vJ&efvdktyfvmonf? xdktcgrsdK;wGif Oya'ðyv$wfawmfu Oya'opfudk
ajymif;vJtwnfðyay;&onf?
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;wGif trsdK;om;Oya'rsm;uJhodkŒ w&m;±Hk;wGif rjzpfrae

w&m;&ifqdkif tppfaq;cH&jcif;r&Sday? w&m;&ifqdkifjcif;onf EdkifiHwumw&m;±Hk;
(International Court of Justice) . yg0ifywfoufEi kd rf t_ qift h wef;/ vufrw S x
f ;kd
oabmwlxm;aompmcsKyfEiS hf vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom Edik if . H oabmwdŒk tay:rl
wnfonf? tcsKd ŒEdik if rH sm;onf Edik if w
H um w&m;±H;k wGif w&m;&ifqikd &f jcif;udk vufcH
oabmwlaomfvnf; tcsKd ŒEdik if rH sm;url xdo k Œkd w&m;&ifqikd jf cif;udk vufrcH=u? xdo k Œkd
rjzpfraew&m;&ifqdkif&eftwGuf awmif;qdkEdkifavmufatmif vHkavmufaom
cdik rf monfh Oya'oufa&mufrv _ nf;r&Sad y? ukvor*~tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;tm;vH;k wuf
a&mufI qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S af vh&adS om ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH. qH;k jzwf
csurf sm;udk Edik if wH um w&m;Oya' pD&ifcsurf sm;[k rSw, f El ikd af omfvnf; vHak vmuf
aompnf;rsO;f rsm; rcsEikd af o;acs? tu,fI xdo k Œkd qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S jf cif;cH&aom
EdkifiHu xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&efjiif;qefonfhtcgrsdK;Y xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
twdik ;f vdu k ef mvmatmif zdtm;ay;&mwGiv f nf; tm;enf;onfukd awGŒjrif&onf?
zdtm;ay;onf[k qdk&mwGif vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_jzifh emrnfqdk;aeaom

Edik if t
H m; t&Su S &f apatmif yxrOD;qH;k vkyaf qmifEikd of nf? tar&duefEiS hf w±kwEf ikd if H
wdkŒuJhodkŒaom tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;tay: vlŒtcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI ta&;,l
aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf r_ mS tvGeef nf;yg;vSaomfvnf; Edik if w
H umtvnfwiG ‚f if;wdŒk . tðy
trltay: a0zefzGifh[ajymqdkjcif;jzifh t&Suf&apEdkifonf? xdkEdkifiHonf ‚if;wdkŒ.
vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufaer_rsm;/ zdESdyfonfhay:vpDrsm;udk vG,fvifhwul ajymif;vJ
csifrS ajymif;vJrnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdkEdkifiH. tpdk;&rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;taejzifh
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 29

EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
‚if;wdkŒonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD usifhoHk;aexdkifa=umif;udk EdkifiH

wumtv,fwGif oufaojyovdkaompdwfrsm; ay:vmaprnfjzpfonf? aemuf
tqift h aeESihf pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f Œkd r_EiS hf tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh ydwq f Œkd jcif;rsm;udv
k yk af qmif
Edik o
f nf? aemufq;kH tqifrh mS tiftm;oH;k jcif;jzpfonf? ukvor*~ vHòk cHa&;aumifpD
taeESihf Edik if w
H Edik if t
H ay: ppfa&;t& ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&efyef=um;
Edkifonf?
===???===
30 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tcef; (4)
tjynfjynfqdkif&mvlYtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;
'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD;wGif EdkifiHrsm;.tpdk;&rsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m+idrf;
csr;f a&;xGe;f um;a&;ESihf yÉdyuQrsm; csKyf+idr;f a&;wdŒk twGuf óud;yrf;vkyaf qmifvmcJ=h u
onf? EdkifiHom;wa,muf. touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifhESifh vGwfvyfcGifhudk rnfolwOD;
wa,mufrS Oya'rJh xdyg;aESmuf,Suf tE W&m,frðyEdkifatmif apmifha&SmufEdkifrnfh
enf;vrf;udk awG;awm}uHqvmcJhonf? EdkifiHwEdkifiH. tpdk;&w&yfu ‚if;EdkifiHom;
wa,muftay: vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;rðyEdkifatmif tumtuG,fay;
Edik af om/ wurBmvH;k udk v$r;f òcHaom vlŒtcGit hf a&; pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm; ay:xGe;f vma&;
twGuf awmif;qdo k rH sm; urBmtESŒH ay:xGuv f mcJoh nf? Edik if t H oD;oD;. ðyrlaqmif
&Gufcsufrsm;onf vlŒtcGifhta&;tay: wnfrSD&rnf[laom t,ltqw&yfvnf;
ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&m tawG;tac:onf EdkifiH
tawmfrsm;rsm;u qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;vdko!fh wif;rmaomEdkifiHawmftcsKyf
tjcmqdkif&m t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufudk ysuf,Gif;apcJhonf?
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
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vlŒtcGit
hf a&; a-unmpmwrf;
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
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ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf;. tyd'k f (68)t& vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Comm-

ission on Human Rights) tygt0if ukvor*~txl;aumfr&Sir f sm;udk zJ@G pnf;wnf
axmifvmcJhonf? vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifudk 1946 wGifpwifzJG@pnf;cJhonf?
xdkaumfr&SifrS OD;pD;OD;aqmifI ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaom vl@tcGifh
ta&;ESihf vGwv f yfciG hf qdak om t"dym` ,frsm;udk zGiq
hf &kd iS ;f jyEdik rf nfh tjynfjynfqikd &f m
vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;udk jyifqifa&;qJG&ef wm0efay;cJhonf? tar&duef
orRw uawmfjzpfol t,fveD m ±d;k pbJh (Eleanor Roosevelt). acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh
a&;qJGcJhaom xdkpmwrf;tay: urBm@EdkifiHrsm;u txl;pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uonf? tpdk;&
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzJG@rsm;ESifh t}udrf}udrfaqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_rsm;
vkyfaqmift+yD; 1948 ckESpf ZGefvwGif xdka=unmpmwrf;udk t+yD;owfEdkifcJhonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 31

xdkrl=urf;udk t}udrf}udrftzefzefavhvmr_rsm;ðyvkyft+yD; 1948 ckESpf 'DZifbmv

(10)&ufae@wGif jyifopfEdkifiH yJ&pfòrdŒwGifusif;yaom urBmhukvor*~ taxGaxG
nDvmcHraS eI xdak =unmpmwrf;udk twnfðyjyXmef;Edik cf o hJ nf? Edik if aH ygi;f 48 Edik if u
H
axmufcHcJhonf? bJvwf&yf/ csufudkpvdkaA;uD;,m;/ ydkvef/ aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;/
awmiftmz&du/ ,lu&drf;/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh ,l*dkpvm; AD;,m;EdkifiHponfh
Ekid if (H 8)Edik if w
H @kd u rJray;bJ =um;aecJ=h u+yD; uef@uu
G Ef ikd if v H ;kH 0r&Sb
d J twnfðyjyXmef;
EdkifcJhonf?
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywf

oufaomtaxGaxGESifh tajccHtcsufrsm;yg0ifonf? xdkvlŒtcGifhta&;a=unm
pmwrf;onf tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;taeESihf av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnf[k oabmwlvufrw S f
a&;xdk;&efvdktyfaom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsdK; r[kwfaomfvnf; a=unmpmwrf;yg
tcsurf sm;udk wefz;kd xm;apmifah &Smuf&ef urBmu h v k or*~tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w
H ikd ;f wGif wm0ef
&Sdonf? urBmhukvor*~ taxGaxG nDvmcHu 1948 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;vdkufaom
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;onf vufrSwfa&;xdk;p&mvdk
tyfaom oabmwlpmcsKyfr[kwfaomfvnf; rnfonfhEdkifiHrqdk ukvor*~yÉdnmOf
pmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu
k +f yD; ukvor*~tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H jzpfomG ;onfEiS w hf òydief uf
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;yg tcsufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkuf
em&ef wm0ef&o dS mG ;+yDjzpfonf? tjynfjynf qdik &f mvlŒtcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;udk
ukvor*~yÉdnmOfrv S I JG rnfonfph mcsKyf/ rnfonfOh ya'urS rv$r;f rd;k Edik ?f Ta=u
nmpmwrf;udk EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESihf ywfoufI av;pm;vdkufemr_udk
wdkif;wmaom pHcsdefpH!Gef;tjzpftoHk;ðyvmcJhonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcH
wGiof mru vHòk cHa&;aumifpw D iG yf g ud;k um;=u&onf? Edik if w H umOya'qdik &f m pmcsKyf
rsm;wGifvnf; udk;um;azmfjy=uonf? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;. zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;
wGiv f nf; ud;k um;azmfjyavh&o dS nf? xdŒk jyifEikd if H tawmfrsm;rsm;. Oya'a&;qGrJ r_ sm;
wGifvnf; =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdonfudkawGŒ&+yD; wcgw&H trsdK;om;Oya'rsm;.
tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfvmonf? Edik if t H oD;oD;. Edik if aH wmf w&m;±H;k rsm;wGiv f nf; Oya'
t& udk;um;vmcJh=uonf?
32 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

xdv
k Œl tcGithf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif vlom;wdŒk . Edik if o H m;tcGit hf a&;/ Edik if H
a&;tcGit hf a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf a&;/ vlra_ &;tcGit hf a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;
rsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? tydk'faygif; (30) yg0if+yD; tydk'f (1) ESifh (2)
wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;. t"dy`m,f t,ltqwdk@udk zGifhqdk&Sif;jyxm;onf? tydk'f
(3) rS (16) ESihf tyd'k f (18) rS (21) wd@k wiG f Ekid if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk
azmfjyxm;+yD; tyd'k f (17) ESihf tyd'k f (22) rS (2&) txdonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit hf a&; rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? tyd'k f (28) rS (30) txdonf
xdktcGifhta&;rsm; av;pm;&ef/ tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;&ef/
rnfolrS rcsdK;azmuf&ef wm0efrsm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
Edik if o
H m;tcGit hf a&; (Civil Rights) qdo
k nfrmS Edik if o
H m;wd@k . touf&iS cf iG Ehf iS hf
vGwv
f yfciG hf wd@k ukd tpd;k &u w&m;vufvw $ f 0ifa&mufaESmif, h u
S jf cif;rS umuG,af y;
aom tcGifhta&;rsm;[lI t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkEdkifonf? Oyrm- touf&SifcGifh/ vHkòcHcGifh/
vGwfvyfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifh/ w&m;a&;t& pD&ifcHydkifcGifhwdk@jzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; (political rights) qdkonfrSm wdkif;jynf&Sdtpdk;&. vkyfief;

a&;&mrsm;wGif Edik if oH m;rsm;u yg0ifywfoufciG u hf kd qdv k okd nf? Oyrm- rJay;ydik cf iG /hf
a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifh/ tpdk;&ay:vpDrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufr_udk od&Sdyg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifh/
vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG /hf owif;Xmersm; vGwvf yfciG /hf vGwvf yfpmG pka0;cGiw
hf @kd jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&; (Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights) qdo k nfrmS vlom;wd@k . b0vlaer_tqift h wef;rsm; wd;k wufjrifh
rm;vmatmif tqifq h ifh awmif;qkad om tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpfonf? Oyrm- ynm
oif=um;cGifh/ tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ usef;rma&;ESifhudkufnDaom tvkyfcGif&&SdcGifh/ wef;wl
vpmESihf wef;wltvkyv f yk cf iG /hf rdrb
d mompum; xdr;f odr;f toH;k ðycGihf wd@k uq
kd v
kd o
kd nf?
vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;. twdkcsKyf&Sif;vif;csufrsm;rSm -
tyd'k f (1) - vlwdkif;onf arG;zGm;vmuxnf;u wef;wlnDr_&Sdonf?
tyd'k f (2) - rnfol@udkrS cJGjcm;zdESdyfjcif;r&Sdap&?
tyd'k f (3) - vlwdkif;touf&SifcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vHkòcHcGifh&Sdonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 33

tyd'k f (4) - rnfol@udkrS u|eftjzpfapcdkif;/ a&mif;0,fjcif;rðy&?

tyd'k f (5) - rnfo@l urkd S rw&m;ESyd pf ufjcif;/ vlrqefpmG / &ufpufpmG qufqjH cif;
tjypfay;jcif;rðy&?
tyd'k f (6) - w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwiG f vlwikd ;f tm; vlom;tjzpf todtrSwðf y
cHydkifcGifh/
tyd'k f (7) - w&m;Oya'a&S@wGif wef;wlnDcGifh/
tyd'k f (8) - rdrdtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&ygu Oya'tultnD&,lcGifh/
tyd'k f (9) - rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;/ wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwfjcif;tm;umuG,fr_&&SdcGifh/
tydk'f (10)- vltrsm;=um;em+yD; w&m;r#waom w&m;pD&ifr_&&SdcGifh/
tydk'f (11)- cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;r&Sdrcsif; xdkolonftjypfr&Sd[lI
owfrSwfcHydkifcGifh/
tydk'f (12)- yk*~vdu udk,fa&;udk,fwmrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rS
umuG,fay;jcif;/
tydk'f (13)- vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh/
tydk'f (14)- rw&m;tjypfay;cH&rnfqykd gu tjcm;Edik if rH sm;wGif cdv k cH_ iG hf awmif;cH
ydkifcGifh/
tydk'f (15)- EdkifiHom;jzpfcGifh/
tydk'f (16)- t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rdrdqENjzifh vufxyftdrf,mxlaxmifcGifh/
tydk'f (17)- ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifcGifh/
tydk'f (18)- vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac: ,H=k unf ud;k uG,cf iG /hf
tydk'f (19)- vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjyajymqdkcGifh/ owif;rsm;&,lcGifh/
tyd'k f (20)- +idr;f csr;f pGmzJ@G pnf;xm;aomtzJ@G rsm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG 0ifa&mufciG /hf
pka0;cGifh/
tydk'f (21)- tpdk;&wGif yg0ifcGifh/
tyd'k f (22)- vlr_zlvHka&;cHpm;cGifh/
tydk'f (23)- tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;0ifa&mufcGifh/
tydk'f (24)- tyef;ajztem;,lcGifh/
tyd'k f (25)- vHkavmufaom vlr_tqifhtwef;cHpm;cGifhESifh aq;ukocHydkifcGifh/
tyd'k f (26)- ynmoif=um;ydkifcGifh/
tyd'k f (27)- ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif yg0ifyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf rdrw
d x
D iG rf t
_ usKd ;udk rdrcd pH m;ydik cf iG /hf
34 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tyd'k f (28)- xdktcGifhta&;rsm;ukd av;pm;&efwm0ef/

tyd'k f (29)- tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;&efwm0ef/
tydk'f (30)- rnfolrS TtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rcsdK;azmuf&efwm0ef/
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;onf usifh0wfoduQmqdkif&m

vkyx f ;kH Oya'owckomjzpf+yD; Oya'oufa&muftaumiftxnfazmfa&;wGif armif;
ESifjznfhqnf;ay;rnfh Oya',E W&m;wpHkw&mrSryg&SdcJh? odkŒaomfwurBmvHk;u xdkvlŒ
tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;udk vufcHoabmwlae+yD;jzpfonf? xkdŒa=umifh,if;
a=unmpmwrf;ESihf vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m pmcsKyf}uD;ESp&f yfwŒkd udk vlŒtcGit
hf a&;zGŒH òzd;
wdk;wufr_ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_wdkŒtwGuf EdkifiHwumu todtrSwfðyxm;
aompHrsm;[k tcsKd Œuowfrw S =f uonf? ,if;a=unmpmwrf;udk armif;ESit f m;jznfh
ay;rnfh ,E &W m;wpHwk &mr&Sad omfvnf; ,cktcgwiG f Edik if w H um "avhx;kH pHOya'rsm;
. tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf a&muf&Sdvm+yD[kqdkEdkifonf?
xdka=unmpmwrf;udktajccHI aemufxyfvl@tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;
trsm;tjym; ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? tcsKdŒrSmtouf0ifaecJh+yD;jzpf+yD; tcsKdŒrSmEdkifiHrsm;
twnfðy vufrw S af &;xd;k qJom &Sad o;onf? tcsKd ŒrSmrl rl=urf;a&;qJv G suyf if &Sad o;
onf? EkdifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;¶Hkoufoufomr[kwfbJ
csdK;azmufolrsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&Guf&eftwGufvnf; 0dkif;0ef;wdk;wufvkyfaqmif
vmonfuakd wG@&onf? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm jyif;xefpmG 0dik ;f 0ef;v_@H aqmfrr_ sm;. aemufq;kH
&vm'ftjzpf 1998 ckEpS w f iG f Ekid if t
H pd;k &rsm;onf tDwvDEikd if H a&mròrdŒwGif awG@qckH +hJ yD;
1998 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (17) &ufaeŒwGif tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k (Intern-
ational Criminal Court - ICJ) udk ,m,D tcse d yf ikd ;f r[kwb
f J t+rJwapzGiv hf pS &f ef
qHk;jzwfonfh Oya' (Rome Statute) udk jyXmef;cJh=uonf? Ttjynfjynfqdkif&m
&mZ0wfr_w&m;±Hk;onf ukvor*~wGifzJG@pnf;xm;aom tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;±Hk;
uJhodk@ EdkifiHtpdk;&tay: tjypfay;ta&;,l&efomr[kwfbJ xdktcGifhta&;udk tjyif;
txefusL;vGefazmufzsufaom vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;udkvnf; wdkif=um;ta&;,lEdkifrnf
jzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&; tjyif;txefusL;vGefaomtr_rsm;qdkonfrSm tpkvdkuf
tòyHowfjzwfjcif;/ vlom;rsdK;EG,fwckvHk;udk tE W&m,fðyaomjypfr_ESifh ppfyJGqdkif&m
&mZ0wfrw _ @kd ukd qdv
k okd nf? od@k aomf (Rome Statute) pmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 35

aemufyikd ;f wGif usL;vGecf ahJ om jypfrr_ sm;udo k m ta&;,lEikd rf nfjzpfonf? 2002 ckEpS f
wGif owfrw S xf m;aom Edik if aH ygi;f (60) oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xd;k cJo
h jzifh xdt
k jynf
jynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k udk zGiv hf pS Ef ikd rf nfjzpf+yD; r=umrDvyk if ef;rsm; taumif
txnfay:vmawmhrnfjzpfonf? xdkw&m;±Hk;udk t+rJwapzGifhvSpfxm;rnfjzpf+yD;
vlom;rsdK;EG,fpkwckvHk;udk tE W&m,fðyaomvkyf&yfrsm;/ vlom;rsdK;EG,fwckvHk;tay:
usL;vGeaf omjypf&yfrsm;/ urBmh ppf&mZ0wfru _ sL;vGeo f rl sm;udk xdw
k &m;±k;H rSaeI±H;k wif
ppfaq;tjypfay;Edkifawmhrnfjzpfonf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom vlŒtcGit hf a&;

pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm;udk ydrk I
kd wdwu d sus tao;pdwjf yXmef;Edik &f efEiS hf Edik if rH sm;tay: }uD;=uyf
r_vkyfief;pOfrsm; ydkrdkvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf vlŒtcGifhta&;pmcsKyf}uD;ESpfckudk 1966
ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (16) &ufaeŒwGif jyXmef;cJo h nf? xdpk mcsKyf}uD;ESpcf rk mS tjynfjynfqikd f
&m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m
EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf
(International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Potocol) wdŒk jzpfonf?
ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;u tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&;a=unm
pmwrf;ESihf xdv k Œl tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyf}uD;ESpcf u
k kd pkaygi;f I tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGihf
ta&; Oya' (International Bill of Human Rights) [k ac:onf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;rS vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyf

}uD;ESp&f yf ay:xGe;f vm&jcif;uyifv#if vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI rwlujJG ym;aom
'\eqdik &f m a&pD;a=umif;ESpcf &k adS eonfukd jyayonf? Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;qdik &f m
tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f oabmudak qmifonf? wOD;csi;f b0ay:
wG i f Ed k i f i H a wmf . xd e f ; csKyf r _ e nf ; Ed k i f o r# enf ; apa&;[l o nf h taemuf E d k i f i H
vpfb&,f0g' p±dkufvuQ%mrsm;ESifh xyfwlusonf[kqdkum zGHŒòzd;qJEdkifiHtcsdKŒESifh
,cifq&kd , S v f pf tkypf Ek ikd if rH sm;u txl;oabmrusv?S jynfov l x
l t k wGuf ynma&;/
td;k tdr/f vlrz_ v l akH &;ESihf use;f rma&;tultnDwŒkd udk axmufyahH y;&jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfESifh udkufnDonf[kqdkum xdkEdkifiH
36 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

rsm;u pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESi,

hf Ofaus;r_ tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m pmcsKyfuykd rkd akd xmufc=H u
onf?
pmcsKyf}uD;ESpfckudk twnfðyjyXmef;cJhonfh 1966 ckESpfrSpwifI xdkpmcsKyfrsm;udk

vufrw S f a&;xd;k &ef Edik if rH sm;udk zdwaf c:cJo h nf? odŒk aomf (10) ESpaf usm=f umjrifch +hJ yD;rS
ukvor*~tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H (35)Edik if H vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ+h yD; pmcsKyfygOya'rsm;vnf; ouf
a&mufrt _ m;aumif;vmcJo h nf? xdo k Œkd aES;auG;onfjh zpfpOfonf vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m
t,ltqESihf ywfoufI Edik if rH sm;taeESihf vufc&H efcufcaJ ejcif;udk !$ejf yv#u&f o dS nf?
rdrdwdkŒ. jynfwGif;a&;&m udpPrsm;omjzpfonf[k owfrSwfcJhonfh vlŒtcGifhta&;
udpPrsm;udk EdkifiHwumrS }uD;=uyfEdkif&ef wHcg;zGifhay;vdkuf&jcif;onf tcsdKŒEdkifiHrsm;
twGuf t"dutcuftcJyifjzpfonf? vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&mt,ltqudk t}uD;
tus,f axmufcaH eygonfqakd om Edik if rH sm;yif vufawGŒtm;jzifh vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik f
&mpmcsKyf wcsKd Œ odŒk r[kwf trsm;tjym;udk vufrw S af &;xd;k &ef jiif;qdv
k suyf if &Sad e
ao;onf? Oyrm- tar&duefEikd if u H o hJ Œkd aom Edik if rH sKd ;onfyif ukvor*~. t"du
vlŒtcGifhta&; pmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; r&Sdao;acs?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufaom t"duoabmwlpmcsKyf}uD;ESpcf k ay:ayguv f m

&jcif;onf vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufI rwlujJG ym;aom'\eqdik &f m a&pD;a=umif;
ESpfck &Sdaeonfudkjyaeonf? EdkifiHa&;ESifh EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyfwGif vlŒ
tcGit H e$ ;f rsm;udk pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u av;pm;+yD; xdt
hf a&; pHcsed pf ! k cGit
hf a&;rsm;
udk umuG,rf a_ y;&rnf[k a&;om;xm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGihf
ta&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f rdrEd ikd if w H iG wf nf&adS om "e&if;jrpfprH sm;udk twwf
Edik q
f ;kH toH;k csI pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm; wd;k wufaumif;rGev f matmif óud;yrf;vkyaf qmif
&rnf[kqdkonf? xdkŒa=umifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfonf
csucf si;f vufiif; ta&;,l taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G &f onfh oabmrsKd ;&So
d nf?
EdkifiHa&;ESifh EdkifiHom;tcGifh ta&;rsm;u EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh rdrdEdkifiHom;
wOD;csif;pD. vGwfvyfr_udk xdyg;taESmuft,Sufðyjcif;rðy&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGihf ta&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfonf rdrEd ikd if &H dS
"e&if;jrpfrsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk;enf; vrf;jzifhtoHk;ðyI wajz;ajz;csif; taumif
txnfazmf vkyfaqmif&onfh oabm&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 37

rdrdEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;

qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; wdk;wufcHpm;&&SdEdkifatmif pDrHudef;rsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;
csrSwfaqmif&Guf&rnfh tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m;udk azmfjyxm; jcif;jzpfonf?
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pmcsKyfvufrw
S af &;xd;k jcif;tqifq
h ifh
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pmcsKyf t zG J Œ 0if E d k i f i H r sm;onf pmcsKyf y gtcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k trS e f w u,f

twnfðy vufrw S af &;xd;k &eftwGuf y%mrtqifv h ufrwS af &;xd;k jcif; (Signature)
udk vkyaf qmif&onf? trsm;tm;jzifh Edik if . H t}uD;tuJu vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;jzpf+yD;
xdkpmcsKyfudk twnfðy vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef qEN&Sda=umif;/ aemifwcsdefwGif EdkifiH&Sd
trsdK;om;Oya' xHk;wrf;pOfvm rsm;t& twnfðyvufrSwfa&;xdk;rnfjzpfa=umif;
today;onfhoabmaqmifonf? tcsdKŒEdkifiHrsm;wGif xdkpmcsKyfrsm;tm; twnfðy
vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;udk Edik if . H t}uD;tuJur vkyaf qmif&yJ ygvrD efuom vkyaf qmif
&aom tajccHOya'rsm;&Sd wwfonf?
aemufwqifhjzpfaom twnfðyvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; (Ratification) onf

pmcsKyfyg tcsut f vufrsm; tm;vH;k udk av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnfjzpfa=umif; oabmwl
vufco H nfh oabmaqmifonf? xdo k Œkd twnfðy vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;rSom xdEk ikd if u
H kd
pmcsKyftzGJŒ 0ifEdkifiHtjzpf vufcHac:a0:Edkifonf?
tcsKd ŒoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;onf jyXmef;+yD;+yD;csi;f touf0ifvmjcif; (Entry into

force) r&Sday? Oyrm- tjynfjynfqdkif&m EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifh
ta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwdkŒudk 1966 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;cJhaomfvnf; 1976 ck
ESpfa&mufrS touf0ifvmcJhonf?
txufwiG af z: jyxm;ouJo h Œkd touf0ifvm+yD;jzpfaompmcsKyfukd Edik if w

H Edik if u
H
vufrSwf a&;xdk;+yD; pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHjzpfvmjcif;tm; (Accession) jzpfonf[k
qdkonf? Oyrm-,cktouf0ifaeaom EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
38 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

oabmwl pmcsKyfudk EdkifiHwEdkifiHu ,aeŒvufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufygu xdkEdkifiHonf

pmcsKyfukd Accession ðyvkyo
f nf[k qdok nf?
oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udv k ufrw S af &;xd;k aom tcsKd ŒEdik if rH sm;onf pmcsKyfygtcsuf

tvufrsm; tm;vH;k udk r¹cGi;f rcsef vH;k 0vdu k ef mygrnf[k oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xd;k
jcif; r[kwb f J pmcsKyfygtcsKd Œtcsut f vufrsm;udk ¹cGi;f csux f m;+yD; vufrwS rf xd;k bJ
aeavh&o dS nf? ‚if;udk ¹cGi;f csuxf m;jcif; (Reservation) [kac:onf? pmcsKyfygtcsuf
tvufrsm;ukd av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k oabmwlnDaomfvnf; pmcsKyfygtcsdKŒ
tcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&eftcuftcJ &Sdygonf[kqdkum ¹cGif;csufxm;jcif;rsdK;udk
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh zdEydS cf jJG cm;r_ yaysmufa&; oabmwlncD suw f iG f trsm;
qH;k awGŒ&onf?
tcsKd ŒEdik if rH sm;url pmcsKyf.aemufqufwpJG mcsKyfrsm; (Protocol) udk vufcv H ukd f

em&ef oabmwlvuf rSwaf &;xd;k jcif;r&S=d u? pmcsKyf. aemufqufwpJG mcsKyfqo kd nfrmS
yifrpmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;. aemufqufwGJta=umif;t&mrsm;yifjzpfonf?
yifrpmcsKyfukd vufrw S f a&;xd;k aomfvnf; aemufqufwpJG mcsKyfukd rjzpfrae vufrw S f
a&;xdk;p&m rvdktyfojzifh aemufqufwGJudk vufrSwfra&;xdk;aom EdkifiHrsm;vnf;
&So
d nf? tjynfjynfqikd &f m Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f mOya'. aemufquf
wGpJ mcsKyfwiG f yifrpmcsKyfyg tcsut f vufrsm;tm; csKd ;azmufaom Edik if t H a=umif;udk
vlwOD; wa,mufcsi;f taeESihf pmcsKyfaumfrwDxH wdik =f um;Edik o f nf[k a&;om;xm;
onf? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;u aemufqufwGJpmcsKyfwGifyg0ifaom xdktcsufudk
vdkufemusifhoHk;&rnfudk pdk;&drfaoma=umifh yifrpmcsKyfudkom vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;
aemufqufwpJG mcsKyfudk vufrw S x
f ;kd avhr&S=d u? Oyrm-tdE, dN Edik if o
H nf tjynfjynf
qdkif&m EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m yifrpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;aomf
vnf; aemufqufwGJpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;r&Sday?
EdkifiHwEdkifiHtm; rdrdwdkŒoabmtav#muf vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyfrsm;wGif

vufrw S f a&;xd;k ap+yD; xdpk mcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef mapjcif;rSm xdpk mcsKyf
rsm;. tESpfom&jzpfonf? ukvor*~&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&;pmcsKyftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
pmcsKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H (Signatory States) rsm;tae
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 39

jzifh pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif trSefwu,fav;pm;vdkufemr_ &Sdr&Sdudk

apmifh=uyf&eftwGuf pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;&Sdonf? Oyrm - uav;oli,frsm;tcGifh
ta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k vufrSwf
a&;xdk; oabmwlxm;aomEdkifiHrsm;. vkyfaqmifr_udk apmifh=unfhaqmif&Guf&ef
uav;oli,frsm; tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwDu wm0ef,&l onf?
xkŒd twl trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHEk iS chf jJG cm;zdEydS rf y_ aysmufa&; oabmwl pmcsKyfyg
tcsufrsm;udk pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;u vdkufemr_&Sdr&Sdtay: trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;
enf;rsdK;pHkESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwDu }uD;=uyfaqmif
&Gu&f onf? xdpk mcsKyf aumfrwDrsm;udk t*Fvyd b f momjzifh (Treaty-bodies) [kac:
onf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k vufrSwf

a&;xd;k vdu k o
f nfEiS hf wòydief uf pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf xdpk mcsKyfygtcsut
f vuf
rsm;tm; rdrw d Œkd taejzifh rnfuo hJ Œkd av;pm;wefz;kd xm; vkyaf qmifaeonfukd pmcsKyf
aumfrwDxHodkŒ rysufruGuf tpD&ifcH&efwm0ef&Sdvmonf? pmcsKyftay:rlwnfI
tpD&ifc&H rnfh ESpu f mvtydik ;f tjcm; uGjJ ym;r_&o dS nf? trsm;tm;jzifh pmcsKyfvufrw S f
a&;xd;k +yD; wESpo
f Œkd r[kwf ESpEf pS f twGi;f yxrpmcsKyfukd wifoiG ;f &+yD; aemufqufwyJG pkH H
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk oHk;ESpf odkŒr[kwf av;ESpfw}udrf yHkrSefwifoGif;&onf?
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Edik if o
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf
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(International Convenant on the Civil and Political Rights- ICCPR)
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EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m

vlŒtcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;. yxrydik ;f wGif azmfjyxm;onfuakd wGŒ&onf? ukv
or*~u 1966 ckEpS w f iG f twnfðyjyXmef;+yD; 1976 ckESp/f rwfv (23) &ufaeŒwGif
touf0ifvmaom Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit
hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f tyd'k af ygi;f
(53) yd'k yf g0ifonf? tyd'k f (6) rS (27) wd@k wiG f Edik if oH m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
40 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tyd'k (f 1)Edik if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf pD;yGm;a&;/
vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf ESpcf k pvH;k .
yxrOD;qH;k aom tyd'k w f iG f vlwikd ;f wGif ud, k yf ikd q
f ;kH jzwf ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf?
,ckpmcsKyfwiG f vlwikd ;f onf Edik if aH &;tqift h wef;tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwf
ydkifcGifh&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
tydk'f(2)pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf rdrdEdkifiH e,ferdwftwGif;wGif&Sdaom
vlrSefor#ESifh EdkifiH.w&m;pD&ifxHk;atmufwGif tóuH;0ifaom vlrSef
or#wdk@udk rnfonfh ta=umif;t&mESifhrS cJGjcm;jcif; r&SdapbJ ,ck
pmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifhðy&rnf? xdkolrsm;. TtcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&rnf?
tydk'f(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf trsdK;om;/ trsdK;orD; cJGjcm;jcif;
r&Sad pbJ ,ckpmcsKyfyg tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk usm;rra&G; wef;wlcpH m;cGi&hf dS
&ef tmrcH ay;&rnf?
tyd'k (f 4) ta&;ay:tajctaersKd ;wGif tpd;k &taejzifh tcsKd @aom tcGit hf a&;
rsm;tm; uefŒowfqdkif;ihHxm;Edkifaomfvnf; vlom;wOD;. touf
&SifcGifh/ Oya'a&SS@wGif wef;wlnDcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,lqydkifcGifh/
ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_rS uif;v$wfcGifh/ u|efðyjcif;rS uif;v$wfcGifh/ aºuG;rDS
twGuf axmifcsjcif;rS uif;v$wcf iG /hf aemufa=umif;jyefI Oya't&
ta&;,lr_rS uif;v$wfcGifhwdk@udk ydwfyifjcif;/ qdkif;ihHxm;jcif;rðyEdkif?
tydk'f(5)pmcsKyfygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ysufpD;apvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh
TpmcsKyf udk rnfolrStoHk;rcs&?
tydk'f(6) vlwdkif;wGif touf&SifaexdkifcGifh &Sdonf?
tyd'k f (7) rnfo@l urkd S vlom;rqefaom/ &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom tðytrl
rsm;ESifh ESdyfpufr_rsm; rcHpm;ap&?
tyd'k f (8) rnfo@l urkd S u|eðf yjcif;ESihf aus;u|et f jzpf tvkyaf pcdik ;f jcif; rðyap&?
tyd'k f (9) vlwikd ;f wGif vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf vHòk cHru
_ kd cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf o
dS nf? rnfo@l urkd S
rw&m; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; r&Sdap&?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 41

tyd'k f (10) vGwv f yfr_ qH;k ±H;_ cJah omolrsm;udk av;pm;pGmqufq&H ef wm0ef&dS
onf?
tykd'f (11) rnfol@udkrS aºuG;jyefray;EdkifI axmifcsjcif;rðyEdkif?
tyd'k f (12) vlwikd ;f rdrEd ikd if t
H wGi;f vGwvf yfpmG v_y&f mS ;oGm;vmcGiEhf iS hf wdik ;f jynf
odk@ 0ifxGufcGifh&Sdonf?
tydk'f (13) EdkifiHtwGif; w&m;0if 0ifa&mufvmaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm;
Oya't&jzifhom wdkif;jynfrSESifxkwfcGifh&Sdonf?
tyd'k f (14) Oya'/ &mZ0wfrE_ iS hf w&m;r pD&ifx;kH rsm;wGif vlwikd ;f w&m;Oya'
a&SŒarSmufwiG f wef;wlnrD #r&_ o dS nf? cdik v f akH om taxmuftxm;jzifh
tjypf&o dS nf[k pD&ifcsuf rcsrcsi;f xdo k w l iG f rjypfr&S?d
tydk'f (15) &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;aomtcsdefu vkyf
aqmifcJhr_udk aemufa=umif;jyefI rnfol@udkrS w&m;pJGqdkjcif;rðy&?
tyd'k f (16) rnfonfah e&mwGijf zpfap w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufwiG f vlom;tjzpf
todtrSwf ðycHydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
tyd'k f (17) vlwOD;csi;f pD. ud, k af &;ud,
k w f mydik q f ikd rf r_ sm;/ aetdrrf sm;/ pmay;
pm,lrsm;tm; w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;ESihf vlwOD;. *k%f
oduQmudk rw&m;xdcdkuf apmfum;jcif;r&Sdap&?
(tydk'f-18) vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh &Sdonf?
(tydk'f- 19) vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;xkwfazmfajymqdkciG fh &Sdonf?
tyd'k f (20) vlrsKd ;a&;/ bmoma&; rke;f wD;r_rsm;/ t=urf;zufrr_ sm;/ zdEydS af pmfum;
r_rsm; jzpfymG ;ap&eftwGuf aoG;xd;k v_@H aqmf 0g'jzef@rr_ sm;udk Oya'jzifh
wm;qD; ydwfyifay;&rnf?
tydk'f (21) +idrf;csrf;pGm pka0;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
tydk'f (22) vlwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm tzJG@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmif0ifa&mufydkifcGifh
&Sdonf?
tydk'f (23) t&G,fa&muf+yD;aom usm;rwdkif; qENjzifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifh/
vufxyfaygif;oif; uGm&Sif;csdefwGif usm;rtcGifhta&;/ wm0efwl
nDpGm&&SdcGifh&Sdonf?
42 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tyd'k (f 24) t&G,rf a&mufao;aom uav;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,af y;

&mwGifcJGjcm;r_r&SdbJ wef;wlumuG,fay;&rnf? uav;wdkif; EdkifiHom;
jzpfydkifcGifh&Sdonf?/
tydk'f (25) EdkifiHom;wdkif; wdki;f jynftwGif;&Sd vlxka&;&m Xmersm;wGifyg0ifcGifh/
tpdk;&udk a&G;cs,frJay;cGifhESifh udk,fwdkifa&G;cs,f cHydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
tyd'k f (26) vlwikd ;f w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufwiG f wef;wlnrD #ciG &hf o dS nf? Oya'.
tumtuG,fudk cH,l&mwGif cJGjcm;r_vHk;0r&Sdap&?
tyd'k f (27) Edik if t
H wGi;f wGif aexdik af om vlrsKd ;pk/ bmoma&;ESihf bmompum;
qdkif&m vlenf;pkrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk ydwfyifjcif;rðy&?
tyd'k f (28-53)wd@k wiG f vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfrwD. wm0efrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf?
2004 ckEpS f ZGevf txd Edik if o

hf a&; oabmwlpm
csKyf. yifrpmcsKyfukd twnfðyvufrw S x f ;kd xm;onfh Edik if aH ygi;f (148)
EdkifiHESifh y%mr vufrSwfxdk;xm;aom EdkifiH (8) EdkifiH&Sd+yDjzpfygonf?
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Edik if o
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfrsm;
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EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif aemufqufwGJ

pmcsKyf (2) ck&Sdonf? aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf(1)udk 1966 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (16)
&ufae@wiG f jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1976 ckEpS f rwfv (23) &ufaeŒwGif touf0ifvmcJo h nf?
t"dutm;jzifh pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w H Edik if rH S Edik if o
H m;wOD;csi;f taeESihf rdr. d vlŒtcGihf
ta&;csKd ;azmufc&H r_ukd aumfrwDxH wdik =f um;cGit hf m;azmfjyxm;onf? Taemufquf
wJpG mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aomEdik if u H rdrt d ay: yifrpmcsKyfygtcGit hf a&;rsm;
ESiyhf wfoufI csKd ;azmufaeonf[k owfrw S af om olrsm;onf aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf
(1). tydk'f (1)t& pmcsKyf. vl@tcGifhta&; aumfrwDxH qufoG,fwdkif=um;I&
ayonf? xdt k cgrsKd ;wGif yxrOD;qH;k taeESihf xdw k ikd =f um;r_ukd aumfrwDuvufco H ifh
roifh qHk;jzwfonf? vufcHoifhonf[kqHk;jzwfygu wdkif=um;oltay: pmcsKyfyg
tcsut f vufrsm; rnfoŒkd csKd ;azmufc&H onfukd aumfrwDupHpk rf;ppfaq;+yD; qH;k jzwf
onf? qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd oufqikd &f m Edik if t
H aeESihf todtrSwðf yvmatmif odr;f oGi;f
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 43

aqmif&u G o f nf? xdw k ikd =f um;olonf xdEk ikd if wH iG &f adS omw&m;Oya'rsm;u ol.epfem
csurf sm;udk jynf0h atmifrvkyaf qmif ay;Edik o f nfh tajctaersKd ;jzpf&rnf[k xdak emuf
qufwJG pmcsKyf(1). tydk'f (2)u qdkxm;ygonf? xdkodk@wOD;csif;wdkif=um;aom
tr_rsm;udk vl@tcGifhta&;aumfrwDuvufcH+yD; oufqdkif&mEdkifiHudk od&Sdap&efquf
vufta=umif;=um;&ygonf? xdkta=umif;t&mESifh ywfoufaomtcsuftvuf
rsm;udk xdEk ikd if u
H ajcmufvtwGi;f aumfrwDxH jyefvnftpD &ifcw H ifjy&onf? xdu k pd P
ESifhywfoufI jzpfyGm;r_rsm;/ avhvmawG@&Sd&csufrsm;/ ta&; ,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;
vkyfaqmifxm;ygurnfuJhodk@ vkyfaqmifxm;onfponfjzifh jynfhjynfh pHkpHkjyefvnf
tpD&ifcH&ygonf? xdkodk@wdkif=um;r_rsm;/ oufqdkif&mEdkifiH. tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;udk
vltrsm;odap&eftwGufrvkyfaqmifbJ wkdif=um;olESifh oufqdkif&mEdkifiHtwGif;om
today;vkyfaqmifygonf? xdkodk@=um;emr_rsm;udk aumfrwDu vkyfaqmift+yD;
aumfrwD. tjrifEiS , hf q l csurf sm;udk wdik =f um;olEiS hf oufqikd &f mEdik if x
H o
H @kd today;
ygonf? xdkodk@ vkyfaqmifcsuftusOf;csKyfudk pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDrSwqifh
ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ wifoGif;aomtpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyyg
onf?
2004 ckEpS f ZGef (9)&uf txd Edik if o

hf a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf.
aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf (1) udk twnfðyvufrw S x f ;kd xm;aom Edik if aH ygi;f (152) Edik if EH iS hf
y%mrvufrSwfxdk;xm;aomEdkifiH (4) EdkifiH&Sd+yDjzpfygonf?
EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf (2)

udk 1989 ckEpS w f iG jf yXmef;cJ+h yD; 1991 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f (11)&ufaeŒwGif touf0ifco hJ nf?
t"durSm ao'%fcsrSwfr_zsufodrf;jcif;udk &nf&G,fonf? aemufqufwJGpmcsKyf (2)
. tyd'k f (1)wGif pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;. w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;atmufwiG f rnfo@l urkd S
ao'%fay;jcif; r&Sad p&[lI azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k jyif pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;taejzifh
rdrEd ikd if .
H w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;wGif ao'%fay;r_zsuo f rd ;f apa&;udk enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh óud;yrf;
aqmif&GufoGm;=u&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf?
44 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

2002 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v

D txd Edik if o
hf a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf.
aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf (2) udtk wnfðyvufrw S x f ;kd xm;aom Edik if aH ygi;f (46) Edik if EH iS hf
y%mr vufrSwfxdk;xm;aomEdkifiH (7) EdkifiH&Sd+yDjzpfygonf?
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vlŒtcGit
hf a&;aumfrwD
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(Human Rights Committee)
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Edik if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tay: pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0if
Edik if rH sm;. av;pm;vdu k ef mr_tm; apmif=h unf&h eftwGuf vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfrwDukd
zGŒJ pnf;onf? xdak umfrwDukd Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwl pmcsKyf
aumfrwD[k rac:bJ vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfrwD[k ac:onf? odkŒaomf aumfrwD.
t"duwm0efrmS Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf ygtcsuf
rsm; tay:pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;. av;pm;vdu k ef mr_tm; apmif=h unfjh cif;jzpfonf?
pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;rS a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufxm;aom vGwv f yfonfh u|r;f usif

ol (18) OD;jzifh aumfrwDudk zGJŒpnf;xm;onf? aumfrwD. t"duwm0efrSm (1)
pmcsKyftzGJŒ0if EdkifiHrsm;u wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk zwf±_avhvmjcif;/ (2)
xdt
k pD&ifcpH m rsm;tay:oH;k oyfcsurf sm;/ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S jf cif;ESihf (3)oabmwl
pmcsKyf. yxr aemufqufww JG iG f jyXmef;xm;onft h wdik ;f vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f u
wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;wdkŒjzpfonf?
pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf pmcsKyfudktwnfðyvufrSwfxdk;+yD; wESpftwGif;
aumfrwDodkŒ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&onf? yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmudk (5) ESpfv#ifw}udrf
wifoGif;&onf? wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vltrsm;wufa&mufaom
aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif zwf=um;&onf?
tpD&ifcHpmudk EdkifiH.udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;u wifoGif;&+yD; vlŒtcGifhta&;aumf

rwDu ppfaq;&onf? ppfaq;onf[q k &kd mwGif w&m;ppfaq;ouJo h Œkd =um;emjcif;ppf
aq;jcif;rsKd ; r[kwaf y? tpD&ifcpH mppfaq;jcif;. &nf&, G cf surf mS w&m;pD&ifouJo h Œkd
tjypfay;&ef r[kwfbJ pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm;udk vdkufem&efwm0ef&Sda=umif;
pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if u
H kd tðyoabmjzifh ajymqdjk cif;omjzpfonf? tpD&ifcpH mudk ppfaq;
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 45

aepOftwGi;f Edik if H ud,

k pf m;vS,.
f tpD&ifcrH E_ iS hf E_wjf zifah jym=um;r_wŒkd tay:tajccHI
tjcm;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,fudk ar;cGef;rsm;xkwfjcif;/ cdkifrmatmif
jyefvnfar;cGef;xkwfjcif;rsm;udk vkyfEdkifonf? aumfrwDonftpdk;&rS wifoGif;aom
tpD&ifcHpmwckwnf;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udkom rSDjirf;udk;um;jcif;r[kwfbJ tjcm;
&if;jrpfrsm;u&&Sad om owif;rsm;udyk g rSjD irf;ud;k um;Edik o f nf? xdŒk a=umifh tjcm;tpd;k &
r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;u ay;ydŒk aomowif;rsm;udk ud;k um;Edik o f nf? odŒk aomf aumfrwD
xHodkŒ tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJŒrsm;u w&m;0iftpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifydkŒtpD&ifcHEdkifjcif;
r&Sd? xdkŒa=umifhaumfrwD0ifwOD;csif;pDodkŒ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;u tcsuf
tvufowif;rsm; ay;ydkŒwwf=uonf? xdk&&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
tajccHI aumfrwDonf Edik if t H ay: qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S &f onf? oufqikd &f mEdik if u
H kd
xdq
k ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;tm; today;&onf? odŒk aomf aumfrwDwiG f Oya' oufa&mufap
aom tm%m/ odŒk r[kwf ta&;,lEikd o f nfh tm%m (Enforcement Power) r&Sad y?
Edik if o
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf
(1) t&pmcsKyftcGifhta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufcH&onf[lIwdkif=um;aom vlwOD;
wa,mufcsif;. wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk aumfrwDuvufcH&onf? odk@aomfpmcsKyfudk
vufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;onfh pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if u H csKd ;azmufygonf[al om wdik =f um;
r_udkom aumfrwDu vufcHEdkifonf?
tu,fI pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHwcktay: vlwOD;wa,mufu wdkif=um;vm+yD

qdyk gu aumfrwDu wHcg;ydwt f pnf;ta0;jzifh wdik =f um;r_uv
kd ufcEH ikd rf cHEikd f qH;k jzwf
onf? aumfrwDu vufcHEdkifonf[k qHk;jzwfvdkuf+yD;rSom aemufwqifhtaejzifh
xdpk yG pf w
GJ ikd f =um;csurf sm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfppfaq;Edik of nf? tu,fI xdt k cGit hf a&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm; cdkifvHka=umif;awG@&ygu aumfrwDu qHk;jzwfcsufcsaomfvnf;
oufqikd &f m tpd;k &taejzifh rjzpfrae vdu k ef matmifvyk af qmifEikd o
f nfh pnf;ESmiftm;
(Binding force) r&S d y g? vd k u f e moif h o nf [l a om wd k u f w G e f ; csuf a vmuf o m
vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
aumfrwDu avhvmppfaq;r_ajrmufaom wdkif=um;r_udpPjzpf&efrSm atmufyg

tcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDr_&Sd&rnf?
46 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

(1) tr_wdkif=um;aomol odk@r[kwf wdkif=um;olrsm;onf trnfrazmfvdk

aomol r[kw&f ? aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if . H w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;
ESifh tóuH;0ifoljzpf&rnf?
(2) csKd;azmufcH&oludk,fwdkif odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfolu wdkif=um;&
rnfjzpfonf? od@k aomf xdck sK;d azmufc&H oltaejzifh olu, kd w
f ikd f wdik =f um;r_
udk rwifoiG ;f Edik o
f nfh tajctaersKd ; &Sad ev#if xdw
k ikd =f um;r_ukd aumfrwD
u vufcHpOf;pm;rnfjzpfonf?
(3) wdik =f um;r_onf oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaom tcsurf sm;ESihf udu k n f rD _
&S&d rnfjzpf+yD; aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf. wdik =f um;cGiu hf kd tvJo G ;kH pm;vkyI f
wdkif=um;jcif;rjzpfap&?
(4) xdktr_udpPonf tjcm;aom EdkifiHwum vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;t&
udkifwG,f ajz&SSif;ae&ef pOf;pm;oHk;oyfaeaom udpPrjzpfap&?
(6) wdkif=um;olonf EdkifiHawmftqifh wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif+yD;
aomfvnf; auseyfr_r&aom tr_rsdK;jzpf&rnf?
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pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra+ &;ESi,
hf Ofaus;r+tcGit
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(International Convention on the Economic, Social and Cultural
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Rights- ICESCR)
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pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGithf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsuf

rsm;udk ukvor*~vlŒtcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;}uD;. 'kwd,ydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;
onfukd awGŒ&onf? txl;ojzifh pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlrz_ v l akH &;
cHpm;cGirhf sm;yg0ifonf? xdt k csut
f vuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk 1948 ckEpS f rwdik rf u D
wnf;u todtrSwðf yxm;+yD;jzpfonf? xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm; wd;k wufaumif;rGev f ma&;
twGuf 1917 ckESpfwGif zGJŒpnf;cJhonfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒcsKyf
(International Labor Organization)u óu;d yrf;vkya f qmifaecJo h nfrmS ,aeŒwdik yf ifjzpf
onf? TpmcsKyfukd ukvor*~wiG f 1966 ckEpS w f iG jf yXmef;cJ+h yD; 1976 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D
(3) &ufaeŒrS touf0ifvmcJo h nf? 2004 ckEpS Zf eG (f 9)&uftxd TpmcsKyfukd twnfðy
vufrSwfxdk;xm;aom EdkifiHaygif; (149) EdkifiH&Sd+yD; y%mr vufrSwfxdk;xm;onfh
EdkifiHaygif; (7) EdkifiH&Sdonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 47

,ckpmcsKyfwiG t f yk'd af ygi;f (31) yd'k yf g0ifonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyfw@kd wiG f yg0ifaom tyd'k (f 1)/ (3) ESihf (5) wd@k onf xyfwel ;D yg;qifwl
aeonf? pmcsKyfEpS cf pk vH;k . tyd'k (f 1) wGif rdru d ,
dk yf ikd q
f ;kH jzwfciG hf (Self Determination)
onf vlwikd ;f . tcGit hf a&;jzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? vlom;wdik ;f wGif ud, k yf ikd q f ;kH
jzwfydkif cGifh&Sd+yD; olwdk@.EdkifiHa&;tqifhtwef;udk vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdovdk
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ zG@òH zd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf olw@kd u, kd w
f ikd f qH;k jzwfyikd cf iG hf
&So
d nf[k qdx k m;onf? pmcsKyfEpS cf pk vH;k . tyd'k f (3) wGif trsKd ;om;ESit hf rsKd ;orD;
wd@k onf vlŒtcGihf ta&;rsm; tm;vH;k udk cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf/ xdo k @kd cpH m;Edik af p&eftwGuf
tpd;k &u vkyaf qmifay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? pmcsKyfEpS cf pk vH;k . tyd'k f (5)wGif
xdpk mcsKyfrsm;wGif yg0ifaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;tay: zdEydS cf sKd ;azmufr/_ vJrG mS ;pGm t"dym` ,f
zGifhqdk+yD; vkyfaqmifr_/ uef@owfr_wdk@rS umuG,fay;&ef a&;om;xm;onf? tydk'f
(6) rS (15) wd@k wGif xdpk mcsKyfwiG f txl;ðyxm;aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk zGiq hf &kd iS ;f jy
xm;onf?
pmcsKyfwGifyg0ifaom t"dutcsufrsm;rSm -
tydk'f (1) EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwGifa&m
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf
ESpfckpvHk;. yxrOD;qHk;aom tydk'fwGif vlwdkif;wGif udk,fydkifqHk;jzwf
ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? ,ckpmcsKyfwGif vlwdkif;onf EdkifiHa&;tqifhtwef;
tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_rsm;udk
vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh &Sdonf?
tyd'k f (2) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;onf ,ckpmcsKyfwiG yf gaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
rdrdwGif&Sdaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukeftoHk;ðyI tjrifhrm;qHk;odk@
wjznf;jznf; a&muf&SdcHpm;Edkifatmif tqifhqifhvkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
tyd'k f (3) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf trsKd ;om;/ trsKd ;orD; cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sad pbJ
,ckpmcsKyfyg tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk usm;rra&G; wef;wlcpH m;cGi&hf &dS ef tmrcH
ay;&rnf?
tydk'f (4) tpdk;&taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDvl@abmif&Sd trsm;tusdK;twGuf a&SŒ±_I
oifhavsmfaom tcsdK@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; uefŒowfxm;Edkifonf?
48 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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tydk'f (5) pmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ysufpD;apvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh T

pmcsKyfukd rnfonfh vlwOD;ujzpfap/ tkypf w k pkujzpfap/ tpd;k &ujzpfap
rðyvkyf&?
tydk'f (6 ) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwl
pmcsKyfyg tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk rnfonfh vlwOD;ujzpfap/ tkypf w k pkujzpf
ap/ tpdk;&ujzpfap pmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ysufpD;apvdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh TpmcsKyfudk wvJGtoHk;rcs&?
tydk'f (7) cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;r&SdbJ vlwdkif; tvkyf&SmydkifcGifh/ oifwef;rsm; wuf
a&mufcGifh/ ynmoif=um;cGifhwdkŒ&Sdonf? tvkyf&Sifu a=umif;usdK;rJh
tvkyfrSxkwfypfjcif;/ t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;wdk@udk umuG,fay;&ef
tpd;k &wGiw f m0ef&o dS nf? trsKd ;orD; tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGuf trsKd ;om;
rsm;xuf redrfhusaom vkyfief;cGif tajctaersm;udk tmrcH&efvnf;
tpdk;&wGif wm0ef&Sdonf?
tyd'k f (8) vlwikd ;f tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm; zJ@G pnf;cGi/hf qENjycGi/hf Edik if w
H um tvkyf
orm;tzGJŒrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifcGifh &Sdonf?
tyd'k f (9) vlrz_ v l akH &; tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGi&hf &dS rnf? xdv
k rl z_ vl ckH iG hf tcGihf
ta&;rsm;wGif aq;0g;ukoydik cf iG /hf vpmESiahf q;cGi/hf om;zGm;cGihf tmrcH/
touftmrcH/ ouf}uD;&G,t f t
kd mrcH/ rawmfwq '%f&m&r_ tmrcH/
tvkyrf S xkwyf pfygu av#maf =u; tmrcH/ rdom;pk tmrcHwŒkd tóuH;0if
onf?
tyd'k f (10) rdom;pk umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;r_ukd tpd;k &uwm0ef,l vkyaf qmif
ay;&rnf? tvkyv f yk o f l rdcifrsm;ESiu
hf av;tm; apmifah &Smufa&; wdŒk ukd
tpGr;f ukef umuG,u f n l aD y;&rnf? uav;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&; tjrwf
xkwfr_rS umuG,fay;&rnf? tvkyfvkyfcGifhðyonhf uav;touf
t&G,u f kd uefŒowfowfrw S f ay;&rnf?
tyd'k f (11) vHak vmufr#waom vlaer_tqift h wef; &&Sad &;twGuf tpd;k &u
vkyfaqmifay;&rnf? vHkavmufr#waom vlaer_tqifhtwef; &&Sd
a&;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfonfh wdk;wufaumif;rGefaom vlaer_
tqift h wef;. vHak vmufaom tpm;tpm/ t0wftpm;/ aexdik pf &m
tdrf,m pDrHudef;wdkŒtm;vHk; tóuH;0ifonf?
vlt
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Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 49

tyd'k f (12) vlx. k pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESihf ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m use;f rma&;udk tjrifrh m;qH;k
ESifh tjzpfEdkifqHk; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef tpdk;&wGifwm0ef&Sdonf? xdktcGifh
ta&;rsm;wGiv f òkH cH+yD; use;f rma&;±_axmifEh iS hf udu k nf aD om ywf0ef;usif
&&Sda&;tcsufvnf; tóuH;0ifonf?
tydk'f (13) usm;r/ touft&G,f/ udk,ft*F gcsdKŒ,Gif;tm;enf;ol/ a&GŒajymif;
tvkyform;rsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;/ vlrsdK;pk/ bmoma&;vlenf;pkwdkŒrS
uav;i,frsm;tm;vHk; tygt0if vlwdkif; ynmoif=um;cGifh&Sd&rnf?
tedrfhqHk; rlvwef;ynmudk tcrJhjzpf&rnf?
tydk'f (14) xdkokd@rlvwef;ynm tcrJhjzpfap&eftwGuf pDrHudef;rsm;udk csrSwf
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&rnf?
tyd'k f (15) ,Ofaus;r_b0xJwiG f vlwikd ;f yg0ifyikd cf iG o hf mru acwfro DS yd yH` nm.
wdk;wufr_ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;wGif yg0ifcHpm;ydkifcGifhwdk@&Sdonf? vlwOD;
wa,muf. ody`Hynm/ pmay/ tEkynm xl;c|efr_tay: pdwfydkif;ESifh
±kyfydkif; qdkif&m tumtuG,fay;r_wdkŒudkvnf; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
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pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra+ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r+tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf aumfrwD
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(Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)
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pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H

rsm;onf 1985 ckEpS t f xd rdrw d Œkd Edik if .
H tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&;ESihf
vlr_a&;aumifpDxHodkŒ tpD&ifcHwifoGif;cJh=u&onf? 1985 ckESpfwGif pmcsKyftzGJŒ0if
Ed k i f i H r sm;. vk y f a qmif r _ r sm;tay:yd k r d k I apmif h = unf h E d k i f & ef t wG u f uk v or*~
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDonf vGwfvyfaom u|rf;usifol (18) OD;yg0ifonfh
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwDudk
oD;oefŒzGŒJ pnf;cJo h nf? odŒk &mwGif topfzŒJG pnf;vdu k af om pmcsKyfaumfrwDonf ukv
or*~&dS pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &; aumifp. D atmufwiG o f m qufvuf&adS ecJo h nft
h wGuf
tjcm;pmcsKyfaumfrwDuo hJ Œkd pmcsKyfEiS o hf m oufqikd af om/ oufqikd &f mpmcsKyfatmuf
wGif zGJŒpnf;xm;aom aumfrwDr[kwfacs?
50 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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aumfrwD0if (18) OD;udk (4) ESpv f #iw

f }udrf a&G;aumufaomfvnf; aumfrwD0if
wOD;pD. oufwrf;ukeq f ;kH csed rf mS wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf rwln=D uyg? (18) OD;teuf
(15) OD;udk tmz&du/ tm&S/ ta&SŒOa&my/ vufwiftar&duESifh taemufOa&my
wdkŒrS tnDtr#a&G;cs,f+yD; usefoHk;OD;udk pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;xJrS a'otvdkuf
xyfraH &G;cs,o
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onf? pmcsKyf tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHjzpfvm+yD; (2) ESpftwGif;
aumfrwDoŒkd tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &+yD;yHrk eS f (5) ESpv f #iw
f }udrf tpD&ifcw H ifoiG ;f &onf?
TaumfrwDonf 1995 ckEpS u f yem;rm; Edik if &H dS tdr,f mpDru
H ed ;f rsm;udk pHpk rf;azmfxw
k f
&eftwGuf pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; tzGŒJ udk apv$wcf o hJ nf? xduk ohJ Œkd pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;tzGŒJ
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vkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdao;acs?
tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f rnfh Edik if t

H wGuf ar;cGe;f rsm; jyifqif&ef ud, k pf m;vS,f (5)
OD;ygaom vkyif ef;tzGŒJ udk óudwifzŒJG pnf;avh&o dS nf? tpD&ifcw
H if&rnfEh ikd if H ud,k pf m;
vS,o f nf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tpD&ifcpH mudk wifoiG ;f &onf? tpD&ifcpH mwGif
pmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh
tm;enf;ae&onfudk tpD&ifcHavh&Sdonf? trsm;tm;jzifhEdkifiH. "e&if;jrpfwdkŒ
a=umif[ h Il ta=umif;jywwfonf? tpD&ifcpH mwGif yxrtydik ;f taeESihf Edik if . H taxG
axGtajctae/ pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;. taxGaxGtajctaersm;udkwifjyI 'kwd,
tydkif;wGif pmcsKyfygtydk'frsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfr_ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmudk
tyd'k t f vdu k f tpD&ifc&H onf? xdEk ikd if H ud,
k pf m;vS,t f m; vkyif ef;tzGŒJ u jyifqifxm;
aomudprP sm;/ aumfrwDtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;u ar;jref;vdak om ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;jref;+yD; tpD
&ifcHpmudk avhvm=uonf? aemufw&uf tpnf;ta0; jyefponfhtcg EdkifiHudk,f
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ta0;ðyvkyI f wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aom aumfrwD0if wOD;uxdEk ikd if t H wGuf qH;k jzwf
csuf rl=urf;udak &;qGo J nf? xdŒk aemufxrkd =l urf;udk useaf umfrwDtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k u
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onf? xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHtxd oufa&mufr_&Sd
onf?
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hf a&;vufpJG 51

tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm; (NGO) rsm;onf oufqikd &f mEdik if . H tpD&ifcpH mudk
avhvm &mwGif yg0ifciG rhf &Sad omfvnf;/ xdEk ikd if . H vkyaf qmifrt_ ajctaersm;udk yHEk ydS I f
aumfrwDoŒkd wifoiG ;f Edik o f nf? aumfrwD. wHcg;zGiahf qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif (NGO) rsm;
taeESifh u|rf;usifolrsm;tjzpfyg0ifEdkifonf? vkyfief;tzGJŒxHodkŒ E_wfjzifhtpD&ifcHEdkif
onf? odŒk &mwGif TaumfrwD ESihf yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifaom NGOs rsm;rSm enf;yg;vS
onf? xdkŒjyif vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;u aumfrwDxHodkŒrdrdwdkŒ EdkifiHESifhtpdk;&wdkŒ.
vkyaf qmifaer_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI wifjywdik =f um;ydik cf iG rhf &Sad y? xdo k @kd wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;
Edik rf u
_ ckd iG ðhf y rnfah emufqufwpGJ mcsKyfwck ay:xGe;f vmEdik af p&ef pwifv@H_ aqmfvsu&f dS
onf? tcsKd ŒEdik if rH sm;taejzifh TpD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit fh a&;
oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;ukd vlŒtcGit hf a&;tjzpf todtrSwðf yxm;jcif; r&Sad o;
acs? Oyrm- tar&duefEikd if w H iG f xdt
k cGit hf a&;rsm; ta=umif;udk orRwuvifwef
vufxufwGifrSom pwifrdwfqufajymqdk+yD; aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef aeqJ&Sdao;onf?
xdt k csuo f nf ukvor*~wiG f vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m t,ltqrsm; aqG;aEG;onft h cg
wdkif; tuef‹towf jzpfae&ao;onfhtcsufjzpfonf?
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f rd ;f a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r_tm;vH;k zsuo
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on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination
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against Women – CEDAW)
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trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&; oabmwl

pmcsKyfukd trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &SmufaompmcsKyftjzpf
urBmu tav;xm;vsuf&Sdonf? TpmcsKyfwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifhcGJ
jcm;xm;r_EiS hf wef;wlnrD #&&dS rnfh tcsurf sm;udk t"dym` ,fziG q
hf x
kd m;,Hrk #ru xdok Œkd cGJ
jcm;xm;r_rsm; yaysmufatmif rnfoŒkd taumiftxnfazmf=u&rnf qdo k nfukd zGiq
hf kd
xm;onf?
TpmcsKyfukd 1979 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (10) &ufaeŒwGijf yXmef;cJ+h yD; 1981 ckEpS /f
pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeŒwGif touf0ifco hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if H tygt0if Edik if aH ygi;f
52 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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(171) EdkifiHu twnfðy vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;+yD; aemufxyf (1) EdkifiHu y%mr

vuf r S w f x d k ; xm;onf h t wG u f pmcsKyf t zG J Œ 0if Ed k i f i H t a&twG u f r sm;jym;aom
pmcsKyfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if o
H nf TpmcsKyfukd 1997 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (21) &ufaeŒwGif
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf?
pmcsKyf. tzGifhwGif ,ckvuf&Sdtcsdeftxd trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: zdESdyfcsdK;ESdrfr_

trsm; tjym;wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdkodkŒzdESdyfcsdK;ESdrfr_rsm;onf
vlom;wdkŒ. *k%foduQmESifh wef;wlnDr#r_tay: wefzdk;xm;r_tm; csdK;azmufjcif;jzpf
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tcGifhta&;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf w&m;Oya't& owfrSwfay;xm;onfh tqifh
twef;pHrsm;tjyif trsdK;orD;rsm; rsdK;qufjyefŒyGm;a&; tcGifhta&;ESifh tcsdKŒaom
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pmcsKyf. -
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,Ofaus;r_/ EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;ESifh tjcm;aomu¾rsdK;pHkwdkŒwGif
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; vdift& uGJjym;r_tay: tajccHIcGJjcm;jcif;/
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kd nf[k t"dym` ,f
zGifhqdkxm;ygonf?
tyd'k f (2) wGif pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;taeESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh
zdEydS cf sKd ;ESrd rf r_ sm;tay: jypfwifa0zef±w _ cf s&ef qdx
k m;+yD; xdo k Œkd zdEydS cf sKd ;
ESdrfr_wdkŒ &yfqdkif;oGm;atmif vdktyfovdk ta&;,laqmif &Guf&ef
a&;om;xm;onf?
tyd'k f (3) wGif xdo k Œkd ta&;,laqmif&u G &f mwGif Oya'rsm;jyXmef;jcif;/ trsKd ;
orD;rsm; wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;jcif;/ trsdK;om;
rsm;ESiw hf ef;wl tajccHvw G v
f yfciG Ehf iS hf vlŒtcGit hf a&;rsm; cHpm;ydik cf iG hf
&&Sad &;twGuf vkyaf qmifjcif; ponfwŒkd yg0ifa=umif; zGiq hf xkd m;onf?
tydk'f (5) wGif vdifuGJjym;r_ tay:r_wnfI ywf0ef;usifu yHkaoowfrSwf
vdkufaom wzufowft,ltqrsm;/ trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;wdkŒ
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hf a&;vufpJG 53

t=um; tvkyftudkifcGJjcm;r_rsm;/ trsdK;orD;wdkŒonf trsdK;om;wdkŒ

xuf edru hf sonf[al om t,ltqrsm;tay: pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;
u udkifwG,fvkyfaqmif&efqdkxm;onf?
tydk'f (6) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;ESifh jynfhwefqm
tjzpf toHk;cstjrwfxkwfr_wdkŒ yaysmufa&;twGuf vdktyfovdk
vkyfudkif aqmif&Guf&efqdkxm;onf?
tydk'f (7) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;rJay;ydkifcGifh/ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wdkŒwGif yg0ifydkif
cGiwhf Œkd udk zGiq
hf x
kd m;onf? 1952 ckEpS f trsKd ;orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;tcGihf
ta&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;udk Tpmyd'k w f iG f xnfh
oGif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
tydk'f (8) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;taeESifh trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl tpdk;&tzGJŒ
&mxl;rsm;/ EdkifiHwumtqifhtwef;rsm;wGif yg0ifvmap&eftwGuf
pmcsKyf tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u ta&;,l aqmif&u G &f ef !$e;f qdx k m;onf?
tyd'k f (9) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;ESiw hf ef;wl Edik if o
H m;jzpfyikd cf iG /hf
ajymif;vJydkifcGifh/ av#mufxm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf? 1957
ckEpS f vufxyf+yD;aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;. Edik if o H m;jzpfrq _ ikd &f m oabm
wlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;udk Ttyd'k u f xyfr! H e$ ;f qdx
k m; jcif;jzpfonf?
tydk'f (10) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; ynma&;wGif cGJjcm;r_r&Sdap&ef &nf&G,f
xm;onf? trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl nDr#aom
jyXmef;csuf pmtkyfoif=um;csufrsm;/ nDr#aom ausmif;0ifcGifhowf
rSwfcsufrsm; xm;&Sdap&eftjyif trsdK;orD;rsm;ausmif;rS E_wfxGuf
aomE_ e f ; avsmh y g;apa&;twG u f vk y f a qmif & ef qd k x m;onf ?
xdrk #ru rdom;pkuse;f rma&;/ zlvakH &;wdŒk tjyif rdom;pk &ifaoG;,la&;
pDrHudef;wdkŒtwGuf vdktyfaom owif;rsm;/ todynmrsm;udk
ynmay;jzefŒjzL; vkyfaqmif&ef qdkxm;onf?
tydk'f (11) (12) (13)ESifh (14) wdkŒwGif ynma&;/ tvkyftudkif&&Sda&;/
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: cGjJ cm;zdEydS f
r_ r sm;r&S d & ef pmcsKyf t zG J Œ 0if E d k i f i H r sm;u ta&;,l v k y f a qmif & ef
zGifhqdkxm;onf?
54 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tydk'f(15) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;taeESifh trsdK;om;rsm;enf;wl w&m;Oya'

a&SŒarSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdap&ef zGifhqdkxm;onf?
tydk'f(16) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;/ qdkif&mOya'rsm;ESifh
&ifaoG;,lciG w hf Œkd udk zGiq hf xkd m;onf? tdraf xmif zufuv kd w
G vf yfpmG
a&G;cs,cf iG /hf tdraf xmifpt k wGi;f nDr#aomtcGit hf a&;ESihf wm0ef&&Sd
cGi/hf &ifaoG;t&nftwGuEf iS hf &ifaoG;wOD;ESiw hf OD;t=um; umvuGm
jcm;r_wŒkd udk cifyeG ;f ESiw hf ef;wlvw G v
f yfpmG a&G;cs,w f m0ef,l qH;k jzwf
ydkifcGifh/ rdom;pktrnfESifh tvkyftudkifwdkŒudk wef;wla&G;cs,fydkifcGifh
rsm; azmfjyxm;onf? vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfaygif;rsm;pGm
teuf xdkuJhodkŒ rdom;pkpDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufaom tcsufrsm;udk
TpmcsKyfwckwnf;wGifom azmfjyxm;onfudk awGŒ&onf?
tyd'k f (17) rS tyd'k f (30) txdrmS trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r_
tm;vH;k zsuo f rd ;f a&;pmcsKyf aumfrwD. vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;/ vkyaf qmifr_
rsm;udk jyXmef;xm;onf?
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m TpmcsKyf. tydk'faygif; (21) ydk'fyg0ifo!hf

aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyfukd 1999 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv (6) &ufwiG f jyXmef;Edik cf o hJ nf?
xdkaemufqufwJG pmcsKyft& pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiH. w&m;pD&ifxHk;atmufwGif&Sdaom
vl w OD ; wa,muf c sif ; od k @ r[k w f vl w pk c sif ; onf TpmcsKyf y gtcG i f h t a&;rsm;
csdK;azmufcH&ygu pmcsKyfaumfrwDodk@ wdkuf±dkufwdkif=um;EdkifcGifh&Sdvmonf? TpmcsKyf
onf 2000 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wiG f touf0ifvmcJ+h yD; 2002 ckEpS rf wfv
txd twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom Edik if aH ygi;f (36) Edik if EH iS hf y%mrvufrw
S af &;
xdk;xm;aom EdkifiH (74) EdkifiH&SdcJh+yDjzpfonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 55

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trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r+tm;vH;k zsuo
f rd ;f a&; pmcsKyfaumfrwD
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(Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against
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Women – CEDAW)
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trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; zsufodrf;a&;pmcsKyfyg

tcsufrsm;udk pmcsKyftzGJŒ0if EdkifiHrsm;u av;pm;vdkufemaqmif&Gufr_ &Sdr&Sdtay:
apmifh=unfh&ef trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; zsufodrf;a&;
pmcsKyf aumfrwDudk zGJŒpnf;xm;onf?
aumfrwDwGif tzGJŒ0if(23) OD;yg0if+yD; pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;u wifoGif;aom

trnf pm&if;rsm;uwqifh v#dKŒ0SufrJay;pepfjzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf? pmcsKyfyg
tcsurf sm; &nf&, G cf surf sm;udk atmifjrifatmif óud;pm;aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nfh olrsm;jzpf
&rnf[al ompHjzifh a&G;cs,jf cif;jzpfonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf pmcsKyftzGŒJ Edik if rH sm;u
tqdkðyolrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyolrsm;r[kwfbJ
oD ; jcm;vG w f v yf u|rf ; usif o l r sm;omjzpf o nf ? ouf w rf ; rS m (4) ES p f j zpf o nf ?
aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;udk tar&duef Edik if /H e,l;a,mufòrdŒwGif wESpv f #i(f 2)=udru f si;f
yonf/ ESppf Of Zefe0g&v D ESihf Zlvikd v
f wGiu
f si;f jyD; usi;f yv#if (3) ywf=umusi;f yavh
&Sdonf?
pmcsKyfwGiftwnfðy vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufaom EdkifiHonf vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;

wESpf t=umwGif tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &onf? yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH mudk (4) ESpv
f #iw
f }udrf
wifoGif;&onf? aumfrwDonf tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh tjcm;tpdk;&
r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;. ,SOfòydiftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcHonf? xdkaumfrwDonf
oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f jyXmef;xm;aom tcsurf sm;tay: tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u rnfonfh
twdkif;twmtxd usifhoHk;aeonfudk yHkrSefapmifh=unfhonf? oabmwlpmcsKyfyg
&nf&, G f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;odŒk wufvrS ;f Edik af &;twGuf oufqikd &f mtpd;k &. ay:vpDcs
rSwf&mwGif aphpyfaocsmap&ef tajccHvdktyf csufrsm;udk axmufulay;onf?
trsdK;orD;rsm; wdk;wufzGHŒòzd;a&;udk azmfaqmifaprnfh tpdk;&ay:vpDrsm;wGif trsm;
jynfolrsm;u yg0ifEdkifrnfhenf;udk axmufulay;onf? oabmwlpmcsKyfygtcsuf
rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh óuHawGŒ&rnfh
56 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

jy\em tcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&SiS ;f Edik af &;twGuf tultnDay;jcif;/ xdjk y\emrsm;udk

ajz&SiS ;f Edik rf nfh ay:vpDrsm; csrw
S jf cif;wdŒk udk ulnaD qmif&u
G o
f nf? xdŒk jyif pmcsKyftzGŒJ
0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um; owif; zvS,fr_udk axmufulay;onf?
aumfrwDonf tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &rnfEh ikd if x

H H rdrw
d Œkd odvakd omudprP sm;/ ar;cGe;f
rsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmrwifoGif;rD óudwiftoday;+yD; tpD&ifcHpmxJwGifajz=um;&ef
yef=um;Edkifonf? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&onfhEdkifiH. udk,fpm;vS,fonf aumfrwD
tpnf;ta0;wGif E_wfjzifhtpD&ifcHavh&Sdonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;u xdkEdkifiHudk,fpm;
vS,f wifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mESihf tjcm;aomtpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;u ay;ydŒk
aom owif;rsm;udt k ajccHI xdEk ikd if t
H ay: t}uHay;csurf sm; xkwjf yef&onf? aemuf
w}udrftpD&ifcH&mwGif odvdkaom tcsufrsm;tm; oufqdkif&mEdkifiHodkŒ today;&
onf? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;+yD;qH;k ygu xdt k }uHay;csurf sm;udk ukvor*~taxGaxG
nDvmcHodkŒ wifjyonf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;onf aumfrwDxo H Œkd oufqikd &f mEdik if o

H nf pmcsKyfyg
tcsufrsm;tay: csdK;azmufaeonfudk w&m;0ifwifjytpD&ifcHEdkifjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
xdkEdkifiH&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm; tajctaersm; ta=umif;udk ,SOfòydiftpD&ifcHpmrsm;a&;
om;I wifjyEdkifonf? tpdk;&rsm;u wifoGif;aomtpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf trsm;
tm;jzifh tjzpfreS rf sm;udk xdrcf sex
f m;wwfavh&o dS jzifh xdEk idk if t
H a=umif;udk wdwu d sus
od&Sd u|rf;usifaomtzGJŒrsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf
aumfrwD twGut f oH;k 0ifonf? xdo
k Œkd aom ,SOòf ydif tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ESihf owif;rsm;udk
oufqikd &f mEdik if H ud,
k pf m;vS,uf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tpD&ifcpH mrwifoiG ;f rD
óudwifI ay;ydkŒEdkifyguydkrdktusdK;&Sdonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdktpD&ifcHpmrsm;/
owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;tay: udk;um;I aumfrwDonf oufqdkif&m tpdk;&udk
ar;cGef;rsm;óudwifay;ydkŒI ajz=um;apEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ,SOfòydiftpD&ifcHpm
rsm;onfwdusr_/ wdkawmif;r_ &Sd&ef vdktyfonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 57

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trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cJjG cm;xm;r+ tm;vH;k yaysmufa&;qdik &f m
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oabmwlpmcsKyf ay:aygufvmyHt k qifq h ifh
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1972 ck - ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u trsdK;orD;tqifhtwef;

qdkif&m aumfr&Siftm; trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifhywfouf
aompmcsKyf topfEiS hf ywfoufI tpd;k &rsm;. qENrsm;/ pmcsKyfwiG f
yg0ifapvdkonfh tcsufrsm;rnfuJhodk@&Sdonfudk avhvmpHk prf;&ef
wm0efay;cJhonf?
1973 ck - pmcsKyftopfESifhywfoufaom tpdk;&rsm;. oabmobm0rsm;
onftðyoabmaqmifonft h wGuf pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpD
(ECOSOC) onf trsdK;orD;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aumfr&Sif.
wifjycsufudk vufcHcJh+yD; trsdK;orD;pmcsKyfopfudk rl=urf;a&;qJG&ef
tzJG@0if (15) OD;ygonfh tvkyftzJG@udk zJG@pnf;wm0efay;cJhonf?
1974 ck - xdkpmcsKyf. rl=urf;udkwifjy&ef trsdK;orD; tqifhtwef;qdkif&m
aumfr&Sifu qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
1975 ck - Edik if w
H umtrsKd ;orD;ESpf nDvmcH}uD;u xdo k abmwlpmcsKyfr=l urf;
tm;xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf?
1976 ck - xdkoabmwlpmcsKyf.rl=urf;udk trsdK;orD;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m
aumfr&Sifu pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;aumifpDESifh taxGaxGnDvmcH.
wwd,aumfrwDwdk@wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf?
1977 ck - ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu xdrk =l urf;udk qufvufjyifqif&ef
tvkyftzJG@udk qufvufwm0efay;cJhonf?
1978 ck - uk v or*~ t axG a xG n D v mcH u xd k r l = urf ; ud k t +yD ; oyf & ef
tvkyftzJG@udkwdkufwGef;cJhonf?
1979 ck - ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu pmcsKyfudktwnfðyjyXmef;cJh+yD;
vufrSwfxdk;&ef EdkifiHrsm;udkzdwf=um;cJhonf?
1981 ck - owfrw S x
f m;aomEdik if H (20) utwnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k cJo
h jzifh
pmcsKyftouf0ifvmcJhonf?
1982 ck - trsdK;orD;pmcsKyf. ,E W,m;pwifvnfywfcJhonf?
58 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

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uav;oli,frsm; tcGit
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(Convention on the Rights of the Child – CRC)
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uav;oli,fqikd &f m tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfEiS hf ywfoufaom t,ltqonf 1979

ckEpS f urBmuh av;rsm;ESpu f kd usi;f y&efppD Ofaqmif&u G &f mrS pwifay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpf
onf? rlvtpwGif t&Sed af umif;aumif;jzifh ay:ayguv f mjcif;r[kwcf ahJ cs? uav;rsm;
ESpf txdr;f trSwf oabmavmufom jyifqif&ef&nf&, G cf +hJ yD; xdo
k @kd jyifqifa&;om;&ef
twGuf t"duwm0efudk ydkvefEdkifiHu 1978 ckESpfwGif OD;aqmifwm0ef,lcJhonf?
pmcsKyfr=l urf; 'kw,d ydik ;f udk jyifqifa&;qJaG ecsed t
f xd pmcsKyftay: Edik if rH sm;pGmuvnf;
tav;ay; pdwf0ifpm;r_r&SdcJh? EdkifiHwumEdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyf (ICCPR). tyd'k f 24 wGif uav;oli,frsm;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;udk
oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;+yD; jzpfaoma=umifh aemufxyf uav;oli,fqdkif&m pmcsKyfwck
xyfrrH vdt k yfawmh [laomt,ltqrsKd ; Edik if aH wmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &Scd o hJ nf? xd@k jyif
taemufEdkifiHrsm;u ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ua&;qJGaom pmcsKyfrl=urf;onf pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;rsm;tay: tom;ay;onf[I l pdw0f ifpm;jcif;
r&SdcJh=uacs?
rl=urf;a&;qJrG o
_ nf 1979 rS 1989 ckEpS t f xd =umjrifch o hJ nf? od@k aomf 1988
ckEpS f ukvor*~ vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfr&Siu f cef@tyfvu kd af om tvkyt f zJ@G u pmcsKyf
udk t+yD;owf avhvma&;qJo G nfh tcsed rf pS I tpd;k &rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G rsm;
pGmwd@k onf xdpk mcsKyfr=l urf; a&;qJ&G mwGif pdw0f ifpm;vm+yD; tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f yg0if
vmcJ=h uonf? rlva&;qJx G m;aom rl=urf;udk tajccHI tpd;k &rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwf
aomtzJ@G rsm;u xyfrjH znfph u G f rGr;f rHrr_ sm; vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? urBmu h se;f rma&;tzJ@G
(WHO)/ tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf (ILO)ponft h zJ@G rsm;. wifjycsuf
rsm;udv k nf; vufco H ;kH oyfc=hJ uonf? aemufq;kH 1989 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 20 &ufae@
wGif ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHuaeI uav;tcGit hf a&; qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyf
udk jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1990 ckEpS w f iG f owfrw S x f m;onhf Edik if t H a&twGuf (20) jynfo h mG ;
ojzifh pmcsKyftouf0ifvmcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf TpmcsKyfudk 1991 ckESpf
=o*kwfv (14) &ufaeŒwGif twnfðyvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 59

ukvor*~. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;xJwGif uav;oli,frsm;qdkif&m

pmcsKyfonf tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;xuf xl;jcm;r_&Sdonf? xl;jcm;onfhyxrtcsufrSm
tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfrsm;xuf ydkrdkjynfhpHkus,fjyef@aom tcGifhta&;rsm;
Tuav;oli,fqdkif&m tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfwGif yg0ifaeonf? xdkpmcsKyftzJG@0if
Edik if rH sm;. vkyaf qmifru
_ kd tpD&ifcaH pI apmif=h uyfaom vkyif ef;pOfwiG f tjcm;pmcsKyf
rsm;xufyrkd akd umif;rGeaf om vkyif ef;pOfukd a&;qGEJ ikd cf o
hJ nf? xd@k jyif xdpk mcsKyfukd jyifqif
a&;qJGcsdefwGiftpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzJG@rsm;. vufwJGyl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif
&Gurf o _ nf tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;udk a&;qJpG OfEiS rhf wl txl;aumif;rGeo f nfuakd wG@&onf?
xd@k jyif ukvor*~. vl@tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyfrsm;wGif Tuav;oli,f tcGit hf a&;qdik f
&mpmcsKyfudk EdkifiHwumu txl;av;pm;axmufcHcJhojzifh pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHaygif;
(192) EdkifiHu twnfðyvufrSwfxdk;xm;onhf pmcsKyftzJG@0if trsm;qHk;pmcsKyf
jzpfaeqJjzpfonf? 2005 ckESpf rwfvtxd vufrSwfrxdk;ao;aom EdkifiHrsm;rSm
tar&duefEdkifiHESifh qdkrm;vD;,m; EdkifiHwdk‹om usefcJhawmhonf?
pmcsKyfwiG f tyd'k af ygi;f (54) yd'k yf g0if+yD; Edik if o

H m;tcGit
hf a&;/ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;aom ta&;udpPrsm;tm;vHk;
yg0ifonf? pmcsKyfwiG f t"dutm;jzifh uav;oli,frsm;onfvnf; t&G,af &muf+yD;
aom olrsm;uJo h Œkd nDr#aom wefz;kd &So d nf? uav;oli,fwikd ;f tcGit hf a&;&So
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tydk'f (8)/ ðypkapmifha&SSmufcGifh/ arG;pm;cGifhwdk@ESifh ywfoufaom tydk'f (20) (21)/
vufeufudkifwdkufyJGrsm; twGif;wGif ESdyfpufcH&aom uav;rsm;tm; pdwfydkif;ESifh
±kyfydkif;jyefvnfemvefxvmap&ef vkyfaqmifay;a&;ESifh oufqdkifonfh tydk'f (39)
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wnfciG hf tcGit
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hf a&;rsm;
(Development rights) (3) umuG,rf q _ ikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; (Protection rights)
60 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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ESihf (4) yg0ifaqmif&u

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touf&iS Ef ikd &f ef vdt
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rSm 'kuo Q nfuav;rsm;tm; umuG,af y;jcif;/ ESyd pf ufrr_ sm;rS umuG,af y;jcif;/ &mZ
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ponfwdk@jzpfonf?
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udq k v kd kd onf? vGwv f yfpmG wifjyajymqdck iG /hf tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;zJ@G pnf;cGi/hf jidr;f csr;f pGmpka0;
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wm0efodaom vlom;wa,muf jzpfvmapayrnf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 61

uav;tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfwGif atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifonf?
tyd'k f (1) touf owfrw S cf suf (18) ESp/f

tydk'f (2) rnfonfhuav;udkrS cJGjcm;jcif;r&Sd&/
tyd k ' f (3) Ed k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &u uav;rsm;ES i f h o uf q d k i f a omud p P r sm;wG i f
uav;rsm;twGuf taumif;qH;k tusKd ;udk av;pm;vkyaf qmifay;&ef
tydk'f (4) uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
bufaygif;pHkrS tpGrf;ukef umuG,fvkyfaqmif&ef/
tyd'k f (5) uav;tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf avsmn f aD om rdbrsm;.wm0ef,/l xdr;f odr;f
vrf;!GefcGifhudk tpdk;&uav;pm;&ef/
tydk'f (6) uav;rsm;. touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ zGH@òzd;wdk;wufcGifh/
tydk'f (7) trnfrSnfhydkifcGifhESifh arG;pm&if;rSwfyHkwifcGifh/
tydk'f (8) uav;rsm;. rdbrsdK;±dk; aemufa=umif;tygt0if udk,fa&;tcsuf
tvufrsm;od&SdcGifhudk tpdk;&uav;pm;&ef/
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xGufcGmcGifhðy&ef/
tydk'f (11) uav;rsm;tm; EdkifiHjcm;odk@ jyefvrf;r&Sdac:aqmifjcif;rS umuG,f
ay;&ef/
tyd'k f (12) uav;rsm;. tawG;tjrif t,ltqrsm;udk wifjycGi/hf uav;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif xdkt,ltqrsm;udk
xnfh oGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef/
tydk'f (13) uav;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ owif;rsm;&,lcGifh/
tydk'f (14) uav;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh/
tydk'f (15) uav;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGmtzJG@tpnf;zJG@pnf;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh/
tydk'f (16) yk*~vduvGwfvyfcGifhudk rw&m;pGufzufr_rSuif;a0;a&;/
tyd'k f (17) uav;rsm;. vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf pm&dwzW @GH òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf
vlxkoifwef;vkyfief;rsm;u vkyfaqmifay;&ef/
62 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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tydk'f (18) uav;rsm;. zHG@òzd;wkd;wufr_twGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdaom rdb

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rsm;ay;&ef/
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EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u cGifhðy&ef/
tyd k ' f (22) 'k u Q o nf u av;rsm;tm; vd k t yf a om ul n D u muG , f r _ r sm;
EdkifiHawmfu vkyfaqmifay;&ef/
tyd'k f (23) ±kyyf idk ;f pdwyf ikd ;f ulnrD _ txl;vdt
k yfaom uav;rsm;udk tjcm;uav;
rsm;ESifh wef;wlzGH@òzd;apa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfu vkyfaqmifay;&ef/
tyd'k f (24) uav;rsm;twGuf tjrifrh m;qH;k use;f rma&;apmifah &SmS ufr_ &&Sad pa&;
udk Edik if aH wmfu vkyaf qmifay;&ef/
tydk'f (25) apmifha&SSmufa&;Xmersm;atmuf&Sd uav;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef
qef;ppfcGifh&Sd&ef/
tydk'f (26) uav;rsm; vlr_zlvHka&; tusdK;rsm; cHpm;cGifh&Sd&ef/
tyd'k f (27) vHak vmufaom vlaer_b0tqift h wef; &&Sad pa&;/
tydk'f (28) rlvwef;ynm roifraetygt0if wef;wlynmoif=um;cGifh/
tydk'f (29) uav;rsm;. udk,f&nfudk,faoG;ESifh Avig;wef wdk;wufapaom
ynma&;jzpfa&;/
tydk'f (30) wdkif;&if;om;ESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;pk0if uav;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/
bmompum;udk umuG,fay;&ef/
tydk'f (31) uav;rsm;. tyef;ajztem;,lcGifh/
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tyd k ' f (33) uav;rsm;tm; rl ; ,pf a q;0g; vk y f i ef ; rsm;wG i f yg0if a pr_ r S
umuG,fay;a&;/
tydk'f (34) uav;rsm;tm; vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;tjrwfxkwfr_rS umuG,f
ay;a&;/
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Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 63

tydk'f (35) uav;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;rS umuG,f

ay;a&;/
tydk'f (36) Oya'rsm;uav;rsm;. b0ukdxdcdkufaprnhf t*wd/ tpJGrsm;rS
umuG,f ay;a&;/
tydk'f (37) uav;rsm;tm; rw&m;tjypfay;ESdyfpufjcif;/ ao'%fay;jcif;wdk@rS
umuG,fay;a&;/
tyd'k f (38) touf (15)ESpaf tmuf uav;rsm;tm; ppfrx _ rf;apjcif;rS umuG,f
ay;a&;/
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tydk'f (40) &mZ0wfr_ESihf ywfoufaeaom uav;rsm;udk uav;Oya'rsm;
jzifhom udkifwG,fajz&SSif;&ef/
uav;tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyfwiG f vufeufuikd pf pfyrGJ sm;twGi;f uav;rsm;yg0ifrE_ iS hf

ywfoufaom aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfEiS hf uav;rsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfw h ef
qmESifh uav;npfnrf;pmayrsm;ta=umif;wdk@ESifh ywfoufaom aemufqufwJG
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aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfonf 2002 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D (12) &ufae@wiG f touf0ifvm
onf? 2002 ck rwfvtxd pmcsKyf tzJ@G 0ifEikd if H (22) Edik if &H v dS m+yD; y%mrvufrw S x f ;kd
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JG wGi;f yg0ifaeaom
tzGJŒrsm;tm;vHk;u touf(18)ESpfatmuf uav;rsm;tm; twif;t=uyfjzpfap/
t=uyfuikd I f jzpfap/ rdrq
d ENtavsmuf yg0ifjcif;jzpfap uav;ppfom;rsm; toH;k csjcif;
udk wm;jrpf&ef tpdk;&wGifwm0ef&Sdonf?
uav;rsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfhwefqmESifh uav;npfnrf;pmayrsm;

ta=umif;wdk@ESifh ywfoufaom aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfonf 2002 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv
(18) &ufae@wiG f touf0ifvm+yD; pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if (22) Edik if EH iS hf y%mrvufrw
S x
f ;kd
64 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

onfh Edik if aH ygi;f (96) Edik if &H o

dS nf? xdpk mcsKyft& pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;onf uav;
rsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpfapcdkif;jcif;/ npfnrf;pmayrsm;wGif toHk;
ðyjcif;wd@k ukd usL;vGeaf omolrsm;udk uav;tcGit hf a&;tm; tjyif;txefusL;vGeof l
rsm;tjzpf &mZ0wf'%fay;&ef/ xdo k @kd Eikd if aH ygi;f rsm;pGm yg0ifywfoufaeaom vkyif ef;
}uD;tm; 0dkif;0ef;umuG,f wm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf vlxkt=um;todynmay;vkyfief;
vkyfaqmifjcif;/ owif;jzef@csDjcif;wdk@udk vkyfaqmif&ef pmcsKyfEdkifiHrsm;wGif wm0ef&Sd
onf?
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uav;tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
(Committee on the Rights of the Child)
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uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf aumfrwDukd pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;.

vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfh&efzGJŒpnf;xm;onf? vGwfvyf+yD; u|rf;usifol (10)
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aumfrwDonf wESpv f #if (2)}udrf Zefe0g&vD ESihf pufwifbmvwdŒk wGif *seD AD mòrdŒY
awGŒqHak qG;aEG;onf? yHrk eS tf pnf;ta0;rsm;t+yD; aemufw}udrf tpnf;ta0;twGuf
aumfrwD0ifrsm;yg0ifaom tvkyftzGJŒi,fudkzGJŒpnf;I aemufxyf (5)&uf tpnf;
ta0;ðyvkyfonf? omreftm;jzifh xdktvkyftzGJŒi,f. y%mrtpnf;ta0;udk
azazmf0g&v D ESihf atmufwb kd mvwdŒk wGif usi;f yonf? xdt k vkyt f zGŒJ i,f. wm0efrmS
aemufESpfwGif tpD&ifcHpmwifjy&ef tvSnfhusaom EdkifiHtay: rdrdwdkŒodvdkaom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyifqifar;jref;&efjzpfonf? Oyrm -
jrefrmEdik if o H nf ouU&mZf 2000 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif uav;oli,frsm; tcGihf
ta&;aumfrwDoŒkd yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &ef tvSnu hf sygu xdt k vkyt f zGŒJ i,frsm;
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vlt
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Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 65

xdt k vkyt f zGŒJ i,f. y%mrtpnf;ta0;odŒk ukvor*~ at*sipf rD sm;om wuf

a&mufciG &hf +dS yD; tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;wufa&mufciG rhf &S?d ¹cGi;f csut
f jzpf tpD&ifcH
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onfh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;vnf; zdwf=um;r_cH&ygu wufa&mufEdkifonf?
zdwf=um;jcif;cHEdkif&eftwGuf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;taejzifh oufqdkif&m
EdkifiH&Sd uav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpmudk a&;om;&rnf? tpD&ifcHpmwGif
xdEk ikd if w
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Edik if .
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dS nf? xdŒk jyif
oufqikd &f mtpd;k &udk aemufw}udru f si;f yrnfh aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;odŒk wufa&muf
&ef zdwf=um;&onf? xdktpnf;ta0;wGif tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fonf aumfrwDu
ay;yd@k ar;jref;xm;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;udk &SiS ;f vif;ajz=um;&onf? Tw}udrw f iG f tpd;k &
r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;onf avhvm¶Ho k m avhvmcGi&hf +dS yD; 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;cGihf r&Sad y/
66 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

aemufq;kH wGif aumfrwDu oufqikd &f m tpd;k &tay: avhvmpHpk rf;awGŒ&Scd surf sm;udk
xk w f j yef a vh & S d o nf ? xd k o d k @ xk w f j yef r _ r sm;ud k tpnf ; ta0;wuf a &muf o l r sm;
tm;vH;k od&adS tmif trsm;oda=unmonf? oufqikd &f m tpd;k &xHo@kd vnf; xdq k ;kH jzwf
csufrsm;udk ay;ydk@onf?
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vlrsKd ;a&;zdEydS rf + enf;rsKd ;pHt
k m; zsuo
f rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
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(Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination)
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1965 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (21) &ufae@wGif vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_ enf;rsdK;pHktm;

zsuo
f rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfukd jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1969 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D (4) &ufae@wiG f
touf0ifvmcJhonf? TpmcsKyfonf vlŒtcGifhta&; tajccHpmcsKyf}uD;ESpf&yf
ray:ayguf r D u yif ay:xG u f v mcJ h + yD ; ,ck w d k i f q uf v uf w nf + rJ a eaoma=umif h
tm;aumif;vSonf[k qdkEdkifonf?
oabmwlpmcsKyf. tyd'k f (1) t& vlrsKd ;a&;zdEydS rf _ qdo k nfrmS “vlrsKd ;/ tom;
ta&mif/ rsKd ;&d;k / vlrsKd ;ESihf vlrsKd ;pk&if;jrpfwŒkd tay: tajccHI Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/
,Ofaus;r_EiS hf tjcm;aomvlaer_b0wdŒk wGif wef;wlnrD #aom vGwv f yfciG /hf tajccHvŒl
tcGifhta&;/ tod trSwfðyr_wdkŒtay:cGJjcm;jcif;/ cGJxkwfjcif;/ uef‹owfjcif;ESifh
rsuEf mS om ay;jcif;” wd‹k ukd qdv k okd nf[q k o
kd nf?
tydk'f (2) wGif pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_rsm; csKyf+idrf;
ap&efESifh vlrsdK;rsm;twGif; em;vnfr_rsm; yGm;rsm;vmapa&;twGuf ay:vpDrsm;
csrSwftaumif txnfazmf aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&Sda=umif;azmfjyxm;onf?
tyd'k f (3) ESihf (4)wGif vlrsKd ;a&; rke;f wD;apr_rsm;/ xdo k @kd jzpfap&ef v_@H aqmfrr_ sm;/
t=urf;zufr_ rsm;udk ta&;ay:wm;qD; vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef azmfjyxm;onf?
ToabmwlpmcsKyfwGif EkdifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tjzpf -

- w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmersm;a&SS@wGif cJGjcm;r_r&SdbJ wef;wlqufqHcHydkifcGifh/
- jynfolwdk@tm; t=urf;zufr_rsm;rS vHkòcHr_ay;cGifh/ umuG,fay;cGifh/
- a&G;aumufyJGwGif yg0ifrJay;cGifh/ tpdk;&ESifh jynfola&;&mXmersm;wGif
yg0ifcGifh/
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 67

- vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifh/
- rdrdwdkif;jynftwGif;rS xGufcGmcGifhESifh jyefvnf0ifa&mufydkifcGifh/
- EdkifiHom;jzpfydkifcGifh/
- tdrf,mxlaxmifcGifhESifh tdrfaxmifzufa&G;cs,fydkifcGifh/
- rdrdudk,fydkifypPnf; odk@r[kwf tjcm;olESifh zufpyfI ydkifqdkifcGifh/
- tarGqufcHydkifcGifh/
- vGwfvyfpmG awG;ac:/ ,H=k unf/ ud;k uG,/f azmfxw k af jymqdck iG /hf
- +idrf;csrf;pGm zJG@pnf;pka0;cGifh wdk@udkazmfjyxm;onf?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;tjzpf-

- tvkyv f yk cf iG /hf oifw
h ifrh #waomvkyif ef;cGi&f &Scd iG /hf tvkyv
f ufrjhJ zpfjcif;rS
umuG,fay;jcif;/
- tvkyform;or*~rsm; zJG@pnf;0ifa&mufcGifh/
- aexdkif&mtdrf,mrsm;&&SdcGifh/
- vlxkusef;rma&;/ usef;rma&;apmifha&SSmufr_ESifh vlr_zlvHka&;cHpm;cGifh/
- ynma&;ESifh oifwef;rsm;&&SdcGifh/
- ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif wef;wlyg0ifydkifcGifh ponfwdk@jzpfonf?
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vlrsKd ;a&;zdEydS rf + enf;rsKd ;pHt
k m; zsuo
f rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf aumfrwD
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(Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination-
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CERD)
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vlrsKd ;a&;zdEydS rf e_ nf;rsKd ;pHt

k m; zsuo f rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;tay:
pmcsKyftzGŒJ rsm;. av;pm;wefz;kd xm; vkyaf qmifru _ kd apmif=h unf&h eftwGuf u|r;f usif
ol tzGŒJ 0if (18) OD;ygaom aumfrwDukd zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf
pmcsKyfwiG f twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; wESpt f =umwGif tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &onf/
yHrk eS f tpD&ifcH pmudk (4) ESpv f #iw
f }udrf wifoiG ;f &onf? xdt k pD&ifcpH mwGif pmcsKyfyg
tcsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufI w&m;Oya'a&;qJaG &;/ pD&ifa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf tjcm;aom
u¾rsm;wGif Edik if aH wmf tpd;k &u vkyaf qmifxm;onfh tcsurf sm;udk wifjy&onf?
tpd;k &uxdo k @kd rdrv d yk af qmifrr_ sm;udk wifjyaom tpD&ifcpH momru pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if
68 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

EdkifiHwEdkifiHu tjcm;tzJG@0ifEdkifiH wEkdifiHonf pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm

óud;pm;aqmif&u G rf r_ &S[
d k wdik =f um;yguvnf; xdw k ikd =f um;csuu
f kd aumfrwDu vufcH
f nf? xd@k tjyif pmcsKyfEikd if w
Edik o H Edik if u
H vlwOD;tay: od@k r[kwf vlwpktay: pmcsKyfyg
tcsufrsm; csKd;azmufaeygonf[lI wdkif=um;aom wOD;csif;wdkif=um;r_rsm;udkvnf;
vufcHavhvmonf?
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!‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrE+ iS hf tjcm;&ufpufr/+ vlom;rqefaom vlŒ*k%o f u d mQ
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!‡Kd ;EGr;f apaom ðyusirhf w + Œkd udk qefŒusiaf om oabmwlpmcsKyf/
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
(Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman of Degrading
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Treatment of Punishment ) (CAT-1984)
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!‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrq

_ ikd &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf[k twdak umufac:aom TpmcsKyfukd
1984 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wGif jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1987 ZGefv (26) &ufae@wGif
touf0ifvmcJhonf?
pmcsKyf. tydk'f (1)wGif ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_qdkonfrSm
“vlwa,mufxHrS xdkol@ta=umif; odk@r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;wa,muf

ta=umif; owif;rsm;ESihf cH0efcsurf sm; &,lap&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;/ xdo k l
od@k r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;wa,mufu usL;vGecf ahJ om od@k r[kwf usL;vGeo f nf
[k oHo,&Sd&aomtðytrl odk@r[kwf cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_ ta=umif;tcsufwckck
tay:tajccHaom ta=umif;tcsuw f @kd EiS hf ywfoufIvnf;aumif; '%fay;
jcif;/ taESmift h ,Suaf y;jcif;/ t=uyfuikd jf cif;a=umifh pdwyf ikd ;f od@k r[kwf ±kyyf ikd ;f
qkid &f m tvGet f rif;emusiaf pjcif; od@k r[kwf cHpm;&apjcif;aom tðytrlreS f
or#uq kd v
kd +kd yD;xdo
k ‹kd emusicf pH m;ap&jcif;udk jynfo@l 0efxrf; od@k r[kwf xd&k mxl;
tqift h wef; wm0ef,l xm;&olu odo&d ufEiS hf od@k r[kwf rodusKd ;u|eðf y
vsuf usL;vGefapjcif; odk@r[kwf usL;vGefatmif tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;
ajrmuf&rnf?”
[k t"dy`m,fzGifhxm;onf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 69

tydk'f (2)wGif pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf

w&m;Oya'a&;qJaG &;/ pD&ifa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf tjcm;aom u¾rsm;wGif Edik if aH wmf
tpd;k &u ta&;,l aqmif&u G f vkyaf qmif&ef azmfjyxm;onf? aemufyidk ;f tyd'k rf sm;wGif
xdkodk@ ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_udk tpdk;&u &mZ0wfr_tjzpf tjypfay;ta&;,l&ef/ xdkodk@
usL;vGef r_rsm;udk tjypfay;pD&ifEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaom aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
vkyfaqmifay;&ef/ usL;vGefcH&onf[k wdkif=um;olrsm;tm; wdkif=um;cGifhðy&ef/
vHkavmufaom ukpm;r_ESifh avsmfa=u;rsm;ay;&ef ponfwdk@udk azmfjyxm;onf?
pmcsKyfaumfrwDudk ta=umif;t&mudk txl;em;vnfu|rf;usifaom u|rf;usif

ol (10) OD;jzifhzJG@pnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf (4) ESpfv#ifw}udrf
yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmudk pmcsKyfaumfrwDxH wifoGif;&onf?
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*seD AD mppfrq
+ ikd &f m oabmwlncD supf mcsKyf
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(Geneva Convention)
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txufyg oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tjyif vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;r_ukd tajccH

I vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;twGif; t&yfom;ESifh ppfoHk‹yrf;rsm;udk cGJjcm;r_r&SdbJ
qufq&H eftwGuf *seD AD moabmwlncD suu f kd tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uufajceDaumfrwD
. OD;aqmifr_jzifh 1864 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;cJhonf? xdkoabmwlnDcsuftay: 1906
ckEpS /f 1929 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1949 ckEpS w
f Œkd wGif jyifqifrr_ sm;xyfrðH yvkycf o
hJ nf? 1949 ckEpS w
f iG f
oabmwlnDcsuf (4) ckudk jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? 1977 ckESpfwGif oabmwlnDcsuf.
aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf (2) ckudk xyfrHjyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? oabmwlnDcsuf (1) onf
vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;twGif; '%f&mzsm;em&olrsm;udk ðypkapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh
ywfoufonf? oabmwlnDcsuf (2) onf yifv,fjyiftwGif; oabFmysufonfh
ppfonfrsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm;/ zsm;emolrsm;tm; ðypkapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh ywfouf
onf? oabmwlnDcsuf (3) onf ppfoHk‹yrf;rsm;tm; qufqHa&;ESifhywfouf+yD;
oabmwlnDcsuf (4)onf vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;twGif; t&yfom;rsm;tm;
umuG,fr_ay;a&;ESifh oufqdkifonf? aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf (1) onf EdkifiHwum
vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh 'kuaQ &muf=u&olrsm;udk umuG,af y;a&;ESihf ouf
qdkif+yD; aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf (2)onf jynfwGif; vufeufukdif yÉdyuQrsm;twGif;
70 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

'kuaQ &muf=u&olrsm;udk umuG,af y;a&;ESihf oufqikd o

f nf? jrefrmEdik if o
H nf *seD AD m
ppfzufqdkif&mpmcsKyfudk 1992 ckESpf =o*kwfv (24) &ufaeŒwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;
cJhonf?
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tjcm;vlŒtcGit
hf a&;pmcsKyfrsm;
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vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;ESifh yifrpmcsKyfESpfckwdk@tjyif ukvor*~wGif

jyXmef;xm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m tjcm;t"du pmcsKyfrsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf?
xdpk mcsKyfrsm;u txl;umuG,af y;&ef vdt k yfaom tkypf t k cGit
hf a&;rsm;udk t"dym` ,f
zGihf qdI
k Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm; taejzifh xdtk cGithf a&;rsm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef wku
d w
f eG ;f
xm;onf?
xdkpmcsKyfrsm;teuf tcsdK@xif&Sm;aompmcsKyfrsm;rSm-
- vlom;rsm;tm; tpkvu kd t
f òyHvu
kd f rsKd ;ðzwfowfjzwfru
_ kd umuG,w
f m;
qD;+yD; usL;vGeo
f rl sm;udk tjypfay;onfh oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide – 1948)
- 'kuo
Q nf tqift
h wef;qdik &f mESihf oufqikd af om oabmblpmcsKyf (The
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees- 1951)
- 'kuo Q nf tqift h wef;qdik &f mESihf oufqikd af om aemufqufwGJ oabm
wlpmcsKyf (The Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees- 1967)
- a&G Œ ajymif ; tvk y f o rm;rsm;ES i f h ‚if ; wd k @ . rd o m;pk r sm; tcG i f h t a&;
umuG,af &; qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Protection of
the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families- 1990)
xdok @kd oabmwlpmcsKyftqifu

h kd ra&mufao;aomfvnf; vl@tcGit hf a&;tqifh
twef;ESihf ywfouf+yD; ukvor*~u jyXmef;xkwjf yefxm;aom a=unmpmwrf;rsm;
vnf; &Sdao;onf? vufrSwfa&;xdk;&onfh pmcsKyfrsm;uJhodk‹ xdrf;csKyfarmif;ESiftm;
(Binding force) r&Sa
d o; aomfvnf; vl@tcGithf a&;pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f t& av;pm;vdu
k ef m
oifhonf[k vufcHxm;aom a=unmpmwrf;rsm;teuf tcsKdŒrSm-
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 71

- bmoma&;ESihf ,H=k unfrw _ @kd tay:tajccHI onf;rcHrr_ sm;ESihf zdEydS rf r_ sm;tm;vH;k

yaysmufa&; qkid &f m a=unmpmwrf; (The Declaration on the Elimination of
All Forms of Intolerance and Of Discrimination Based on Religion and
Belief - 1981)
- zH@G +zdK;wd;k wufciG q
hf ikd &f m a=unmpmwrf; (The Declaration on the Right to
Development - 1986)
- vlrsdK;a&;/ vlrsdK;pka&;/ bmoma&;/ bmompum;wdk@a=umifh vlenf;pkjzpfae
&aom olrsm;. tcGifhta&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf; (The Declaration on
the Rights of Persons Belogning to National or Ethnic, Religious, and
Linguistic Minorities) wd@k jzpfonf?
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;tqifq
h ifh
1945 ck urBmu
h vk or*~z@GJ pnf;jcif;/ (Founding of the United Nations)
1946 ck vl@tcGithf a&;aumfr&Sizf @GJ pnf;jcif;/ (Creation of the Commission
on Human Rights by ECOSOC)
1948 cktjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;/ (Adoption of the
UDHR)
tar&duefqikd &f m vlom;rsm;. tcGithf a&;ESihf wm0efrsm; a=unm
pmwrf; (American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man)
vltpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_udk umuG,ftjypfay;a&;qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyf (The Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide)
1949 ck vlom;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ ydwfyifa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
(Convention on the Suppression of Traffic in Persons)
1950 ck Oa&mya'o vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccHvw
G v
f yfrr_ sm; umuG,af &;
qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (European Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom)
1951 ck 'kuo
Q nfrsm;tqift
h wef;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on
the Status of Refugees)
72 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

1952 ck trsdK;orD;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf

(Convention on the Political Rights of Women)
1953 ck 1926 ck u|eðf yr_qikd &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd jyifqifaom aemufquf
wJG pmcsKyf (Protocol amending the 1926 Slavery Convention)
1956 ck u|eðf yjcif;tm; zsuo f rd ;f r_qikd &f m jznfph u
G af om pmcsKyf (Suppleme-
ntary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery)
1957 ck tdraf xmif&adS om trsKd ;orD;rsm;. Edik if o
H m;jzpfrq
_ ikd &f m oabmwl
pmcsKyf (Convention on the Nationality of Married Women)
vkytf m;ay;apcdik ;f r_ zsuo
f rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Abolition of Forced
Labor Convention)
1958 ck tvkyfvkyfonfhtcgESifh wm0efxrf;aqmifonfhtcg zdESdyfr_qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyf (Discrimination [Employment and Occupation]
Convention)
1960 ck ynma&;wGif cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_qef@usifa&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf
(Convention Against Discrimination [Education])
1961 ck Oa&mya'oqdkif&mvlr_csmwm (European Social Charter)
1962 ck tdrfaxmifðyonfhqEN/ tedrfhqHk;tdrfaxmifðy&onfh toufESifh
rSwyf w
kH ifjcif;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (Convention on Consent to
Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registeration of
Marriages)
1965 ck vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_trsdK;rsdK; yaysmufa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum
oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination)
1966 ck pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf/
(International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights)
Ekid if o
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (Internatio-
nal Convenant on Civil and Political Rights)
1967 ck 'kuQonfrsm;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aemufqufwJGoabmwlpmcsKyf/
(Protocol relating the Status of Refugees)
vlt
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Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 73

trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh zdEydS cf jGJ cm;xm;r_tm;vH;k yaysmufa&;

qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration on the Elimination of
Discrimin-ation against Women)
1968 ck wD[&D rf a=uG;a=umforH sm;/ (Proclaimation pof Teheran)
1969 ck tar&duef vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (American Convention
on Human Rights)
vlrw
_ ;kd wufrE_ iS hf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufrq
_ ikd &f m a=unmpmwrf;/ (Declaration
on Social Progress and Development)
1971 ck pdwf"mwfydkif;csdK@,Gif;aeaom olrsm;. tcGifhta&;qdkif&m a=unm
pmwrf;/ (Declaration of the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons)
1973 ck tom;ta&mifcjGJ cm;r_tm; wm;qD;a&;ESihf tjypfay;a&;qdik &f m Edik if H
wumoabmwl pmcsKyf (International Convention on the
Suppression and Punishment of Apartheid)
1974 ck iwfrw
G rf E_ iS t
hf [m&csKd @wrhJ _ wdu
k zf suaf &; tjynfjynfqikd &f m a=unm
pmwrf;/ (Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and
Malnutrition)
ta&;ay:ESihf vufeufuikd pf pfyrGJ sm;twGi;f &Sd trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf uav;
rsm;tm; umuG,fr_qdkif&ma=unmpmwrf;/ (Declaration on the
Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed
Conflict)
1975 ck cE<mud,
k rf oefprG ;f aomolrsm;. tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m a=unmpmwrf;
(Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons)
1976 ck Ekid if o
hf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyf. aemufqufwGJ (1)/
(Optional Protocol-1 to the International Convenant on Civil and
Political Rights)
1979 ck trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifhcJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;
qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
1981 ck tmz&dua'oqdkif&m vlESifhjynfol@tcGifhta&; csmwm (African
Charter of Human and People's Rights)
74 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

1981 ck bmoma&;qdkif&m ,Hk=unfr_rsm;udk tajccHaom onf;rcHr_rsm;ESifh

zdESdyfcJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;
(Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance
and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Beliefs)
1984 ck ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;jcif;/ vlrqefpmG ESihf *k%o
f u
d mQ !‡Kd ;EGr;f atmif qufqH
tjypfay;jcif; qef@usiaf &; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention Against
Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment)
1986 ck zH@G òzd;wd;k wufciG q
hf ikd &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Declaration on the Rights
to Development)
1989 ck uav;oli,frsm;tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention
on the Rights of the Child)
1990 ck a±$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@.rdom;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;
umuG,rf q _ ikd &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Protection
of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families)
1993 ck trsd K ;orD ; rsm;tay: t=urf ; zuf j cif ; qd k i f & m a=unmpmwrf ;
(Declaration on the Violence Against Women)
1998 ck tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_ w&m;±Hk;ay:aygufa&;qdkif&m Rome
Statute pmcsKyf
1999 ck trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; yaysmufa&;qdik &f m
oabmwlpmcsKyfaemufqufwGJ (Protocol of the CEDAW)
1999 ck trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;
qdik &f m aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf (Optional Protocol of the CEDAW)
2000 ck uav;oli,frsm;pmcsKyf - (18) ESpaf tmufuav;rsm; ppfrx _ rf;jcif;
qdkif&m aemufqufwJGpmcsKyf
2000 ck uav;oli,frsm;pmcsKyf - uav;rsm;tm; vdifvkyfief;rsm;wGif
toHk;csjcif;qdkif&m aemufqufwJGpmcsKyf
===???===
vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG 75

tcef; (5)
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh vlYtcGifhta&;
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234
trsKd ;orD;tcGit
hf a&;ordik ;f tusO;f csKyf
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234
tar&duefawmfvSefa&;ESifh jyifopfawmfvSefa&;wdkŒonf vl@tcGifhta&; ordkif;

a=umif;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u yg0ifcahJ omfvnf; xdak wmfveS af &;rsm; +yD;qH;k
cJh+yD; tcsdefawmfawmf=um=umtxd trsdK;orD;rsm;. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm
jiif;y,fcHae&qJjzpfa=umif;udk ordkif;wGifawGŒ&onf? tar&duefvlŒtcGifhta&;
a=unmpmwrf;wGif vlom;wdkif;onf nDwlnDr#arG;zGm;vmonf[k a&;om;xm;
aomfvnf; vlom;[laompum;vH;k udk (Men) trsKd ;om;[kom a&;om;xm;cJo h nf
udkawGŒ&onf? xdkŒjyif rJay;Edkifolrsm;rSmvnf; vljzLtrsdK;om;rsm;omjzpfonf?
xdŒk twl jyifopfawmfveS af &; twGi;f wGif trsKd ;orD;aygi;f pHw k Œkd onf trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf
vufwI JG ya'o&mZfpepfukd wGe;f vSecf ahJ omfvnf; awmfveS af &;+yD;qH;k I tcsed af wmf
awmf=umonftxd trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rSm xl;jcm;ajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;
r&Sad y? trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;r_onf vlŒtcGit hf a&; rsKd ;aphcsay;cJah om xdak wmf
vSeaf &;ESp&f yf+yD;+yD;csi;f pwifEikd cf jhJ cif;r&Sb
d J tcsed u
f mv tenf;i,f=umrSom pwif
vmcJhonfudk awGŒ&onf?
jyifopfawmfvSefa&;twGif;u wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJhaom trsdK;orD;wOD;jzpfonfh

k rfy'D aD *gh (Olympe de Gouges) onf jyifopfawmfveS af &;twGi;f u xkwjf yefchJ
tdv
aom vlom;ESihf Edik if oH m;wd@k . tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration of the
Rights of Man and Citizens ) udk twk,I l trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd ;orD;Edik if o
H m;rsm;
tcGithf a&; a=unmpmwrf; (Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen) udk
a=unmcJo h nf? od@k aomf trsKd ;om;rsm;utav;rrlbJ vpfvsL±_c=hJ uonf? jyifopf
awmfveS af &; t+yD;wGif zG@J pnf;cJah om Oya'ðyv$waf wmfu jyXmef;cJah om Oya'wGif
vnf; trsdK;orD;rsm;. rJay;ydkifcGifhudk vpfvsL±_cJhonf?
1792 ckESpfwGifrSom t*FvefEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ t,ltqrsm;

76 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf vlYtcGit
hf a&;
pwifvmcJo h nf? t*FvefEikd if rH S ar&D0;kd pwke;f c&yfwf qdo

k ol nf trsKd ;orD; tcGit hf a&;
tm; umuG,f ajymqdrk [ _ k trnfay;xm;aom pmwrf;udk 1792 ckEpS w f iG f xkwjf yefchJ
onf? xdkpmwrf;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDwl &&Sda&;twGuf t"dut[efŒ
twm;jzpfapaomtcsufrsm;rSm tdrfwGif; tm%m&SSifrsm;&Sdaejcif;/ EdkifiHa&;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;/ ynma&;tcGit fh a&;rsm;ESihf wef;wltvkyv f yk u
f ikd jf cif;wdŒk udk jiif;y,fxm;
jcif;wdkŒjzpfonf[k a&;om;xm;onf? tdrfaxmifzuf cifyGef;a,musmf;tay: ZeD;
trsKd ;orD;u aiGa=u;t& rScD akd e&jcif;onf w&m;0iftodtrSwðf yxm;aom jynfw h ef
qmoabm oufa&mufonf[k xdkpmwrf;wGifqdkcJhonf?
tar&duefESifh t*FvefEdkifiHwdkŒ&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;rJay;cGifh awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifr_

rsm;onf (19)&mpk tv,favmufwiG rf S atmifjrifr&_ vmcJo h nf? tar&duefEikd if w H iG f
1888 ckEpS Yf ae&SiS ef ,f trsKd ;orD;rsm;rJay;cGit hf zGŒJ udk zGŒJ pnf;Edik cf o
hJ nf? t*FvefEikd if H
wGif 1860 ckESpfrS 1890 ckESpftwGif;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vdkufavsmr_rsm;
ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? t*FvefygvDrefonf tdrfaxmif&Sif trsdK;orD;rsm;. udk,fydkif
ypPnf;OpPmxdrf;odrf;cGifhESifh pD;yGm;&SmcGifhwdk@udk Oya'jzifhtodtrSwfðyvmcJhonf?
wuUov kd rf sm;odŒk trsKd ;orD;ausmif;olrsm; wufa&mufciG &hf vmonf? jynfw h efqm[k
oHo,&SdcH&ol trsdK;orD;rsm;udk &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;u aq;ppfcGifhOya'udk zsufodrf;cJh
onf? odŒk aomf trsKd ;orD;rsm; rJay;cGirhf &&Sad o;acs? 1897 ckEpS Yf t*FvefEikd if w H iG f
ae&SSife,f trsdK;orD;rsm; rJay;cGifhor*~udk trsKd ;orD; tzGJŒrsm;pkaygif;I zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJh
onf? yxrydik ;f Y xdo k r*~wiG f yg0iforl sm;rSm txufwef;v$ma=u;&wwf trsKd ;orD;
rsm;omjzpfaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif tvkyfvkyfoltrsdK;orD;aygif; axmifESifhcsDI
yg0ifvmonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif trsKd ;orD;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;onf t=urf;zufrr_ sm; qufpyf
vmcJo h nf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;pGmwdŒk onf tpd;k &. tzrf;tqD;cHc&hJ onf? 1913 ckEpS w f iG f
tDrv D 0D u kd 'f if;a'ADqifonf t*Fvefb&k ifp;D aom jrif;a&SŒS wGif vSt J yd I f touftao
cH+yD; trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;twGuf toufay;cJhonf? yxrurBmppftwGif; trsdK;
orD;tcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ tiftm;enf;oGm;aomfvnf; aysmufu, G f oGm;jcif;r&Sad y?
aemufq;kH 1918 ckEpS af &mufrS t*FvefEikd if w H iG f trsKd ;orD;rsm; rJay;cGiu hf dk cGiðhf ycJo
h nf?
yxrydkif;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; rJay;cGifh touftydkif;tjcm;udk touf(30)ESpf
owfrSwfxm;cJh+yD; (10) ESpf=umcJh+yD; aemufydkif;rS trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl touf
owfrw S af y;cJo h nf? yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;rJay;cGiu hf kd todtrSwðf y
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 77

hf a&;
aomEdkifiHrsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhonf? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf rJay;cGihf&&Sd

a&;rS tjcm;Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Oya'a&; e,fy,frsm;wGif trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wl&&Sd
a&;qDodkŒ awmif;qdkvmcJh=uonf?
'kw, d urBmppfEiS hf zufqpfpepfukd qefŒusi&f mwGif trsKd ;orD;xkonf tifwu kd f

tm;wdkufyg0ifcJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;pwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tzdkŒ jyefvnfxl
axmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkif&if; tvkyf±_yfcJh=uonf? 1960 ckESpf0ef;usifrsm;wGif
trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf jyifyvkyif ef;cGirf sm;Y 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd cf &hJ onf? ,cifu trsKd ;
orD;rsm;ESirhf tyfpyf[k owfrw S xf m;aom vkyif ef;rsm;Yyif trsKd ;orD;rsm; 0ifa&muf
vkyuf ikd cf =hJ u&onf? tpd;k &rsm;uvnf; wdik ;f jynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;wGif trsKd ;orD;
rsm; tifwdkuftm;wdkufyg0ifvmEdkifap&ef aeŒuav;xdef;ausmif;rsm;zGifhI ulnD
ay;onf? odkŒaomf tcsdef=umvmaomtcg trsdK;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;onf
,cifurBmppfrwdik rf u D tqifo h Œkd jyefvnfa&muf&o dS mG ;rnft h jzpfoŒkd a&mufco
hJ nf?
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: tvkyfcGJjcm;r_onf t"dujy\emjzpfvm
onf? odkŒaomfvlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r_ESifh AD,uferfppfqefŒusifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif trsdK;
orD;rsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_ tm;aumif;vmonfudk awGŒonf?
1970 ckEpS 0f ef;usiw f iG f trsKd ;orD;rsm;. awmif;qdo k oH nf Edik if aH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;

wdŒk wGif wef;wlnrD #r&_ adS &; aºuG;a=umfox H uf ydrk v
kd mcJo
h nf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;. t,l
tqrsm;wGif trsdK;om;rsm;u t&m&mwGif olwdkŒpdwfwdkif;uswdkif;wmI trsdK;
orD;rsm;b0udk owfrSwfay;xm;onf[laom t,ltqxGef;um;cJhonf? “trsdK;
orD; v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f udk trsKd ;om;rsm;u a&;om;cJo h nf? tar&duefEikd if w H iG f eD*±d;k
vlrJjy\emr&Sd/ vljzLrsm;twGuf jy\emom&Sdonf[k qdkouJhodkŒ trsdK;orD;rsm;
wGif jy\emvH;k 0r&S/d trsKd ;orD;rsm; v_y&f mS ;awmif;qdak er_a=umifo h m trsKd ;om;rsm;
rSm jy\emudk &ifqdkifae=u&onf”[k ,lqaom trsdK;om; rsm;pGm&Sdaeonf?
“trsKd ;om;rsm;onf trsKd ;orD;wdŒk . uH=urRmwdŒk udk ‚if;wdŒk . vufxw J iG f qkwu f ikd f
xm;&if; trsKd ;orD;rsm;. qENukd tav;rxm;bJ olwŒkd pdwo f abmtwdik ;f / olwŒkd .
pd;k &drpf w
d rf sm;ESihf vdt
k yfcsurf sm;. aphaqmfrt _ wdik ;f rnfoŒkd jzpfoifh onfukd qH;k jzwfchJ
=uonf” [k jyifopftrsKd ;orD; qdik rf eG 'f aD bmAmu “'kw, d vdi”f [laom pmtkyw f iG f
a&;om;cJhonf? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_[k owfrSwf&mwGif tdrfaxmifpk
78 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;
twGi;f / vkyif ef;cGit f wGi;f ESihf vlŒtodik ;f t0dik ;f b0twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: zdEydS rf /_
tjrwfxw k rf r_ sm; yg0ifonf[k qdck =hJ uonf? xdŒk twGuf trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd ;om;.
pdwx f m;rsm; ajymif;vJ&ef vdt k yfa=umif; ,lqvmcJ=h uonf? xdo k Œkd aom t,ltq
onf Oa&myESifh ajrmuftar&duwdkufwdkŒwGifomr[kwf urBmtESHŒtjym;odkŒyif
jyefŒESHŒvmcJhonf?
tm&Swdkuf. udkvdkeDqefŒusifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh 19&mpkESifh20&mpkacwfrsm;

twGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlr_ajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifcJhonf?
tm&Sa'o&Sd trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf udkvdkeDqefŒusifa&;

v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGif usio fh ;kH cJah om enf;vrf; (3) cka=umifh jzpfymG ;cJ&h onf[k trsKd ;orD;
okawoD ukrm&D *sm,m0g'eD m (Kumari Jayawardena) u qdyk gonf? ukrm&Du
yxrtcsufrSm vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk;udk acwfrDvmatmif twGif;oabmudk
ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm twGif;oabmydkif; ðyjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif
t[efŒtwm;jzpfapaom tcsufrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh wwd,tcsufrSm jynfol
wdkŒudk EdkifiHcspfpdwf"mwfrsm; xufoefap&ef pnf;±Hk;v_HŒaqmfay;jcif;wdkŒjzpfonf[k
qdyk gonf? yxrtcsujf zpfonfh vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f udk acwfraD tmif twGi;f oabm
ydkif; ðyjyifjcif;onf acwfrDwdk;wufaom trsdK;orD;rsm; arG;xkwfay;Edkif&eftwGuf
ynma&;ESihf tjcm;aom vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk cGiðhf yjcif;jzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm; tqift h wef;
wd;k wufvm&efrsm;pGmtaxmuftulðycJo h nf? Edik if cH sppf w
d "f mwfrsm; wd;k wufapa&;
twGuf vkyfaqmif&mwGifvnf; trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcef;u¾udk us,fus,fjyefŒ
jyefŒtoH;k cs&ojzifh trsKd ;orD; rsm;. b0wd;k wufvmcJo h nf[k qdyk gonf? TodŒk jzifh
tm&Sa'oEdik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u
yg0ifcJhonf[k ukrm&Du aumufcsufcsaomfvnf; trsdK;om;rsm; OD;aqmifaom
ywf0ef;usif twGif;wGifom usifvnfcJh& onf[k olruaxmufjyonf? tm&S&Sd
trsd K ;orD ; v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;onf ‚if ; xuf y d k r d k } uD ; rm;aom Ed k i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;
atmufwGif wdrfðryfcJh&onf[k olruqdkonf? Oyrm - tdENd,EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;
v_y¶f mS ;r_wiG f tdE, dN trsKd ;orD;wdŒk wufºuGpmG yg0ifco hJ nf? Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wck
taeESihf odomxif&mS ;aom ajymif;vJrw _ &yfukd az:aqmifEikd cf ahJ omfvnf; wuf}uGpmG
vlt
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Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 79

hf a&;
yg0ifcahJ om trsKd ;orD;rsm;rSm vlrb _ 0abmifEiS hf tdraf xmifppk nf;rsO;f abmiftwGi;f

wdkŒrS ±kef;rxGufombJ&SdcJhonf? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifaom
trsKd ;orD;wdŒk . pdw"f mwfEiS hf qENrsm;rSm Edik if v H wG af jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ wdu k yf tJG wGi;f
wGif ayguzf mG ;vmEdik cf iG rhf &Sad wmhacs? trsKd ;orD;rsm; oD;oefŒzGŒJ pnf;xm;+yD; trsKd ;orD;
tcGit hf a&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifrnfh trsKd ;orD;tzGŒJ rsm;vnf; xGe;f um;vmcJjh cif;r&Sb d J
trsKd ;orD;rsm;. cGet f m;ESiphf rG ;f yum;rsm;onf Edik if v H w G af jrmufa&;wdu
k yf JG atmifjrif
a&; &nfreS ;f csuaf tmufwiG f wdrðf ryfomG ;cJ&h onf? xdt k csurf sm;a=umifh vGwv f yfa&;
&&Sd+yD;onfh aemufwGif trsdK;orD;tcGihfta&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefaES;oGm;cJh&
onf? EdkifiHvGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJtwGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;udk toHk;cs a&SŒwef;wifcJh
aom trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;&onfESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;udk
olwŒkd . ae&ma[mif;rsm;qDoŒkd jyefvnfyŒkd aqmifvu kd o f nf[k okawoD ukrm&Du
aumufcsufcsjyxm;onf?
trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f wavsmufukd oH;k oyf=unfyh gu udpt

P &m
&mudk OD;aqmifqHk;jzwfolrsm; a&G;cs,f&mwGif trsdK;om;rsm;udkom t"dua&G;cs,f
=u+yD; ‚if;wdkŒ qHk;jzwfxm;onfwdkŒudkvnf; ‚if;wdkŒzmom taumiftxnfazmf=u
onf? xdu k o
hJ Œkd Edik if EH iS hf Edik if w
H um tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;wGif trsKd ;om;rsm;uom umv
=um&SnfpGm tm%mqkyfudkif xm;aoma=umifh tcGifhta&; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
trsdK;om;rsm;twGufomjzpfae+yD; Oya'tawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf; trsdK;om;rsm;
tusdK;udk umuG,fay;aeaom Oya'rsm; jzpfaeonf?
vlŒtcGit
hf a&; t,ltq xGe;f um;vmr_tay: avhvmolrsm;/ vlŒtcGit hf a&;
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onfyif ordkif;a=umif;t& vlŒtcGifhta&;t,ltqrsm; wdk;wuf
ajymif;vJvmr_uo kd m owdðycJ=h u+yD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;. wdu k yf 0JG ifru
_ kd tav;ay;avh
vm&ef arhavsmhcJh=uonf? vlŒtcGifhta&;wdk;wufvmr_jzpfpOfwGif ta&;ygaom
umv}uD ; (3) ck & S d o nf [ k ok a woD r sm;u qd k x m;cJ h o nf ? xd k u mvrsm;rS m
jyifopfawmfveS af &;/ qd&k , S v
f pf awmfveS af &;/ udv k ekd cD sKyf+idr;f a&; umvwdŒk jzpfonf?
odŒk aomf xdu
k mv (3) ckpvH;k wGif yg0ifwu kd yf 0JG ifcahJ om trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcef;u¾
rsm;rSm arS;rSdefcJh+yD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. awmif;qdkoHwdkŒrSmvnf; vpfvsL±_cHcJh&onf?
80 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;
rsm;r=umrD umvtcsed t f xd vlŒtcGit hf a&; wduk yf 0JG ifaeolwŒkd onf ‚if;wdŒk .

aqG;aEG;csufrsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tcGifhta&;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJhjcif;r&Sday?
trsdK;orD;rsm; t=urf;zufr_udk vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_tjzpf owfrSwfcJh+yD;EdkifiH
wumu tav;ay;vkyfaqmif=u&rnfh udpPw&yftjzpf ,lqcJhonfrSm r=umvS
ao;acs?
1993 ckESpf AD,ifemðrdŒwGif usif;yaom ukvor*~ vlŒtcGifhta&; nDvmcH.

aemufyikd ;f wGirf S tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf trsKd ;orD;rsm; wef;wlnrD #a&;ESihf tcGit hf a&;
wdŒk udk OD;pm;ay; vkyaf qmif&rnf[al om &nfreS ;f csuf vkyif ef;pOfrsm; csrw S Ef ikd cf o hJ nf?
odkŒaomf ,aeŒwdkifatmif trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhqdkifaom EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfrsm;udk
oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xd;k &mwGiv f nf; Edik if t
H rsm;tjym;onf wm0ef,&l r_ enf;yg;
ap&eftwGuf ¹cGif;csufrsm;xm;+yD;rS vufrSwfa&;xdk;avh&Sdaevsufyifjzpfonf?
xdktcsufudk=unfhI trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufvdkaom
EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;tjrifrsm;enf;yg; aeao;a=umif; xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyaeonf?
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;onf wurBmvH;k ESihf oufqikd I f cGjJ cm;Ir&[k t"dym` ,fziG q hf x
kd m;
aomfvnf; trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;onf vlŒtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf (Women’s
Rights are Human Rights) [laom t,ltqudk tjynft h 0 vufc&H ef aES;auG;ae
vsu&f adS o;onf? trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf 'kw, d wef;pm; tcGit hf a&;rsm;om
jzpfonf[k trsm;uvufcaH evsuyf if&o dS nf? vlŒtcGit hf a&;udk wufºuGpmG v_y&f mS ;
aeolrsm;xJwGifyif trsdK;orD;rsm; tcGifhta&;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm; yg0ifEdkifr_wdkŒudk
tjynft h 0vufrcHbJ jiif;y,faevsu&f o dS nf? vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m a&;om;csurf sm;/
tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ Oya'rsm;/ usixhf ;kH rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk jynf0h pGm
rawGŒ&ay? tom;ta&mif/ Zmwf/ tv$m/ vlrsdK;ESifh vlenf;pk cGJjcm;cHae&aom
olrsm;xJwiG f yg0ifae=uaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf xdo k Œkd aom ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh
cGJjcm;cHaeonfhtjyif trsdK;orD;jzpfaeonfh tcsufa=umifh xyfrHI cGJjcm;zdESdyfcHae&
onf[laom tcsufudk arhavsmhaeavh&Sdonf?
,aeŒ trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf vdiu f jJG ym;r_a=umifh cGjJ cm;qufqrH _ (Gender- based
Discrimi-nation) rsKd ;udk vlŒtcGit
hf a&;csKd ;azmufrt_ jzpf owfrw S I f xdo
k Œkd cGjJ cm;r_rsm;
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 81

hf a&;
csKyf+idr;f ap&ef awmif;qdw k u

kd yf 0JG ifvsu&f odS nf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; pepfwus ESyd pf uf
!‡Of;yef;r_udk !‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_yHkpHwcktjzpf todtrSwfðy&ef/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;
twif;t=uyf jynfw h efqmtjzpf apcdik ;f jcif;udk u|eðf yr_ypkH w H cktjzpf todtrSwðf y&ef/
rk'ed ;f usihf jcif;udk vdit
f =urf;zufr_ yHpk w H cktjzpf todtrSwðf y&ef/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;
t=urf;zuf qufqjH cif;udk vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrt _ jzpf todtrSwðf y&ef/ owd‹k
orD;tm; ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;[laom vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ; azmufru_ kd qefŒusiw
f u
kd yf 0JG if&ef/
trsdK;orD;t*F gZmwftm;oif;uGyfjcif; yaysmufap&ef/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: rnDr#
aom axmif'%fpD&ifjcif;udk qefŒusif&ef óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf?
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef

twGuf ukvor*~u}uD;rSL;I urBmhtrsdK;orD;nDvmcHrsm;udk usif;ycJhonfrSm
av;}udr&f +dS yDjzpfonf? yxrqH;k t}udrf nDvmcHukd ruUpu D Ekd ikd if /H ruUpu
D pkd w
D ;D òrdŒwGif
1975 ckEpS f ZGev f (19) &ufrS Zlvikd v f (2) &ufaeŒtxd usi;f ycJo h nf? 'kwt d }udrf
nDvmcHukd 'de;f rwfEikd if H udyk ifa[mifòrdŒwGif 1980 ckEpS f Zlvikd (f 24)&ufrS (30) &ufaeŒ
txdusi;f ycJo h nf? 1985 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f (15) &ufrS (26) &ufaeŒwGif wwd,t}udrf
urBmth rsKd ;orD;nDvmcHukd uifnmEdik if H e±_bòD rdŒwGif usi;f ycJo h nf? xdw k wd,t}udrf
nDvmcHwiG f b0tpdwt f ydik ;f tm;vH;k wd@k wiG f trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd ;om;rsm; ppfreS f
pGmwef;wlnrD #a&;ESihf trsKd ;orD; rsm;tm; cJjG cm;zdEydS rf t _ m;vH;k csKyf+idr;f yaysmufa&;wd@k
atmifjrifatmif vkyfaqmif=u&ef wdkufwGef;Edk;aqmfxm;cJhonf? 1993 ckESpfwGif
usif;ycJhaom AD,ifem a=unmpmwrf;wGifvnf; ukvor*~. vl@tcGifhta&;
,E ,W m;twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk ydrk w kd ;kd wufyg0ifatmif vkyaf qmif
=u&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf?
pwkwt W }udrf urBmt h rsKd ;orD;nDvmcHukd 1995 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (4) &ufrS
(15) &uftxd w±kwfEdkifiH bD*sif;òrdŒwGifusif;ycJhjyefygonf? xdk bD*sif; ukvor*~
trsdK;orD;nDvmcH}uD;onf trsdK;orD;tcGihfta&;rsm;onf vlŒtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpf
onf[laom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;ESifhtwl ordkif;wGif&pfcJhonf? xdknDvmcH}uD;rS
trsKd ;orD; tcGithf a&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom bD*si;f a=unmcsupf mwrf;ESihf a&SŒvkyf
ief;pOfrsm;udk xkwjf yefjyXmef;Edik cf o
hJ nf? trsKd ;orD; tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifh
a&Smufjcif;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;b0 wdk;wufjrifhrm;atmif vkyfaqmifjcif;wdkŒwGif
82 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;
oufqikd &f mtpd;k &rsm;wGiv f nf; wm0ef&adS =umif; xdak =unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;
onf? csrw S x f m;aom a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmf
vkyaf qmif&efrmS tpd;k &wdik ;f . wm0efjzpfonf[k a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfxw J iG f a&;om;xm;
onf? vkyif ef;pOfwiG f atmufygtcsurf sm;udk tav;ay;aqmif&u G If trsKd ;orD;rsm;
b0wd;k wufa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef qdx k m;onf? ‚if;wdŒk rSm - trsKd ;orD;rsm;
ESihf qif;&Jiwfrw G rf /_ trsKd ;orD;rsm;. ynma&;ESihf avhusiyhf sKd ;axmifa&;/ trsKd ;orD;
rsm;ESiu
hf se;f rma&;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf vufeuf
udkifyÉdyuQ/ trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifaom
tqifhtwef;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;wdk;wuf jrifhrm;a&;twGuf tajccHtaqmufttHk/
trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlŒtcGifhta&;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh owif;Xme/ trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh
obm0ywf0ef;usif/ trsdK;orD;i,frsm;. ta&;wdkŒjzpfonf?
ukvor*~wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufI trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;

enf;rsdK;pHkESifh cGJjcm;r_rsm;yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh ‚if;.pmcsKyfaumfrwD/
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd (Special
Rapporteur on Violence Against Women) wdŒk rSm xif&m S ;onf? (trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;
enf;rsKd ;pHEk iS hf cGjJ cm;r_yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf ‚if;. pmcsKyfaumfrwDta=umif;
tus,fudk tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;tcef;wGif =unfhyg?)
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkESifh cGJjcm;r_yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh ‚if;.
pmcsKyfaumfrwDwdkŒonf trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkESifh cGJjcm;r_rsm;yaysmufa&;ESifh
ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfwGif jyXmef;xm;aom trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;wef;wlnD
wl&Sdapa&;wdkŒtwGuf &nf&G,fzGJŒpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
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trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay:t-urf;zufjcif;
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trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_udk ordkif;pOfwavsmufvHk;wGif rSwfwrf;rwif

cJhbJwdrfðryfaecJh=u&onf? trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_udk r=umao;rDurS
pwifI us,u f s,af vmifavmifajymqdv
k mcJ=h u+yD; ,ckwikd f tcsKd @tpd;k &rsm;u ta&;
,laqmif&u G f wm;qD;r_rsm; rvkyaf qmif=uao;yg? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_
onf trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk csdK;azmufr_jzpfonf [laomt,ltqudk
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 83

hf a&;
tpd;k &tcsKd @u vufrcH=uao;yg? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;onf vlŒtcGihf

ta&; csKd ;azmufrw
_ ckjzpfonf[al om t,ltqonf +yD;cJo h nfh q,fpEk pS t
f wGi;f rS
pI us,fus,favmifavmif ay:xGufvmcJhonf?
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;qdkonfrSm
“trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt&jzpfap/ vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt&jzpfap/ ±kyyf ikd ;f
qdik &f mt&jzpfap tE &W m,fjzpfapaom/ twemw& cHpm;apaom/ cHpm;ap&
rnf [lI +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;tygt0if ajcmufvSef@odrf;oGif;r_rsm;/ ‚if;wdk@.
vGwfvyfr_rsm;tm; rw&m;z,f&Sm;jcif;rsm;jzpfapr_/ xdkodk@jzpfapEdkifavmuf
aom tðytrlrsm; tm;vHk;”
[lI 1993 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif usif;ycJhaom ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcH.

trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufry_ aysmufa&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif t"dym` ,fziG x
hf m;
onf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf trsdK;orD;ESifhtrsdK;om;rsm;t=um; trsdK;orD;rsm;
tay:wqifeh rd ahf om tjrifa=umifh ay:ayguv
f m&aom rnDr#onfh t=urf;zufru _ kd
qdv
k o kd nf?
1993 ckESpf ukvor*~ urBmhvlŒtcGifhta&;nDvmcHwGif xdkudpPESifhywfoufI

us,u f s,jf yefŒjyefŒ aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; tdraf xmiftwGi;f ESihf jyifywdŒk
wGif t=urf;zufru _ kd umuG,&f efwifjycJo h nf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;
qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;udk 1993 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeŒwGif ukvor*~
taxGaxGnv D mcHu xkwjf yefa=unmcJo h nf? 1994 ckEpS f rwfvwGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;
tay: t=urf;zufr_qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&SdudkyxrOD;qHk;t}udrf
cefŒtyfco hJ nf? xdpk pkH rf; ppfaq;a&;t&m&St d m; trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;.
ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESihf tusKd ;qufrsm; avhvmazmfxw k &f ef wm0efvyk yf ikd cf iG hf tjynfh
t0ay;cJo h nf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf tb,fa=umifh t=urf;zufcaH e&onfukd txl;
pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sdu olr. tpD&ifcHpmwGif atmufygtwdkif;qdkxm;onf?
“trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf olrwdŒk . vdiaf =umifh t"rRusichf &H jcif;/ vdit

f *F gtm; zsuq
f ;D
84 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;
jcif;ponfwŒkd ESihf &ifqikd &f onf? trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf qufo,

G af er_a=umifh tdrw f iG ;f &Sd
rdom;pktwGi;f t=urf;zufjcif;/ ZeD;tm;owfjzwfjcif; ponfwŒkd ESihf &ifqikd &f onf?
vlrsKd ;wrsKd ; odŒk r[kwf tkypf w
k pk0ifjzpfaoma=umifh t"rRusicfh &H jcif;/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tm;
zdESdyf&mwGif t"rRusifhcH&jcif;rsm;udk &ifqdkif&onf?
rdom;pktwGi;f wGif trsKd ;orD;jzpf&jcif;a=umifh ±du k Ef uS jf cif;/ vdit

f &apmfum;cH&jcif;/
tcGithf a&;rsm;jiif;y,fc&H jcif;/ tvdrk wlbJ rdrcd ifyeG ;f u vdiq f ufqjH cif; ponfwŒkd udk
óuHawG@&onf? vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f wGiv
f nf; t"rRusichf &H jcif;/ a&mif;0,fc&H jcif;/ t"rR
jynfw
h efqmtjzpf apcdik ;f cH&jcif;wd@k ukd &ifqikd &f onf? Edik if t H wGi;f wGiv
f nf; tusO;f
axmiftwGif; t"rRusifhcH&jcif;rsm;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; zdESdyfaomOya'rsm;ESifh
&ifqdkif& jcif;rsm;udk óuHawG@onf” [kqx kd m;onf?
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_onf trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; vdifydkif;qdkif&m

uJGjym;r_t&cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom ta=umif;t&mwckyifjzpf
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ay;aeonf?
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hf a&;vufpJG 85

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f I
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yifjzpfonf?
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hf a&;vufpJG 87

hf a&;
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tpd;k & ud,
k w
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dS nf?
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us,fus,f jyef@jyef@usL;vGefaeaom tjzpfqdk;rsm;jzpfa=umif; r=umao;rDurS EdkifiH
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rsm;tm; t=urf;zufrr_ sm; axmify&kH myH&k cdS ahJ omfvnf; Edik if w H umu xdjk ypfrr_ sm;udk
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rsm;xuf ydrk tkd =urf;zufc&H efe;D pyfonf? usL;vGeo f rl sm;rSmvnf; omrefEikd if o H m;rsm;
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xdkodk@ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_udk csKyf+idrf;ap&eftwGuf tqifhwdkif;/

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xdo
k @kd avsmeh nf; csKyf+idr;f ap&eftwGuf trsKd ;orD;ESit
hf rsKd ;om;t=um; jzpfay:aeaom
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88 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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hf a&;
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oabmayguaf tmif oif=um;aqG;aEG;apjcif;/ jzpfay:vsu&f adS om ta=umif;t&m.
aemufuG,frS omrefrjrifEdkifaom ta=umif;&if;tcsufrsm;udk jrifomatmifazmf
xkwfI xdktcsufrsm; yaysmufatmif b,fvdkvkyf&rnfqdkonfudk pOf;pm;qifjcif
apjcif;rsm; vkyf&efvdktyfonf?
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;wGif ukvor*~

tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;udk trsdK;orD;rsm; t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI -
- trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_tm; uefŒuGuf±_wfcs&efrSm tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiH

wd k i f ; . wm0ef j zpf o nf ? ,Of a us;r_ / xH k ; wrf ; pOf v m/ bmoma&;wd k Œ ud k
ta=umif;jyI trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_udk &yfwefŒ&ef/
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l kd Edik if H
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aqmif&Guf&ef/
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f mcJah om rwlno D nfh
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vkyfudkif aqmif&Guf&ef/
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ay;Edkif&ef w&m;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m; aumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmif&ef/
- t=urf;zufc&H aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;twGuf ulnrD r_ sm;/ jyefvnfxal xmifa&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk tav;ay;vkyfaqmif&ef/
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hf a&;vufpJG 89

hf a&;
wlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef/
- trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;ESio
hf ufqikd af om tpD&ifcwH ifjycsurf sm;
udk EdkifiHwum vlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;odk@ r¹cGif;rcsefwifjy&ef ponfwdk@udk
wdkufwGef;xm;onf?
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_wm;qD;

ynmay;a&;wd@k wiG f txl;ojzifh trsKd ;om;rsm; yg0ifaqmif&u G vf mapa&;rSm txl;
ta&;}uD;vSonf? trsKd ;om;rsm;tygt0if vlxv k wl ef;pm;wdik ;f udk trsKd ;orD;tcGihf
ta&; qdkif&moifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; usif;yjcif;wdk@jzifh pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf
oifo h nf? xdo k @kd ðyvkyjf cif;jzifh trsKd ;om;rsm;ud,
k w f ikd u
f vnf; t=urf;zufru _ sK;vGef
vdpk w
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vnf; trsKd ;om;taejzifh em;vnfoabmayguv f m+yD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;zufukd pmem
em;vnfxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;r_rsm; ðyvmapEdkifonf?
===???===
90 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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tcef; (6)
urÇmhukvor*¾rdwfquf
AmqDvD oabmwlpmcsKyft& “Ekid if w H um yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ wd;k wuf&efEiS hf

+idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf vHòk cHa&;&&Sad p&ef”&nf&, G cf sujf zifh 1919 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;
}uD; (The League of Nations) udk zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifco hJ nf? od@k aomf yxrurBmppf}uD;
t+yD;wGif zGŒJ pnf;cJah om Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;onf 'kw, d urBmppfukd wm;qD;Edik f
jcif;r&Sb d J ysujf ym;oGm;&onf? 'kw, d urBmppft+yD;wGif aemufxyfurBmppf wm;qD;
Edik af pa&;twGuf Edik if aH ygi;f csKyf toif;}uD;uJo h Œkd Edik if w
H umyg0ifaom toif;wckukd
zGJŒpnf;&ef&nf&G,fcJh=uonf? ,cifu zGJŒpnf;cJh+yD; xifoavmufatmifjrifr_ r&&SdcJh
aom EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;. oifcef;pmudk,lI rnfuJhodkŒ atmifjrifatmifzGJŒ
pnf;Edkifrnfukd avhvmtm;xkwfcJh=uonf? 1945 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH/ qefz
&efppPuòkd rdŒY usi;f ycJah om ukvor*~/ Edik if w H um tzGŒJ tpnf; nDvmcHoŒkd wufa&muf
vm=uaom Edik if aH ygi;f (50) rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m
vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;. tajccHtoufaoG;a=umjzpfaom ukvor*~ yÉdnmOf (United
Nations Charter) udk a&;qGjJ yXmef;Edi k cf o
hJ nf? ppfa=umifh nDvmcHoŒkd rwufa&mufEikd f
aom ydv k efEikd if u
H yg aemufyikd ;f wGif twnfðycJo h jzifh ukvor*~ukd pwifzŒJG pnf;cJh
onfh EdkifiHta&twGufonf (51)EdkifiHjzpfonf? xdkpmcsKyf pwiftouf0ifcJhonfh
1945 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv (24) &ufaeŒrS 2004 ckEpS /f ZGev f / (9)&ufaeŒrSpum
ukvor*~}uD;vnf; touf0ifv_yf&Sm; vnfywfcJhonf? ,cktcgwGif ukvor*~
tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHaygif; (191) ausmf&SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
urBmhukvor*~.t"du &nf&G,fcsufrSm -
- wurBmvHk; +idrf;csrf;a&; pdk;rdk;ap&ef/
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- jynforl sm; b0wd;k wufaumif;rGev f map&ef/ qif;&JraGJ wr_/ pmrwwfajrmuf
r_EiS hf a&m*gab; xlajymr_w@kd ukd wdu k zf su&f ef/ obm0ywf0ef;usif zsuq f ;D r_ukd
&yfw&Hh efEiS hf wOD;. tcGihf ta&;ESihf vGwv f yfru _ kd wOD;utjyeftvSef av;
pm;&ef/
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hf a&;vufpJG 91

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b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
- xd&k nf&, G cf surf sm; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf Edik if rH sm;t=um; A[dck sut f jzpf
pGrf;aqmifay;&efwdk@jzpfonf?
xd&k nf&, G cf surf sm; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf ukvor*~ukd Edik if w H um Oya'ESihf
ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfwdkŒtay:wGif tajcwnfI zGJŒpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
ukvor*~. rl0g'rsm;rSm -
- tzJG@0ifEkdifiHwdkif; tcsKyftjcmtm%m wef;wlr_&Sdonf?
- tzJG@0ifEdkifiHwdkif; ukvor*~yÉdnmOfudk vdkufem&rnf?
- EdkifiHrsm;onf rwluJGjym;r_rsm;udk +idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhomajz&SSif;&
rnf?
- Edik if rH sm;onf tiftm;oH;k jcif; od@k r[kwf tiftm;oH;k &ef +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;wd@k ukd
a&Smif=uOf&rnf?
- ukvor*~onf rnfonfEh ikd if . H jynfwiG ;f a&;&mudrk S 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;rðy?
- EdkifiHrsm;onf ukvor*~tm; 0dkif;0ef;yhHydk; ulnDoifhonf?
ukvor*~ukd pwifzŒJG pnf;&mwGif 'kw, d urBmppf. ppfEikd Ef ikd if rH sm;u xlaxmifchJ

ojzifh vljzLrsm;toif;[kyif ac:a0:cHc&hJ +yD; Oa&mywdu k of m;rsm;ESihf tar&duefrsm;u
v$r;f rd;k xm;onfukd awGŒ&onf? AsL±du
k a&pDEiS hf Edik if aH &; ay:vpDrsm; a&;&mwGif ,aeŒ
wdik f ‚if;wdŒk . =oZm tm%mtiftm; oufa&mufaevsu&f o dS nfukd awGŒjrifEikd o
f nf?
ukvor*~pepft& 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf ukvor*~&dS aumfrwDrsm;/ Xmersm;udk tzGŒJ

0ifEikd if rH sm;. yx0De,fajrrsm; tvdu k cf w
JG rf;csxm;onf? xdŒk a=umifh 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf
Xmewdik ;f wGif e,fajrtvdu k f uefŒowfxm;aom ta&twGuu f kd awGŒ&rnfjzpfonf?
tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;udk a'otvduk f atmufygtwdik ;f t=urf;tm;jzifh cGjJ cm;xm;onf?
(u) tmz&du Edik if rH sm; (50 Edik if )H

(c) tm&S Edik if rH sm; (50 Edik if )H
(*) ta&SŒOa&my EdkifiHrsm; (18 EdkifiH)
(C) vufwiftar&du ESihf ua&bD,H Edik if rH sm; (34Edik if )H
(i) taemufOa&my ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; (23EdkifiH) wdkŒjzpfonf?
92 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k uae'gEikd if EH iS hf =opa=wvs Edik if w H Œkd udk a'o (i) wGix

f nfh
oGi;f xm;+yD; wl&uDEikd if o
H nf a'o (i) tjyif tm&SEikd if rH sm;wGiv f nf; yg0ifonfukd
awGŒ&onf? azmfjyyga'o cGJjcm;r_wGifyif tmz&du/ tm&S/ vufwiftar&duESifh
ua&bD,EH ikd if rH sm;. pkaygi;f rJta&twGuo f nf pkpak ygi;f rJta&twGu. f oH;k yHEk pS yf kH
xufydkaeojzifh rJcGJ&mwGif tm;aumif;r_ &&SdaeonfukdawGŒ&onf?
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ukvor*. t"du Xme}u;D rsm;
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(1) taxGaxG nDvmcH (General Assembly)

(2) vHòk cHa&; aumifpD (Security Council)
(3) pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &; aumifpD (ECOSOC – Economic and Social Council)
(4) b¾mxde;f aumifpD (Trusteeship Council)
(5) tjynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;±H;k (International Court of Justice)
(6) taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf±;kH (Secretariat)
(1)taxGaxG nDvmcH (General Assembly)
ukvor*~wGif taxGaxGnDvmcHonf t"dujzpf+yD; EdkifiHwckpDrS rJwrJuspD

udk,fpm;ðy yg0ifzGJŒpnf;xm;onf? ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHudk ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;
pufwifbmv. wwd,ajrmuf t*F gaeŒrS 'DZifbmvvnftxd (3)v usi;f y+yD;tzGŒJ
0ifEdkifiHwdkif; wufa&mufonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH. qENrJoHk;yHkESpfyHkjzifh obmywd
wOD;udak &G;cs,+f yD; wESpw f mwm0ef xrf;aqmifaponf? trsm;tm;jzifh tqdw k ifoiG ;f
r_r&Sb
d J a'otvdu k f aemufu,G w
f iG f !‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;aEG;r_jzifh tvSnu
hf sa&G;cs,=f uonf?
obmywdonf 'kw, d obmywd (21) OD;ESit hf wl nDvmcHukd OD;aqmif&+yD; obm
ywd rtm;vyfonfhtcg 'kwd,obmywdu wm0ef,l&onf?
taxGaxG nDvmcHonf tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u wurBmvHk;wGif jzpfysufaeaom

ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef nDvmcHyifjzpfonf? tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um;
vlra_ &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;&mrsm; yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifa&;udk zH@G òzd;wd;k wufapovdk vl@tcGihf
ta&;ES i f h ywf o uf I ta&;w,l a qmif & G u f = u&ef tm;ay;onf ? xd k t axG
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 93

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
axGnDvmcHrSaeI xl;jcm;aom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHwum Oya'topfrsm;

ay:xGef;cJhonf? taxGaxGnDvmcHrS xkwfjyefcJhaom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf
t}uHay;csufrsm;omjzpf+yD; oufqdkif&mEdkifiHudk rvkyfrae& trdef@ay;apcdkif;Edkifjcif;
r&Sday? odk@aomf urBmay:&Sd EdkifiHtrsm;pku udk,fpm;ðyonfh t}uHay;csufrsm;jzpf
aoma=umifh tm;aumif;aom t}uHay;csufrsm;[k qdkEdkifonf?
taxGaxGnDvmcH. vufatmufwGif atmufygtwdkif;xyfrHzGJŒpnf;xm;onf?

(u) yifraumfrwDrsm; (Main Committees)
(c) vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;qdik &f m aumfrwDrsm; (Procedural Committees )
(*) t+rJwrf; aumfrwDrsm; (Standing Committees)
(C) taxmuftulqikd &f m/ ta&;ay:ESihf tjcm;aumfrwDrsm; (Subsidiary,
“ad hoc” and Other bodies) wdŒk jzpfonf?
yifraumfrwDatmufwGif aumfrwD (7) ck&Sdaomfvnf; wckrSm taxmuftulðy

aumfrwD jzpfonft h wGuf yifraumfrwD (6) ck[o k m qd=k uonf? ‚if;wdŒk rSm-
(1) yxraumfrwD (vHkòcHa&;ESifh vufeufzsufodrf;a&;qdkif&m)
(2) EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m txl;aumfrwD (yxraumfrwD. tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk
taxmuf tulðy vkyfaqmifonf)
(3) 'kwd,aumfrwD (pD;yGm;a&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&m)
(4) wwd,aumfrwD (vlr_a&;/ vlom;csif;pmemr_ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m)
(5) pwkwWaumfrwD (udkvdkeDzsufodrf;a&;)
(6) yOPraumfrwD (tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh aiGpm&if;qdkif&m)
(7) qÏraumfrwD (Oya'qdkif&m) wdkŒjzpfonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;twGuf wwd,ESifh pwkwÎaumfrwDwdkŒonf

ta&;ygonf? rdrw d Œkd Edik if t
H ay: ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;u qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
csrSwf&mwGif t&Sdeft[kef aumif;rGefap&eftwGuf wwd,aumfrwDwGif wGef;tm;
ay;v_HŒaqmf=uonf? xdkrSwqifh taxGaxGnDvmcHodkŒwufa&mufvmaom EdkifiH
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒrsm;.axmufcHr_&&Sd+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;twnfðy csrSwfvmEdkif&ef
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒrsm;udk csOf;uyfv_HŒaqmf=u&onf?
94 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
odkŒ&mwGif wwd,aumfrwDwGif pwkwÎaumfrwDrSmuJhodkŒwoD;yk*~vrsm;onf

taxGaxGa&;&m tajctwif aqG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifEdkifcGifhr&Sday? xdkŒa=umifhrdrd
Edik if tH wGuf t&Sed t f [keaf umif;aom qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S v f matmif v_y&f mS ;ol
wdŒk onf taxGaxGnv D mcHoŒkd wufa&mufvmaom Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ rsm;udk
rdrw d Œkd Edik if .
H udp&P yfrsm;udk wifjyay;&eftwGuf wGe;f tm;ay;=u&onf? yxrOD;qH;k
taejzifh rdrdEdkifiH. vlŒtcGifhta&;tajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufI rdrdEdkifiH. tpdk;&
tay: ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;wGif qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S af p&ef qH;k jzwfcsuf
rl=urf; wifoiG ;f rnfh Edik if u H ,
kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ udk csO;f uyf&onf? rdrw d Œkd jzpfapvdak om
qH;k jzwfcsuf pum;vH;k rsm;ESihf rl=urf;wifoiG ;f rnfh Edik if u H ,kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ u wifoiG ;f
vdo k nfh pum;vH;k rsm;t=um; !dE‡ id_ ;f r_rsm;pGm ðyvky&f wwfonf? ukvor*~o;kH pum;
vHk;rsm;onf wckESifhwck t"dy`m,frwdrf;r,drf;&Sdoa,mifESifh uGJjym;aoma=umifh
xdo k Œkd pum;vH;k rsm;ukd !dE‡ id_ ;f &mwGiyf if tcsed =f um=um !dE‡ id_ ;f &avh&o dS nf? wcsed w f nf;
rSmyif tjcm;Edik if H ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ rsm;tm; rdrEd ikd if t H wGi;f jzpfysuaf eaom vlŒtcGihf
ta&; csKd ;azmufcaH e&r_ tajctaersm;udk aumif;rGepf mG em;vnfap&ef csO;f uyfpnf;
±H;k &onf? xdrk #ru qH;k jzwfcsurf =l urf; wifoiG ;f onfh tcgwiG f yg0ifwifoiG ;f Edik af tmif/
odŒk r[kwf wifoiG ;f o!fh qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd 0dik ;f 0ef;axmufc+H yD; qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S f twnf
ðyEdkifatmif pnf;±Hk;&onf? wEdkifiHv#ifwrJomay;&onfh taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif
qHk;jzwfcsuf wckcsrSwf&mY tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;. rJta&twGuftrsm;pkudk&&Sd&ef
ta&;}uD;vSonft h wGuf tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H wdik ;f . ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ rsm;xH csO;f uyfpnf;
±H;k &efvt kd yfonf? jrefrmEdik if t H ay: taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;rS qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S cf o hJ !fh
umvwavsmufwiG f wifoiG ;f cJah om rl=urf;rsm;udk uefŒuGuo f rl &Sd axmufcaH vh&dS
aomfvnf; tcsKd ŒEdik if . H ta&;udprP sm;wGif uefŒuGuo f El iS hf axmufco H rl sm; &Sw d wf
ojzifh rJcGJqHk;jzwf&avh&Sdonf?
csO;f uyf&mwGif vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufaeonhf rdrEd ikd if . H tpd;k &ESihf &if;ES;D aom/
qufqrH &_ adS om/ Edik if rH sm;rS ud,k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ rsm;udv k nf; vpfvsL±_Ir&ay? xdEk ikd if H
rsm;udkvnf;csOf;uyfI ‚if;wdkŒ.oabmxm;rsm; ajymif;vJvmap&ef csOf;uyfoifh
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ESifhywfoufI ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;wGif t&Sdef
t[kefaumif;rGefaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfvmap&ef oGm;a&mufv_HŒaqmfol
rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f &Sd vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf Edik if aH &;tajctaersm;/ Edik if w
H umu
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 95

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
jrefrmEdkifiHtay: xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;rsm;udk ausnufpGmem;vnfxm;rSom

xdkuJhodkŒ EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;tjym;ukd csOf;uyf&mwGif atmifatmifjrifjrifESifh
csOf;uyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? nDvmcHtcsdeftwGif; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ trsm;tjym;udk
awGŒqHkcsOf;uyf&o!fhtwGuf óudwifjyifqifr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef txl;vdktyfonf?
pnf;±H;k v_ŒH aqmf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpf apEdik rf nfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;/ taxmuf
txm;rsm;/ tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf sm;/ "mwfyrkH sm;udv k nf; pkaqmif;
jyifqif&ef txl;vdktyfonf? rdrdwdkŒ oGm;a&mufcsOf;uyfpnf;±Hk;rnfh udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJŒrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHta&;udpP wckwnf;omr[kwf/ tjcm;aomudpPrsm;pGm&Sd
onfudk owdðyoifo h nf? xdŒk a=umifh xdo k Œkd oGm;a&mufrnfh olrsm;taejzifh qufqH
ajymqdk&mwGif u|rf;usifolrsm;jzpf&efvnf; vkdtyfvSonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u csrSwfcJh
aom taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;. jrefrmEdik if t
H ay: qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;tm; aocsmpGmavh
vmxm;&efvnf; vdt k yfonf? tawGŒtóuH&I dS oHwrefqufqaH &; aumif;rGeaf om
twGif;a&;rSL; odkŒr[kwf pDpOfolwOD; xm;&SdEdkifygu tcsdefwdusI atmifjrifaom
csOf;uyfr_rsm;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm; vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpf
aponf?
(2) vHòk caH &;aumifpD (Security Council)
vHkòcHa&;aumifpDudk t+rJwrf;tzGJŒ0if (5) EdkifiHjzpfaom tar&duef/ +Adwdef/

qdAk ,
D uf/ jyifopfEiS hf w±kwEf ikd if w
H Œkd tjyif t+rJwrf;r[kwaf om tzGŒJ 0if (10) Edik if jH zifh
zGJŒpnf;xm;onf? t+rJwrf;tzGJŒ0if(5) EdkifiHwGif ADwdktm%m&Sdonf? xdkuJhodkŒ ADwdk
tm%m ay;tyfxm;jcif;a=umifo h m tar&duefEikd if EH iS hf tjcm;tiftm;}uD; Edik if w H Œkd udk
ukvor*~wiG f yg0ifvmatmif qGaJ qmifEikd cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? ‚if;.wm0efrmS ukvor*~
yÉdnmOfwGif jyXmef;xm;onfhtwdkif; +idrf;csrf;a&; xdrf;odrf;a&;/ ppfwm;qD;a&;/
usL;ausmfr_rsm;udk wm;qD;tjypfay;a&;wdkŒjzpfonf? taxGaxGnDvmcHuJhodk@ ukv
or*~. Xmersm;onf tpdk;&rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@t}uHay;csufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem&ef
t}uHay;yef=um;±Ho k m yef=um;Edik af omfvnf; vHòk cHa&;aumifpw D iG yf gaom t+rJwrf;
tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;taejzifh wm0ef&&dS dS vkyaf qmif&rnfh qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk csrw S Ef ikd of nfh
yg0g&odS nf? vHòk cHa&; aumifpo D nf urBmyh v k yd t
f zGŒJ wzGŒJ uJo
h Œkd yifjzpfonf? vHòk cHa&;
aumifpt D wGuf qH;k jzwfcsurf =l urf;w&yfukd axmufcrH J (9) rJ&&Srd o S m twnfðyEdik f
96 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
onf? t+rJwrf;tzGŒJ 0if (5) Edik if t H euf Edik if w

H Edik if u
H ADwtkd m%moH;k +yD;uefŒuGucf hJ
v#if pkpak ygi;f (14) rJ &&Sad pumrl qH;k jzwfcsuf txrajrmufay? tar&duefEikd if o H nf
tpPa&;ESifh awmiftmz&duEdkifiHudpPrsm;wGif ADwdktm%moHk;I uefŒuGufcJhonf
udak wGŒonf? tmz*efepPwefwiG f ppfjzpfymG ;aomtcg qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpu k ADwkd
tm%moH;k rnfðycJo h jzifh vHòk cHa&;aumifprD S 0ifa&mufta&;,laqmif&u G rf _ rðyEdik cf ahJ y?
jyifopfEiS hf +Adwed Ef ikd if w
H Œkd onf ADwt kd m%mudk oH;k cJonf? w±kwEf ikd if oH nfvnf; wdik 0f rf
u|ef; ta&;udpP jzpfyGm;cJhonfh 1972 ckESpfuwnf;rSpI ADwdktm%maemufxyf
oHk;jcif;r&SdcJhacs? vHkòcHa&;aumifpD t+rJwrf; (5) EdkifiH. tm;òydifr_rsm;udk ukvor*~
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;opf a&G;cs,f wifajr‡muf&mwGif r=umc%awGŒ&wwfonf?
xdŒk a=umift h +rJwrf; tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w H Edik if o
H nf ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf
xufyif ydrk t kd m%m&So d nf[k qd=k uonf?
tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf yÉdyuQwck jzpfvmygu vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D od&v dS matmif

wifjy Edkifonf? xdktcgrsdK;wGif vHkòcHa&;aumifpDu yÉdyuQjzpfaeaomEdkifiHrsm;udk
+idrf;csrf;aom enf;jzifh ajz&SSif;=u&efyef=um;Edkifonf? xdkodk@jzpfaeaom yÉdyuQudk
rdrw d @kd u, f ikd f ajz&SiS ;f Edik jf cif; r&So
kd w d nft
h cg xdjk y\emudk tjynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;±H;k
(ICJ) od@k wifjyI xdw k &m;±H;k rS aeI rnforl eS o f nf/ rnforl mS ;onfukd qH;k jzwfonf?
vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D ukvor*~ tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;udk Edik if w
H Edik if H od@k r[kwf Edik if rH sm;tay:
ukefoG,fr_rsm; &yfwef@ydwfqdk@&ef/ yifv,f/ ava=umif;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ pmwdkuf/
w,fvDzkef;/ a&'D,dk tp&Sdonfh qufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm; ydwfqdk@ta&;,l&ef
yef=um;Edkifonf? xdkokd@ vkyfaqmifr_rsm; ratmifjrifygu vHkòcHa&;aumifpDonf
ukvor*~ +idr;f csr;f a&; wyfrsm;udk apv$wI f vHòk cHa&;ESihf ppfrZhJ rkH sm; wnfaqmuf&ef
odk@r[kwf typftcwf&yfpJa&; aqG;aEG;&ef wm0efay;apcdkif;Edkifonf? odk@aomf
yÉdyuQwGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk;u oabmwlcGifhðyrSom ukv
or*~+idr;f csr;f a&;wyfrsm;udk apv$wEf ikd f rnfjzpfonf? tcsKd @ta&;udprP sm;wGif vHòk cHa&;
aumifpDu tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;tm; ppfa&;t& 0ifa&mufjzefajzay;&ef tm%may;
Edkifonf? tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; xdkodk@ta&;udpP jzpfay:vmygu rdrdwdk@ppfwyf
tiftm;rsm;udk apv$wfulnD&ef wm0ef&Sdonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 97

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
t+rJwrf;tzGŒJ 0if r[kwaf om Edik if rH sm;. oufwrf;udk (2) ESpf owfrw S x

f m;+yD;
oufwrf; wdk;cGifhr&Sday? xdkuJhodkŒ t+rJwrf;r[kwfaom EdkifiHrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif
qENrJoHk;yHkESpfyHk trsm;pk&&efvdk+yD; a'oqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;u oabmwlygu t+rJwrf;
r[kwfaom tzGJŒ0ifjzpfEdkifonf? vHkòcHa&;aumifpD. OuUXtjzpf t*FvdyftuQ&m
tpDtpOftwdkif; vpOfajymif;vJ wm0efxrf;aqmifaponf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESiv
hf rl a+ &;aumifpD (Economic and Social Council – ECOSOC)
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDudk twdkaumuf tDaumaqmh (ECOSOC)

[kac:qdkavh&Sdonf? TaumifpDonf taxGaxGnDvmcH+yD;v#if t}uD;qHk;aom
ukvor*~ tzGJŒjzpfonf? tzJG@0if (54) OD;yg0ifzJG@pnf;xm;onf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpaD tmufwiG f vkyif ef;aumfr&Sif (6) ck (Functional

Commissions)/ a'oaumfr&Sif (5) ck (Regional Commissions)/ t+rw J rf; aumfrwD
rsm; (Standing Committees)/ t+rJwrf; u|r;f usio f rl sm;tzGŒJ (Standing Expert
Bodies) ESihf ukvor*~ at*sip f rD sm; (Specialized Agencies) wnf&o dS nf?
vkyif ef;aumfr&Sirf sm;wGif pm&if;tif;qdik &f maumfr&Si/f vlO;D a&qdik &f m aumfr&Si/f
vlrb_ 0 wd;k wufjrifrh m;a&;aumfr&Si/f vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Si/f trsKd ;orD;rsm; tqifh
twef;qdkif&maumfr&Sif/ rl;,pfaq;0g;qdkif&maumfr&Sif/ &mZ0wfr_wm;qD;a&;ESif
w&m; Oya'qdkif&maumfr&Sif/ wnfwhHcdkif+rJaomzGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_aumfr&SSif/ zGH@òzd;wdk;
wufrq _ ikd &f m odyEH` iS phf ufry_ nmaumfr&Sif ponfwŒkd udk zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? vlŒtcGihf
ta&; vkyif ef;ESihf ywfoufI vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human
Rights) ESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm; tqift h wef;qdik &f m aumfr&Sif (Commission on the
Status of Women) wdŒk rSm xif&m S ;onf?
a'oqdkif&maumfr&Sifrsm;wGif tm&SSESifh ypdzdwfa'o/ tmz&dua'o/ Oa&my

a'o/ vufwiftar&duESihf ua&bD,aH 'o/ taemuftm&SaS 'oqdik &f m aumfr&Sif
rsm;&Sdonf?
98 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
t+rJwrf;aumfrwDrsm;ESifh t+rJwrf;u|rf;usifolrsm; tzGJŒwdkŒwGif&Sdaom tpdk;&

r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;aumfrwD (NGO Committee) onf tpdk;&r[kwfaom
tzGJŒrsm;jzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom tzGJŒjzpfonf? (ukvor*~wGif twdkifyifcHtqifh
&&Sdxm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;. vkyfaqmifr_udk Tpmtkyfyg tpdk;&
r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;tcef;wGif tus,f=unfhyg?)
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDatmufwGif&Sdaom ukvor*~ at*sifpDrsm;wGif

txl;ðy at*sipf rD sm;ESihf ukvor*~&yH akH iGEiS hf tpDtpOfrsm; at*sipf [ D I
l ESprf sKd ;&So
d nf?
Ttxl;ðy at*sipf rD sm;udk tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u uGjJ ym;aomzGŒJ pnf;yH/k tkycf sKyfa&;pepf/
ay:vpDEiS hf vkyif ef;rsm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;
tzGŒJ csKyf (International Labor Organization – ILO) / ukvor*~ tpm;tpmESihf
v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&; tzGŒJ (Food and Agricultural Organization – FAO) / ynma&;/
odyyH` nmESihf ,Ofaus;r_ qdik &f mtzGŒJ (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization – UNESCO)/ urBmh use;f rma&;tzGŒJ }uD; (World Health
Organization –WHO) wdŒk onf txl;ðy at*sip f rD sm;jzpf=uonf? urBmb
h %f (World
Bank) ESihf tjynfjynfqi kd &f m aiGa=u;&HyakH iG tzGŒJ }uD; (International Monetary Fund)
wdkŒonfvnf; txl;ðy at*sifpDrsm;jzpfonf?
ukvor*~ &HyHkaiGESifh tpDtpOfrsm; at*sifpDrsm;udk tzGJŒ0ifEkdifiHrsm;. qENjzifh

aiGa=u; axmufyHhr_wdk@jzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? ukvor*~ uav;oli,frsm;
&HyakH iGtzGŒJ (United Nations Children’s Fund – UNICEF)/ ukvor*~ zGŒH òzd;a&;
tpDtpOf (United Nations Development Program – UNDP) / ukvor*~
'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD; ±H;k (UN High Commissioner for Refugees –
UNHCR) wdŒk onf ukvor*~ &Hya kH iGEiS hf tpDtpOf at*sipf rD sm;jzpfonf?
b¾mxde;f aumifpD (Trusteeship Council)
TaumifpoD nf ,cifuv kd ekd eD ,fajrrsm;tm; ud, k yf ikd t

f yk cf sKyfciG &hf adS tmif tjcm;
EkdifiHrsm;uaeI óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufay;&eftwGuf pDrHaqmif&Gufaom aumifpDjzpf
onf? 1994 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif udv k ekd eD ,fajra[mif;jzpfonfh rdik cf ±dek ;D ,m;u|e;f pkrS
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 99

urmh
b ukvor*rd
¾ wfquf
ay:vmtlu|e;f vGwv f yfa&; &+yD;aemufyikd ;f Taumifp.

D vkyaf qmifrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;udk
&yfwef@vdkufcJhonf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;±H;k (International Court of Justice)
tjynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;±H;k wGif taxGaxGnv D mcHu cef@tyfxm;aom w&m;

ol}uD; (15) OD;yg0ifonf? xdkw&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk EdkifiHtvdkuf a&G;cs,fjcif;r[kwfbJ
xdkolwdk@. t&nftcsif;rsm;tvdkuf a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf wEdkifiHwnf;rS
w&m;ol}uD; ESpfOD; rjzpfap&yg? w&m;±Hk;udk e,fomvefEdkifiH [mchfòrdŒwGif ±Hk;pdkuf+yD;
tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u e,fpyfa'o tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;/ ig;zrf;cGi/hf obm0wGi;f xGux f w k f
,lciG hf ydik q
f ikd rf r_ sm;ESihf yÉdnmOfEiS hf ywfoufaom tjcm;vkyif ef;rsm;udk ay;yd@k widk =f um;
Edik o
f nf? taxGaxGnv D mcHujzpfap vHòk cHa&;aumifpu
D jzpfap Tw&m;±H;k xH t}uH
Om%frsm; awmif;cHEdkifonf?
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf±;kH (Secretariat)
taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;rsm;onf ukvor*~. tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;

aqmifonf? ukvor*~wckvHk;wGif&Sdaom 0efxrf;aygif; waomif;ig;axmiftm;
pDrHtkyfcsKyfonf? XmecsKyfrSm tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;a,mufòrdŒwGifjzpf+yD; tjcm;Xme
rsm;rSm *sDeDAmòrdŒESifh AD,ifemòrdŒwdk@wGif tajcpdkufonf?
100 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlt
Y cGit
ukvor*¾ zGJYpnf;yHk

ukvor*¾
101
taxGaxG b@mxdef; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tjynfjynfqik d &f m taxGaxG
vHNk cHKa&;aumifpD w&m;½H;k
nDvmcH aumifpD vlraI &;aumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;½H;k
- yifraumfrwD (6)ck ukvor*¾

- vkyxf ;kH vkyef nf;qdik &f maumfrwD vlt
Y cGit
h f a&;aumfr&Sif
vlt
- taxmuftuljyKta&;ay:ESifh rif;BuD;½H;k
urmh
Y cGit
tjcm;aumfrwD
12/6/2005, 2:11 PM
- pmcsKyftzG0YJ ifrsm;
b ukvor*rd
hf a&;vufpJG
¾ wfquf
101
102
urmh
ECOSOC
vlt

b ukvor*rd
pm&if;tif;
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d f
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102
vlrw
I ;kd wufjrifrh m;a&; ukvor*¾at*sifprD sm; pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ukvor*¾at*sifprD sm; Oa&my
vlraI &;aumifpD
vlt
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hf a&; vufwiftar&du
ua&bD,rf
trsK;d orD;tqift
h wef; tNrJwrf; ukvor*¾at*sifprD sm; tNrJwrf;
uRrf;usiforl sm;tzGYJ aumfrwDrsm; taemuftm&S
vlt
rl;,pfaq;0g;
Y cGit
ILO UNICEFF
FAO UNDP NGO aumfrwDrsm;
UNESCO UNHCR
WHO
12/6/2005, 2:11 PM
IMF
WB
tcef; (6)
ukvor*¾vlYtcGifhta&; at*sifpDrsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
ukvor*~wGif&Sdaom vlŒtcGifhta&; at*sifpDrsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/
vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm omrefvlrsm;twGuf ±_wfaxG;p&mjzpfaomfvnf; vlŒtcGifhta&;
v_y&f mS ;aqmif&uG o
f rl sm;taeESihf avhvmxm;rSom ukvor*~Y rdrw d Œkd ta&;udprP sm;
udk v_HŒaqmf&mwGif atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf? ukvor*~onf
EdkifiHwum. tpdk;&rsm;jzifh pkpnf;xm;aom tzGJŒwckjzpf+yD; w&m;±Hk;w&yf r[kwf
aoma=umifh vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m jy\emrsm;udk udik w f ,
G af jz&Si;f &mwGif tm;enf;r_
rsm;&Sod nf? odŒk aomf vlŒtcGit hf a&;pHrsm;udk Edik if w
H umtaejzifh =uyfrwfay;Edik &f ef
teD;pyfqHk;rSm ukvor*~omjzpfonfhtwGuf ukvor*~ rnfodkŒvkyfief;rsm; vkyf
aqmifonfukd em;vnfoabm ayguf&efvdktyfonf? odkŒrSom ‚if;udkoHk;oyf+yD;
aemuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom }uD;=uyfr_rsm;/ enf;pepf,E W&m;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkif
rnfjzpfonf?
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human Rights)
vlŒtcGit
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vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpD. atmufwGif&Sd+yD;

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aumfr&Sifjzpfonf? vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk pHkprf;azmfxkwfjcif;/ vlŒtcGifh
ta&;ESihf ywfoufaom tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf ay:vpDopfrsm;twGuf tqdw k ifoiG ;f jcif;/
vlŒtcGit hf a&;umuG,af &;twGuf tultnDvt kd yfaom Edik if rH sm;udk t}uH^m%frsm;
ESifh enf;ynmtultnDrsm;ay;jcif;/ ,if;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom
u¾rsm;twGuf vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif; wdkŒjzpfonf?
ukvor*~ tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w H ikd ;f onf ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k f
onfESifhwòydifeuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&;pHrsm;udk vdkufem&ef wm0ef&Sd
onf ? tjcm;pmcsKyf p mwrf ; rsm;uk d vuf r S w f x d k ; onf j zpf a p/ rxd k ; onf j zpf a p
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;yg vlŒtcGit hf a&;pHrsm;udk vdu k ef m
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 103

ukvor*vl
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hf a&; at*sipf Drsm;ESihf vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
&efrmS tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w

H ikd ;f . wm0efEiS hf 0wW&m;rsm;jzpfvmcJo
h nf? ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfrS
qif;oufvmaom TvlŒtcGifhta&; aumfr&Sifonf ukvor*~tzGJŒ0if EdkifiHrsm;
teuf vlŒtcGit hf a&; ESihf ywfoufaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;r&Sad om
EdkifiHrsm;. vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udkyg a0zefEdkifaom tm%m&Sdonfh
tzGJŒjzpfonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; aumfr&Sifudk pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDu 1946 ckESpfwGif

pwifzŒJG pnf;cJ+h yD; ,aeŒwdik f ESppf Of aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;ðyvkyI f vlŒtcGit fh a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk
vkyuf ikd af qmif&u G af eonf? rlvu aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0if (18) Edik if jH zifh pwifcahJ omfvnf;
,cktcg aumfr&SiftzGJŒ0if (53) EdkifiHjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;&Sdonf? tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;rSm
&moufyefr[kwb f J (3) ESpv
f #iwf }udrf a&G;aumufonf? a&G;aumuf&mwGif ukvo
r*~enf;pepftwdik ;f a'otvdu k f cGjJ cm;xm;aomEdik if rH sm;. cGw J rf;pepft& tmz&du
a'orS (15) OD;/ tm&Sa'orS (12) OD;/ ta&SŒOa&mya'orS (5) OD;/ awmiftar&du
a'orS (11) OD;/ taemufOa&myESihf tjcm;a'o[k owfrw S x f m;aom =opa=w;vs/
uae'g/ e,l;ZDvef/ESifh tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;rS (10) OD; ponfjzifh a&G;aumufjcif;
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vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;t&vkyaf qmif&onf? aiGa=u; udpEP iS q hf ikd af om tqdðk ycsurf sm;/
t}uHðycsurf sm;/ aiGpm&if;ESihf tpDtpOfrsm;udv k nf; pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpu D
t+rJwrf;jyefvnfoHk;oyfonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SSifudk pwifzJGŒpnf;pOfu EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdef

pH!eG ;f rsm; csrw S o f nfh tzJŒG yHpk rH sKd ;rS vl@tcGit
hf a&;ESihf ywfoufaom udp&P yfrsKd ;pHu k kd
udik w f , G f ajz&Si;f aom/ vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;tay: wke@f jyefaqmif&u G af om
yHpk rH sKd ;od@k wajz;ajz;csi;f a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nf? 1992 ckEpS rf pS wifI &0rf'gEiS hf ,cif,*l kd
pvm;AD;,m; Edik if rH sm;uJah om vl@tcGit hf a&; tajctae qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; jzpfymG ;cJah om
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aumfr&SiS o f nf avhvmr_rsm; vkyaf qmifjcif;/ t}uHay;csurf sm; jyifqifjcif;/ tjynf
jynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;rl=urf;a&;qJGjcif;/ vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif;
wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk vufcHaqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;wdk@udk vkyfaqmifvsuf
&Sdonf?
104 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
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vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif.zGJŒpnf;yHk
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vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H (53) Edik if o

H nf aumfr&Si.
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aumfr&SSif.atmufwGif tvkyftzGJŒrsm;/ EdkifiHtvdkuf vlŒtcGifhta&; txl;pHkprf;
ppfaq;a&;t&m&Srd sm;/ u¾tvdu k f vlŒtcGit hf a&; txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm;
tjyif vGwfvyfI u|rf;usifolrsm;ESifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom qyfaumfr&Sif (Sub-
Commission) wdŒk udk zGŒJ pnf; cefŒtyfxm;onf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 105

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
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aumfr&Sif (53) EdkifiH
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aumfr&Sif (26) OD;
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- rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;rsm;. tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;&&Sdr_tajctaeqdkif&mtxl;pHkprf;ppfaq;
uGef*dk
a&;t&m&Sd a[wD
- vlwdk@.udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifhudkxdcdkufap&eftwGuf a=u;pm;ppfwyfrsm;toHk; vdkifaA;&D;,m;
jyKr_qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd jrefrm
- a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;.tcGifhta&;qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd
ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrrsm;
- vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;r_rsm;/ vlrsdK;a&;tajccHaom cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;/
vlrsdK;a&;tpJGESifhoufqdkifaomtjcm;onf;rcHr_rsm;qdkif&mtxl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd qdk;rm;vD;,m;
- vl@tcGithf a&;wd;k wufa&;/umuG,af &;ESit hf =urf;zufrq_ ikd &f mtxl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd
- !Sif;yrf;ESdyfpufr_qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd
- vlom;rsm; txl;ojzifhtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;qdkif&m
txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd
- trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifh ‚if;. tusdK;qufoufa&mufr_rsm;qdkif&m
txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd/
106 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
qyfaumfr&Sif (53) EdkifiH

vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifatmuf&SdtvkyftzGJŒrsm;wGif-
- twif;t=uyfqENrygbJ aysmufq;kH r_qikd &f mtvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Group on
Enforced of Involuntary Disappearance)
- n‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrq

+ ikd &f m aemufqufwpJG mcsKyfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf tvkyt
f zG@J
(Working Group on a draft optional protocol to the convention against
torture and other cruel)
- pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m aemufqufwGJpmcsKyftqkH;owfa&;
tvkyt f zG@J (Open-ended working Group on an optional protocol to the
International Coventional Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights)
- tajctaersm;qdik &f m tvkyt f zG@J (Working group on Situations)
- tmz&duefvlrsKd;rsm;ESifhywfoufI u|rf;usifolrsm;tvkyftzGJ@ (Working
Group of Experts on People of African Descent)
- 'gAefa=unmpmwrf;qdkif&mtvkyftzGJ@ (Working Group on the effective
implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action)
- w&m;vufvw
G f zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f r_qikd &f m tvkyt
f zGŒJ (Working Group
on Arbitrary Detention)
- zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufrt
_ cGit
hf a&;qdik &f mtvkyt
f zGŒJ (Working Group on the Right
to Development) wdŒk yg0ifonf?
xdkŒjyif vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifonf EdkifiHtvdkuf vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_

rsm;udk vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm;cefŒtyfI vlŒtcGiahf &;
tajctaersm;udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfavh&o dS nf? ,cktcsed t f xd tmz*ef
epPwef/ ygyl;0g e,l;*DeD;,m;/ jrefrm/ uarBm'D;,m;/ usL;bm;/ t,fvfqmaA;'dk;/
tDauG';kd / *GgwrD mvm/ a[wD/ tD&wf/ tD&ef/ ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;/ ydv k ef/ qdrk m;vD;,m;/
wdk*dk/ Adkav;AD;,m;/ b&Grf'D/ &dkar;eD;,m;/ ygvufpwdkif;/ oD&dvuFm/ ql'efESifh
Zdkif,m;EdkifiHwdkŒtwGuf txl;pHkprf; ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sdrsm; cefŒtyfapv$wfcJhonf?
xdkŒjyif vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifonf u¾tvdkuf txl;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;

vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 107

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
(thematic precedures) cefŒtyfjcif;udkvnf; ðyvkyfavh&Sdonf? ,cktcsdeftxd

w&m;vufvGwf owfjzwfjcif;/ ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;jcif;/ a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm;oHk;jcif;/
bmoma&;t&zdEydS jf cif;/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;/ vlrsKd ;a&;
rkef;wD;r_ESifh cJGjcm;zdESdyfjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;/ w&m;a&;qdkif&m
,E &W m;vGwv f yfr/_ trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr/_ pGe‹f ypfypPn;f rsm;. tusKd ;ouf
a&mufjcif; ponfhu¾rsm;qdkif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk cefŒtyfxm;onf?
xd@k tjyif qENrygbaJ ysmufq;kH jcif;/ rw&m;csKyfaESmifjcif;/ zH@G òzd;wd;k wufciG Ehf iS hf a&GŒajymif;
tvkyform;rsm;ta=umif;wdk@ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;&ef tvkyftzJG@rsm; zJG@pnf;xm;
onf? jynfwiG ;f Y tajcwus raexdik &f aom olrsm; (Internally Displaced Persons)
wd@k ta=umif;ESihf ywfoufI txl;ud, k pf m;ðy (Special Representative) wOD;udk
cef@tyfxm;onf? xdw k m0ef&o dS rl sm;u aumfr&Six f o
H Œkd tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f aponf?
EdkifiHtvdkuf wifoGif;jcif;r[kwfbJ ta=umif;t&m u¾tvdkuf wifoGif;jcif;jzpf
onf? EdkifiHtvdkufESifh u¾tvdkuf cefŒtyfxm;aom txl;pHkprf; ppfaq;a&;
t&m&Sx d o H Œkd tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;u v_ŒH aqmfjcif;/ vdt k yfaom owif; rsm;udk
axmufyHhjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifavh&Sdonf?
aumfr&Siaf tmufwiG f aemufxyfzŒJG pnf;xm;aom tzGŒJ tpnf;rSm qyfaumfr&Sif
jzpfonf? qyfaumfr&Sifonf vlŒtcGifhta&; aumfr&Sifatmuf&Sd wckwnf;aom
aumfr&Sifjzpf+yD; trnftjynfhtpHkrSm vlenf;pkrsm;tay: cGJjcm;r_udk wm;qD;a&;ESifh
apmifha&Smufa&; qyfaumfr&Sif (Sub- Commission on the Prevention of
Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities ) jzpfonf? aumfr&Si. f vlŒtcGifh
a&;&m ud p P r sm;vk y f a qmif r _ u d k t"d u taxmuf t ul ð yonf ? vl Œ tcG i f h t a&;
aumfr&SiEf iS hf qyfaumfr&Sit f =um; uGmjcm;csurf mS vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f kd Edik if H
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf zGŒJ pnf;xm;+yD; qyfaumfr&Sif ukd vGwv f yfI u|r;f usio f l (26)
OD;ESihf zGŒJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdk (26) OD;udk (4) ESpf oufwrf;pepfjzifh aumfr&Siu f
a&G;cs,favh&Sd+yD; wOD;ESifhwOD; oufwrf;ukefqHk;onfh ESpfrsm;vnf;rwl=uay? xdkodkŒ
aumf r &S i f t zG J Œ 0if E d k i f i H r sm;uk d ud k , f p m;rðyonf h vG w f v yf u |rf ; usif o l r sm;jzif h
zGJŒpnf;xm;aoma=umifh tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. EdkifiHa&;t& wdkuf±dkufyg0if
pGuzf ufrr_ S uif;a0;onf? odŒk aomf qyfaumfr&Si&f dS tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;udk ‚if;wdŒk . tpd;k &
toD;oD;u trnfpm&if; wifoGif;=u&ojzifh vGwfvyfI u|rf;usifolrsm;onf
vufawGŒwGif rnfr#vw G v f yfoenf;qdo k nfrmS ar;cGe;f xkwpf &myif? tcsKd ŒrSm ouf
108 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
qdkif&m EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;yif jzpfaewwfonf?
qyfaumfr&Sifonf ESpfpOf=o*kwfvwGif (4)ywf=um tpnf;ta0; ðyvkyfavh&Sd

onf? xdk tpnf;ta0;rsm;odkŒ vlŒtcGifhta&;udpP v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=uaom
tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tzGJŒaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufI yg0ifaqG;aEG;=uonf?
qyfaumfr&Siaf tmufwiG f tvkyt f zGŒJ (4) ck&+dS yD; xdt

k vkyt f zGŒJ rsm;onf qyfaumf
r&Sif tpnf;ta0;rwdik rf D awGŒqH=k uonf? ,if;tvkyt f zGŒJ (4) ckrmS -
(1) rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;qdik &f m tvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Groyup on Indigenous
Populations – WGIP)
(2) u|eðf yr_qikd &f mtvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Group on Slavery)
(3) qufo, G rf q _ ikd &f mtvkyt
f zGŒJ (Working Group on Communication )
(4) zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;jcif;qdkif&mtvkyftzGJŒ (Working Group on Detention)
wkŒd jzpfonf?
yxr tvkyt f zGŒJ awGŒqHjk cif;ESpcf o

k Œkd vltrsm;wufa&mufaqG;aEG;Edik af omfvnf;
wwd,wckrmS wHcg;ydwf aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfonf? wwd, tvkyt f zGŒJ onf vlŒtcGit hf a&;
aumfr&SifESifh qyfaumfr&SSifwdkŒxHodkŒ wifoGif;vmaom vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;pD.
vlŒtcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmufc&H r_ wdik =f um;csurf sm;udk vufcpH pd pfaom tvkyt f zGŒJ jzpf
onf?
1970 ckESpfwGif twnfðyjyXmef;vdkufaom ukvor*~ qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf

1503 t& ukvor*~ tzJ@G 0ifEidk if H tpd;k & vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufaom ta=umif;
t&mrsm;udk ukvor*~o@kd wdu k ±f ukd wf ikd =f um;Edik o
f nf? xdo k @kd vyk af qmifaom vkyif ef;
pOftqifq h ifu
h kd (1503 vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;)[kac:a0:=uonf? Tvkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;onf
ukvor*~taejzifh wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_ukd vufct H a&;,l aqmif&u G af om vkyx f ;kH
vkyef nf;jzpfojzifh xl;jcm;aomenf;vrf;[k qdEk ikd af omfvnf; tqifq h ifh ppfaq;+yD;rS
vkyaf qmifaoma=umifh tm;enf;csurf sm;pGm&So d nfukd awG@&onf? xdo k @kd wdik =f um;&m
wGif vlwOD;csi;f jzpfap/ tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G ujzpfap wdik =f um;Edik o f nf? ud, k w
f ikd cf H
pm;&ol jzpfp&mrvdyk g? od@k aomf owif;pm/ owif;rsm;tay: tajccHI wdik =f um;r_r
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 109

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
jzpfap&yg? wdik =f um;rnfo h l onf trnfrazmfbJ wdik =f um;Ir&yg? wdik =f um;onft h r_ukd
Edik if aH wmftqifh w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;u ajz&SiS ;f ay;&ef rpGr;f om aom tjzpfrsKd ;jzpf&rnf?
od@k r[kwf Edik if aH wmftqifw h iG f ajz&SiS ;f r_onf usL;vGecf &H oltwGuf taumif;qH;k jzpf
atmif rzefw;D Edik af oma=umifjh zpf&rnf? usL;vGeaf om tpd;k &tay: ykwcf wfapmfum;
ajymqdkjcif; yg0ifyguvnf; xdkwdkif=um;csuftxajrmufrnf r[kwfyg?
xdkokd@ wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk tvkyftzJG@. wm0efcHuvufcHonf? wdkif=um;pm
ay;yd@k ox l o H @kd wdik =f um;r_ukd vufc&H &Sad =umif; todtrSwðf y jyefpmay;yd@k onf? xdw k ikd f
=um;r_ rdwWLudk oufqdkif&mtpdk;&odk@ ay;ydk@+yD; ar;cGef;rsm;xkwf&onf? xdk@aemuf
xdw k ikd =f um;r_EiS hf ywfoufaom tESpcf sKyfwifjycsuu f kd vpOfvwdik ;f txl;v#KŒd 0Supf mG
jzifh qyfaumfr&SifwGif xdkudpPtm; qufvufudkifwG,frnfholxH tpD&ifcH&onf?
xd@k aemuf tvkyt f zJ@G 0if (5) OD;onf wESpv f #iw
f }udraf wG@q+kH yD; xdw k ikd =f um;csurf sm;
udk avhvmppfaq;onf? wdkif=um;csufrsm;ESifh tpdk;&xHrS wkef@jyefcsufrsm;tay:rl
wnfI tvkyftzJG@onf xdkwdkif=um;r_onf trSefwu,f }uD;}uD;rm;rm; vl@tcGifh
ta&; csdK;azmufr_ [kwfr[kwfudk rJcJGIqHk;jzwfonf? trSefwu,f vlŒtcGifhta&;
csKd ;azmufrj_ zpfonf[k ,lqygu xdk wdik =f um;csuu f kd qyfaumfrwDxo H Œkd wifoiG ;f +yD;
xdrk w S qifh rJqENjzifh aumfr&SiS x f o H Œkd qufvufwifoif/h rwifoifu h kd qH;k jzwfonf?
aumfr&SiS t f aejzifh xdo k @kd wifoiG ;f vmaom wdik =f um;r_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI xdw k ikd =f um;
csuu f ykd ,fcsjcif;/ aemufEpS u f srS pOf;pm;aqmif&u G &f ef qdik ;f ihv
H u
kd jf cif;/ jzpfysuo f nfh
tr_upd w P ckv;kH udk avhvmjcif; (thorough study)/ oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u oabmwlygu
aumfr&SiS o f nf txl;aumfrwD (Ad hoc) zJ@G pnf;I pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifEikd f
onf? xdo k @kd wikd =f um;r_ukd vufcpH pfaq;aeaom umvwckv;kH xdt k r_rsm;ta=umif;
udk vlod&Sif=um; xkwfazmfa=unmjcif;r&Sd&ef txl;pnf;urf;owfrSwfxm;onf?
wdik =f um;oluv kd nf; wdik =f um;r_onf rnfonft h qifo h @kd a&muf&adS ea=umif;udv k nf;
today;jcif;r±dSay? oufqdkif&mtpdk;&udk today;jcif;/ xdkudpPESifh ywfoufaom
tcsufrsm;udk ajz=um;&ef zdwf=um;jcif;wdk@udkom vkyfaqmifonf? jzpfysufonfh
tr_upd w P ckv;kH udk avhvmjcif;udk 1970 ckEpS rf pS I ,l*ef'g (uganda)ESihf ule;D ,m;
(Equatorial Guinea) ESpEf ikd if w H iG o
f m vkyaf qmifczhJ ;l onf? txl;aumfrwD (Ad hoc)
zJG@pnf;I apv$wfpHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;udk vkyfaqmifavhr&Sday? ar;cGef;rsm;ay;ydk@jcif;/
tpdk;&xHqufoG,fa&;aumfr&SSiftzJG@0ifu wkduf±dkufqufoG,fapjcif;/ ukvor*~
0efxrf;tm; xdkEdkifiHodk@apv$wfjcif;/ txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd cef@tyfIpHkprf;ppf
110 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
aq;jcif;wdk@udkom vkyfaqmifavh&Sdonf?
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1503 vkyfief;pOftqifhqifh
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wdkif=um;r_udkvufcHonf?
tu,fI wdik =f um;r_
tu,fI wdik =f um;r_onf owfrw S x
f m;aom tcsurf sm;ESihf udu k n f D
onf owfrSwfxm;
onf qdyk gu vufcpH Of;pm;onf/ od@k aomf vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfr&SiS u
f
aom tcsufrsm;ESifh
vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;atmufwiG f xnfoh iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif; r[kwaf o;acs?
ud k u f n D r _ r&S d y gu
,cktqifh rSpwifI oufqdkif&m tpdk;&odk@ xdkwdkif=um;r_ESifh
aemuf tqif h o d k @
ywfoufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ajzqd&k ef ar;cGe;f rsm; ay;yd@k onf?
rwufawmhbJ wdkif
Zlvikd v
f ? qyfaumfr&Siaf tmuf&dS qufo, G rf q_ ikd &f m tvkyt
f zJ@G rS =um;r_ &yfqdkif;oGm;
uk,d pf m;vS,f (5)OD;wd@k u xdw k ikd =f um;r_ukd pHpk rf;ppfaq;+yD; “trSef onf?
wu,f jyif;xefpmG vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr”_ ajrmufonf[k qH;k
jzwf ygu qyf aumfr&Six f H wifjyonf? “trSefwu,f jyif;
=o*kwfv ? qyfaumfr&Sifu xdktr_udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfonf? xef p G m vl @ tcG i f h
qufo, G rf _ qdik &f m tvkyt f zJ@G ukd jyef=um;onf? tu,fI xdt k r_ ta&; csdK;azmufr_”
xif&mS ;ygu vl@ tcGit hf a&; aumfr&Six f H wifjyonf? rajrmuf[k qHk;jzwf
ygu xdt k r_ukd y,fcs
azazmf0g&D-rwfv ? aumfr&Sif. tvkyftzJG@uaeI aumfr&Sif jcif; od@k r[kwf aemuf
nDvmcH rpwifcif xdktr_ESifhywfoufI jyefvnfoHk;oyfonf? wESpt f xd qdik ;f iHh xm;
xdt
k r_EiS hf ywf oufI aumfr&Sit f m; rnfo@kd ta&;,loifah =umif; jcif; ðyvkyo f nf?
t}uHay; wifjyonf?
rwf-{+yDv? aumfr&Sin f v tu,f I xd k t r_
k r_EiS yhf wfoufI v#K@d 0u
D mcHtwGi;f xdt S f
pGm pOf;pm;oH;k oyfonf? od@k aomf yg0ifywfoufaom tpd;k &rsm;udk onf xif&mS ;r_r&S[ d k
xdtk r_EiS hf ywfoufI wifjyajz&Si;f &ef zdwaf c:ojzifh oufqikd &f m oH;k oyfygu xdt k r_ukd
tpd;k &rsm; yg0if Edik o
f nf? y,fcsjcif; odk@r[kwf
aemuf w ES p f t xd
tr_ESifhywfoufI usL;vGefjcif;rajrmufaom EdkifiH.trnfrsm;/
qdik ;f iHx
h m;jcif; ðyvkyf
qufvufpOf;pm;oH;k oyfaeaom Edik if . H trnfrsm;udk xkwjf yefonf?
onf?
wcgw&H xdt k r_rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;odatmif a=unmjcif; rsm; vky+f y;D
aumfr&Siwf iG f vlo&d iS =f um; aqG;aEG;&efta=umif;rsm; jzpfvmavh
&So
d nf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 111

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
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vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif nDvmcH
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ajcmufywf=umjrifah om vlŒtcGit fh a&;aumfr&Sin f v

D mcHukd ESppf OfrwfvvnfrS
{+yDvukeftxd qGpfZmvefEdkifiH/ *sDeDAmòrdŒwGifusif;yonf? nDvmcHwGif yxrOD;qHk;
aumfr&Sif. OuUXwOD;/ 'kwd,OuUX oHk;OD;ESifh rSwfwrf;wifwOD;udk a&G;cs,fwif
ajr‡mufonf? xdŒk aemuf nDvmcHtpDtpOfEiS hf tcsed Zf ,m;wdŒk udk owfrw S =f uonf?
aumfr&Sif tzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf nDvmcHrpwifrDESifh nDvmcHtwGif;wGif ‚if;vuf
atmuf&dS tvkyt f zGŒJ i,frsm; tm;vH;k ESiahf wGŒqHo
k nf? nDvmcHrpwifrD awGŒqHak om
awGŒqHrk u_ kd (Pre-sessional Working Group Meeting) [kac:+yD; nDvmcHtwGi;f
tvkyf tzGŒJ rsm;ESihf awGŒqHrk r_ sm;udk (Sessional Working Group Meetings) rsm;[k
ac:onf? tcsKd Œvkyif ef;tzGŒJ rsm;. awGŒqHak qG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif vltrsm; yg0ifwufa&muf
Edkifonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; aumfr&SifnDvmcHodkŒ aumfr&SiftzGJŒ0if EdkifiHrsm;tjyif tzGJŒ0if

r[kwfaom EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ ukvor*~ at*sifpDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
ukvor*~wGif twdkifyifcHtqifh &&Sdxm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtzGJŒrsm;wuf
a&mufEdkifonf?
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vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&SifnDvmcHvkyfief;pOfrsm;
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nDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;rnfh acgif;pOfudpPrsm;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;

a&;rSL;. udk,fpm;vS,fu rdwfqufa=unm+yD; xdkacgif;pOfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
aemufcHordkif;a=umif;ESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk wifjyonf? txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;
t&m&SEd iS hf u|r;f usio
f rl sm;. Edik if t
H vdu
k f odŒk r[kwf u¾tvdu
k f tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk
acgif;pOfrsm;raqG;aEG;cif wifjyavh&Sdonf? xdkŒaemuf aumfr&SiftzGJŒ0ifwOD;u
acgif;pOfudk rdwfqufay;+yD; aumfr&SSifr[kwfaom EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ukv
or*~wiG f twdik yf ifct H qifh &&Sx d m;aom tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;. ud, k pf m;ðyol
rsm;. udk,fwdkif0ifa&muf ajymqdkwifjyjcif; (Intervention)udk ðyvkyfonf? xdkŒjyif
tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHwEdkifiHtay: odkŒr[kwf vlŒtcGifh
ta&; u¾wckta=umif; tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk xkwaf 0jzefŒcsED ikd o f nf? xdo k Œkd ajymqdck &H
112 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
aom Ed k i f i H t aejzif h v nf ; xd k a jymqd k csuf r sm;tay: jyef v nf a csycG i f h & S d o nf ?

aemufqHk;wGif xdkacgif;pOfESihfywfoufI qHk;jzwfcsufudk aumfr&SiftzGJŒ0if EdkifiHw
EdkifiHu rl=urf;wifoGif;I aumfr&SiftzGJŒ0ifrsm;u rJqENay;umqHk;jzwfcsufcs
rSwo f nf? aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0if r[kwaf om Edik if rH sm;onf qH;k jzwfcsuf rl=urf;udk yl;wGw J if
oGi;f Edik af omfvnf; rJay;IqH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifciG rhf &Sd
ay? xdo k Œkd aumfr&Siuf csrw S vf u
kd af om qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumf
rwDu twnfðy&efvdktyfonf?
&Si;f vif;&rnfqv kd #if jrefrmEdik if . H vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufru _ kd vlŒtcGit hf a&;

aumfr&Sin f v
D mcHwiG f aqG;aEG;onft h cg yxrqH;k ,cifEpS rf sm;u jrefrmEdik if t H ay:cs
rSwcf ahJ om qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;/ aemufct H a=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf jrefrmEdik if EH iS yhf wfoufI
a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh pwifzGifhvSpfvdkufonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.
vlŒtcGifhta&; tajctaersm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfcH&onfh txl;pHk
prf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Su d ol.tpD&ifcpH mudw k ifjyonf? xdŒk aemuf aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0if
wOD;u jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufI wifjyaqG;aEG;rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk zwf=um;+yD;
aemuf tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u jrefrm
EdkifiH&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk ta=umif;t&mtvdkuf wifjyzwf=um;=u
onf? xdkodkŒ udk,fwdkif0ifa&muf ajymqdkjcif;tay: jrefrmEdkifiH udk,fpm;vS,fu
jyefvnfacsyajymqdkEdkifcGifh&Sdonf? aemufqHk;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ukvor*~
vlŒtcGifhta&; aumfr&Sifu qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif nDvmcHwGif EdkifiHtcsif;csif; awGŒqHkn‡dE_dif;r_rsm;

vkyaf qmifjcif;/ wGe;f tm;ay; v_ŒH aqmfjcif;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifavh&o
dS nf? aumfr&Si.
f
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;txd t&Sdefaumif;
onfhtwGuf vlŒtcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf aumfr&SifnDvmcHtwGif; rdrdwdkŒ
wdkufyGJ0ifaeaomta&;udpPrsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&ef
óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufavh&Sdonf?
ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m tzGŒJ rsm;teuf TvlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfr&SiEf iS hf
‚if;. taxmuftulðy qyfaumfr&Siw f iG of m tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm; wdu
k ±f u
kd f
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 113

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
yg0if v_yf&Sm;EdkifonfhtwGuf xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEdkifonf? xdktzGJŒrsm;onf vlŒtcGifh

ta&; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk ðypka&;om;xkwfa0+yD; wifjyEdkif±Hkr#ru rdrdwdkŒwifjy
aomEdkifiH odkŒr[kwf ta=umif;t&mu¾rsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;axmufcHvdkpdwf&Sd
onfh EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. a&SŒarSmufwGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus tpD&ifcHwifjyEdkif
onf? xdkŒjyif rdrdwdkŒcsrSwfapvdkaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfapa&;twGufwGef;
tm;ay; wdu k w
f eG ;f v_ŒH aqmfrr_ sm; vkyaf qmifEikd o
f nf? ukvor*~taxGaxGnv
D mcHukd
EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;om wufa&mufEdkifaomfvnf; vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&SifwGif
EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;omru tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;yg yg0ifwufa&muf
Edkifaoma=umifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;. vkyfaqmifr_udk todtrSwf
ðyaom ukvor*~. nDvmcHwck[kqdkEdkifonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufI vlŒtcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf TvlŒ

tcGifhta&;aumfr&SSif nDvmcHudk vpfvsL±_xm;Ir&ay? taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;wGif
pnf;±H;k v_ŒH aqmfouJo h Œkd TvlŒtcGit hf a&; nDvmcHwiG v f nf; v_ŒH aqmfrr_ sm; ðyvky&f
rnfjzpfonf? odkŒaomf taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJŒrsm;udkom
csO;f uyfI jrefrmEdik if t H ay: ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S &f ef aqmif&u G &f
aomfvnf; TvlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&SiS f nDvmcHwiG f tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;udyk g
csO;f uyfpnf;±k;H &onf? jrefrmjynf. vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrt _ a=umif;udk tpd;k &
r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;taeESifh aumif;pGmod&Sd+yD; vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;
xkwjf yefEikd &f ef/ nDvmcHtwGi;f ud, k w f ikd 0f ifa&muf ajymqdrk r_ sm; vkyu f ikd &f eftwGuf
wGef;tm;ay;r_rsm;vkyfaqmif&onf? xdkŒjyif rdrdwdkŒudk ukvor*~wGif twdkifyifcH
tqifh&&Sdxm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtzGJŒ wzGJŒzGJŒu wm0ef,l+yD; udk,fpm;ðycGifh
(Accredition) ay;ygu nDvmcHoŒkd ud, k w f ikd u
f , kd uf swuf a&mufEikd o f nf? ukvor*~
wGif twdik yf ifct H qifh &&Sx d m;aom tpd;k &r[kwo f nft h zGŒJ u ay;xm;onfh ud, k pf m;
ðycGijhf zifh nDvmcHwiG f rdru d ,kd w
f ikd f 0ifa&mufajymqdEk ikd o f nf? jrefrmEdik if &H dS vlŒtcGihf
ta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;/ ppftpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. vdrfvnfxGufqdkcsufrsm;udk
udk,fwdkifudk,fus wifjyaxmufjyEdkifonf? rdrdwdkŒcsrSwfapvdkaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrw S Ef ikd &f ef twGuf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;rSwqifh odŒk r[kwf jrefrmEdik if t H ay:
pdw0f ifpm; axmufcaH om Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ 0ifrsm;rSwqifh wGe;f tm;ay;pnf;±H;k
v_HŒaqmfEdkifonf?
114 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
xdŒk a=umifh jrefrmEdik if tH a&;udk vlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfr&Sin f v D mcHwiG f oGm;a&muf

v_ŒH aqmf=urnfh olrsm;onf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;udv k nf; *±kwpdu k v f ŒH_ aqmf
Edik af tmif óud;yrf;jyifqif&rnf? rnfonft h zGŒJ rsm;onf/ twdik yf ifct H qifh &&So d nf/
vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&SifwGif av;pm;r_ rnfr#&&Sdxm;onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH&SdvlŒ tcGifh
ta&;csdK;azmufcHae&r_rsdK;pHkwGif rnfonfhudpPudk ydkrdkI pdwf0ifpm;onf/ xdkŒtwGuf
a=umifh rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;/ tpD&ifcHpm/ "mwfyHk/ ADG'D,dkrSwfwrf;rsm;udk
,laqmifoGm;&rnf ponfjzifhóudwif jyifqif&rnfjzpfonf? tpdk;&r[kwfaom
tzGŒJ tpnf; &maygi;f rsm;pGm wufa&mufaom nDvmcHjzpfonft h wGuf wzGŒJ csi;f qDukd
vdkufvHpnf;±Hk;v_HŒaqmf&ef rvG,fulvSacs? xdkŒa=umifh nDvmcHusif;yaepOftwGif;
jrefrmEdik if &H dS vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; ydrk o kd &d edS m;vnfvmap
a&;twGuf a[majymyGJrsm;/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;/ "mwfyHk ESifh AD'D,dkjyyGJrsm; ðyvkyfEdkif&ef
óudwifjyifqifoifo h nf? roGm;a&mufrD rnfonft h zGŒJ u rdrt d m; ud, k pf m;cGiðfh yrnf/
rnfonft h a=umif;t&mudk OD;pm;ay;wifjyrnf/ qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S &f mwGif rnfonfh
tcsufrsm;udk yg0ifapcsifonf ponfwdkŒudk jyifqifxm;rSom wdkawmif;onfh
&ufowWywf (6) ywf=umnDvmcHtcsed t f wGi;f atmifjrifpmG pnf;±H;k v_ŒH aqmfEikd rf nf
jzpfonf? rdrdudk,fwdkif 0ifa&mufajymqdkjcif; ðyvkyfrnfqdkygu ajymqdkrnfhajym
qdck suu f kd (5) rdepfrS (10) rdepf umvpm óudwifjyifqif&rnfjzpfonf? rvdt k yfaom
tcsufrsm;/ t}udrf}udrftzefzef ajym=um;csufrsm; ryg0ifapbJ wduscdkifvHkaom
tcsurf sm;/ ta&;tom;rsm;jzifo h m a&;om;ajymqdo k ifoh nf? rdrad jymqdo k nft h csed f
rwdkifrD ajymqdkrnfh pm&Gufudk rdwWLul;xm;+yD; owif;ESifhjyef=um;a&;wm0efcHESifh
nDvmcH tcef; wm0efcx H H óudwifjzefŒa0xm;Edik yf gu aeŒpOfowif;xkwjf yefcsuw f iG f
yg0ifEdkifayrnf? xdkŒjyif bmomjyefrsm;taeESifhóudwif avhvmxm;Edkifojzifh
taumif;qH;k bmomjyef Edik &f ef taxmuftulðyayrnf? xdo k Œkd ajymqdck suo f mru
xdu k pd EP iS yhf wfoufI oD;jcm;xkwjf yefcsurf sm; xkwjf yefxm;ygu xdx k w k jf yefcsurf sm;
udkvnf; rdrdajymqdkrnfhpm&Guf ESifhyl;wGJI jzefŒa0Edkifonf? zwf=um;&mwGifvnf;
y%mrtaejzifh nDvmcHOuUXtay: ol.a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc&H r_tm; cs;D usL;*k%, f l
a=umif;jzifh pwif+yD; rdrad jymqdck surf sm;udk rjrefveG ;f / raES;vGe;f zwf=um;oifo h nf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 115

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
tjcm;pmcsKyftajccHtzGJŒrsm;
ukvor*~wiG f a&;om;xm;aom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk tajccH+yD; zGŒJ pnf;xm;

onfh pmcsKyftajccHtzGJŒrsm;wGif oufqdkif&m pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm; yg0ifonf?
xdkpmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;onf t=urf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHrsm;u wifoGif;aom tpD&if

cHpmrsm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfjcif;/ tpD&ifcpH m tcsurf sm;udk avhvmI apmif=h uyfjcif;/
oufqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;udk jy\emtm;todtrSwfðyvm atmifvkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh
owif;zvS,fjcif;wdkŒudk vkyfaqmifonf?
xif&Sm;aom pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;rSm-

- vlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfrwD - Edik if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &; tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m oabm
wl pmcsKyf/ (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights )
- pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m aumfrwD - pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifh ta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)
- vlrsKd ;a&; zdEydS rf r_ sKd ;pHk yaysuaf &; aumfrwD- vlrsKd ;a&; zdEydS rf r_ sKd ;pHk yaysmufa&;
oabmwlpmcsKy/f (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination )
- oHk;OD;aumfrwD - tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;aom &mZ0wfr_ csKyf+idrf;a&;ESifh
tjypfay;a&; aumfrwD (International Convention on the Suppression and
Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid )
- trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; zsufodrf;a&;aumfrwD -
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; zsuo
f rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women)
- uav;ol i ,f r sm; tcG i f h t a&;qd k i f & m aumf r wD - uav;ol i ,f r sm;
tcGit
hf a&; qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Rights of child)
- !‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_ qefŒusifa&;aumfrwD - !‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_ qefŒusifa&;
oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention Aganist For Ture)
116 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
- a±$Œajymif;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESihf ‚if;wdŒk . rdom;pkrsm; tcGit
hf a&; umuG,f
a&;aumfrwD - a±$Œajymif; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdkŒ. rdom;pkrsm; tcGifh
ta&;umuG,af &; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on thef Protection of the
Rights of All Migrant Workers and Memvers of Their Families)
xdpk mcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;. vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;rSm wckEiS w

hf ck wlnrD r_ &Sad y? tpd;k &r[kwf
aomtzGJŒrsm;. vkyfaqmifEdkifr_rSmvnf; rwlnDay?
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vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&mrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;onfh ukvor*tjcm;Xmersm;
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~
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trsKd ;orD;tqift
h wef;qdik &f m aumfr&SiS f (The Commission on the Status of
Women)
trsdK;orD; tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aumfr&SSifonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpD
atmuf wGif zJ@G pnf;xm;aom vkyif ef;aumfr&SiS f (9) ckteuf wcktygt0ifjzpfonf?
f iG f pwifxal xmifcahJ om trsKd ;orD;tqift
(1947) ckEpS w h wef;qdik &f m aumfr&SiS .f
wm0efrSm EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHom;a&;ESifh ynma&;e,fy,frsm;wGif
trsKd ;orD; tcGit hf a&;rsm; wd;k wufjrifrh m;apa&;ESihf ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/
t}uHay;csuf rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpo D @kd jyifqifay;&efjzpfonf? xd@k jyif
trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;e,fy,fxJwGif trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;wef;wltcGifhta&;
&&Sda&;twGuf csufcsif;ajz&SSif;aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfaom jy\emrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI t}uHOm%frsm; vnf;ay;Edkifonf?
aemufydkif;wGif aumfr&SSif. wm0efrsm; ydkrdkus,fjyef@ tm;aumif;vmcJh+yD;

trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; owfrSwfa&;/ qufoG,fr_ vkyfief;rsm;udk
jyefvnfo;kH oyfa&;/ taxGaxG t}uHay;csurf sm; xkwjf yefa&;wd@k txd us,jf yef@vm
cJhonf? aumfrwDonf trsdK;orD;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwl
pmcsKyfESifh vufxyf+yD;aom trsdK;orD;rsm;. EdkifiHom;jzpfcGifhqdkif&m pmcsKyfwdk@udk
rl=urf;a&;qJGcJhonf? aumfrwD. OD;aqmifr_jzifh urBmhtrsdK;orD;nDvmcH (4) ckudk
ruUpu D efpw D ;D / udyk ef[ef/ Ekid ±f b
kd ED iS hf bD*si;f òrdŒwd@k wiG f atmifjrifpmG usi;f yEdik cf o
hJ nf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 117

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
rlvpwifzJG@pnf;pOfu aumfr&SSiftzJG@0if (15) OD;&Sd&mrS aemufydkif;wGif (45) OD;xd

wd;k yGm;vmonf? xdak umfr&SiS f tzJ@G 0ifrsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . oufqikd &f m tpd;k &rsm;udk
udk,fpm;ðyonf?
= ukvor*~vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;±Hk;
azmfjycJah om ukvor*~ yÉdnmOftajccHtzGŒJ rsm;ESihf pmcsKyftajccHtzGŒJ rsm;tjyif

vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf qufpyfaeaom XmerSm ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m r[mrif;
}uD;±H;k (UN High Commissioner for Human Rights) jzpfonf?
ukvor*~wiG f vlŒtcGit hf a&; udprP sm;udk xduk o hJ Œkd r[mrif;}uD;±H;k rsKd ; zGiv hf pS +f yD;
vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&ef umvtwef=umuyif óud;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonf? odkŒaomf
EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;. axmufcHr_enf;yg;r_a=umifh 1993 ckESpf AD,ifemòrdŒwGif usif;y
aom urBmhvlŒtcGifhta&; nDvmcHusif;yonfhwdkifatmif taumiftxnfay:vm
cJjh cif;r&Sad y? urBmv h Œl tcGihf ta&;nDvmcHoŒkd wufa&mufvmaom Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,f
rsm;t=um; tacstwifajymqdkr_ rsm;pGmjzpfay:cJh+yD; aemufqHk;rS “ukvor*~
tzGJŒ}uD;. vlŒtcGifha&;&mvkyfief;rsm;udkydkrdk aumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef
&nf&, G I f ukvor*~vŒl tcGihf ta&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k udk zGŒJ pnf;&ef” qdak om
vkyfief;pOfudknDvmcH. a=unmcsufwGif xnfhoGif;EdkifcJhonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH
tm; qH;k jzwfcsucf s&ef wm0efay;cJo h nf? 1993 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeŒwGif
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;u vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD; ±H;k udk zGŒJ pnf;
&ef uefŒuGurf rJ &Sd qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? 1994 ckEpS /f ZEM0g&v D (31) &ufaeŒwGif ukvor*~
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfu tDauG';kd Edik if rH S rpPwm*sKd Œpf tm,mvmvufqkd (Mr.
Jose Ayala-Lesso) udk yxrOD;qH;k aom vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;tjzpf
cefŒtyfc+hJ yD; {+yDv (5) &ufaeŒwGif wm0efrsm;pwifxrf; aqmifco hJ nf? 2004 ckEpS rf S
pI vuf&v dS Œl tcGithf a&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;rSm uae'g trsK;d orD; vl;0pPtmbm
(Mrs. Louise Arbour) jzpfonf?
ukvor*~ vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;±Hk;udk *sDeDAmòrdŒwGif tajcpdkuf+yD;

e,l;a,mufòrdŒwGif jyef=um;qufo,
G af &;±H;k w±H;k zGiv
hf pS x
f m;&So
d nf? r[mrif;}uD;.
oufwrf;udk (4) ESpfoufwrf; owfrSwfonf? u|rf;usifaom 0efxrf;rsm;jzifh
118 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
ay:vpDESifh vrf;!$efr_rsm; owfrSwfazmfjyjcif;/ tpdk;&rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;qufqH

vkyfudkifjcif;/ a=unmcsufESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;jyifqifjcif;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif
yg0ifwufa&mufjcif;/ owif;Xmersm;ESiqhf ufqjH cif; ponfwŒkd udk aqmif&u
G af eonf?
= vlŒtcGit
hf a&;Xme}u;D (Center for Human Rights)
aemufXmewckrmS ukvor*~wiG f ta&;ygaom vlŒtcGit hf a&;Xme}uD;jzpfonf?

*seD AD mðrdŒwGif tajcpdu
k +f yD; vlŒtcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m vufaxmuf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
csKyfu wm0ef,Ol ;D aqmifonf? TXmeudk vufaxmuf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf
±Hk;ESifh t"duXmecGJ (6) ckwdkŒjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;onf? ukvor*~. vlŒtcGifhta&;
tpDtpOfrsm;udk }uD;=uyfI txufygaumfrwDrsm;u vdktyfaom 0efxrf;rsm;udk
jznfhqnf;ay;onf?
tjcm;vl Œ tcG i f h t a&;ES i f h q uf p yf a eaom uk v or*~ t zG J Œ tpnf ; rsm;rS m -
- ukvor*~ 'kuo Q nfqikd &f mr[mrif;}uD;±H;k (UNHCR)

- tjynfjynfqikd &f mtvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf (International Labor Organization
– ILO)
- ukvor*~ ynma&/;/ odyE`H iS hf ,Ofaus;r_tzGŒJ (UNESCO)
- urBmu
h se;f rma&;tzGŒJ (WHO) wdŒk jzpfonf?
= ukvor*~ 'kuo
Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k (UNHCR)
1950 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (14)&ufaeŒwGiq f ;kH jzwfcahJ om ukvor*~ taxGaxGnD

vmcH}uD;. qH;k jzwfcsut f & ukvor*~ 'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k udk 1951
ckEpS /f Zefe0g&vD (1) &ufae‹wiG f zGŒJ pnf;cJo h nf? ukvor*~tzGŒJ twGi;f 'kuo Q nfrsm;
jy\emudk udik w f ,
G af jz&Si;f onfh t"dutzGŒJ tpnf;jzpfonf? T'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m
r[m rif;}uD;±H;k u “'kuo Q nfqo kd nfrmS vlrsKd ;a&;udp/P bmoma&;udp/P Edik if o H m;jzpfr/_
Edik if aH &;t,ltqESihf vlrt _ zGŒJ wzGŒJ zGŒJ odŒk tzGŒJ 0ifa&mufrw _ Œkd a=umifh !‡O;f yef;ESyd pf uf
tjypfay;cH&rnf[k a=umuf&ŒHG &ef cdik v f akH om tcsut f vufrsm;&So d /l xdo
k Œkd a=umuf&ŒHG r_
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 119

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
udk ta=umif;ðyI rdrdwdkŒ EdkifiHtpdk;&. umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_udk rcH,lEdkifaom

olrsm;” [k t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkxm;onf? Tr[mrif;}uD;±Hk;onf 'kuQonfrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI Edik if w H um umuG,rf r_ sm;ay;&efEiS hf 'kuo Q nfrsm; jy\emudk xm0&ajz
&Si;f Edik af om tcsurf sm;&SmazG&ef t"duvkyaf qmifonf? ae&yfoŒkd jyefvnfaexdik cf hJ
aom 'kuo Q nfrsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f rSmyif vSnv
hf nfaexdik af eaom ae&mtwnfwus
raexdik &f olrsm;tygt0if urBmay:&Sd 'kuo Q nfaygi;f oef; (30) cefŒ. ta&;udprP sm;
udk aqmif&Gufae&onf? EdkifiHwum umuG,fr_[kqdk&mwGif 'kuQonfrsm;tm;
rdrq d ENrygbJ twif;t=uyf jyefvnfyŒkd aqmifjcif;ukd umuG,&f ef/ 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm;
zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;jcif;ukd umuG,f&efESifh 'kuQonfrsm;. vHkòcHa&;udk wm0ef,l&efwdkŒ
yg0ifonf? xdkr#ru 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfudk EdkifiHrsm;u oabm
wlvufrSwfa&;xdk;vmap&ef/ rdrdoabmtav#muf ae&yfodkŒjyefonfh tpDtpOf
rsm;jzifh 'kuQonf jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&efESifh tjcm;u,fq,fa&;tzGJŒrsm;ESifh
yl;aygi;f vufwI JG 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; ulnaD xmufyrhH r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&efwŒkd udk óud;yrf;
vsu&f o dS nf? vuf&w dS m0efxrf;aqmifaeaom 'kuo Q nfrsm; qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;rSm
e,fomvefEidk if . H 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;jzpfol ±k'v f wfAb f m (Ruud Lubbers) jzpfonf?
EkdifiHwumu 'kuQonfrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&SSmuf&efESifh ywfoufaom tajccH

tcsuf rsm;rSm -
'kuQonfrsm;tm; twif;t=uyf ae&yfodk@ jyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;tm; wm;jrpfjcif;?
'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; umuG,af y;a&;ESihf ywfoufI tajccHtusq;kH umuG,af y;
r_rSm xdk'kuQonfrsm;udk ae&yfodk@ armif;xkwfjcif;/ jyefydk@jcif;rðy&efjzpfonf?
ol.vlrsdK;jzpfr_/ udk;uG,fr_/ EkdifiHom;jzpfr_/ vlr_a&; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;toif;
tzJ@G wiG f tzJ@G 0ifjzpfra_ =umifh ae&yfujkd yefv#if tE &W m,fusa&mufEikd yf gu xd'k u
k Q
onfudk ol.ae&if; t&yfodk@jyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;rðy&ay?
'kuQonfrsm;.vHkòcHr_?
'kuo Q nfrsm;. vHðk cHrr_ mS vnf; tajccHusaom tcsuw f csujf zpfonf? cdv k cH_ iG hf
awmif;cHaom olrsm;onf olw@kd b0 touf¶iS o f efa&;twGuf cdvk cH_ iG hf awmif;cH
jcif;jzpfonf? 'kuQonfrsm; cdkv_HcGihf awmif;cHaeaome,fajrwGif xdkolwdk@udk
vHkòcHr_ray;Edkifygu 'kuQonfrsm;tm; umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_onf t"dy`m,frJh
120 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
jzpfayvdrrhf nf? 'kuo

Q nfrsm;. ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m vHòk cHa&;ESihf 'kuo
Q nfrsm; cdvk &H_ m
ae&ma'orsm;. vHkòcHa&;vnf; TtcsufwGif tóuH;0ifonf? trsdK;orD;
'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufro _ nfvnf; ,cktcsuw f iG f tóuH;
0ifygonf?
'kuQonfrsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;?
rdrtd ouf&iS cf iG u hf kd tE &W m,fay; taESmuft,Suðf yaeaom wdik ;f jynfrS tjcm;
wdik ;f jynftwGi;f od@k xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmS ifvmaom rnfonh'f u k o Q nfurkd S wdik ;f jynf
twGi;f w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufro _ ufoufjzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; rðy&ay? ol.
H m;jzpfr/_ vlra_ &; od@k r[kwf Edik if aH &;toif;tzJ@G wiG f
vlrsKd ; jzpfr/_ ud;k uG,rf /_ Ekid if o
tzJ@G 0ifjzpfra_ =umifh ol.wdik ;f jynfwiG f tE &W m,f&I dS xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifvmol
onf xdt k csuu f kd oufqikd &f m tpd;k &xHwiG f cdik cf ikd f vHv
k w
kH ifjyEdik yf gu ‚if;wd@k ukd
wdkif;jynftwGif; w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufr_jzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifIr&ay?
'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;onf 0efxrf;aygi;f ig;axmifausmjf zifh vnfywf
v#uf&Sdonf? 0efxrf;rsm;. (80) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm vufawGŒe,fy,frsm;wGif vkyfudkif
vsuf&Sd+yD; EdkifiHaygif; (115) EdkifiHwGif ±Hk;cGJaygif; (200) ausmf zGifhvSpfxm;onf?
'kuo
Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k . A[dak umfrwD0if Edik if aH ygi;f rSm (50) Edik if &H o dS nf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo

f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf (International Labor Organization – ILO)
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyfonf ukvor*~tzGŒJ }uD; ray:aygucf if

uwnf;u wnf&SdaecJhaom tzGJŒ}uD;jzpfonf? 1919 ckESpfwGif pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhaom
TtzGŒJ onf AmqDvD +idr;f csr;f a&;oabmwlncD su. f toD;tyGijhf zpfonf? urBmay:&Sd
tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; tjynfjynfqikd &f m tqift h wef;rsm;ESit hf nD umuG,af y;&ef
ESihf urBmt h vkyof rm;jy\emrsm;udk &ifqikd af jz&Si;f rnfh tzGŒJ tpnf;tjzpf xlaxmif
&eftwGuf zGJŒpnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif EdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaom
Oya'ðyolrsm;tm; vkyif ef;cGit f qift
h wef;/ vlrz_ v
l akH &;ESihf tajccHvŒl tcGithf a&;rsm;
umuG,fa&;ESifh apmifha&Smufa&;wdkŒESifh ywfoufaom vrf;!$efcsufrsm; owfrSwf
Edik cf o
hJ nf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f ukvor*~. yxrOD;qH;k txl;ðyat*sipf w D ck jzpfvm+yD;
tvkyform;a&;&mrsm;/ vlr_a&;&mrsm;udk t"duxm; vkyfaqmifv#uf&Sdonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 121

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
tzGŒJ 0ifaygi;f (178) Edik if &H o dS nf? jrefrmEdik if o H nf 1955 ckEpS u f wnf;u tvkyo f rm;
tzGJŒcsKyf. tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHjzpfcJhonf? odkŒaomf t"rRvkyftm; apcdkif;r_a=umifh 1964
ckESpfrS pwifI tvkyform;tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;. nDvmcHwGif jypfwifa0zefjcif;cHcJh&onf?
1997 ckEpS /f rwfv (27) &ufae‹wiG f jrefrmEdik if &H dS t"rRvyk t f m; apcdik ;f r_upkd pkH rf;&ef
pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sifw&yfudk wm0efay;zGJŒ pnf;cJhonf? 1998 ckESpfZlvdkifv
(2) &ufae@wGif xdkaumfr&SSifu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; t"rRvkyftm;ay;apcdkif;r_rsm;
ESiyhf wfoufaom tpD&ifcpH mudk xkwjf yefco hJ nf? 1999 ckEpS f ZGev f (17) &ufae@wiG f
tvkyo f rm;uGezf &ifu h aeI jrefrmEdik if t H m; tzJ@G csKyf. pmcsKyftrSwf (29) udjk yif;xef
pGmcsKd ;azmufra_ =umifh enf;ynm tultnDrsm; &yfw&Hh efEiS hf tpnf;ta0;rsm; wuf
a&mufjcif;udkcGifhrðy&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyfwiG f tvkyo f rm;uGezf &if/h A[dt k yk cf sKyf
a&;tzGŒJ ESihf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;±H;k wdŒk ESihf zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? xl;jcm;csurf mS
tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒcsKyf. tqifhwdkif;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfaom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wdkuf±dkufyg0ifywfoufaejcif;jzpfonf?
tvkyform;uGefz&ifhudk ESpfpOfZGefvwGif *sDeDAmòrdŒYusif;y+yD; A[dktkyfcsKyfa&;udk
a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufonf? tzGŒJ . aiGa=u;oH;k pGrJ /_ tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;
tqift h wef; pHrsm;owfrw S rf /_ tvkyo f rm;ESihf vlrj_ y\emrsm;udk uGezf &ift h wGi;f
wGif aqG;aEG;onf? uGezf &ifo h Œkd wufa&mufaom tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;. ud, k pf m;vS,f
tzGŒJ wGif tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;/ tvky&f iS f ud, k pf m;vS,f (1) OD;ESihf tvkyo f rm;
ud, k pf m;vS,f (1) OD;wdŒk yg0ifavh&o dS nf? vdt k yfygu twwfynm u|r;f usio f rl sm;
vnf; vdu k yf gwuf a&mufEikd o f nf? tvky&f iS Ef iS hf tvkyo f rm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf
vGwfvyfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf+yD; ‚if;wdkŒtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fESifh jzpfap/
tcsif;csif;yifjzpfap oabmuGJvGJr_rsm; &Sdwwf=uonf?
A[dt k yk cf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ onf tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. tcsKyftjcmjzpfonf? tzGŒJ 0if
(56) OD;teuf (10)OD;rSmtjrJwrf;tzGJh0ifEdkifiHjzpfonf? usef(46)OD;udk uGefz&ifhrS
(3)ESpfw}udrf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf+yD; wESpfv#ifoHk;}udrfawGŒqHkum uGefz&ifhtwGuf
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;/ tjcm;tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;qGo J nf? tzGŒJ 0if (56)OD;wGif
tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,(f 28)OD;/ tvkyo f rm; ud, k pf m;vS,f (14) OD;ESihf tvky&f iS f (14)OD;
wdkŒyg0ifonf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;±H;k onftzGŒJ . twGi;f a&;rSL;±H;k jzpf+yD; *seD AD mòrdŒwGif
122 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
tajcpdkufonf? tzGJŒ. tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk uruxðyvkyfjcif;/ twwfynm

ul n D r _ r sm;ay;jcif ; / ok a woeES i f h ynma&;tpD t pOf r sm;ud k taumif t xnf
azmfjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifonf?
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tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒcsKyf. vkyfief;pOf
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tvkyform;rsm;. b0tqifhtwef;rsm; owfrSwfjcif;onf tzGJŒcsKyf.

t"duwm0efjzpfonf? 1919 ckESpfrS pwif+yD; tvkyform;a&;&mESifh ywfoufI
uGefz&ifhrS csrSwfjyXmef; xm;aom pmcsKyfrsm;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufaygif; (351) ck&Sd+yD;
‚if;wdŒk udk vufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;ol aygi;f (5500) ausm&f o
dS nf? xdok Œkd tqift
h wef;
pHrsm;owfrw S jf cif;tjyif qH;k jzwfcsu/f oabmwlncD surf sm;ESihf ywfoufI atmufyg
twdkif; vkyfaqmifonf?
oabmwlnDcsuf topfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI vkyfaqmifcsuf

tzGŒJ csKyfwiG f oabmwlncD sut f opf csrw
S v
f u
kd yf gu tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm; tm;vH;k
onf xdkoabmwlnDcsuf topfukd (1) ESpftwGif; rdrdEdkifiH. ygvDref odkŒr[kwf
uGe*f &uf odŒk r[kwf Oya'ðyv$waf wmfoŒkd rjzpfraewifoiG ;f &onf? odŒk rSom Oya'ðy
v$waf wmfonf tzGŒJ csKyfucsrw S af om oabmwlncD sut f opftay: avhvmr_rsm;
ðyvkyEf ikd rf nf jzpf+yD; jynfow l Œkd t=um;wGiv f nf; xdu k pd u
P kd aqG;aEG;Edik rf nfjzpfonf?
oufqikd &f mEdik if u
H xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuf topfukd oabmwlvufrw S f ra&;xk;d &ao;onfh
tjzpfrsKd ;wGif jynfwiG ;f &Sd tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;u tpd;k &tm; xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuf topfukd
vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef zdtm;ay;Edkifonf?
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif;r&Sdaom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ t}uHðycsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI

vkyfaqmifcsuf
A[dktkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒonf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif;r&Sd
aom Edik if rH sm;udv
k nf; xdo
k abmwlncD suyf g tcsurf sm;udk Oya't&/ vufawGŒt&
rnfodkŒvkyfudkif aqmif&Gufaea=umif; tpD&ifcH&ef awmif;qdkEdkifonf? txl;ojzifh
vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufaeaom oabmwlncD surf sm;udk tpD&ifc&H ef awmif;qdk
wwfonf? xdkodkŒ vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfra&;xdk;
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 123

ukvor*vl
* YtcGit
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
ao;aom EdkifiHrsm;tm; aemifwGifvufrSwfxdk;vm&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI vkyfaqmifcsuf

tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf zGŒJ pnf;yHOk ya' tyd'k f (22) t&tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf rdrw d Œkd
oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI rdrdwdkŒ
rnfodkŒ vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufaeonfudk tpD&ifcH&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? tpdk;&rsm;onf
vlŒtcGihf ta&;ESihf ywfoufonfh ta&;}uD;aom oabmwlncD surf sm; ESiyhf wfoufI
rdrw d Œkd vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G af er_ukd (2) ESpv f #iw f }udrf tpD&ifc&H +yD; tjcm;oabmwl
csuf r sm;ES i f h ywf o uf I (4)ES p f w }ud r f tpD & if c H & onf ? xd k t pD & if c H p mrsm;wG i f
vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom oabm wlncD surf sm;. tESpo f m&rsm;/ &nf&, G cf surf sm;
atmifjrif&ef rdrdwdk‹EdkifiH&Sd EdkifiHawmf Oya'rsm;wGif rnf uJhodk‹ jyXmef;vkyfaqmif
aea=umif;udk xnfhoGif;tpD&ifcH&onf?
u|r;f usio f l (20) OD;yg0ifonfh u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwDu xdo k Œkd wifoiG ;f vm
aom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udak vhvm&onf? tu,fI wifoiG ;f vmaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
wGifyg0ifaomtcsufrsm;onf auseyfzG,fr&Sdygu oufqdkif&mtpdk;&udkrSwfcsufay;
Edik of nf? u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwDonf vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;jcif;r&Sad om oabmwl
nDcsurf sm;tjyif t}uHðycsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ESihf vufrw S af &;
xd;k xm;aom oabmwlncD surf sm;ESihf ywfoufaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udyk g vufcpH pD pf
&onf?
u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwDonf uGezf &ifo h Œkd ESppf OftpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &onf?
xdkodkŒwifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmudk tajccHI uGefz&ifhaumfrwDonf oufqdkif&m
tpd;k &udk zdwaf c:I oabmwlncD suyf g tESpo f m&rsm;/ &nf&, G cf surf sm; atmifjrif
&ef vkyfaqmif&mwGif csdKŒ,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&efawmif;qdkEdkifonf?
txl;ojzifh uGefz&ifhodkŒwufa&mufvmaom tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u
xdt k pd;k &rsm;tay: tvkycf iG hf pHcsed pf ! H e$ ;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufI ar;cGe;f rsm; xkwEf ikd &f ef
tcGit hf vrf;rsm; &&SEd ikd o f nf? oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u oabmwlncD suyf g tcsurf sm;udk
av;pm;vdu k ef m aqmif&u G &f ef qufvufysuu f uG af eygu tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf.
!$e=f um;a&;rSL;csKyfonf ud, k pf m;vS,f cefŒtyfI xdt k pd;k &ESihf wdu
k ±f ukd qf ufo, G &f ef
wm0efay;tyfEdkifonf?
===???===
124 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tcef; (8)
a'oqdkif&m vlYtcGifhta&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
vlŒtcGifhta&; tqifhtwef; wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf a'otwGif;wGif
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G vf yk u
f ikd jf cif;onf Edik if w
H um vlŒtcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;wd;k wufrr_ sm;
atmifjrif&eftwGuf r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfaom tcsujf zpfonf? a'otwGi;f wGif vlŒtcGihf
ta&;qdik &f mtzGŒJ wzGŒJ &Syd gu xdt k zGŒJ onf a'otwGi;f &Sd jynforl sm;. vlŒtcGit hf a&;
tajctaersm;udk teD;uyfapmifh=unfhEdkif+yD; a'otwGif;&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&;jy\em
rsm;udk a'otwGi;f rSmyif ydrk akd jyvnfpmG ajz&Si;f Edik af vh&o dS nfuakd wGŒonf? xdrk #ru
a'otwGif;&Sd EdkifiHwcktay: a'otwGif;u EdkifiHa&;zdtm;ay;r_onf tjcm;
a'orsm;u jypfwifajymqdrk r_ sm;xuf ydrk x kd ad &mufa=umif;awGŒ&S&d onf? xdŒk a=umifh
ukvor*~ at*sipf rD sm;onf a'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;tzGŒJ rsm; ay:ayguv f map&ef
txl;tm; ay;aqmif&Gufaevsuf&Sdonf?
a'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;tzGŒJ [k qdak omfvnf; tcsKd ŒtzGŒJ rsm;rSm yx0Da&ajr
taetxm;t& zGJŒpnf;xm;jcif;rsdK; r[kwfbJ tjcm;a'orSEdkifiHrsm; yg0ifzGJŒpnf;
xm;onfuakd wGŒ&onf? tzGŒJ rsm;. OD;wnfcsu/f &nfreS ;f csu/f oabmwlncD surf sm;
tay: vufcHoabmwlEdkifonfh EdkifiHrsm;onf a'otvdkufcGJjcm;r_r[kwfbJ rdrdESpf
ouf&mtzGJŒodkŒ yl;aygif;wwfonfudkvnf;awGŒ&onf?
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Oa&myaumifpD (The Council of Europe) ESihf Oa&myvlŒtcGit

hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
(The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights)
Oa&myaumifpDonf taemufOa&my EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifzGJŒpnf;xm;aom

a'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; tzGŒJ tpnf;wckjzpfonf? 1949 ckEpS w f iG f usi;f yaom
Oa&myuGe*f &uf odŒk wufa&mufvm=uonfh Edik if aH ygi;f (16)Edik if rH S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
ESifh zGJŒpnf;onf? 2001 ckESpfukefwGif tzJG@0ifEdkifiHaygif; (41) EdkifiH&Sd+yDjzpfonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 125

a'oqdik &f m vlYtcGit
hf a&; tzGYJ tpnf;rsm;
Oa&myaumifpw D iG f tpd;k & ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ Edik if aH wmf ygvrD efrsm;ESihf Edik if aH wmf
ESihf a'oqdik &f m tm%mydik rf sm;udk oH;k rsKd ;cJjG cm;I zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;.
tpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf Oa&myaumifpD. tpdwftydkif;oHk;ckteuf wckjzpf
aom 0ef}uD;rsm;aumfrwD (Committee of Ministers) wGif yg0ifonf? Edik if rH sm;.
ygvrD efrsm;u a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufxm;onfh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf aemufxyftpdwf
tydik ;f wckjzpfonfh aumifp. D ygvrD efvw $ af wmf (Parliamentary Assembly) wGif
yg0ifonf? aemufxyftpdwt f ydik ;f wckjzpfonfh Oa&mya'oqdik &f m tm%mydik rf sm;
uGe*f &uf (Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe) udk a'oqdik &f m
tm%mydik rf sm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? xd@k jyif Oa&myaumifpo D nf twdik yf ifct H qifh
tjzpf todtrSwfðycHxm;&aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzJG@aygif; 400 ausmfESifh
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyfavh&Sdonf?
Oa&myaumifpoD nf Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit

hf a&;umuG,af &; tajccHtcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&eftwGuf Oa&mya'o vlŒtcGit hf a&; umuG,f
a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (The European Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights) ud k 1950 ck E S p f w G i f jyXmef ; cJ h + yD ; 1953 ck E S p f w G i f touf 0 if v monf ?
xdpk mcsKyfonf vuf&w dS nf&adS eaom a'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
rsm;xJwGif tjynfhpHkqHk;ESifh tcdkifrmqHk;aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf?
pmcsKyfyg oabmwlncD surf sm;udk }uD;=uyfEikd &f eftwGuf Oa&mya'o vlŒtcGihf

ta&;aumfr&SiEf iS hf Oa&mya'o vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m w&m;±H;k wdŒk udk zGŒJ pnf;xm;cJh
onf? odk@aomf 1993 ckESpfwGif xdkaumfr&SSifESifh w&m;±Hk;wdk@udk aygif;pyfI Oa&my
vl@tcGit hf a&; w&m;±H;k (European Court of Human Rights) tjzpf jyifqifz@GJ pnf;&ef
qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? xdk w&m;±H;k opfukd Oa&myaumifpED iS hf wJzG ufI Strasboug òrdŒwGif
1998 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv (1) &ufaeŒrS pwifI zGiv hf pS Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf
vGwfvyfaomolrsm; jzpf=u+yD; ‚if;wdk@udk Oa&myaumifpD&Sd Oa&myygvDrefv$wf
awmfu a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufonf? vly*k Kd~ vf wOD;csi;f pDEiS hf Edik if rH sm;uaeI vlŒtcGihf
ta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk wdkif=um;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
Oa&myaumifpDwGif aemufxyfta&;}uD;aom vlr_a&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfwckjzpf
aom Oa&my vlrc_ smwmonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;
126 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

udk umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&ef jyXmef;xm;aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf? 1965 ckESpfwGif

jyXmef;cJhonf? 1996 ckESpfwGif jyefvnfjyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? csmwmwGif
tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh/ pnf;±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ aq;ukocHydkifcGifh/ vltrsm;ESifh pkaygif;I vkyfc/
tvkycf sed pf onfwŒkd tay: tavsmt h wif;vkyyf ikd cf iG /hf vlrz_ v
l akH &; cHpm;ydik cf iG /hf tvkyf
orm;rsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;yg tvm;wltusKd ;cHpm;ydik cf iG /hf a±$Œajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;
ESihf ‚if;wdŒk rdom;pkrsm;twGuf tumtuG,Ef iS hf tultnDrsm; awmif;cHciG rhf sm;tjyif
vkyfief;cGifwGif wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;ESifh vli,frsm;
tay: umuG,af y;a&;wkŒd yg0ifonf?
pmcsKyfwiG f vufrwS af &;xd;k xm;aom Edik if rH sm;onfpmcsKyfyg tcsut

f vufrsm;
udk av;pm;vdkufemaqmif&Gufaea=umif; (2) ESpfv#ifw}udrf tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&
onf? vGwv f yf+yD; u|r;f usio
f rl sm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom aumfrwDu xdt k pD&ifcpH m
rsm;udk pDppfavhvm&onf?
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tar&duefa'o
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tar&duefEf ikd if rH sm;tzGJŒ (The Organization of American States- OAS)
tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;tzGJŒudk 1948 ckESpfwGif zGJŒpnf;cJh+yD; tar&duefa'o/ vl.

wm0efEiS hf tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;udk jyXmef;cJo h nf? 1969 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duef
a'o vlŒtcGit hf a&;oabmwlpmcsKyfukd jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1978 ckEpS w f iG f pmcsKyf touf
0ifvmcJoh nf? 1995 ckEpS w f iG f tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H (35) Edik if &H v
dS monf? tjynfjynfqikd &f m
vlŒtcGihf ta&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf tajccHtESpo f m& wlnaD omfvnf; tar&duef
a'o/ vlŒtcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyf. xl;jcm;csufrSm EdkifiHom;wdkŒ. wm0efudk
tydk'f (10) ydk'fjzifh zGifhqdk&Sif;jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
pmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;udk }uD;=uyf&ef tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;aumfr&Sif (The Inter-

American Commission) ESihf tar&duefEi kd if rH sm;qdik &f m vlŒtcGit
hf a&;w&m;±H;k (The
Inter-American Court of Human Rights) wdŒk udk zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? aumfr&Sio f nf
pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm; tm;vH;k . vlŒtcGit hf a&; wd;k wufa&;twGuf aqmif&u G &f ef/
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 127

vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk oGm;a&mufppkH rf;+yD; tpD&ifc&H ef/ vlwOD;wa,muf

csi;f pD. wdik =f um;csurf sm;udk ajz&Si;f &efEiS hf vlŒtcGit
hf a&; w&m;±H;k . vkyif ef;rsm;udk
ulnDvkyfaqmif&efwdkŒjzpfonf?
tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;qdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&; w&m;±Hk;udk w&m;ol}uD; (7)OD;jzifh

zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0if Edik if rH sm;tay: tjcm;Edik if rH sm;u vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;
azmufrj_ zifh pGcJ suw
f ifonfth cg w&m;±H;k u udik w f ,
G af jz&Si;f &onf? xdok Œkd pGypf cJG suf
rsdK;udk aumfr&SSifrSwqifh w&m;±Hk;u vufcHavh&Sdonf?
1995 ckEpS w f iG f aemufxyf tar&duefa'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; oabmwl

pmcsKyfwck xyfrt H ouf0ifvmcJo h nf? xdpk mcsKyfrmS tar&duefEikd if rH sm;. trsKd ;orD;
rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_tm; umuG,fa&;/ tjypf'%fcsrSwfa&;ESifh csKyf+idrf;apa&;
oabmwl pmcsKyfjzpfonf? xdkpmcsKyftwGuf tar&duefa'o/ trsdK;orD;qdkif&m
aumfr&SifudkzGJŒpnf;cJhonf? pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;u trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;ESifh
ywfoufI csKd ;azmufrr_ sm; usL;vGeaf eygu xdEk ikd if rH sm;rS vly*k Kd~ vf wOD;csi;f ujzpfap/
tzGŒJ vdu k jf zpfap/ tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf; rsm;ujzpfap trsKd ;orD;aumfr&Six f H
wdik =f um;Edik o
f nf? aumfr&SiS u
f xdw k ikd =f um;csurf sm;udk pHpk rf; ta&;,laqmif&u G o
f mG ;
rnfjzpfonf?
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tmz&dua'o
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tmz&dunDnw
G af &;tzGŒJ (The Organization of African Unity – OAU)
tmz&dua'owGi&f adS om a'oqdik &f m tzGŒJ tpnf;rSm tmz&du nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ

jzpfonf? 1981 ckESpfwGif tmz&duvlom;ESifh jynfolwdkŒ. tcGifhta&; csmwm
(African Charter on Human and People’s Rights) udk jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1986 ckEpS w f iG f
touf0if cJo h nf? 1995 ckEpS t
f xd tmz&duef Edik if aH ygi;f (49)Edik if u
H vufrw S af &;
xdk;cJhonf? csmwmwGif yg0ifaom tcsufrsm;rSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m EdkifiHom;ESifh
EdkifiHa&;tcGifh ta&;oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;ESifh tajccHtm;jzifh wlnD+yD;
tjynfjynfqdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
128 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ywfoufI vGwfvyfpGmydkif qdkifcGifh/ tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;ESifh

rdom;pkumuG,fr_ cHpm;ydkifcGifhwdkŒudk jyXmef;xm;onf?
pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk }uD;=uyf&ef tmz&du a'oqdkif&maumfr&Sifudk 1987

ckEpS w f iG f pwifzŒJG pnf;cJo
h nf? aumfr&Siu
f dk tmz&du nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ u a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,f (11) OD;jzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;onf? EdkifiHrsm;/ tzGJŒ
tpnf ; rsm;. wd k i f = um;csuf r sm;tjyif vl w OD ; csif ; pD . wd k i f = um;csuf r sm;ud k y g
ta&;,lpHkprf;onf? tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf (2) ESpfv#ifw}udrf aumfr&SifxH rdrdwdkŒ
Edik if .
H vlŒtcGit hf a&; tajctaersm;udk tpD&ifcw H ifoiG ;f &onf? od@k aomf wnfqJ
Oya'ta=umif;rsm;omjzpf+yD; vufawG@rusvSay? a'oqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;
,E W,m;rsm;xJwGif oufwrf;tEkqHk;jzpfonfh tmz&du yHkpHonf zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_
tenf;qH;k ESihf oufa&mufr_ tenf;qH;k jzpfaeao;onf? a'oqdik &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;
w&m;±H;k wck zJ@G pnf;xlaxmif&ef qH;k jzwfcsuu f sc+hJ yD;jzpfaomfvnf; oabmwlvufrw S f
xdk;rnfh EdkifiHta&twGuf rjynfhao;onfhtwGuf touf0ifvmjcif; r&Sdao;yg?
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tm&yfa'o
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tm&yfa'owGif vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfr&SiS rf &Sad o;aomfvnf; 1990 ckEpS w f iG f

tpPvmrftzJ@G tpnf;rsm; nDvmcH (Organization of Islamic Conference) u udik ±f kd
vl@tcGithf a&; a=unmpmwrf;udk jyXmef;cJo h nf? od@k aomf tcsKd @aom avhvmolrsm;
u xdpk mwrf;wGif ygaom oabmw&m;rsm;onf vl@tcGit hf a&;onf wurBmvH;k ESihf
oufqikd o f nf[al om t,ltqESihf uJv G aGJ eonf[k axmufjy=uonf? 1994 ckwiG f
tm&yfEikd if rH sm; aygi;f csKyftzJ@G (League of Arab States) u tm&yfv@l tcGit hf a&;
csmwm (Arab Human Rights Charter) udk vufco H abmwlc+hJ yD; vl@ tcGit hf a&;
u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwD (Human Rights Committee of Experts) udk zJ@G pnf;cJh
onf? xdkaumfrwDu tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk (3) ESpfv#ifw}udrf
avhvmoHk;oyfonf? odk@aomf w&m;±Hk;r&Sdao;acs? xdkcsmwmonfvnf; vl@tcGifh
ta&;onf wurBmvHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf[laom t,ltqudk csefvSyfxm;+yD;
ta&;ay:tcsdefwGif jynfolwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tpdk;&uaeI qdkif;iHhxm;cGihf
tjynfhay;xm;onf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 129

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tm&Sa'oonf vlŒtcGit hf a&;u¾wGif Edik if w H um. apmif=h uyfxrd ;f csKyfrt

_ ay:
tm;ay; axmufcHr_ tenf;qHk;a'ojzpfonf? tm&Sa'otwGif;&Sd tcsdKŒEdkifiH
tpdk;&rsm;u EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHrsm;.
v$rf;rdk;r_udk wzufvSnfhESifh zHk;uG,fxm;aom pum;vHk;jzpfonf[k qdk=uonf?
tcsKd Œuvnf; wwd,Edik if rH sm;. vuf&dS pD;yGm;a&; zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufr&_ adS tmif vkyaf qmif
aeaom tajctaersKd ;wGif vlŒtcGit hf a&;rsm;tay: uef‹owfrr_ sm;xm;&S&d ef vdt k yf
onf[k qd=k uonf? tm&SEikd if rH sm;. vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m tawG;tjrifrsm;tay:
taESmift h ,Suðf yaeaom tcsurf mS tm&Sa'o&Sd tm%m&Sif tpd;k &rsm;onf‚if;wdŒk
cHpm;aeaom tcGifhxl;rsm;aysmufysufoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfae=ujcif;yif jzpfonf?
‚if;wdkŒu vlŒtcGifhta&; tawG;tjrifrsm;onf Oa&my vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDESifh
qd k & S , f 0 g'wd k Œ . tpd w f t yd k i f ; rsm;jzpf + yD ; tm&S a 'otwG u f txl ; tqef ; rsm;
jzpfaeonf[k qd=k uonf?
===???===
130 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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tcef; (9)
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; (Non Governmental Organization - NGO)
onf vlŒtcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;ESihf vlŒtcGit hf a&; wd;k wufjrifrh m;a&;wdŒk twGuf
wdkufyGJ0if&mwGif ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾rS yg0ifaeonf? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒ
tpnf;rsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf yg0ifbJ tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
ay:aygufvmrnfr[kwfay? ukvor*~&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&;at*sifpDrsm;onf vlŒtcGifh
ta&;rsm;xGef;um;a&;udk óud;yrf;vkyfaqmifae+yD; EdkifiHwumwGif vlŒtcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufaeaom tpdk;&rsm;udkvnf; jypfwifa0zefr_rsm; vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf?
odŒk &mwGif ukvor*~ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;rSm tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;om jzpfaeojzifh
vlŒtcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufI tpdk;&wcku tjcm;tpdk;&wckudk a0zefonfhtcg
tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;ESihf óuH&awmhonf? tjcm; Edik if u H kd rdrad 0zefv#if rdrEd ikd if .
H tusKd ;
udyk g xdcu kd v
f mEdik o
f nf[al om pd;k &drrf j_ zifh jywfjywfom;om; rvkyaf qmifEikd af wmhacs?
xdkŒa=umifh tpdk;&tcsif;csif; rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm;csif; umuG,f&if;ESifh vlŒtcGifhta&;
csKd ;azmufrr_ sm; qufvufjzpfymG ;aejcif;wdŒk a=umifh tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;
udk wm0efay;jcif;onf ydkrdkaumif;onf[laom t,ltqay:vmonf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;onf vlrt _ zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. t"duausm±d;k jzpf

onf? tjrwftpGef;&&Sda&;twGuf r&nf&G,fbJ zGJŒpnf;xm;aomtoif;tzGJŒrsm;/
tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ tkypf rk sm;ESihf apwemh0efxrf;rsm;wdŒk onf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ
tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? tzGŒJ wzGŒJ csi;f pD. zGŒJ pnf;r_rsm;/&nf&, G cf surf sm;/ t"duvkyif ef;
rsm;rSmuGJjym;r_&Sdonf? tcsdKŒuynma&;qdkif&m/ tcsdKŒu owif;qdkif&mESifh tcsdKŒu
ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsm; ay;aomtzGJŒrsm; ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf? wlnDaom
tcsurf mS xdt k zGŒJ rsm;onf tpd;k &. tpdwt f ydik ;f wck r[kwf qdak om tcsuw f csuf
yifjzpfonf? xdt k csut f m; tpd;k &u xdt
k zGŒJ tay: axmufyrhH _ &Srd &S[ d al om tcsujf zifh
pHcsed x
f ;kd Edik o
f nf? tpd;k &. axmufyrhH &_ adS om tzGŒJ rsKd ;onf wenf;tm;jzifh tpd;k &.
uefŒowfrr_ sm;atmufwiG f wnf&adS ewwf+yD; wcgw&HwiG f tpd;k &ay:vpD rsm;twGuf
vkyaf qmifaewwfonfukd awGŒ&onf?
vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG 131

tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGYJ tpnf;rsm;
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. vlŒtcGithf a&;ESihf ywfoufaom t"duvkyif ef;

(3) &yfrmS -
(1) vlŒtcGit hf a&; tqift h wef; pHrsm;owfrw S jf cif; (Setting Human
Rights Standards)
u|r;f usiaf om tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;onf oufqikd &f mtpd;k &ESihf
yl;aygif;+yD; vlŒtcGifhta&; tqifhtwef;pHcsdeftqifhrsm;udk owfrSwf&mwGif
yg0ifvkyfaqmifwwfonf? ukvor*~. vlŒtcGihfta&;Oya'rsm;/ vlŒtcGifh
ta&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifhtnD vlŒtcGifhta&;pHrsm; ay:xGef;vmatmif vkyf
aqmifonf?
(2) jynforl sm;t=um;v_ŒH aqmf aqmf=ojcif; (Advocacy among people)

vlŒtcGithf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI wd;k wufaumif;rGev f matmif v_ŒH aqmf aqmf=or_
rsm;udk atmufajc jynforl sm;t=um;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ Edik if wH umtqifw h iG f
vnf;aumif;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; vkyfaqmif
avh&odS nf? xdo k Œkd vkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh jynfovl x
l tk =um;wGif vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf
ywfoufI ydkrdkus,fjyefŒaomtjrifrsm;/ A[kokwrsm; wdk;yGm;apEdkifonf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ynmay;jcif;rsm;tjyif vlxq k ENjyyGrJ sm;/ owif;Xmersm;
wGif owif;ay;r_rsm;udkvnf; vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
(3) wdu k ±f u
kd f ta&;,laqmif&u G jf cif; (Intervention)
ta&;udpPrsm;tay:rlwnfI wdkuf±dkuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif; trsdK;rsdK;
&Sdonf? Oyrm - EdkifiHawmfwGif vdktyfaeaom vlŒtcGifhta&;oifwef;rsm;/
aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; zGifhvSpfjcif;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
tpd;k &xH ta&;qdv k ŒH_ aqmfjcif; ponfwŒkd jzpfonf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk wurBmvH;k qdik &f m vlrv _ y_ f
&Sm;r_toGijf zifv h nf; jrifEikd o f nf? v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfow l Œkd t=um;wGif tawG;
tjrifopfrsm;jzpfay:aponf? xdŒk a=umifh vlŒtcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;onfvrl v _ y_ &f mS ;
r_rsm;yifjzpf+yD; xdv
k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;. v_ŒH aqmf aqmf=or_rsm; tusKd ;quftjzpf jynfow l Œkd
. tawG;tjrifrsm; wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmaponf?
132 vlt
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tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf; trsK;d tpm;rsm;
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tpd k ; &r[k w f a omtzG J Œ tpnf ; rsm;ud k a tmuf y gtwd k i f ; t=urf ; tm;jzif h c G J

jcm;Edkifonf?
(u) tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;
tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;udk yxrydik ;f wGif tvkyo

f rm;tcGit hf a&;rsm; awmif;qd&k ef
twGufomzGJŒpnf;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif tcsdKŒzGHŒòzd;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;&Sd tvkyform;
or*~rsm;onf tiftm;}uD;rm;aom EdkifiHa&;tajccHtiftm;rsm; jzpfvmojzifh
vlr_w&m;a&; u¾rsm;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk atmifjrifpGmvkyf
aqmifEdkifcJhonf?
tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. &HyHkaiGxnfh0ifjcif;jzifh &yfwnf

ae=uaoma=umifh vGwv f yfaom tzGŒJ rsm;jzpfonf? rdrw d Œkd vkyif ef;rsm;udk vGwv
f yfpmG
vkyfudkifEdkifonf? tcsdKŒtvkyform;or*~rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;uJhodkŒ EdkifiHa&;
tajccHrl0g'rsm; csrSwfxm;+yD; tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;
rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I tcsKd Œudp&P yfrsm;udk vkyaf qmifvsu&f odS nf? Oyrm - e,l;u,fvD
'dk;eD;,m;EdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJtay: EdkifiHwumrS tvkyform;or*~rsm;u
tjynfht0axmufcHr_rsm;ay;cJh+yD; wufºuGpGm0dkif;0ef;v_yf&Sm; aqmif&GufcJhonf?
tvkyform; tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom vlŒtcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf wdkuf

yG0J ifae=uaom v_y&f mS ;olrsm;onf Edik if w H umwGi&f adS om tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;ESihf
quf oG,I f -
(1) tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒcsKyf. vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;
Edkifonf?
(2) rdrwd Œkd v_y&f mS ;aeaom ta&;udprP sm;tay: axmufcaH om tm;ay;axmufcH
pmrsm; &&SdEdkifonf?
(3) tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;or*~ nDvmcHrsm;wGif rdrdwdkŒta&;udpPudk
v_ŒH aqmf apEdik o f nf?
(4) vkyif ef;trsKd ;tpm;tvdu k f oydwaf rSmufyrJG sm; pDpOfaqmif&u
G Ef ikd o
f nf? (Oyrm
vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG 133

- zD*sDEdkifiH. tm%modrf;r_udk uefŒuGufonfhtaejzifh =opa=w;vsEdkifiH

qdyfurf;tvkyform;rsm;or*~u zD*sDoabmFrsm;udk ukefypPnf;cscGifhydwfyif
cJhonf?)
(5) &efyHkaiGtm;enf;aom tzGJŒrsm;twGuf axmufyHhaiGrsm;&&SdEdkifonf?
(c) Edik if w
H umulnaD xmufyahH &;at*sipf rD sm;
Ttpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;onf zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufqEJ ikd if rH sm;udk zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufa&;
qdik &f mESihf ta&;ay:vdt k yfaom tultnDrsm; axmufy&hH ef &nf&, G zf ŒJG xm;jcif;jzpf
onf? zGHŒòzd;+yD; EdkifiHrsm;wGif tajcpdkufavh&Sd+yD; zGHŒòzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;Y vkyfazmfudkifzuf
tzGŒJ rsm; zGiv hf pS x
f m;&S+d yD; vdt k yfaomtultnDrsm; axmufyahH vh&o dS nf? tcsKd ŒtzGŒJ
rsm;onf oufqikd &f m tpd;k &. zGŒH òzd;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;udak xmufyo
hH nf? tcsKd ŒtzGŒJ rsm;u
bmoma&; &nf&, G cf suf &Sw d wf=uovdk tcsKd ŒtzGŒJ rsm;u Edik if aH &;t& &nf&, G cf suf
rsm;&Sw d wfonf? vlŒtcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf ywfoufI tultnDay;Edik af omtzGŒJ
tenf;i,fvnf;&Sdwwfonf? &nf&G,fcsufaumif;aumif;ESifh axmufyHhulnDr_rsm;
ay;aomtzGŒJ rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh rdru d n l aD eaomolrsm;. b0wd;k wufjrifrh m;
a&;udk &nfreS ;f aom &nf&, G cf su&f o
dS nf? ta0;rSaeI xde;f csKyfaomtzGŒJ rsKd ;r[kwb f J
a'otwGif;&Sd tjcm;vkyfazmfudkifzuf tzGJŒrsm;rSwqifh zGHŒòzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyf
aqmifavh&Sdonf? zGHŒòzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkif&mwGifvnf; trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh
vlenf;pkrsm;tay: t"duxm; axmufyahH om tpDtpOfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;vkyaf qmif
wwfonf?
(*) rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d rScD akd omtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;
TtzGŒJ rsm;onf ppfreS af omEdik if aH &;/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf pD;yGm;a&; zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufrr_ sm;
twGuf tajccHzGJŒpnf;xm;+yD; urBmtESHŒtjym;wGif&Sdonf? &HyHkaiGjzifh vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; ta&;udpPwcktay: txl;pdwf0ifpm;aomolrsm;
pkaygif;zGJŒpnf;I tajcwnfv_yf&Sm;onf? &nf&G,fcsufvnf; trsdK;rsdK;&Sdwwfonf?
xdtk zGŒJ rsKd ;onf ao;i,f+yD; vcpm;0efxrf;rsm;r&Sw d wfay? odŒk aomf vlŒtcGit hf a&;
v_y&f mS ;olrsm;. ta&;udprP sm;udk xdt k zGŒJ i,frsm; rlwnfvy_ &f mS ;aeonfh vlwef;pm;
134 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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todkif;t0dkif; tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif owif;jyefŒyGm;atmif txl;taxmuf

tulðy v_HŒaqmfay;Edkifonf?
(C) vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;
TtzGJŒrsdK;udk EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;ol trsm;pku zGJŒpnf;xm;+yD; tjynfjynfqdkif&m

vlŒtcGithf a&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf tjcm;ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfrsm;wGif
azmf!$ef;xm;aom vlŒtcGifhta&;pHrsm;tay: tajcwnfI v_yf&Sm;avh&Sdonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; tzGJŒtpnf;trsm;pkonf EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;

tay: t"dutav;xm; aqmif&u G wf wfonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf xdt
k cGit hf a&;
rsm;onf trsm;qH;k csKd ;azmufcaH e&aom tcGit hf a&;rsm; jzpfaeaoma=umifjh zpfonf?
xdkŒjyif xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk apmifh=uyf&efESifh tpD&ifcHEdkifaom Oya',E W&m;rsm;
tajcwnfae+yD; jzpfaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? xdktzGJŒrsm;onf taemufEdkifiH
rsm;ESifh owif;Xmersm;. pdwf0ifpm;r_&&Sdatmifvnf; vkyfaqmifEdkif=uonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;aomtzGJŒwGif ESpfrsdK;&SdonfudkawGŒ&onf? yxrwrsdK;rSm
EdkifiHa&;v_HŒaqmf&mwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufaomtzGJŒjzpfonf? xdktzGJŒrsdK;. &nf&G,f
csufwGif EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; odkŒr[kwf tjcm;EdkifiHa&; tzGJŒtpnf;wck
tm%m&&Sda&;wdkŒ yg0ifwwfonf? 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;rSm EdkifiHa&;v_HŒaqmfr_vkyfief;
rsm;wGif ryg0ifaomtzGŒJ rsKd ;jzpfonf? tzGŒJ wckck tm%m&&Sad &;udk r&nf&, G ±f rkH #ru
tzGŒJ tm;vH;k . vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk wajy;nDqufqH aqmif&u G o f nf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; vkyfudkif&mwGif tcsdKŒuwOD;csif; aqmif&Gufwwfonfudkvnf;

awGŒ&onf? trsm;pkrSm a&SŒaersm;jzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;/ rdrd,Hk=unfcsuf
a=umifh tusOf;usaeolrsm;zufrS a&SŒaevdkufay;jcif;/ rw&m;onfh trdefŒrsm;udk
zsuo f rd ;f ay;a&; wdu k yf 0JG ifjcif;rsm;udk ulnaD qmif&u
G af y;=uonf? tcsKd ŒrSm olwŒkd .
vkyaf qmifru _ kd tpd;k &utE &W m,fðy vmcJo h nft
h wGuf wdik ;f jynfu wdr;f a&Smif&onf
txd&cdS o hJ nf? tcsKd Œa&SŒaersm;u toif;tzGŒJ rsm;zGŒJ pnf;I vlŒtcGit hf a&;udprP sm;udk
wufºuGpGmv_yf&Sm;onf? Oyrm - EdkifiHwum vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh tzGJŒ}uD;udk
+Adwo d #a&SŒaewOD;u pwifzŒJG pnf;wnfaxmifc&hJ m ,cktcgwiG t f zGŒJ 0if woef;ausmf
vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG 135

cJh+yD;jzpfonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk wifjya&;om;/ azmfxkwfwdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;

xJwiG f pma&;q&mrsm;/ uAsmq&mrsm;/ t,f'w D mrsm;ESihf owif;pmq&mrsm;vnf;
yg0ifonf? ‚if;wdŒk onf oufqikd &f mtpd;k &. vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk pHpk rf;
azmfxkwf+yD; jynfolrsm;t=um;ESifh EdkifiHwumodkŒ wifjywwf=uonf? xdkodkŒ vkyf
aqmifra_ =umifh tcsKd ŒrSm zrf;qD;cH&+yD; tcsKd ŒrSmtoufq;kH ±_;H onftxd &ifqikd cf =hJ u&
onf? e,l;a,mufòrdŒ&Sd owif;pmq&mrsm; umuG,af &;aumfrwDu rw&m;zrf;qD;
ESyd pf ufcaH e&onfh uavmif&iS rf sm;pm&if;udk ESppf Ofxw k jf yefa=unm¶Hrk #ru uavmif
jzifh vlŒtcGit hf a&; wdu k yf 0JG ifol tcsKd Œud*k %
k yf 0JG iforl sm;xJrS xl;c|epf mG wdu k ðf y qkcs;D jr‡ihf
avh&o dS nf?
tcsKd Œq&m0efrsm;/ aq;ynm&Sirf sm;onfvnf; vlŒtcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif

yg0if=uonf? ‚if;wdkŒonfn‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufcH&&if; aoqHk;oGm;olrsm;. tavmif;ukd
cGpJ w
d f =unf&h +_ yD; aoqH;k olrsm; ESyd pf ufc&H yH/k aoqH;k &onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;ukd pHpk rf;
azmfxkwfI vdktyfonfh w&m;pGJqdkr_rsm;/ ta&;,lr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef wifjy=u
avh&o dS nf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;a=umifh rdrw

d Œkd tpd;k &udk &J&0J 0hH hH a0zefajymqdo k rl sm;xJ
wGif odyy`H nm&Sirf sm;/ ygarmuQrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? Oyrm - qdAk , D ufoyd y`H nm&Sif
tif'&D qmcga&mhonf ol.emrnfxif&mS ; ausm=f um;r_ut kd oH;k ðyI qdAk , D uftpd;k &.
vlŒtcGithf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk urBmuodvmatmif aqmif&u G cf ohJ jzifh wdik ;f jynfrS
ESifxkwfcHchJ&onf? orRwa*:Amacsmh tm%m&vmrS olŒudkjyefvnf ajr‡mufpm;cJh
onf? olonf 'Drdkua&pDESifh vlŒtcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&if;
uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?
bmoma&; acgi;f aqmifrsm;onfvnf; vlŒtcGit hf a&; wdu k yf rJG sm;wGif a&SŒwef;rS

pGrf;pGrf;wrH wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonfudkawGŒ&onf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrS c&pf,mefbmoma&;
tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;onf tm%m&Sirf m;udŒk pfukd ðzwfcsEikd o f nfh vlxk
atmifyGJrsm;wGif wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJh=uonf? uarBm'D;,m;/ AD,uferf/ wdbufESifh
136 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

jrefrmEdik if w
H Œkd rS Ak'b
< mom bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;onfvnf; vlŒtcGit
hf a&; wdu
k yf rJG sm;
wGif a&SŒwef;rSyg0ifcJh=uonf?
(i) ywf0ef;usix
f ed ;f odr;f a&;tzGŒJ rsm;
ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; udpPudk wefzdk;xm;av;pm; ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_

rsm;jym;vmatmifv_HŒaqmfr_/ pnf;±Hk;r_rsm;udk ,cifuxuf ydkrdkvkyfaqmifvmcJh
=uonf? obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;/ opfawmrsm; ðyef;wD;r_rS umuG,af &;/
obm0 wd&p>mefapmifha&Smufa&;/ urBmajr}uD;tm; umuG,fa&;/ EsLuvD;,m;
qefŒusifa&;[laom toHrsm;udk ,cktcg us,fus,favmifavmif =um;ae&+yDjzpf
onf? xdktzGJŒrsdK;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&; udpPrsm;udk
pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&uG o
f nfh tzGŒJ rsm;jzpfonf? wcgw&HwiG f tpGe;f a&muftjrif&o
dS l
v_y&f mS ;olrsm;a=umifh tcsKd ŒudprP sm;wGif rvdv
k m;tyfaomjy\emrsm; ay:ayguw f wf
onfuv kd nf;awGŒ&onf? odŒk aomf ,cktcgwiG f wd;k wufaom tjrifrsm;ESihf trSef
wu,f vkyfudkifaqmif&GufonfhtzGJŒrsm; ay:aygufvm+yDjzpfonf?
(p) trsKd ;orD;rsm;qdik &f m tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;
trsdK;orD;rsm; zdESdyfr_rS vGwfajrmuf&efESifh w&m;r#waom tcGifhta&;rsm;

&&S&d ef[al om &nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh Edik if w
H ikd ;f / ae&mwdik ;f wGif trsKd ;orD; tcGit
hf a&;qdik f
&m tzGŒJ rsm;wd;k yGm;vmcJo h nf? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm zdEydS cf aH e&aom trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&;
rsm;udk wefz;kd xm;vm&efEiS hf trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 wd;k wufjrifrh m;&ef[al om aºuG;a=umf
oHrsm;jzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;wdkufyGJ0ifvmcJh=uonf? urBmhvlOD;a&xuf0uf&Sdaom
trsdK;orD;rsm;udk,f wdkifyg0ifwdkufyGJ0ifr_r&SdbJ urBmay:wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; tcGifh
ta&;udk tvdt k av#muf aqmifusO;f ay;Edik rf nf r[kw[ f al om tjrifjzifh trsKd ;orD;
rsm; oD;oefŒzGJŒpnf;xm;aomtzGJŒrsm;/ trsdK;orD; a&;&mudkom t"duaqmif&Guf
aom trsKd ;orD;tzGŒJ rsm;wnf&v dS mcJo h nf? tcsKd ŒtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;onf trsKd ;orD;ESihf
uav;oli,frsm;. vlr_zlvHka&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;0ifaiG
wdk;wufa&;twGuf tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;i,frsm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;/ wydkifwEdkif
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; rwnfay;jcif;/ ponfh vkyif ef;rsm;udo k m vkyaf qmifavh&o dS nf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 137

xdkodkŒaom vkyfief;rsdK;onf trsdK;orD;rsm; vkyfudkif&rnfh/ trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhom

oufqikd o f nfv h yk if ef;rsKd ;[k xifjrifae=uaom ywf0ef;usirf sKd ;wGif xdo k Œkd vkyif ef;rsm;
vkyfudkifjcif;ukd axmufcH=uonf? odkŒaomf tcsdKŒtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;onf trsdK;orD;
rsm;. Edik if aH &;tcef;u¾ wd;k wufjrifrh m;&ef/ qH;k jzwf csucf srw S Ef ikd o f nfh tqifq h oD Œkd
trsKd ;orD;rsm; a&muf&adS p&ef &nf&, G I f Edik if aH &;ESihf b0wd;k wufjrifrh m;a&;tpDtpOf
rsm;/ trsKd ;orD; acgi;f aqmifoifwef;rsm;udk vkyu f ikd af vh&o
dS nf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf
tdraf xmifxed ;f odr;f a&; vkyif ef;rsm;ESio hf m oufqikd f onf[k a&S;±d;k pGjJ rifvmcJ=h uaom
tcsdKŒywf0ef;usifwGif xdkodkŒ oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;b0 jrifhrm;atmif
vkyaf qmifjcif;rsm;udk tvG,w f ul vufrcHEikd =f uay? trsKd ;orD;onf ‚if;wdŒk ESirhf qdik f
onfh udprP sm;udk vdu k vf v H yk u f ikd af eonf[k jrifum axmufct H m;ay;r_rsm; ray;vdk
=uacs? xdŒk a=umifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm; }uD;pd;k aeaom rdryd wf0ef;usif
twGi;f wGif rdrw d Œkd vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G af eaom vkyif ef;rsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf
axmufcHvm&efudkvnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf? rdrdwdkŒ vkyfudkifaeaom t&mrsm;onf
trsdK;om;rsm;udk &efzufozG,f ,SOfòydifaejcif;r[kwf/ umvrsm;pGm vpfvsL±_ cHcJh&
aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfI aemufususefcJhaom trsdK;orD;
b0rsm;udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwif&ef [laomtodrsdK; ay;&rnfjzpfonf? rdrdwdkŒ taeESifh
vnf; trsKd ;om;rsm;ESi, hf OS v f #if tppt&m&m aemufususecf ahJ omb0rS trsKd ;om;
rsm;ESihf wef;wlwm0efcaJG 0r_/ qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S Ef ikd rf r_ sm; vkyu f ikd Ef ikd &f ef trsKd ;om;rsm;
xuf ESpfqóud;yrf; vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf?
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tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf tm;ay;axmufcrH r+ sm;
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txufwGifaz: jycJhaom tzGJŒtpnf;trsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm urBmay:wGifawGŒjrif&

onfh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒtpnf;trsdK;tpm;rsm;jzpfonf? tcsdKŒtzGJŒrsm;onf
trsKd ;tpm; wrsKd ;wnf;omr[kwf ESprf sKd ;/ oH;k rsKd ;ESihf tóuH;0ifaewwfonfuv kd nf;
awGŒ&onf? tzGŒJ tm;vH;k wGif wlno D nft h csurf mS rdrw d Œkd vkyaf qmifaeaomvkyif ef;
rsm; atmifjrif&eftwGuf Edik if w
H um. tm;ay;axmufcrH u _ kd vdt
k yfaeaomtcsuf
jzpfonf? Edik if w
H umaxmufcrH [ _ k qd&k mwGif aiGa=u;/ u|r;f usirf /_ pdw"f mwfyikd ;f qdik &f m
axmufct H m;ay;r_ ponfwŒkd yg0ifonf? Edik if w H um tm;ay;axmufcrH r_ &Sb d J rdrw d Œkd
vkyfief;rsm;ukd atmifjrifpGmvkyfaqmif Edkif&efrvG,fulvSacs?
138 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;twGif; tcsif;csif; qufoG,fa&; uGef,ufwck

wnfaqmufxm;&ef txl;ta&;}uD;onf? rdrdwdkŒtzGJŒu ta&;ay:owif;rsm;
xkwjf yef+yD; tcsed t f enf;i,ftwGi;f tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS tzGŒJ rsm;u ta&;,laqmif&u G f
r_rsm; ðyvkyEf ikd o f vdk tjcm;tzGŒJ rsm;. ta&;ay:owif;rsm;udk rdrw d Œkd taejzifv h nf;
csucf si;f ta&;,l aqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f nf? xdo k Œkd qufo, G af &; uGe, f ufrw S qifh vdt k yf
aom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk awmif;cHEikd o f vdk rdrw d Œkd uvnf; yHyh ;kd ay;Ekid o
f nf?
xdjk yif rdrwd Œkd udk tpd;k & odŒk r[kwf tm%mydik w f Œkd u taESmift h ,Suðf yonft h cgwiG f
xdkqufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrSwqifh tjcm;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;udk today;+yD; aemufxyf
taESmihft,Sufay;jcif;ukd umuG,fEdkifonf? tcsdKŒtzGJŒrsm;onf taqmwvsif
ta&;,laqmif&u G af &;tzGŒJ (Urgent Action Network) rsm;jzpfonf? ‚if;wdkŒonf
‚if;wdkŒxH a=u;eef;/ zufpf/ zkef;ESifh tD;ar;vfwdkŒrSwqifh ay;ydkŒvmaom owif;rsdK;
(Oyrm- vlwOD;tzrf;qD;cH&jcif;/ ao'%fcsrSwfcH&jcif;/ EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;wOD;
usef;rma&; txl;qdk;0g;aejcif;) &&Sdygu csufcsif;oufqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;ESifh tzGJŒ
tpnf;rsm;xH xdkolrsm;udk jyefv$wfay;&ef/ rowf&efESifh aq;ukor_ay;&efwdkŒudk
awmif;qdyk ef=um;Edik o f nf? rdru d ohJ Œkd tjcm;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ tjcm;Edik if t H pd;k &rsm;udk
vnf; xdu k ohJ Œkd awmif;qdyk ef=um; pmrsm;a&;ydŒk &ef v_ŒH aqmfEikd f onf? Edik if w H umtzGŒJ
rsm;. tm;ay;axmufcrH r_ sm;onf vlŒtcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;olrsm; twGuf umuG,rf _
rsm;jzpfaponf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&; wdu k yf 0JG ifol odŒk r[kwf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;udk tumtuG,f
ay;aom enf;wenf;rSm xdo k u
l kd vlŒtcGit
hf a&;qkrsm; wck+yD;wck cs;D jr‡ijhf cif;jzpfonf?
xdo
k Œkd qkrsm;cs;D jr‡ijhf cif;onf qkay;cH&olrsm;udk w&m;0if todtrSwðf y&ma&mufonfh
tjyif urBmutm±Hrk ysuf qufvufpw d 0f ifpm;aeap&efvnf; taxmuftulðyEdik f
onf? xdkodkŒqkrsm; csD;jr‡ifhr_a=umifh vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufaeol tpdk;&taejzifh
xifovdrk vky&f aJ wmhacs? Oyrm- jrefrmjynfrS a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd Edik if w H um
u qkrsm;tqufr jywf cs;D jr‡iafh er_a=umifh ppftpd;k &onf a':atmifqef;pk=unftay:
xifovdkrvkyf&Jawmhacs?
‚if;tjyif tpd;k &wck. vlŒtcGit

hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk ‚if;tpd;k &tay: =oZm
anmif;onfh tpdk;&wckrS oHwrefenf;t& wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf ta&;,laqmif&Guf
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 139

onfh enf;vrf;vnf;&So d nf? xdŒk a=umifh vlŒtcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;ESihf tzGŒJ tpnf;
rsm;onf =oZm&Sad om tpd;k &rsm;udck sO;f uyfI vlŒtcGit hf a&; umuG,af y;r_rsm;vkyf
aqmif&efyef=um;avh&o dS nf? tpd;k &rsm;tay: wdww f qdwcf sO;f uyfI yef=um;onfh
enf;udo k ;kH aom vlŒtcGit hf a&;tzGŒJ rSm tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uufajceDaumfrwD (ICRC)
jzpfonf? (ICRC) onf xdek nf;udk toH;k ðyI Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awGŒcGi&hf &ef
twGuf óud;yrf;&mwGif awGŒcGifh&onfursm;onf? odkŒaomf wdwfwqdwfyef=um;
aom oHwrefenf;udkom toHk;ðyae=uygu tpdk;&onf olwdkŒ. vlŒtcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk &yfwef;u&yfvdrfhrnfr[kwfojzifh wdkuf±dkufa0zefxkwf azmfajym
qdkaom enf;udkvnf; usifhoHk;&avh&Sdonf?
txufyg tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;tjyif vlŒtcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk

vdktyfaom tcsdefwGif vdktyfaomtultnDrsm; ay;Edkifonfh woD;yk*~vdursm;/
toif;rsm;vnf;&Sad o;onf? tcsKd ŒtzGŒJ rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f &Sd Edik if aH &; tiftm;pkrsm;udk
axmufct H m;ay; aeonfh jynfya&muf tiftm;pkrsm;udk tajccHzŒJG xm;onf? xdt k zGŒJ
rsm;onf owif;Xmersm;. pdwf0ifpm;r_&&Sdatmif ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf?
aiGa=u; odŒk r[kwf apwemh0efxrf;rsm;jzifh ulnED ikd o
f nf? oufqikd &f m vlxpk ak 0;yGrJ sm;/
nDvmcHrsm;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif rdrw d Œkd ud,
k pf m; v_ŒH aqmfrr_ sm; ðyvkyaf y;Edik o
f nf?
tjcm; EdkifiHESifh tpdk;&wdkŒ. axmufcHr_rsm;&&Sdatmif v_HŒaqmfpnf;±Hk;ay;Edkifonf?
wdkif;jynfrS wdrf;a&Smifvm&olrsm;udk vHkòcHr_wm0ef,lI ulnDEdkifonf?
xdktzGJŒrsm;tjyif wuUodkvfrsm;rS ynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; ta&;ygaom vkyfief;

rsm;jzifuh n
l yD yhH ;kd r_rsm;ay;Edik o k rl sm;onf ynm&yfqikd &f mt& vlxEk iS hf owif;
f nf? xdo
Xmersm;. av;pm;r_udk &&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfonf? xdkodkŒav;pm;r_rsm;udk tajccHI
rdrdwdkŒ ta&;udpPrsm; tay: v_HŒaqmfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;Edkifonf? xdkŒjyif rdrdwdkŒ
ta&;udpPESifh ywfoufI okawoe pmwrf;rsm;ðypkjcif;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm; a&;om;
jcif;/ nDvmcHrsm; OD;aqmifusi;f yjcif;/ owif;Xmersm;udk qufo, G I f owif;rsm;ay;
jcif;? aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;jcif;wdŒk vkyu f ikd &f mwGif xdo
k Œkd aom ynm&Sirf sm;onf toH;k 0if
vSonf?
140 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

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ukvor*ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;
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ukvor*~onf EdkifiHrsm;yg0ifzGJŒpnf;xm;aom EdkifiHwum tzGJŒtpnf;jzpf+yD;

rJqENrsm;ay;&mwGif Edik if rH sm;uom ay;ydik cf iG &hf o
dS nf? odŒk &mwGif aemufyikd ;f wGif ukv
or*~. vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m at*sipf rD sm;wGif tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;. tcef;
u¾rSm ydkrdkta&;ygvmonf?
ukvor*~yÉdnmOf tyd'k f (71) wGipf ;D yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpD ECOSOC .

&nf&, G cf surf sm;ESihf uduk nf o
D nfh tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;udk twdik yf ifcH
tjzpf owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf[k a&;om;xm;onf? xdo k Œkd owfrw S cf &H aom tpd;k &r[kwf
onfh tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;onf ECOSOC ESifh tjcm;Xmersm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm;/
vlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfr&Si. f tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u yg0if
avh&o dS nf? tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S &f mwGif xdtk zGŒJ rsm;onf yg0ifqENraJ y;cGihf
r&aomfvnf; qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S &f mwGif ta&;ygaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;wifoiG ;f
jcif;/ zwf=um;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfEdkifonf? qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonfhtcgwGif avhvmol
tjzpf wufa&mufavhvmEdik o f nf? twdik yf ifct
H qifh &&Sad omtzGŒJ rsm;onf vlŒtcGihf
ta&;aumfr&SifESifh qyfaumfr&Sifponfh ukvor*~tzGJŒrsm;. vlŒtcGifhta&;apmifh
=uyfr_ vkyfief;rsm;wGif wefzdk;&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydkŒjcif;jzifh
taxmuftulðyEdkifonf?
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;tay: xm;&Sdonfh twdkifyifcHtqifhudk (3)rsdK;

owf r S w f c G J j cm;xm;onf ? yxrtqif h j zpf o nf h taxG a xG twd k i f y if c H t qif h
qdo
k nfrmS ECOSOC .vkyfief;trsm;pkwGif &nf&G,fcsufwl taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufaeaom tzGJŒrsm;udk ay;tyfaomtqifhjzpfonf? 'kwd,tqifhjzpfaom
txl;twdik yf ifcH tqifq h o
kd nfrmS ECOSOC . vkyif ef;rsm;teuf tcsKd Œaomvkyf
ief;rsm;wGif &nf&G,fcsufwl taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufaeaom tzGJŒrsm;ukd
ay;tyfaom tqifjh zpfonf? aemufq;kH tqifh jzpfonfh (Roster) tqifq h o kd nfrmS
txufygtqifh ESpfrsdK;vHk;ESifh tóuH;r0ifaomfvnf; ECOSOC udk toHk;0if
ta&;ygaomtcsuf tvufrsm; ulnDaxmufyHhEdkifonfh tzGJŒrsm;udk ay;tyfaom
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 141

tqifhjzpfonf?
ECOSOC u zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;aom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; aumfrwD
(Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations – NGO Committee) onf (2)
ESpv f #iw
f }udrf awGŒqHak qG;aEG;I twdik yf ifct
H qihf av#mufxm;vmaom tzGŒJ rsm;udk
qH;k jzwfjcif;/ ECOSOC wGif wifjyrnft h csurf sm;udk wdik yf ifE;DS aESmjcif;rsm; ðyvkyo
f nf?
ukvor*~wGif twdkifyifcHtqifh&&Sd+yD; tav;xm;cH&aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh
tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; jzpf&eftwGuf wdusaom yHo k ¾meftqifh &S&d rnf? wdusreS u f efaom
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hf a&;vufpJG 145

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146 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

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hf a&;vufpJG 147

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148 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlYtcGit
a=umif; óudwifwGufqxm;&rnf? odkŒrSom xdktajctaersdK;odkŒ usa&mufygu

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- rsufjrifoufaorsm;/ owif;ay;olrsm;. touftE W&m,fvHkòcHr_

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olrsm;/ rsujf rifoufaorsm;udk vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmuforl sm;u wefjyef&ef&mS wwf
onf? vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk wifjyr_a=umifh zrf;qD;cH&jcif;/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyf
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azmfjyEdik af om owif;rsm; rsm;jym;vGe;f aeyguvnf; xdt k pD&ifcpH m/ owif;xkwjf yefr_
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onf?
- wduscdkifvHkr_r&SdbJ bufvdkufaomowif;rsm;&&Sdwwfjcif;
vlŒtcGit
hf a&; pHpk rf;olrsm;ukd vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;ta=umif; ajym=um;
aomolrsm;onf wcgw&HwGif vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufol tpdk;&udkqefŒusifwdkuf
cdkufaeaomtzGJŒ0ifrsm;/ xdktzGJŒESifhywfoufaeolrsm; jzpfwwfonf? wcgw&HwGif
rdrtd m; pum;jyeftjzpf ulnv D yk u
f ikd af eolrsm;onf xdo k Œkd aomolrsm; jzpfaewwf
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onf rdrd&&Sdaom owif;rsm;udk rSefrrSefjyefvnfwGufqjcif;/ tjcm;owif;rsm;ESifh
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 149

vlYtcGit
csdefxdk;+yD; E_dif;,SOfjcif; ponfwdkŒ vkyfaqmifEdkifaom t&nftcsif;rsm;&Sd&ef vdktyf

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- rsufjrifoufao/ odkŒr[kwf udk,fwdkifóuHawGŒolrsm;u owif;ay;&ef wGefŒqkwf

aejcif;
wcgw&HwiG f rsujf rifoufaorsm;/ odŒk r[kwf vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk
ud, k wf ikd óf uHawGŒcHpm;&olrsm; ud, k wf ikd u
f yif ‚if;wdŒk ta=umif;rsm;onf ta&;r}uD;
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k wif;tcsut f vufrsm;onf aemufxyfxo kd Œkd
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tE &W m,frjzpfatmif xdo k rl sm;.trnfEiS hf xif&mS ;onfh tcsurf sm;udk xkwaf zmfajym
=um;rnfr[kwfa=umif; ajymqdk&rnf? aemufqHk; xdkolwdkŒu xkwfazmfrajymv#if
vnf; apmifhpm;,HkrSwyg; tjcm;vrf;r&Sday?
- vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&onf[k rrSwf,ljcif;
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aomfvnf; xkt d csurf sm;udk vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufc&H jcif;[k rrSw, f =l uacs? Oyrm
- xdik ;f Edik if w
H iG f w&m;r0if vma&muftvkyv f yk u
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onf xdik ;f &JwyfzŒJG u Edik if o H Œkd w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufrj_ zifh zrf;qD;onft h cg tcsKyfcef;
twGi;f ±du k Ef uS jf cif;/ rdrw
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S rf u_ kd trsKd ;orD;
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omrSw, f +l yD; vdt k yfaom tcsut f vufrsm;ay;jcif;r&Sad cs? vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS
rnfonfht&mrsm;jzpfonfudk vlwdkif;em;vnf oabmayguf&ef vlŒtcGifhta&;
tajccHoifwef; ydkŒcscsufrsm; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufoifhonf?
150 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlYtcGit
(c) okawoeðyvkyfjcif;
vlŒtcGithf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;ESihf ywfoufI tcsut f vufrsm;udk oGm;a&mufpkH

prf; pkaqmif;+yD;onft h cg okawoeðyvky&f ef vdt k yfonf? rdro d mG ;a&mufavhvmI
awGŒ&Sdaom tcsufrsm;onf rnfonfhEkdifiHwumOya'rsm;udk csdK;azmufaeonf/
csdK;azmufaeolrsm;udk rnfodkŒta&;,laqmif&Gufoifhonf/ rnfonfhtzGJŒtpnf;/
rnfonft h pd;k &xHoŒkd csO;f uyfI rnfoŒkd qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S Ef ikd af tmif aqmif&u
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pmudk udk;um;rDSjirf;&rnf ponfwdkŒudkvnf; okawoeðy&rnf?
(*) rSwfwrf;wifpkaqmif;jcif;
vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm; pHkprf;pkaqmif;+yD; &&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuf

tvufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;jcif;onfvnf; vlŒtcGifhta&;}uD;=uyfr_.
tqifw h qifjh zpfonf? &&Sad omowif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk pepfwusord ;f qnf;xm;
rSomv#if vdt k yfaom tcsed w f iG f vdt k yfovdt
k oH;k ðyEdik rf nfjzpfonf? rSww f rf;wifpk
aqmif;&mwGif rdrdtzGJŒtpnf;. vkyfief;udkvdkufI pkaqmif;enf;trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf?
rdrdtzGJŒonf tpD&ifcHpmwapmif a&;om;xkwfa0&ef jyifqifaeygu rdrdtpD&ifcH
pmwGifyg0ifaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk vkdtyfovdk toHk;ðyEdkifaomenf;jzifh
odrf;qnf;xm;&onf? tjcm;tzGJŒrsm; vdktyfaom vlŒtcGifhta&; owif;rsm;udk
rSwwf rf;wif&efqykd gu u¾tvdu k /f ae&ma'otvdu k /f jzpf&yftvdu k /f jzpfysuo f nfh
aeŒpGJtvdkuf/ umvtydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf owif;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;&efvdktyf
onf? ,cktcgwiG f acwfrSD uGejf yLwmy±d*k &rfrsm;jzifh rdrx d wH iG f &Sad om owif;rsm;udk
vdktyfonfhtcsdefwGif vdktyfovdk vG,fvifhwul xkwf,ltoHk;ðy Edkif+yDjzpfonf?
rSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;&mwGif toHk;0ifonfh a&;om;csufyHkpHrsm;/ Z,m;rsm;vnf;
ay:xGufvm+yDjzpfI rSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;olrsm;/ owif;tcsuftvufvkdtyf
olrsm;taeESifh vG,fvG,fulul owif;xkwfEdkif/ &SmazGEdkifonf? rdrduJhodkŒ vlŒtcGifh
ta&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk rSwwf rf;wifðypkonfh tjcm;tzGŒJ rsm;ESihf qufo, G af &;uGef
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 151

vlYtcGit
,ufrsm; wnfaqmufxm;&ef txl;ta&;}uD;onf? xdkodkŒðyvkyfjcif;jzifh owif;

tcsuftvufrsm;/ tquftoG,frsm;udk xdrf;odrf;Edkifonfhtjyif aiGukef a=u;us
enf;enf;jzifh owif;rsm;&,lEdkifonf? zvS,fEdkifonf? tifwmeufac: uGefjyLwm
qufo, G af &;pepfonf aiGuek u
f sr_ enf;enf;jzifh jrefqef/ toH;k 0ifwu
d saom owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;Edkifonf? xdkŒjyif tzGJŒwzGJŒESifhwzGJŒt=um; ,Hk=unf
udk;pm;r_rsm; wnfaqmufEdkifonf?
(C) tpD&ifcHjcif;
tpD&ifcjH cif;qdo
k nfrmS rdrad wGŒ&So
d ak woeðyvkyx
f m;onft h csuu f kd oufqikd &f m
tpd;k &/ tzGŒJ tpnf;ESihf jynforl sm; od&edS m;vnfoabmaygu&f ef aqmif&u G jf cif;jzpf
onf? ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;nDvmcHrsm;wGif wufa&mufwifjyjcif;/ tpD&ifcpH m
rsm;jzefŒa0jcif;/ owif;Xmersm;ESifh qufoG,fI vltrsm;od&Sdtm±Hkpdkufvmatmif
vkyaf qmifjcif;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG sm;wGif aqG;aEG;jcif; ponfwŒkd onf
tpD&ifcjH cif;tqifw h iG f tóuH;0ifonf? ta&;ay: ta&;,laqmif&u G cf surf sm; vkyu f ikd f
&efE;_d aqmfjcif;/ tzGŒJ tpnf;rS a=unmcsurf sm; xkwjf yefjcif;wdŒk onfvnf; tpD&ifcH
jcif;rsm;yifjzpfonf?
(i) qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfvmatmif v_HŒaqmfjcif;

vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr_ awGŒ&Scd surf sm;tay:tajccHI rnfoŒkd aom vkyaf qmif
r_ rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G o
f ifah =umif; wifjyxm;onfh rdr. d t}uHay;
csurf sm;/ wdu k w f eG ;f csurf sm;/ awmif;qdck surf sm;udk oufqikd &f mtpd;k &/ Edik if EH iS hf tzGŒJ
tpnf;rsm;u av;pm;vdkufem aqmif&Gufvmatmif v_HŒaqmfaqmif&Gufjcif;onf
vlŒtcGit hf a&;}uD;=uyfjcif;. aemufq;kH tqif[ h k qdEk ikd o
f nf? vlŒtcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmuf
aeaom tpdk;&udk xdkodkŒcsdK;azmufr_rsm; &yfwefŒ&ef/ xdkodkŒcsdK;azmufaer_a=umifh
EdkifiHwumu jypfwif&_wfcs&ef/ vdktyfovdk ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;
ydwq f Œkd r_rsm; ðyvky&f ef/ ponfwŒkd uJo h Œkd aom t}uHay;csurf sm;/ wdu k w f eG ;f csurf sm;udk
taumiftxnf ay:aqmif&Gufvmatmif óud;yrf;vkyfaqmifoGm;=u&rnf?
===???===
152 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tcef; (11)
vlYtcGifhta&; ynmay;rI
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ordik ;f a-umif;
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vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay;r_ESifhywfoufI 1945 ckESpfavmufupwifI EdkifiH

wumESifh a'oqdkif&m Oya'rsm;xJwGif pwifazmfjya&;om;vmcJh=uonf? 1945
ckEpS w
f iG f a&;qJjG yXmef;cJah om ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf;Y “vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccH
vGwv f yf r_w@kd tay: av;pm;r_tm; wd;k wufapa&;ESihf tm;ay;a&;wd@k twGu”f Edik if H
rsm;taejzifh vlŒtcGifhta&;ynmay;r_udk yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;Edk;aqmf
xm;onf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh Edik if w H ikd ;f onf vl@tcGit hf a&;wd;k wufa&;ESihf tm;ay;
a&;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmif&ef twGuf rdrw d @kd jynfow
l @kd twGi;f vl@tcGit hf a&;ynmay;r_rsm;/
oif=um;yd@k csrr_ sm; vkyu f ikd af qmif&u
G &f ef wm0ef&o dS nf? tpd;k &rsm;wGio f mru tpd;k &
r[kwaf om Ekid if w H umESihf a'oqdik &f m tzJŒG tpnf;rsm;uvnf; vl@tcGit hf a&;ynm
ay;r_rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;csrSwfI taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf
vmcJ=h uonf? vl@tcGit hf a&; ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk od&adS vhvmapjcif;jzifh jynfol
vlxw k @kd onf rdrw d @kd tay: usL;vGeaf om vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk umuG,&f ef
ESifh rdrdwdk@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkwwfvmap&ef &nf&G,fI enf;vrf;wus
vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifvm=uonf?
1948 ckEpS w f iG f twnfðyjyXmef;Edik cf ahJ om ukvor*~ tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGihf

ta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGifvnf; “,ckpmwrf;onf vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccH
vGwfvyfr_rsm;tay: av;pm;r_tm; wdk;wufap&eftwGuf ynmay;ydk@csr_rsm;
vkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh vlwikd ;f / Edik if w
H ikd ;f twGuf tóuH;0ifaom pHcsed pf ! H e$ ;f wckjzpfonf”
[lI azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@twGufa=umifh ynmay;r_onf ukvor*~yÉdnmOf.
vkyif ef;wckjzpfonfh vl@tcGit hf a&; zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&;qdak om vkyif ef;ESit hf xl;qufpyf
vsu&f o dS nf? ynmay;r_[k qd&k mwGiv f nf; atmufajcvlxu k tp yg0ifavhvmvkyf
udkifaom/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJG@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifaom/
vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f . ae&mwdik ;f wGi&f o dS nfh tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;ESihf vlwikd ;f twGujf zpfaom
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 153

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
ynmay;ydk@csr_jzpfap&rnf[k a=unm pmwrf;. pum;csD;wGif azmfjyxm;onf?

1950 ESifh 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif; taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;ynm
ay;r_rsm;vkyfaqmif&mY pmoifausmif;rsm;twGif;&Sd vli,frsm;tm; vl@tcGifhta&;
ta=umif; a[majymynmay;jcif;rsKd ;udo k m vkyaf qmifc=hJ uonf? 1970 ckEpS t f wGi;f
0ifa&mufvm csdefrSpI vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;olrsm;onf vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh
ywfoufI a[majymyd@k csor# oufoufuo kd m vdu
k vf rH wS of m;apaom avhvmr_
yHkpHrSaeI xdkolrsm;udk,fwdkif awG;ac:pOf;pm;qifjcifr_rsm; vkyfvmwwfap&efESifh
vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufc&H olrsm; tay: pmemulnv D pkd w
d rf sm; ay:ayguvf map&ef
óud;yrf;vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;&Sd vli,frsm;udk
om oif=um;yd@k csaomyHpk rH sKd ;om &Sqd jJ zpfonf? xd@k jyif vlra_ jymif;vJrw _ cktay: ouf
a&mufapaom/ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI wdk;wufapaom/ umuG,fapaom
v_y&f mS ;r_wcktwGuf rdrw d OD;csi;f ud, k wf ikd w
f iG v
f nf; wm0ef&o dS nf[ol nfh tawG;
tjrifrsdK; ay:aygufatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sdao;acs?
vl@tcGit hf a&;ynmay;r_ukd pwifvyk af qmifcsed w f iG f ausmif;pmoifcef;twGi;f &Sd

vli,ftv$mw&yfuo kd m OD;wnfvyk af qmifEikd cf +hJ yD; ausmif;+yD;qH;k oGm;olrsm;/ ausmif;
wufcGifhr&aomolrsm;udk xdawG@ynmay;v_H@aqmfEdkifcJhjcif;r&SdcJhyg? odk@aomf 1960
ESifh 1970 ckESpfrsm; twGif;wGif vlr_ajymif;vJa&;wck ay:aygufvma&;twGuf
vl@tcGifhta&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;. ta&;ygyHkwdk@udk todtrSwfðyvmcJh=u,Hkomru
vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f &Sd tv$mwdik ;f u vl@tcGit hf a&;ta=umif; em;vnfoabm
aygu&f ef ta&;}uD;a=umif; em;vnfvufcv H mcJ=h uonf? Edik if rH sm;t=um; pD;yGm;a&;
t& qufpyfaqmif&u G rf r_ sm; wd;k wufvmjcif;ESihf qufo, G rf _ wd;k wufaumif;rGev
f m
jcif;qdkaomtcsufrsm;uvnf; urBmudkòcH@vdkufouJhodk@jzpfcJh+yD; wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH
t=um; xdawG@qufqHr_udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmapcJhonf? xdk@jyif rdrdwdkif;jynf&Sd
jynfolvlxkwOD;csif;. tcGifhta&;udk wdk;jr‡ifhumuG,fay;&efrSm xdkEdkifiH&Sd tpdk;&.
wm0efjzpf+yD; xdktcGifhta&;udk vlwdkif;cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf [laomt,ltqudk vufcH
r_rsm; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmcJo h nf? xdo k @kd vl@tcGit
fh a&; todtjrifrsm; wd;k yGm;vmcJ&h mwGif
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hf a&; ynmay;rI
vkyfief;pOfatmufwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_ESifh uav;tvkyform;

toHk;ðyr_wdk@udk qef@usifaom vlr_ajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfay:apa&;twGuf v_HŒaqmf
aqmif&Gufvm=uonf? qif;&Jolrsm;/ 'kuQonfrsm;/ a±$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;/
rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;rsm;/ vdifwlcsif; cspfolrsm;t=um; vltcGifhta&; ynmay;r_rsm;udk
vkyaf qmif&if; vl@tcGit hf a&; ynmay;r_vyk if ef;. t"dym` ,fukd xdxad &mufa&muf
ajymif;vJvmapEdkifcJhonf?
urBmhukvor*~u (1995-2004) q,fESpfwmumvudk vl‹tcGifhta&;ynm

ay;r_ q,fpEk pS t f jzpf owfrw S I
f tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;taejzifh rdrEd ikd if t
H wGi;f rS jynfol
rsm;twGi;f vl@tcGit hf a&;ynmay;r_rsm; vkyaf qmif&ef wdu k w f eG ;f Ed;l aqmfxm;onf?
xdok @kd vl@tcGit hf a&;ynmay;&mwGif or±d;k usausmif; ynma&;t&jzpfap/ or±d;k us
r[kwaf om ynmoif=um;r_enf;rsKd ;t&jzpfap/ vltrsm;ESio hf ufqikd af om ynmay;
tpDtpOfrsm;rSwqifjh zpfap/ ouf}uD;ynma&; tpDtpOfrsm;rSwqifjh zpfap vlwidk ;f vl
wd k i f ; tm; vl ‹ tcG i f h t a&; tod y nmA[k o k w rsm; avh v mcG i f h & ap&ef t wG u f
vkyfaqmifay;&ef wdkufwGef;yHhydk;vsuf&Sdonf?
rdrdtcGifhta&;udk rdrdrodolrsm;tzdkŒ vl‹tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&&ef tvm;

tvmydrk sm;ayonf? wcgw&HwiG f bmompum;qdik &f m tm;enf;r_EiS hf vl‹tcGit hf a&;
qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm; tm;enf;r_a=umifh xdkodk@aom jynfolwdk‹tm; pnf;±kH;vH_‹
aqmf&mwGiv f nf; xda&mufre_ nf;yg;wwfonf? ,cktcg urBmw0Sr;f vH;k wGif vl‹tcGihf
ta&;ta=umif;ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&; ynmay;r_onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfqdkaom
tcsufudk todtrSwfðyvmaponf? ,if;odk‹jzpfjcif;a=umifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;twGif;
vGwv f yfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;ESihf +idr;f csr;f jcif;wd‹k ukd wd;k wufjzpfay:apEdik o
f nf? vl‹tcGit
hf a&;
ynmay;r_onf vl‹tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;tm; umuG,f&eftwGuf xda&muf
aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf[kvnf;wdk;wuf todtrSwfðyvmvsuf&Sdonf?
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vlŒtcGit
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vlŒtcGit hf a&; ynmay;jcif;qdo k nfrmS jynfov

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aqmifEikd &f ef&nf&,
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udk,fwdkifavhvm vkyfaqmifapaom vkyfief;pOfjzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh vl@tcGit

hf a&; ynmay;olqo kd nfrmS vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f od@k r[kwf
vltyk pf w
k pktm; vl@tcGit hf a&; A[kow k rsm;/ wefz;kd rsm;/ u|r;f usirf r_ sm;udk em;vnf
oabmayguaf p+yD; vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ta=umif;t&mwckujkd zpfap/ vl@tcGit hf a&;
tajctaew&yfvHk; twGufjzpfap ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm; vkyfaqmifwwfvm
ap&ef vkyfaqmifoljzpfonf?
urBmhukvor*~u owfrSwfxm;aom vl‹tcGifhta&;ynmay;r_ q,fpkESpf

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“wavmuvHk;ESifh oufqdkifonfh vl‹tcGifhta&; ,Ofaus;r_w&yf ay:xGef;a&;udk
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ponfw@kd ukd óud;yrf;aqmif&u G f jcif;jzpfonf? xdo k Œkd vkyaf qmif&mwGif A[kow k rsm;/
u|r;f usirf r_ sm;rSwqifh atmufyg ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufI &yfwnfcsuf
tjrifrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif yHkazmfvkyfaqmifapjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk‹rSm -
(u) tajccHvGwfvyfr_ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydkrdkav;pm;apjcif;/
(c) vlom;wd‹k . uk, d &f nfu, kd af oG;ESihf *k%of u d mQ tjynfth 0 zG‹òH zd;apjcif;/
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Xmae wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif;/ EdkifiHom;rsm; twGif;/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;
twGi;f / bmoma&;ESihf bmompum;uGjJ ym;aom vltyk pf rk sm;twGi;f csp=f unf
&if;ESD;r_wdk‹ ukd jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/
(C) vGwv f yfaom vl‹tzG‹J tpnf;twGi;f vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f udk xda&mufpmG yg0ifap
Edkifjcif;/
156 vlt
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yg0ifygonf?” [k t"dym` ,f zGiq
hf x
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pm;r_/ vlom;tm;vHk;. nDr#r_ESifh *k%foduQmwdk@tay: tajccHxm;onfhtwGuf
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vl‹tcGit
hf a&; ynmay;r+. &nfreS ;f csurf sm;
vltcGit hf a&;ynmay;r_onf vl‹tcGit hf a&;ta=umif; (About human rights)

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&nf&, G cf surf mS vlom;wd@k taejzifh vl‹tcGithf a&;rsm;ESihf vl‹tcGit hf a&;wefz;kd rsm;udk
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hf a&;vufpJG 157

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vl‹tcGifhta&;ta=umif; ynmay;r_qdkonfrSm vltrsm;udk vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkif

&m owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ay;jcif; jzpfygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif; ynmay;r_wGif atmufygwdk‹yg0ifygonf?

vltm;vH;k . arG;&myg vl‹*% k o f u
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hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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today; jcif; jzpfonf?
vl‹tcGit hf a&;twGuf ynmay;r_qo kd nfrmS vl‹tcGit hf a&;onf ta&;}uD;onf

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vltcGifhta&;onf vlwdkif;. ynma&;wGif tpdwftydkif;tjzpfyg0ifoifhonf//

od‹k &mwGif tcsK‹d aomvlrsm;onf vl‹tcGit hf a&;ynmay;r_ukd txl;ydrk v
kd t
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hf a&;vufpJG 159

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z&J&D (Paolo Freire) u or±dk;us ynmoif=um; avhvmr_yHkpHrsm;onf q&mESifh
wynfh txufraS tmufo@kd ynmA[kow k pD;qif;aom yHpk jH zpf+yD; oif=um;onfq h &m
tm; A[kow k todrsm;. &if;jrpfzsm;cH&m toGirf sKd ;jzifh vufcoH nfh yHpk rH sKd ; (Banking
System)[k axmufjya0zefco hJ nf? oif=um;avhvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;u rdrad vh
vmaom bmom&yfta=umif;udk u|rf;usifaomynm&SSifrsm;. od&Sdxm;r_rsm;/
A[kow k udv
k ufcrH w
S o
f m;aom toGiyf pkH rH sKd ; oufoufjzifo
h m avhvmqnf;yl;aom
enf;vrf;jzpf onf[k ‚if;uqdkonf?
xdo
k @kd aom (Banking System) ynmoif=um; avhvmr_ypkH .H tusKd ;quftjzpf
atmufyg ta=umif;tcsufrsm; jzpfay:aponf[k ‚if;uaxmufjyonf?
- oif=um;avhvmolrsm;u avhvmqnf;yl;rdaom A[kokwrsm;/ avhvmr_
rsm;onf wjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;. avhvmxm;aom tcsufrsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_
atmuftwGif;rS ±kef;rvGwfEdkifatmif jzpf&onf?
- ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk r=umc% OD;pm;ay;
vGef;onfhtwGuf oif=um;avhvmolrsm;onf E_wfwdkufusufrSwfr_udk
tav; xm;oGm;aponf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 161

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
- u|r;f usio f yl nm&Sirf sm;. A[kow k rsm;onf xdyk nm&Sio f ak woDwOD;csi;f

. udk,fydkiftjrif oHk;oyfcsufrsm;omjzpf+yD; vltrsm;. tawG@tóuHrsm;
tay:xdv k rl sm; ud, k wf ikd ±f j_ rifo;kH oyfcsurf sm; r[kwo f nft h wGuf oif=um;
avhvmol. tawG@tóuHrsm;ESifh udkufnDr_r&Sdjzpfwwfonf? xdktcgwGif
avhvmolrsm;. tawG@tóuHESifh ‚if;wdk@avhvm&onfh tcsufrsm; tH0if
cGifus rjzpfonfh tjzpfrsdK;a&mufwwfonf?
- tjzpftysufwcktm; rdrdwdk@±_axmifhrSaeI awG@jrifr_rsm;tay:tajccHI
rdrd uk, d yf ikd Of m%fjzifh oH;k oyfru _ kd tm;ay;jcif;r&So d nft h wGuf avhvmoif
,lolrsm;onf u|rf;usifol okawoDtay: txl;rSDcdktm;xm;vGef;onfh
tjzpfukd a&mufaponf? aemufqufwGJ taejzifh rdrw d @kd b0tm; rdrw d @kd u,kd f
wkdifqHk;jzwf xdef;ausmif;vdkpdwfrsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;apEdkifonf?
- rdrw d @kd oif,v l o kd nft
h csurf sm;udk rdrw d @kd u,
kd w
f ikd f a&G;cs,Ef ikd jf cif; r&So d nfh
twGuf rdrw d @kd ywf0ef;usiw f iG f jzpfysuaf eaom rdrw d @kd . tawG@tóuH tjzpf
tysufrsm;udk em;vnf oabmayguf&rnfhtpm; rdrdwdk@ESifhtvSrf;a0;+yD;
rdrw
d @kd b0tawG@tóuHEiS hf roufqikd o f nfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk avhvm
ae&onfh tjzpfrsdK;a&mufaponf?
- q&mtay:udo k m A[dðk yoif=um;avhvmaom oif,rl y_ pkH o H m jzpfaponf?
vlwdk@. trltusifhtawG;ac:rsm; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; (Transformational

Change) jzpfay:aprnfh ynmavhvmr_qdkonfrSm tjyeftvSefqufoG,fr_&Sdaom
avhvmr_vkyfie;fpOf jzpfonf[k b&mZD;vlrsdK; ynma&;okawoD ay:vdk z&J&Duqdk
onf? rdrdwdk@. tawG@tóuHrsm;tm; rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif vufcHoabmaygufxm;r_
onfom A[kow k . a&aomufjrpfjzpf+yD; xdAk [kow k rsm;onf avhvmr_vyk if ef;pOf
twGi;f yg0ifaeaom vlwikd ;f wGif toD;oD;&Sad e=uonf? vlw@kd tm; todynmay;jcif;
. &nf&G,fcsufonf xdkolrsm;tm; todoufoufay;&ef &nf&G,fjcif;r[kwfbJ
xdt
k odrsm;tm; ‚if;wd@k .b0ESihf qufpyfI em;vnfoabm ayguaf p&ef/ ‚if;wd@k .
b0rsm; ðyjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm; jzpfvmap&ef &nf&, G of ifo h nf? xd@k twGuf ynmay;&m
wGif xdyk nmay;r_onf avhvmaomolrsm; ud, k wf ikd yf g 0ifaom avhvmr_ vkyif ef;pOf
(participatory Approach) jzpf&ef txl;ta&;}uD;vSonf?
162 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
xdo
k @kd aom tm;vH;k yg0ifavhvmaom vkyif ef;pOf (participatory Approach)
jzpfygu atmufygtcsufrsm; jzpfay:aprnfjzpfonf?
- avhvmr_ A[kow k rsm;onf pOfqufrjywfavhvmaom avhvmawG@&dS
csurf sm;jzpfvmrnf? vlw@kd . b0ta=umif;tcsurf sm; ajymif;vJvmonfh
tcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfI topftopfaom awG@&Sdcsufrsm;/ topf
topfaom zefwD;wDxGifr_rsm; pOfqufrjywf ay:xGef;vmEdkifaponf?
- A[kokwavhvmr_ topftopfwdk@udk avhvmvdkaompdwfa=umifh
avhvmolrsm;onf wufºuGpGmavhvmolrsm; jzpfvmEdkifonf?
- avhvmolrsm;. b0ESifhtawG@tóuHrsm;udk OD;wnfaom avhvmr_jzpf
ojzifh &&Sad om A[kow k avhvmr_rsm;onf avhvmolw@kd EiS hf udu k n
f oD uf
qdkifaom ta=umif;t&mrsm; jzpfvmaponf?
- q&monf ynmjzef@jzL;&m &if;jrpfjzpfonf[laom tcef;u¾rSaeI
avhvmolrsm; tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefoif,lavhvmEdkifatmif yhHydk;ay;
aom aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol (Facilitator) tqifu h kd ajymif;vJomG ;aponf?
- txufrSatmufodk@ pD;qif;aomqufqHr_yHkpHrS tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSef
qufoG,f avhvmaomyHkpHodk@ ul;ajymif;aponf?
- E_ w f w d k u f t vG w f u suf avh v moif , l a omyH k p H r sd K ;rS tjzpf t ysuf
ta=umif;t&mudk oH;k oyfqifjcifavhvmaom avhvmr_ypkH o H @kd ajymif;vJ
aponf?
- tcsuftvufESifh owif;ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk A[kokwtjzpf owf
rSwfavhvm&mrS pOf;pm;qifjcifr_/ òcHiHkoHk;oyfr_wdk@ aygufzGm;apaomavh
vmr_ yHpk o H @kd ajymif;vJaponf?
vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay;jcif;onf vlom;wdk@tm; rdrdwdk@.b0ESifh tawG@tóuH

rsm;udk udk,fwdkifoHk;oyfavhvmap+yD; rdrdb0ESifhoufqdkifaom a&;&mrsm;udk rdrdwdk@
ud,k w
f ikd f a&G;cs,v
f y_ &f mS ;ap&ef &nf&,
G af oma=umifh vlw@kd . tawG;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;udk
ajymif;vJ aprnfh ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ (Transformation) jzpf&rnf? xdo k @kd jzpfap&eftwGuf
avhvmr_ vkyfief;pOfwGif avhvmolrsm;udk,fwdkif wufºuGpGmyg0ifzdk@vdktyfovdk
avhvmr_enf;vrf; onf ‚if;wd@k uAkd [dðk yI csO;f uyfaomenf;vrf; (Learner-centered
approach) jzpf&rnf? ynmoif=um;avhvmr_yHkpHrsm;/ oDtdk&Drsm;/ toHk;ðyyHkrsm;udk
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 163

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
±_jrifo;kH oyfwwf+yD; tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGajymif;vJ toH;k ðywwf&ef vdt

k yf
onf?
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vlŒtcGit
hf a&;ynmay;r+ypkH H
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123456789012345678901234567890121
tawGŒtóuu
H t
kd ajcðyaomenf;vrf; (Experimental)
avhvmr_yHkpHonf avhvmolrsm;. udk,fydkifb0tawG@tóuHrsm;udk olwdk@udk,f
wdik f em;vnfoabmayguaf p+yD; xdt k ajctaersKd ;wGif vl@tcGit hf a&; ta=umif;t&m
rsm; rnfuo hJ @kd jzpfay:qufpyfaea=umif; olw@kd u, f ikd f em;vnf&efvyk af qmifay;Edik f
kd w
pGr;f &S&d rnf? xd@k twGuf avhvmr_ypkH o H nf olw@kd u, dk wf ikd f tawG@tóuH&&Sv
d matmif
vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpf&rnf?
v+y&f mS ;r+uAkd [dðk yaomenf;vrf; (Activity-centered)

oifwef;om;rsm;udk A[dðk yaom v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; vkyaf qmifapjcif;jzifh avhvmol
rsm;wGif &Sdae+yD;om;jzpfaom A[kokwrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? pepfwus
pDpOfa&G;cs,ftoHk;ðyaom v_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifygu avhvmolrsm;
onf rdrw d @kd tawG@tóuHrsm;ESihf rdrw
d iG &f +dS yD;om;jzpfaom A[kow
k rsm;udk vGwv
f w
G f
vyfvyfwifjy aqG;aEG;vmapEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
jy\em od‹kr[kwf tusO;f tusyjf zpfapaomar;cGe;f rsm;ar;aomenf;vrf; (Problem-

posing)
aphpyfaqmf=oolonf avhvmolrsm;. ,cif&+dS yD;om; tawG@tóuH/ A[kow k rsm;
xGufay:vmatmif ar;cGef;xkwf&mwGif olwdk@. ,cifawG;ac:r_ tjrifrsm;udk
olw@kd u, kd w
f ikd f jyefvnf oH;k oyfpOf;pm;apEdik rf nfh t=uyftwnf;jzpfaprnfh ar;cGe;f
rsm;ar;&rnf? od@k ro S m ,cif olw@kd awG;jrifr_ t,ltqxJrS ta=umif;tusKd ;qDavsmf
r_r&Sad om tcsurf sm;/ a&S@aemufvaGJ eaom tcsurf sm;udk olw@kd u, kd w
f ikd f pOf;pm;±_jrif
Edkifrnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@ pOf;pm;rdonfESifh wòydifeufxdktcsufrsm;rSaeI ta=umif;
tusdK;udkufnDaom pOf;pm;qifjcifoHk;oyfr_udk rSefrSefuefuef awG;ac:vmapEdkif
rnfjzpfonf?
164 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
wuf-upG mG yg0ifavhvmaomenf;vrf; (Participative)

avhvmr_enf;vrf;rsm;onf avhvmolrsm;tm;vH;k pkaygi;f I yg0ifapaom/ pkaygi;f
oH;k oyf qifjcifapaom/ t,ltqwckukd 0dik ;f 0ef;tajz&Sm avhvmapaom vkyif ef;pOf
jzpf&rnf? tjcm;olrsm;. tawG@tóuHrsm;udk em;axmifavhvmapjcif;jzifh xdkol.
ud, k yf ikd f tawG@tóuHrsm;ESihf Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvmrdjcif;/ rdrad wG;ac:vufcrH u
_ kd wd;k wufap
jcif;wd@k ukd jzpfay: apEdik o
f nf?
tjyefjyeftvSev
f eS af qG;aEG;oH;k oyfapaomenf; (Dialectical)
avhvmr_enf;vrf;onf avhvmolrsm;. ,cif&+dS yD;om;tawG@tóuH/ A[kow k
oufoufwdk@ xGufay:vm¶Hkoufouf vkyfaqmifjcif;r[kwfbJ xdktawG@tóuH/
A[kow k rsm;ESihf tjcm;aom tcsut f vufrsm;tm;aygi;f pyfI tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;
oHk;oyfap aomenf;vrf;jzpf&rnf? xdkrSwqifh xGufay:vmaom tajz&vm'fudk
òcHirkH ad pjcif;jzpfonf? avhvmolrsm; ud, k yf ikd t
f awG@tóuHrsm;/ A[kowk rsm;udk tajc
ðyI 0dkif;0ef;avhvm aqG;aEG;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdkolrsm;,lqcsufwdkif;onf
rSeuf efonf[rk rSw, f El ikd af cs? tjcm;olrsm;uay;aom A[kow k rsm;udk tajcðyavh
vmcJhaom olwdk@,ciftawG@tóuHa=umifh xdkolrsm;. awG;ac:oHk;oyfr_rsm;onf
uef@owfcsufrsm;&SdEdkifonf? xdk@twGuf a=umifh rdrdtawG@tóuH/ A[kokwrsm;udk
tjcm;olrsm;.tjrifrsm;/ vufcHoabmaygufr_rsm;ESifh qufpyfI tjyefjyeftvSef
vSefoHk;oyfapjcif;jzifhom oifhavsmfaom avhvmr_jzpfaprnf?
cJjG crf;pdwjf zmavhvmapaomenf; (Analytical)

avhvmolrsm;u awG;ac:pOf;pm;+yD; xGufay:vmaom wkef@jyefcsufrsm;tm;
jy\emta=umif;&yf. ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh qufpyfawG@jrifvmwwfatmif
aphpyfaqmf =ool taejzifh pepfwus vkyaf qmifay;&efvt kd yfonf? xdtk wGuaf =umifh
bma=umifh 'Dvjkd zpf&wmvJ/ (Why)ESihf b,fvrkd sKd ;jzpf&wmvJ (How) qdak om ar;cGe;f
rsm;udk ar;ay;jcif;jzifh avhvmolrsm;taejzifh jzpf&onft h a=umif;&if;rsm;ESihf jzpfymG ;&
yHw
k @kd ukd cJjG cm;pdwjf zm avhvmawG@&v dS mapEkid rf nf? xdrk #ru xdpk ;l prf;awG@&adS om tcsuf
rsm;onf wckEiS w hf ck rnfuo hJ @kd qufo, G q f ufpyfr&_ adS =umif;/ wckEiS whf ck rnfuo hJ @kd
oufa&mufapa=umif; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk oabmaygufatmif qufvufar;cGef;
rsm;xkw&f rnf? xdo k @kd vkyaf qmifay;jcif;jzifh jrifawG@vm&aom jy\emwckaemuf
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 165

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
uG,&f dS omrefrjrifawG@Eikd af om ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk avhvmolrsm;taejzifh cJjG crf;

pdwfjzm&SmazGawG@&Sdvm apEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
Facilitator (aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol) qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?
aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol (facilitator) qdo k nfrmS -

trsm;xJrS wa,muftaeESihf yg0iforl sm; tm;vH;k ESihf tjyeftvSef em;vnf
r_ukd wnfaqmuf&oljzpf+yD; tkypf w k ckv;kH . oif=um;avhvmEdik &f ef wm0ef
,loljzpfonf?
,H=k unfrE_ iS hf yGiv hf if;r_&odS nfh ywf0ef;usiu f kd zefw;D ay;oljzpf+yD;xdyk wf0ef;
usiftwGif; tjrifrwlnDr_rsm;udkav;pm;+yD; rdrd,lqonfhtwdkif; yGifhvif;
pGm wifjy&Jaom taetxm;rsdK;&Sdatmifvkyfaqmif ulnDoljzpfonf?
avhvmoif,rl v _ yk if ef;pOftwGi;f wGif vlwikd ;f rdru
d ,kd wf ikd f yg0ifaeovdck pH m;
ae&atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifoljzpf+yD; vlwdkif;trSefwu,fyg0ifcGifh&Sdatmif
tmrcHoljzpfonf?
aqG;aEG;yGJ ta=umif;t&mrsm; jyifqifjcif;/ tcsed rf sm;udk avhvmjcif;/ pwif
csdefESifh +yD;qHk;csdefrsm;udk owfrSwfjcif;/ aqG;aEG;r_ta=umif;t&m rvGJacsmf
atmif xde;f odr;f jcif; tp&So d nfh oif=um;avhvmr_ yHo k ¾mefukd azmfaqmif
ay;oljzpfonf?
oif=um;r_ taxmuftulðyypPn;f rsm; jyifqifjcif;/ aqG;aEG;yGaJ e&m&Sm
azGowfrw S jf cif;/ yg0ifrnfo h rl sm;udk today;ta=umif;=um;jcif;/ vdt k yfonfh
jyifqifrr_ sm; +yD;r+yD; avhvmjcif; tp&So d nfh “house-keeping” wm0ef
vkyfief;rsm;udk aocsmatmif vkyfaqmifoljzpfonf?
aphpyfaqmf=oolrsm;taejzifh a&Smif=uOf&efrSm -
“OD;aqmifol wm0efcrH jzpf&”? oif=um;avhvmr_onf wzG‹J v;kH ESihf ouf
qdik yf gonf? “aphpyfaqmf=ool” . wm0efrmS oif=um;avhvmr_ukd ydrk x kd d
a&mufatmif aqmif&u G af y;&efom jzpfygonf? oif=um;r_ ta=umif;t&m
rsm; tm;vHk;udkvnf; wOD;xJu csKyfudkifxm;olrjzpf&yg? avhvmrnfh
acgi;f pOfrsm;udk a&G;cs,qf ;kH jzwf&mwGif avhvm&mwGiyf g0iforl sm;. ajymqdk
166 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
csufrsm;/ vdkvm;csufrsm; yg0if&rnf jzpfygonf?

“rdrw d OD;xJu oif=um;ydŒk cso”l rjzpf&yg? aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf olu, kd f
wdik uf vJ tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl avhvmazmf avhvmzufjzpf&ygrnf? avhvm
&mwGif yg0ifol wa,muftaejzifh rdrdwOD;csif;. tawG‹tóuHrsm;udk
tjcm;olrsm;ESifh twlwuG a0r#ay;oljzpf&ygrnf?
“txl;u|r;f usio f ”l jzpf&efrvdt k yfyg? aqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
jyifqifay;oljzpfaomfvnf; aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf ta=umif;t&mwck
csif;tay:wGif tkyfpkwGifyg0ifonfh tjcm;olrsm;xuf ydkrdkodcsifrS odygvdrfh
rnf?
“tm;vH;k u 0dik ;f 0ef;tm±Hpk u kd o f nfqh ckH su”f rjzpf&yg? aphpyfaqmf=ool
aumif; wa,mufonf tjcm;olrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;yGt J wGi;f yg0ifvmatmif
aqmif&u G f ay;onfrv S I
JG tjcm;yg0iforl sm;xuf pum;avsmah jym&ygrnf?
“tqH;k tjzwfay;ol” rjzpf&yg? tjcm;olrsm;ESihf tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;ajym
qd&k mwGif aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf rnfonfh xifjrifcsurf sm;u rSeo f nfrmS ;
onf toHk;r0ifawmhpojzifh rqHk;jzwf&yg?
“tapcH”rjzpf&yg? avhvmaqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pDpOf&mwGif
ulnDaqmif&Gufolonf tpOD; OD;aqmifr_udk vkyfaqmif&aomfvnf; ol
od‹k r[kwf olronf t&m&mtm;vH;k udk wm0efc&H ol rjzpf&yg? tjyeftvSef
aqG;aEG;r_pifppfwGif wOD;wa,mufxJu tr_dufo±dkufrsm;tm;vHk;udkpkyHk
odr;f qnf;&ol od‹k r[kwf pDrcH ef‹crJG _ tao;pdwu f kd tcsed jf ynfv
h yk af qmif&ol
rjzpf&yg?
Facilitator (aph p yf a qmf = oay;ol ) aumif ; wa,muf j zpf & ef bmawG v d k t yf

oenf ; ?
yk*~vdu t&nftcsif;rsm;tay: tajccHaom wOD;csif;. cHpm;r_pGrf;&nfESifh

vkyif ef; tay:ZJv G ŒkH vtjynfjh zifh vkyaf qmifvakd omt"dXmefpw
d &f rdS w
_ ‹kd onf aphpyfaqmf
=o olaumif;. t&nftaoG;rsm;wcsKd Œjzpfygonf/ od‹k &mwGif todynmjynf0h r_EiS hf
vkyfief; tawG‹tóuH wdk‹rSmvnf; aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;. t&nftaoG;udk
ydrk jkd rifrh m;apaom tcsurf sm;jzpfygonf? atmufygtcsurf sm;onfvnf; aphpyfaqmf
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 167

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
=oay;olaumif; wa,mufjzpf&ef vdktyfaom tcsufrsm;jzpfonf?
vlwOD;csif;pD. cHpm;csufrsm;tay: pmemem;vnfcHpm;Edkifr_pGrf;&nf (Sensiti-

vity to the feelings of individuals)?
,Hk=unfr_ESifh tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_&Sdonfh ywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;Edkif&efESifh
xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;onfh acgif;pOfrsm;tay: vltrsm;u rnfodk‹
xifjrif,lqonf/ tjcm;olrsm;tay: rnfodkŒwkefŒjyefonfwdkŒudk avhvmtuJcwf
pmemem;vnfcH pm;ay;Edik &f ef txl;vdt k yfonf? vltrsm;tjym;onf olw‹kd . pdwrf
oufromjzpfr_rsm;/ pdwfxdcdkufr_rsm;ESifh a'gojzpfr_rsm;udk xkwfazmfjyoavhr&Sd=uyJ
aqG;aEG;r_rsm; twGi;f rS‚if;/ wcgw&H tkypf tk wGi;f rS‚if; wdwqf w
d pf mG aemufqw
k o
f mG ;
wwfygonf? tjcm;olrsm; rnfo‹kd cpH m;aeonfukd od&cdS pH m;Edik jf cif;/ tajctaew&yf
udk rnfo‹kd wek ‹f jyef& rnfukd em;vnfjcif;wd‹k onf aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;wa,muf.
ta&;}uD;aom t&nftcsif;jzpfygonf?
tk y f p k . cH p m;csuf r sm;tay: pmemem;vnf c H p m;Ed k i f r _ p G r f ; &nf ( Sensitivity

to the feeling of the group)?
rnfonfh tkyfpkwGifjzpfap tkyfpkwckvHk; udpPonf tpdwftydkif;wckcsif;xuf
ydrk t
kd a&;ygygonf? wOD;xHrw S OD;a0r#u;l pufEikd o
f nfh cHpm;r_rsm;jzpfaom rvdv k m;r_/
aerxd xdkifromjzpfr_/ pdwfqdk;r_/ ysif;&dr_/ pdwfjyif;ysr_/ oHo,jzpfr_ESifh wcgw&H
pdwfrwnfjidrfr_wdk‹onf tkyfpkwckvHk;xH ul;pufEdkifygonf? tkyfpktwGif; jzpfay:
ajymif;vJaer_rsm;ud&k mS azG tuJcwfwwfjcif;ESihf wke‹f jyefwwfjcif;wd‹k onf u|r;f usif
aom aphpyfaqmf=oay;olxHwGif r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf//
em;axmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; (Ability to listen)?

tkyfpk wckvHk;. cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh tkyfpkwGif;&Sd wOD;csif;. cHpm;csufrsm;udk
od&cdS pH m;Edik o
f nfh enf;vrf;wckrmS pl;pduk ef m;axmifwwfjcif; yifjzpfygonf/ pum;vH;k
wckcsif;pD. t"dy`m,foufa&mufr_rsm;/ ajymqdkolwdk‹. toHae toHxm;rsm;udk
avhvmIòcHio kH nfh t"dym` ,fukd azmfxwk Ef ikd &f rnfjzpfonf? xd‹k twGuf aphpyfaqmf=o
olonf tkyfpkwckvHk;ESifh,SOfv#if pum;tenf;qHk;ajymol jzpfae&ayrnf? wcgw&H
wGif aphpyfaqmf=ool. oH;k oyfrr_ mS tjcm;olrsm;. ajym=um;csurf sm;udk jyefvnf
168 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
ajymjyjcif;/ twdkcsKyf aygif;pkay; jcif;wdkŒjzpf&rnf?
enf ; em ( Tact )
wcgw&HwGif ulnDaqmif&Gufolonf tkyfpkwckvHk;. aumif;usKd;twGufouf
awmifh oufomr&SdvSonfh ðyrlaqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ em;0ifrcsKdvSonfh ajymqdkr_rsm;udk
ðyvkyfajymqdk&wwfygonf? ,if;odk‹ ajymqdkðyrl&mwGif odrfharG‹pGm *±kwpdkufðyrl&ef
ta&;}uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifh vl‹tcGit hf a&;bmom&yfEiS hf ywfoufI aqG;aEG;aepOf
yg0ifolrsm;twGif; jyif;xefaom cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh qdk;0g;aomtjzpfqdk;rsm;udk
jyefvnftrSwf&apr_rsm; jzpfay:apwwfygonf/ aphpyfaqmf=oolrsm;taejzifh
pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f tajctaersm;udk óuHawGŒ&ifqdkif&ygu rdrdvkyfief;tay: wcgw&H
cdik cf ikd rf mrm &yfwnf&ef vdt
k yfouJo
h ‹kd xdok rl sm;tay: av;av;pm;pm; ðyr_aqmif&u
G f
Edkifrnfh enf;emrsm; vdktyfygonf?
tjyef t vS e f y l ; aygif ; vk y f a qmif r _ t ay: ,H k = unf j cif ; ( Commitment to

collaboration)?
tjyeftvSeyf ;l aygi;f vkyaf qmifoif=um;r_onf wcgw&HwiG f pdwyf suzf , G &f mjzpf+yD;
jynfph v
kH akH vmufrr_ &S[
d k xif&ygonf// xdt k cgrsKd ;wGif aphpyfaqmf=oolonf ulnaD qmif
&Guaf y;onfyh pkH t
H pm; t±k;d pJaG eaoma&S;S ±d;k pJo G if=um;r_ypkH jH zpfonfh q&mwOD;xJua&S@
aqmif oif=um;r_ypkH o H ‹kd ajymif;vJvpkd w d rf sm; ay:vmwwfygonf? od‹k &mwGif aphpyf
aqmf=ool. tjyeftvSef yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifoif=um;r_tay: vufc, H =kH unfro _ nf
xdkodk‹ q&mwOD;xJu OD;aqmifoif=um;vdkr_udk wGef;vSefqef‹usifapEdkifygonf?
wzufrv S J aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tkypf w k iG ;f &Sd tjcm;olrsm;. aphpyfaqmf=o r_rsm;udk
vJ zdwaf c:vufc&H ef vdt k yfygonf?
tcsdeftay: od&SdcHpm;r_ (A sense of timing)?

aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tcsdefESifh ywfoufI “qXrtm±Hk”udk arG;jrLxm;oifh
onf? rnfonft h csed w
f iG f aqG;aEG;r_ukd tqH;k owfrnf/ rnfonft h csed w
f iG f acgi;f pOf
ajymif;&rnf? pum;&Sn&f n S vf sm;vsm; ajymwwfou l kd rnfonfh tcsed w
f iG f pum;jzwf
&rnf/ rnfonfh tcgwGif aqG;aEG;r_udk owfrSwfcsdefxuf ausmfvGefoGm;oifhonf/
rnfonfhtcgwGif wdwfqdwf+idrfoufr_udk tcsdef=um=um qGJxm;oifhonf pojzifh
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 169

vlYtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;rI
tcsdefESifh ywfoufI od&Sdem;vnf&ef vdktyfygonf?
ajymif ; vG , f j yif v G , f & S d r _ ( Flexibility )?

aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDpOfvyk af qmif&rnfjzpfouJo h ‹kd tpDtpOf
rsm;udvk nf; vdt k yfygu tajctaeESihf vdu k af vsmnDaxGpmG ajymif;vJvrkd &_ &dS rnfjzpf
onf? wcgw&HwiG f aqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifaeaom olrsm;onf aqG;aEG;onfh ta=umif;
t&mESifh ywfoufI b,fvdka&SŒquf&rnfrodavmufonfh tajctaersdK; a&muf
oGm;Edkifovdk aqG;aEG;onfh ta=umif;t&mwcktwGuf cef‹rSef;xm;onfxuf
tcsed u
f kd ydrk v kd t
kd yfonfh tjzpfrsKd ;vJ &ifqikd &f Edik o f nf? aphpyfaqmf=ooltaejzift h yk f
pk. vdt k yfcsuaf y:wGif oH;k oyfwwf&efvt kd yf+yD; rnfo‹kd wek ‹f jyef&rnfukd qH;k jzwfEikd &f
rnfjzpfonf? ta=umif;t&m acgi;f pOfwikd ;f onf ta&;}uD;onf rSeaf omfvnf; wcg
w&HwiG f ydrk jkd ynfph akH omajz&Si;f r_ jzpfap&eftwGuf tcsK‹d acgi;f pOfrsm;udk vdt k yfyguðzwf
ypf&ef qHk;jzwfay;&wwfygonf?
[mo^m%f&Sdjcif; (A sense of humor)?

vlom;qefonfh vkyaf qmifcsuw f cktjzpf wcgw&H tvGet f m±Hpk ;l pdu
k af e&aom
tcsed rf sm;wGiyf if aphpyfaqmf=ool. [moOm%f&rdS /_ rdru d ,kd u
f kd &nforG ;f aoG;wwfr_
ESihf tjcm;olrsm;. &,f±i$ zf , G t
f jzpftysurf sm;udk zvS,wf wfrw _ ‹kd onf yg0iforl sm;
ESifh tajctaetay: tusdK;rsm;pGm&Sdaponf?
A[kokwjynfh0jcif;ESifh zefwD;wwfr_ (Resourcefulness and creativity)?

tkypf w
k ikd ;f tkypf w k ikd ;f onf yg0iforl sm;t=um;wGif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_rsm;&Sad yrnf?
aumif;rGeaf om aphpyfaqmf=oolwa,muftaejzifh ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaeESihf
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ay:wGif rlwnfI vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdatmif aexdkifwwfouJhodk‹
wckvHk; vkyfief;pOfESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udkvnf; azmfaqmifEdkif&rnfjzpfonf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh - tkypf w k iG ;f &Sd xl;c|eof l rsm;ESihf tawG‹tóuH &So
d rl sm;udk azmfxw
k &f mS azGEikd &f
rnfjzpfouJhodk‹ yg0ifolrsm;u rdrdwOD;csif;pDwGif&Sdaom pGrf;&nfrsm;azmfxkwfvm
wwfap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkif&rnf?
===???===
170 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tcef; (12)
owif;Xmersm;ESifh qufoG,fjcif;
vlŒtcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olwdk‹onf owif;Xmersm;udk tusdK;&Sd&SdtoHk;cswwf&ef
txl;vdktyfonf? jynfolwdk‹xH rdrdwdk‹ wifjyvdkaomtcsufrsm;tay: jynfolrsm;
taejzifh pdwyf g0ifpm;vmatmif vkyaf qmif&mwGivf nf;aumif;/ rdrw
d ‹kd a&;om;xm;
aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ owif;rsm;udk jynfolwdk‹t=um; us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹ jyef‹ESH
atmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ owif;Xmersm;rSm ta&;}uD;vSonf?
owif;Xmeqdo k nfrmS owif;pm/ a&'D,Ekd iS hf ±kyjf rifo=H um;wkŒd yifjzpfonf? xdXk me

tkypf rk sm; tm;vH;k onf rdrw d Œkd twGuf ta&;yga=umif; oabmaygu&f efvt kd yfonf?
owif;Xmersm;udk csOf;uyf&mwGif enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;&Sd+yD; EdkifiHwEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH
tajctaeudkvdkufI uGJjym;wwfonf? tcsdKŒEdkifiHrsm;wGif owif;Xmersm;rSm
vGwv f yfrr_ sm;pGmr&Sd ao;acs? tpd;k &u owif;Xmersm;udk xde;f csKyfxm;avh&o dS nf?
tcsdKŒEdkifiHrsm;wGif owif;axmufrsm;udk,fwdkif vlŒtcGifhta&;owif;rsm;tay:
pdwf0ifpm;r_enf;wwfonf? odk‹aomf owif;Xmersm;udk toHk;ðy+yD; vlŒtcGifhta&;
owif;rsm;udk wifjyEdik yf gu jynfol vlxt k =um; us,u f s,jf yef‹jyef‹ a&muf&EdS ikd o f jzifh
owif;Xmersm;udk tcsdef,lI csOf;uyfoifhonf?
rdrw
d Œkd owif;rsm;udk owif;Xmersm;u toH;k ðyap&ef atmufygtwdik ;f ypfrw
S f
(3) ckxm;I csOf;uyf&rnf? ‚if;wdkŒrSm -
(1) owif;Xmetkyfpk
(2) owif;axmuftkyfpk
(3) rdrdypfrSwfxm;aomvlxk ponfwdkŒjzpfonf?
owif;Xmetkyfpk qdk&mwGif owif;pm/ a&'D,dkESifh ±kyfjrifoH=um;ponfjzifh

uGjJ ym;aom owif;Xmetkypf rk sm; tm;vH;k udk csO;f uyf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; rdrw
d iG &f &Sd
xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufESifh rdrday;ydk‹vdkaom owif;ta=umif;t&may:rl
wnfI csOf;uyfwwfv#if ydkrdktusdK;&SdEdkifonf? rdrdwdk‹ðyvkyfaom owif;pm&Sif;
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 171

owif;Xmersm;ESihf qufo,
G jf cif;
vif;yGJrsm;/ owif;xkwfjyefa=unmcsufrsm;udk owif;Xmersm; tm;vHk;odkŒydkŒv#if

taumif;qHk;jzpfaomfvnf; wcgw&HwGif rdrdxHwGif&Sdaom txl;owif;udk rwlnD
aomowif;tkypf u d 0f ifpm;wwfonf? Oyrm - jynfwiG ;f wGif t"rRvyk t
k ydrk pkd w f m;
ay;apcdik ;f cH&olrsm;udt k oH;k ðyI &xm;vrf;azmufvyk af eonfh ta=umif; v#Kd Œ0Su±f ukd f
ul;xm;aom AD', D tkd acGukd a&'D,Xkd mersm;xuf ±kyjf rifo=H um; owif;wdu
k rf sm;u
ydrk pkd w
d 0f ifpm;ayrnf? xdŒk twl ay:wmwa,mufEiS hf awGŒqHak r;jref;+yD; toHoiG ;f ,lvm
jcif;onf a&'D,t kd pDtpOftwGuf ydrk t kd oH;k 0ifaomfvnf; owif;pm owif;axmuf
rsm;u xifoavmufpdwf0ifpm;rnfr[kwfacs?
owif ; axmuf t k y f p k qd k & mwG i f rnf o nf h o wif ; Xmeu rnf o nf h o wif ;

axmufonf jrefrmEdik if t H a=umif;udk a&;om;wwfonf/ jrefrmEdik if EH iS yhf wfoufonfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;xJrS rnfonfu h pd u
P kd txl;pdw0f ifpm;onfwŒkd udk tcsed ,
f I
l avh
vm&rnf? rnfonfh owif;XmewGifrqdk u¾wck odkŒr[kwf EdkifiHwckudk txl;
tav;ay;avhvmaom owif;axmufrsm;&Sdonf? tcsdKŒowif;axmufrsm;onf
Edik if w
H cktay: txl;ðyolrsm; r[kwaf omfvnf; u¾tvdu k f (Oyrm - trsKd ;orD;
u¾/ obm0ywf0ef;usifu¾) txl;ðyolrsm;jzpfwwfonf? rdrdwdkŒtaejzifh
xdkolrsm;.trnf/ owif;Xme/ zkef;/ zufpfeHygwf/ tD;ar;vfeHygwf/ xdkolpdwf0ifpm;
aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ðypkrSwfom;xm;Edkifygu qufoG,fcsOf;uyf&mwGif
aumif;pGmtusdK;&Sdonf? owif;Xmersm;ESifh atmifjrifpGm qufoG,faeaom
tzGŒJ tpnf;wdik ;f wGif owif;Xmersm;ESihf ywfoufaom vdypf mrsm;udk aoaocsmcsm
jyifqifxm;wwfavh&Sda=umif; awGŒ&rnfjzpfonf?
rdrdypfrSwfxm;aomtkyfpk qdkonfrSm ,ckowif;onf rnfonfhta=umif;jzpf

+yD; rnfoal wGtm; odapcsio f nfukd ypfrw S x
f m;&ef vdtk yfonf? ypfrw S x
f m;aom
vlxkonf trsdK;tpm;uGJjym;wwfonf? wcgw&H rdrdwdkif;jynftwGif;rS jynfolvl
xkwŒkd jzpfwwfovdk wcgw&HwiG f Edik if w
H um todik ;f t0dik ;f jzpfaewwfonf? wcgw&H
wGif a'otwGi;f &Sd tpd;k &toD;oD;rsm; (Oyrm - tmqD,)H / twku d t
f cH tzGŒJ tpnf;
rsm;/ EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;rsm; (Oyrm - ukvor*~) ponfwdkŒjzpfwwfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHxm;aom
tpD&ifcHpmwckudk ukvor*~nDvmcHtcsdeftwGif; xkwfa0a=umif;today;onfh
172 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

G jf cif;
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yfwGif ypfrSwfxm;aom tkyfpkrSm ukvor*~taxGaxGnD

vmcHjzpfonf? ypfrSwfxm;aomt&mrSm taxGaxGnDvmcHuaeI etztay:
vlŒtcGithf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk ta=umif;ðyI jyif;xefaom qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S f
ap&efjzpfonf? xkŒd twltmqD,H tpnf;ta0;twGi;f tmqD,H tpnf;ta0;usi;f y
onfh tdr&f iS Ef ikd if .
H oH±;kH a&SŒwGif qENjya=umif; owif;a=unmmcsuw
f iG f ypfrw
S x
f m;
aomtkyfpkrSm tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf? ypfrSwfxm;aomt&mrSm tmqD,HwGif
etz yg0ifaejcif;udk±_wfcs&ef/ jrefrmEdkifiHtay: rSefuefaom ta&;,laqmif&Guf
csufrsm; csrSwfvkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf?
rdrdwdkŒtzGJŒonf ,Hk=unftm;xm;avmufaom *k%foduQmrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkygu

owif;axmufrsm;onf rdrdwdkŒ tzGJŒxHcsOf;uyfqufoG,fvmrnfjzpfonf? xdkodkŒ
,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmuf&ef tcsdeftwdkif;twmw&yfvdktyfonf? xdktaetxm;odkŒ
a&muf&SdEdkif&ef rdrdwdkŒtzGJŒonf owif;wdusr_/ owif;tjzpf toHk;ðyEdkifaom
tcsufjzpfr_ESifh yHkpHusr_udk wefzdk;xm;r_/ owif;axmufrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0if&efvdk
tyfonf? w,loefESifh t"rRajymqdkjcif;rsm;onf rdrdwdkŒtay: ,Hk=unftm;xm;r_
avsmhyg;aponfudk owdcsyfoifhonf?
owif;Xmersm;ESihf awGŒqHak r;jref;&mwGif *±kðyoifah omtcsurf sm;/ owif;pm&Si;f

vif;yGJ ðyvky&f mwGif owdðyoifah om tcsurf sm;/ owif;a=unmcsuf xkwjf yef&mwGif
vdkufemoifhaom tcsufrsm;udk atmufwGif&Sif;vif;xm;ygonf? jynfhpHkvHkavmuf
onf[rk qdo k mEdik af omfvnf; toH;k 0ifrnf[k ar#mv
f ifyh gonf? vufawGŒvkyaf qmif
jcif;jzifh wdk;wufEdkifygonf?
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a&'D,/kd &kyjf rifo-H um;Xmersm;ESihf awGŒqH&k mwGif owdðyoifo
h nft
h csurf sm;
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- rdrd. tajzudk vdk&if;wdk&Sif;ajzqdkoifhygonf? rdrdwifjyvdkaom tcsufrsm;

yg0ifap+yD; em;axmifonfh vltrsm;pk em;vnfEikd rf nfh pum;vH;k udk a&G;cs,o f ;kH
pGJyg? em;axmifonfh olrsm;onf rdrduomreftjzpfajymqdkaeaom w&m;
Oya'pum;rsm;/ vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m csKd ;azmufrp_ um;vH;k rsm;/ ae&ma'o
rsm;udk &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifr_r&Sdonfudk owdðyyg?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 173

G jf cif;
- ar;onfah r;cGe;f . aemufoŒkd arsmygomG ;jcif;rsKd ;udk a&Smif=uOfyg? rdrad jymvdo

k nfh
ta=umif;t&m aysmufoGm;apavmufonfh ar;cGef;rsdK;udk vdrRmyg;eyfpGmjzifh
a&Smif=uOfwwf&efvo kd nf? rdrad jymvdo
k nfh ta=umif;t&modŒk jyefvnfq, JG l
Edik o f nfh tuif;yg;r_rsKd ;vdo
k nf? Oyrm - “[kwyf gw,f 'Dar;cGe;f u pdw0f if
pm;p&maumif;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dxufta&;}uD;wJh tcsufuawmh 'Dvdkyg
h h h ”h qdI
k pum;v$u J m rdrad jymvdo k nfh &nf&,
G cf suof Œkd a&mufatmif ajymqdk
Edkifonf?
- ajzqdak epOftwGi;f wnfwnf+idr+f idr&f &dS ef vdt

k yfouJo h Œkd wufwufºuGºuGEiS hf
Z0e^m%f &Sd&efvdktyfonf? rdrd.tpDtpOfudk em;axmifaeaomolrsm;u
rdrod nf rSerf eS u
f efuefEiS hf zswzf swv
f wfvwf ajymqdak eaomoltjzpf jrifvm
ap&efajzqdkyg? xdkodkŒjrifvmonfESifh rdrdajymqdkonfhta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
ydkrdkpdwf 0ifpm;vm+yD; ,Hk=unfvmayvdrfhrnf?
-tu,f I a&'D , d k t if w mAsL;onf wd k u f ± d k u f v $ i f h x k w f j cif ; r[k w f y gu

rd r d . ajymqd k csuf r sm;ud k owif ; axmuf u wnf ; jzwf O D ; rnf j zpf o nf ?
wcgw&Howif;axmufonf rdrdyxrydkif; ajymqdkonfhtcsufrsm;udkom
toH;k ðy+yD; aemufyikd ;f xyfr&H iS ;f vif;csurf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f toH;k ðyjcif;r&So
d nf
udv k nf; óuHawGŒEdik of nf? Oyrm- “etz[m &xm;vrf;azmufvyk w f hJ vkyif ef;
awGrmS jynfov l xl &k ŒJ vkyt
f m;udk toH;k rcsawmhbeJ ŒJ wyfrawmf&ŒJ tiftm;
awGeJŒom toHk;ðyazmufvkyfr,fvdkŒ a=unmcJhygw,f? tckqdk&if a&;-
xm;0,f &xm;vrf;rSm ppfom;awGudk toHk;ðy apcdkif;aewmawGŒ&ygw,f?
'ga=umifh 'Da'orSm jynfoal wG vkyt f m;ay;oGm;&wm enf;oGm;w,fvŒkd xif&
ygw,f?” qdak om rdryd xrajym=um;csuu f o kd m toH;k ðy+yD; aemufxyf&iS ;f vif;
csufjzpfaom “'gudk=unfh+yD;awmh wEdkifiHvHk;rSm vkyftm;ay;oGm;&wm
avsmhenf;oGm;+yD;vdkŒawmh rqdkEdkifygbl;? ppfwyfawGu a'ocHjynfolawGudk
wqifh wdwfwqdwfapcdkif;wmawG&Sdygw,f? wjcm;ae&mrsm; rSmqdk&ifvnf;
qufvuf+yD;awmh apcdkif;aewmawGudkawGŒ&ygw,f?” qdkwmudk rxnfhbJ
wnf;jzwfvu kd yf gu rdrad jymvdak omtcsurf mS vrf;vGo J mG ;onfukd óuH&wwf
174 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

G jf cif;
onf? xdŒk a=umifh xdt

k &mrsKd ;udk owdðy&efvo
kd nf?
- a&'D,akd wGŒqHak r;jref;cef;wGif 0wfpm;qif,ifro

_ nf txl;ta&;r}uD;vSaomf
vnf; ±kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh awGŒqHkar;jref;&mwGif 0wfpm;qif,ifr_rSmta&;yg
onf? rdrd.0wfpm; qif,ifr_udk=unfhI rdrdajympum;rsm;onf ,Hk=unf
avmufonf [laomtjrifrsdK; &Sdvmatmif oyf&yfpGm0wfqifoifhonf?
±kyfjrifoH=um;±dkuful;&mwGif ta&mif&ifhajAmifrsm;onf ta&mifEktuGuf
tqif;rsm;xuf ydkrdktqifajyonfudk owdðyyg?
- ar;cGe;f rsm;ajzqd&k mwGif cE<mud, k v

f y_ &f mS ;r_ukd owdðyyg? vuf[efajc[efEiS hf
pum;ajym jcif;jzifh =unf±h o _ l tm;ydrk pkd w
d 0f ifpm;apwwfonf? odŒk aomf tvGef
trif;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh uifr&mabmif vGwfoGm;wwfonfudk owdðyyg?
taumif;qH;k rSm ukvm;xdik w f iG f oufawmifo h ufomESihf aemufrISD ar;jref;
oluw kd nfw h nf=h unfu h m ajzqdjk cif;onf taumif;qH;k jzpfonf? xdo k Œkd ajzqdk
jcif;jzifh rdrad jzqdrk u
_ kd =unf±h o
_ rl sm;u rdro d nfa=umufvefŒr_r&Sb
d J wnf+idrpf mG
jzifh rSeuf efonft h csut f vufrsm;udk wifjyaeonf[k txifrsKd ; &&Sad ponf?
ar;cGe;f rsm;udak jzqdpk OftwGi;f vufyu kd x f m;jcif;/ a=umufvefŒonfh trlt&m
rsm; odomay:vGifaejcif;rsm;udk a&Smif=uOf&rnf?
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owif;a&;olrsm;ESihf awGŒqH&k mwGif owdðyoifah om tcsurf sm;
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- rdrdajymqdkcsufrsm;udk toHoGif;,lr_ rvkyfonfhwdkifatmif owif;axmuf

onf rdrad jymqdck surf sm; tm;vH;k udk w&m;0ifajymqdck surf sm;tjzpf rSw,f rl nf
jzpfa=umif; txl;owdðyyg? owif;axmufwdkŒonf rdrdajymqdkcsufrsm;xJrS
trsm; pdw0f ifpm;rnf/h omref ajymqdck surf [kwb f J jy\emay:ayguEf ikd o f nfh
ajymqdck surf sm;udk txl;pdw0f ifpm;+yD; aumufEw _ of wif;xkwf a&;om;wwf
onf? xdkŒa=umifhowif;a&;om;&mwGif ryg0ifvdkaom rdrd.E_wfxGufajym
qdck surf sm;udk toH;k rðy&ef owif;axmufukd yef=um;Edik o f nf? tcsKd Œowif;
axmufrsm;onf owif;axmufusifh0wfudkem;vnf+yD; rdrdyef=um;csufudk
av;pm;aomfvnf; tcsdKŒowif;axmufrsm;onf owif;wyk'f&v#if+yD;a&m
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 175

G jf cif;
oabmxm;wwfonfudk owdðyyg? xdkŒa=umifhrdrdcGifhrðyEdkifonfh ajym=um;

csurf sm;udk owif;a&;&ef cGirhf ðyvdyk gu cGirhf ðya=umif; aocsmpGmajym=um;&ef
ta&;}uD;onf? taumif;qH;k rSm jy\emjzpfEikd o f nfh tcsurf sm;/ ar;cGe;f rsm;
udk rajzqdkjcif;jzpfonf?
- rdrt
d "duxm; wifjyvdak om tcsut f vufEiS yhf wfoufI a&;om;xm;onfh
pm&Guf pmwrf;rsm;/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;onf owif;a&;om;olwŒkd udk taxmuf
tulrsm;pGm ðywwfonf? xdŒk a=umifh rdrt d "duajymqdo k nfh ta=umif;ESiyhf wf
ouf+yD; a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ rdrdtzGJŒtpnf;. aemufcH
ordkif;udk azmfjyxm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk owif;xkwfjyefcsufESifh
twly;l wGIJ awGŒqHak r;jref;r_t+yD;wGif ay;tyfEikd yf gu taumif;qH;k jzpfonf?
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owif;a-unmcsux
f w
k jf yef&mwGif owdðyoifah omtcsurf sm;
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owif;a=unmcsufrsm;udk rdrdwdkŒOD;pD;vkyfudkifrnfhqENjyyGJrsm;/ txdrf;

trSwyf rJG sm;/ ta&;ay: owif;xkwf jyefcsurf sm;/ rdrwd Œkd xkwaf 0rnfh tpD&if
cHpmESihf pmtkyt f a=umif; rdwqf ufrnfh tcrf;tem;rsm;odŒk zdw=f um;&mwGif
vnf;aumif;/ tpnf;ta0;/ nDvmcHwckta=umif; wifjyowif;ay;&mwGif
vnf;aumif;/ v_ŒH aqmfpnf;&H;k r_ topfwck (Oyrm - UNOCAL a&eHurk % ` uD kd
pwifoydwaf rSmuf onft h a=umif;) udk pwiftoday;&mwGif vnf;aumif;/
owif;a&;om;jzefŒcs&D ef aumif;rGeo f nfo
h wif;wck (Oyrm - rE aW v;òrdŒwGif
&[ef;oHCmtyg; (200) ausmu f kd etzu ,refaeŒu zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vduk f
onfhowif;)udk today; xkwfjyef&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ rdrdtzGJŒtpnf;
ta=umif; wifjyrdwfquf&mwGif vnf;aumif; xkwfjyefavh&Sdonf?
- rnfonfhta=umif;t&mESifhjzpfjzpf xkwfjyefaomowif; xkwfjyefcsufonf

pmrsuEf mS (2) rsuEf mS rydak p&ef owdðy&rnf? taumif;qH;k rSm wrsuEf mS pm
a&;om;xm;aom xkwfjyefcsufjzpfonf?
- xdx
k wk jf yefcsuw
f iG f rnfonft h a=umif;ukd xkwjf yefonfukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;
azmfjy&rnf?qENjyyGJta=umif; zwf=um;vdkygu rnfonfhae&m/ rnfonfh
176 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

G jf cif;
tcsdef/ bmtwGufa=umifh usif;yrnfqdkonfudk &Sif;vif;pGma&;om;&rnf?

owif;wckudk xkwfjyefa=unmaom owif;xkwfjyefr_rsdK;wGif xdkowif;
ta=umif ; aocsm&S i f ; vif ; pG m azmf j yxm;rS o m owif ; axmuf r sm;u
xdkowif;udk toHk;ðyvdrfhrnfjzpf onf?
- vdtk yfrnf[x k if&aom aemufco H rdik ;f a=umif;rsm;/ tcsut
f vufrsm;/ ude;f
*%ef;rsm; xnfhoGif;Edkifygu ydkrdkaumif;rGefonf? rdrdtzGJŒtpnf;rS ajyma&;
qdkcGifh&Sdol acgif;aqmifwOD;. ajymqdkcsufudk udk;um;xnfhoGif;Edkifv#ifvnf;
owif;orm;rsm;. pdwf0ifpm;r_udk ydkrdk&&SdEdkifonf? xdkolonfxif&Sm;ol
wOD;jzpfygu ydkI aumif;rGefonf?
- xkwfjyefaom xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk rdrdtzGJŒtpnf;. pnf;wHqdyfygaom

pm&Gurf sm;jzifh xkwjf yefoifo h nf? xyfrjH yefvnfqufo, G v
f ykd gu qufo, G Ef ikd f
atmif xdkowif;ta=umif;ukd aocsmpGm ajymqdkEdkifrnfhol. trnfESifh
qufo, G Ef ikd rf nfh w,fvzD ek ;f eHygww
f Œkd udk xnfo
h iG ;f a&;om;oifo h nf? xkwjf yef
onfhae@udkvnf; rarhoifhyg?
- tu,fI xkwjf yefaomowif;onf csucf si;f xkwjf yefvakd om owif;jzpfygu

csufcsif; xkwf jyef&ef (Immediate Release) [k a&;xm;&rnfjzpf+yD;
xkwjf yef&ef tcsed u
f efŒowfcsuf &Syd gu xdt
k csed x
f d apmifq
h ikd ;f &ef (Embargo—
————) [ka&;om;&rnf?
-owif ; xk w f j yef r _ r sm;/ tpD t pOf r sm;onf vuf & S d j zpf a y:aeaom tjzpf
tysufrsm; ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sd&efESifh tcsdefudkufjzpf&efvdkonf? (Oyrm
- jrefrmEdik if H a&G;aumufyJG (10) ESpaf jrmufaeŒwGif jynfwiG ;f &Sd NLD ygw0D if
rsm;tay: zdEydS f aeonft h a=umif; a&;om;xm; onfh tpD&ifcpH mxkwaf 0jcif;/
tmqD,n H v D mcH pwifonfah eŒwGif tdr&f iS Ef ikd if o
H Œkd tdyzf iG hf ay;pm ay;tyfjcif;)
odŒk rSom owif; orm;rsm;onf tcsed t f cgEiS hf qufpyfI rdrw d Œkd owif;rsm;udk
oHk;pGJ&ef pdwf0ifpm;ayvdrfhrnf?
- xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf sm;xkwjf yefI owif;Xmersm;od@k ydŒk +yD;onfah emuf rdrd
ay;ydŒk aom owif;xkwjf yefcsuf a&mufra&muf aemufw}udrf xyfrq H ufo, G f
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 177

G jf cif;
pHkprf;oifhonf? xdkodkŒ xyfrHqufoG,fonfhtcg owif;axmufrsm;zuf

uvnf; vdt k yfaomowif;rsm;udk xyfrH ar;jref;Edik o
f nft
h cGit
hf vrf; &&SEd ikd f
onf?
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owif;a-unmcsuaf &;om;jcif;
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owif;xkwjf yefcsuaf &;om;&mwGif owdðyp&m tcsurf sm;pGm&So d nf? owif;

xkwfjyefcsuf wckudka&;om;awmhrnfqdkygu rdrdwdkŒtajctaeudk vHk;0rod
aom olwOD;uzwf+yD; em;vnfap&ef rnfodkŒa&;&rnfudk awG;awm&rnf?
t"dutm;jzifh owif;a&;om;&mwGif tajccHjzpfaom (b) ajcmufv;kH (b,f
tcsed /f b,fae&m/ bma=umif/h b,fou l / b,foŒl ud/k bmjzpfonf) qdak om
tcsufrsm; v$rf;òcHyg0if&ef ta&;}uD;onf?
b,ftcsed f - qdkonfrSm jzpfysufonfh tcsdefudkqdkvdkonf? rnfonfhtcsdefu

jzpfysucf o
hJ nfukd wdwu
d sus azmfjy&efvt kd yfonf? r=umrDu/ +yD;cJah omtywf
u[laom rwdusaom tcsed u f mv !Ge;f qdck surf sm;udk roH;k oif?h tu,fI
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm; ðyvkyfrnfqdkygu pwifrnfh tcsdefudk
wdwdusus azmfjy&ef txl;ta&;}uD;onf?
b,fae&m - qdkonfrSm tcif;jzpfonfhae&m/ ðyvkyfrnfhae&mudkqdkvdkonf?

vlŒtcGit hf a&; owif;w&yfukd xkwjf yefygu rdrad jymqdo k nfah e&mudk vltrsm;
odEikd af om ae&mrsm;ESihf ,SOw
f aJG zmfjy&rnf? rdro
d o
d vdk tjcm;vlrsm; odEikd rf nf
r[kwaf =umif; em;vnf&efvt kd yfonf? Oyrm- jyifu'kwaf us;&Gm[kqv kd ukd f
v#if vltrsm; odEikd rf nfr[kw?f jrefrmEdik if H awmifzufyikd ;f &Sd weomF&w D ikd ;f /
weomF&òD rdŒe,frS jyifu'kwaf us;&Gm[kqkd v#if tenf;qH;k cefŒrSe;f jrifa,mifEikd f
onf? u&ife'D u k Q onfpcef; trSwf (2) [kqrkd nft h pm; xdik ;f Edik if /H r,fa[mif
aqmifòrdŒteD;&Sd xdkif;jrefrme,fpyfwGif wnf&Sdaom u&ifeD'kuQonfpcef;
trSwf (2) [kqdkv#if zwf±_olrsm; ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
bma=umifh - qdo k nfrmS xdt
k jzpftysuo f nf rnfonft h a=umif;a=umifh jzpfymG ;
cJo
h nf/ rnfonft h a=umif;a=umifh vkyaf qmif&onfwŒkd udk &Si;f vif;pGma&;om;
178 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

G jf cif;
azmf jy&rnf? vlŒtcGit hf a&;owif; xkwjf yefcsujf zpfygu xdo

k Œkd jzpfay:apaom
ta=umif;&if;rSm bma=umifh (Oyrm - NLD ygwDu v$wfawmfac:,l&ef
jyifqifjcif;a=umifh ygw0D ifvw
$ af wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; tzrf;cH&jcif;jzpfonf)
[lIazmfjyoifhonf? owif;pm&Sif;vif; yGJjzpfygu etzu vwfwavm
NLD ygwD0ifrsm;tay: rw&m;zrf;qD;aer_rsm;a=umifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;
yGJusif;y&jcif; qdkonfh oabmrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jy&rnf?
b,folu - qdkonfrSm vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk rnfonfhwyf&if;/

wyfzGJŒrSrnfolu usL;vGefonfudk wduspGmazmfjy&efqdkvdkonf? owif;
pm&Sif;vif;yGJjzpfygu rnfolwdkŒ yg0ifajym=um;rnfjzpfa=umif; a&;om;&ef
vdkonf?
b,folŒudk - qdkonfrSm vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&olonf rnfonfh&Gmu

touf b,favmuf&adS om usm;§r rnfojl zpfonfukd azmfjy&efqv kd o
kd nf?
bmjzpfonf - qd&k mwGijf zpfymG ;onfh tjzpftysut

f pHt
k vif odŒk r[kwf rdrwd ifjy
vdkonfh tcsufudk vkd&if;a&mufatmif owdxm;a&;om;&ef qdkvdkonf?
wcgw&H rdrw
d Œkd u vlwikd ;f od+yD;aom ta=umif;rsm;[kawG;rdI &Si;f vif;jyjcif;
r&Sdonfhtcg zwf±_olrsm;taeESifh t"dy`m,fem;vnf&ef cufcJwwfonf?
pepf w us aumif ; rG e f a omowif ; xk w f j yef r _ w ck o nf yd & rpf a jymif ; jyef

yHpk jH zpf&rnf[k qdak vh&o dS nf? qdvk okd nfrmS owif;jzpfavmufonft h csuuf kd
xdyq f ;kH wGiw
f ifxm;+yD; atmufajcwGif owif;tus,u f kd a&;om;xm;jcif;rsKd ;
jzpfonf? ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfaom owif;udk yxrOD;qH;k pmyd'k w f iG f azmfjyxm;
+yD; 'kwd,pmudk,fwGif xdkowif;udkyif tus,fcsJŒa&;xm;wwf=uonf?
aemufpmyd'k w f iG f ud;k um;csurf sm;/ ta&;odyrf }uD;vSaomtcsurf sm; a&;xm;
+yD; aemufqHk;ydk'fwGif aemufcHordkif;a=umif;ESifh ta&;r}uD;qHk;tcsufrsm;udk
xnfhoGif;a&;om; wwf=uonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 179

G jf cif;
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owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGðJ yvky&f mwGif owdðyoifah omtcsurf sm;
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- owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ zdwf=um;v$mrsm;udk wywfcefŒ óudwifIay;ydkŒEdkifv#if

aumif;onf? owif;axmufrsm;taejzifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ&Sda=umif;udk
tjcm;udprP sm;xufapm+yD; od&o
dS nft
h cg xdt
k wGuf tcsed u
f o
kd ;D oefŒ z,fxm;
Edkifonf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ rvkyfrD w&ufwGif xyfrHqufoG,fI owd
ay;oifhonf?
- owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw
J iG f ajym=um;rnft
h a=umif;t&mudk aocsmpGmavhvmI
owif;axmufrsm; ar;jref;vmEdik o f nfh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk óudwifjyifqif/ ajzqd/k
avhusifhxm;oifhonf?
- owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ vkyrf nfah e&monf vltrsm;od&+dS yD; oGm;vm&ef vG,u

f l
aom ae&mjzpfoifhonf?
- owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJodkŒ wufa&mufvmolrsm;udk owif;xkwfjyefcsufESifh

tjcm;aemufcH ordkif;a=umif;rsm; a&;om;xm;onfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
a0iSoifhonf? rdrday;ydkŒxm;aom xkwfjyefcsufrsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;aom
owif ; axmuf r sm;ES i f h r&&S d a o;aom owif ; axmuf r sm;&S d y gu xd k o d k Œ
xyfrHa0iSjcif;jzifh taxmuf tuljzpfapEdkifonf?
- owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ ðyvkyrf nfo h ol nf owif;Xmersm;ESihf &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifojl zpf

v#iyf rkd t
kd qifajyEdik o
f nf? xdo
k ol nf pum;ajymoGuvf ufI tawGŒtóuH&&dS ef
vdktyfonf?
- owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif ajym=um;csufrsm;onf &Sif;vif;wdkawmif;ygu

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‚if;wdŒk odvakd om ar;cGe;f rsm;udk xyfraH r;&ef tcsed yf &kd rdS nfjzpfonf? wOD;csi;f
ar;cGef;xkwfvdkolrsm;twGuf tcsdefydkrdk&&SdEdkifonf? owif;axmuftrsm;
pkonf wem&Dxufykd =umatmif raevdo k nfuo kd wdðyyg? rvdt k yfbJ &Sn&f n
S f
180 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

G jf cif;
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kd rf u
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Edkifonf?
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hf a&;vufpJG 181

tcef; (13)
awGYqHkar;jref;jcif;
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owif;rsm; &&S&d eftwGuf xdo k wif;rsm;ay;Edik o f nfo h rl sm;udk awGŒqHak r;jref;+yD; tcsuf
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vdktyfaomowif;rsm;udk&&Sdatmif ar;jref;Edkifavav/ rdrdwdkŒvkyfudkifaeaom
vlŒtcGifhta&;owif;rsm;&SmazG pkaqmif;&mwGif atmifjrifr_&avavjzpfonf?
odkŒaomfrdrdvdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &vdkaomqENjzifh wcgw&HwGif
wyg;ol.cHpm;csufESifh ,Ofaus;r_wdkŒudk tav;rxm;rdbJjzpfwwfonf? rdrdawGŒqHk
ar;jref;rnfo h o
l nf vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufc&H r_ukd ud, k af wGŒóuHvm&ol/ odŒk r[kwf
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l OD;jzpf+yD; a=umufvefŒzG,t f wdwf
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apEdik o
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vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrw _ ck xyfrrH cHpm;&ygapESi?hf xdŒk jyifa'oqdik &f m ,Ofaus;r_
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tcsufrsm;udk *&kðyoifhonf?
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óudwifjyifqifr_ ðyvkyfyg?
tu,fI wjcm;ae&mwckoŒkd oGm;a&muf+yD; vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr_ owif;

rsm;udk pHkprf;rnfjzpfygu oGm;a&mufrnfha'owGif rnfodkŒaom vlŒtcGifhta&;
182 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

owif;rsm; &&SdEdkifonf/ rnfodkŒaomolrsm;udk awGŒ&SdEdkifonf ponfhtcsufrsm;udk

óudwifpOf;pm;xm;&ayrnf? tu,fI u&if'kuQonfpcef;wckudk oGm;a&mufygu
t"dutm;jzifh vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sKd ;pHak =umifh xGuaf jy;vmaom 'kuo Q nf
rsm;awGŒEdkifrnf? etz xdk;ppft+yD;wGifoGm;a&mufygu vwfwavma&muf&Sdvm
aom 'kuo Q nfopfrsm;ESiqhf EkH ikd rf nf? xd'k u
k o
Q nfrsm;onf u&ifjynfe,f rnfonfh
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rnfonfhowif;jzpfEdkifonf/ 'kuQonfrsm;tjyif tjcm;xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvm
aom ay:wmrsm;/ etz ppfom; a[mif;rsm;ESiv hf nf; awGŒqHEk ikd o
f nf ponft
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jyifqif+yD;om;jzpfayrnf? rJaqmufòrdŒ teD;&Sd u&if'u k o
Q nfpcef;udk oGm;a&muf+yD;
&Sr;f jynfe,f&dS obm0ywf0ef;usif ta=umif;/ vGKd ifaumfaxmif&dS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;
rsm;ta=umif; pHkprf;&efvG,fulrnf r[kwfyg?
tu,fI rdro d mG ;a&mufrnfh a'owdŒk w}udrw f cgrS roGm;a&mufz;l ygu rnfuhJ

odŒk oGm;a&mufEikd rf nhf teD;qH;k òrdŒrSmrnfonfòh rdŒjzpfonf/ rdrq d ufo,G Ef ikd rf nfh tzGŒJ
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vlrsm;udk óudwif Iqufo, G f xm;ygu a'otwGi;f wGijf zpfysuaf eaom tajctae/
&moDOwk/ vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;tcuftcJ/ vHòk cHa&;tajctaewdŒk udo k &d +dS yD; vdt
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Q nfpcef;odŒk oGm;
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rdrdoGm;a&mufrnfh a'owGif oHk;pGJonfhbmompum;onf rdrdu|rf;usifaom

bmom pum;[kwrf [kwf óudwifo&d &dS ef pHpk rf;&rnf? tu,fI xdak 'ooH;k bmom
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 183

pum; odkŒr[kwf wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;ukd rdrdru|rf;usifygu u|rf;usifI

tawGŒtóuH&adS om bmomjyef&&S&d efvt kd yfonf? a'oE &W oH;k pum;rsm;udk óudwif
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rsm; ta=umif;udak vhvmoifyh gonf? Oyrm- u&ife'D u k oQ nfpcef;odŒk oGm;a&muf
rnfqdkygu u&ifeDbmompum;udk rdrdwwfaumif;wwfEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
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rnf? rdrrd wwfu|r;f aom bmompum;rsm;udo k m ajymqdw k wfonfv h rl sKd ;ESihf awGŒqHk
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tusKd ;&So
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wa,mufu ay:wmtzdk;}uD;udk [efaqmifw,fqdk+yD; ±dkufw,f” [lI csufcsif;
oabmaygufEdkif&ef avhvmoifhonf?
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onf? rdro d mG ;a&mufrnfah 'owGif awGŒqH&k rnfo
h rl sm;onf tb,fa=umifh 'kuo Q nf
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k cH_ iG ahf y;xm;aomEdik if .
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,cifrnfonfhpcef;rsm;u ajymif;a±$Œvmaom 'kuQonfrsm;jzpfonf/ ajymif;a±$Œ&m
wGif rnfonfh tcuftcJrsm;óuH awGŒcJ&h onf/ r=umrDu vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ wzGŒJ u
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184 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

rnfonfh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;jref;oifo h nf[I

l óudwifjyifqifxm;rSom rdrad r;vdak om
tcsufrsm;rS aoGz,foGm;jcif;rsdK;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifrnf? wcgw&H tcsdef rvHkavmuf
onfh tcgrsKd ;ESióhf uH&ygu rdrjd yifqifxm;aomar;cGe;f rsm;xJrS ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGe;f
rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,f ar;jref;Edkifonf?
tu,fIrdrdtaejzifh toHzrf;,lvdkonf/ "mwfyHk±dkuf,lvdkonfqdkygu vdktyf

aom toHzrf;ud&, d mrsm;/ wdwaf cGrsm;/ zvifrsm;/ uifr&mrsm;/ AD'G ,
D ukd ifr&mrsm;/
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k al qmifoifh
onf?
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wGif rnfuJhodkŒaqmif&Guf&rnfudk em;vnfvmrnfjzpfonf? ,ckawGŒqHkar;jref;vdk
olESifh awGŒqHk&mwGif owdðy&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf?
at;aq;vHkòcHaomae&mudk a&G;cs,fyg?
awGŒqHak r;jref;onfah e&monf wdwq f w d af t;csr;f +yD; vHòk cHr&_ adS omae&mjzpfygu
ajzqdkoltzdkŒ oufawmifhoufomESifh ajzqdkEdkifrnfjzpfojzifh ae&ma&G;cs,fwwf&ef
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aomae&mrsKd ;udk a&Smif=uOf&rnf? vlŒtcGit hf a&;owif;rsm;onf ajz=um;oltwGuf
ud,k wf ikd óf uHawGŒjrifawGŒcJ&h aom owif;rsm;jzpf+yD; wcgw&Hvt l rsm;a&SŒwGif xkwaf zmf
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at;aq;vHkòcHaom ae&mwGif ar;jref;onfhtcg um,uH&Sifomru rdrdudk,fwdkif
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hf a&;vufpJG 185

vnf; ydkrdkpdwf=unfvifr_ cHpm;&ojzifh ar;jref;&mwGif tm±Hkydkrdk pl;pdkufEdkifonf?
vla&G;cs,fyg?
wcgw&HwiG f ajz=um;olrsm;onf jzpf&yfwckukd twlw/l wcsed w f nf;awGŒóuHc&hJ

olrsm; jzpfwwfonf? wcgw&H &Gmw&Gmwnf;rS wcsdefwnf; twlxGufcGmvm+yD;
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rd o m;pk 0 if r sm;jzpf a ewwf o nf ? xd k t cg xd k o l r sm;. ajym=um;csuf r sm;onf
wa,mufESifh wa,muf twlwleD;yg;jzpfwwfonf? xdkuJhodkŒta=umif;t&m/
tjzpftysuq f ifwal om olrsm; tm;vH;k udk awGŒqHak r;jref;ygu tcsed u f ek +f yD;&&Sad om
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tjzpftysuw f Œdk qifwal eol rsm;xJu tqifajyqH;k ol (2) OD;udak &G;cs,af r;jref;ygu
tcsed u f ek o f ufom+yD; tjcm;uGJ jym;aom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ukd ydrk pkd ak qmif;
&SmazGEikd rf nf? (2) OD;a&G;cs,&f ef t}uHay;&jcif;rSm ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk udu k n f rD &_ rdS &Sd
ppfaq;Edik &f efjzpfonf? tcsed &f &Syd g u wOD;xnf;udk a&G;cs,Ef ikd o f nf/ a&G;cs,&f mwGif
ta=umif;t&m/ tjzpftysuw f Œkd qif wlaom olrsm;xJrS bmompum;ajymqd&k mwGif
tqifajyqH;k ol/ rdrt d m;owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;tm; axmufy&hH ef pdwx f ufoef
olEiS hf wdusreS u f efaomowif;rsm;tm; taumif;qH;k ay;Edik rf nfo h ul kd a&G;cs,&f rnf?
tcsKd Œolrsm;onf tcif;wckjzpfymG ;ygu vltrsm;ajymwm =um;bl;onf[k qdw k wf
onf? xdo k rl sm;xJrS rnfoo l nf rsujf rifu, kd f awGŒ óuH cJ&h onfukd pHpk rf;I xdo k rl sKd ;udk
OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,f&rnf?
awG @ qH k & mwG i f j yif q if r _
rdrdudk,fudk rdwfqufyg?
rdrdESifhrdrdtm; ajz=um;rnfholudk awGŒawGŒcsif; vkyfaqmifoifhaomtcsufrSm

rdrdudk,f rdrd rdwfqufjcif;jzifh &if;ESD;r_&atmifvkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf? rdrdrnfoljzpf
a=umif;/ rnfonfh tvkyfudkvkyfudkifa=umif;/ ,ckvma&muf awGŒqHkar;jref;jcif;rSm
b,ftwGufa=umifhjzpfonfwdkŒudk &Sif;vif;ajymjyygu ajym=um;rnfholtaeESifh
186 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

pdwfat;vufat; ajym=um;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? rdrdw}udrfwcgrS rawGŒjrifbl;aomol

wa,muf. ta=umif;udk vH;k 0rodbEJ iS hf rdrtd a=umif;udk ajymjyvdv
k rd rhf nfr[kwf
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k jyif ajymqdq
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owdðy&rnf?
cGifhawmif;yg?
tu,fI"mwfyEkH iS hf AD'G , D ±kd ukd u

f ;l vdyk gu um,uH&iS . f oabmxm;udk ar;jref;
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f l
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vnf; "mwfyHkESifh ADG'D,dk±dkuful;jcif;udk vufrcHvdk=uay? toHoGif;&mwGifvnf;
toHzrf;pufudk rsufESmem; twif;uyfI toHzrf;ygu xdkolrsm; a=umuf&GHŒoGm;
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zrf;pufudk xm;&Sdaom ae&monf vHkavmufaom toH&&SdEdkifaom ae&mjzpf&ef
vnf; ta&;}uD;onf?
rSwfwrf;pwifðyvkyfyg?
ar;cGe;f rsm;pwifrar;jref;rD aeŒpG/J ae&m/ tcsed Ef iS hf ajz=um;rnfo h .

l yHyk ef;wkŒd udk
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hf a&;vufpJG 187

I cGJjcm;Edkifrnf? toHoGif;,lrnfqdkyguvnf; toHoGif;onfh tpydkif;wGifaeŒ&uf/

ae&m/ trnfponfh tcsufrsm;udk ppcsif;toHoGif;xm;&rnf?
ajz=um;ol.trnf/ touf/ ae&yfvdyfpm/ tvkyftudkif/ ynmt&nftcsif;/

tdraf xmif&rdS &Sd ponfwŒdk onf ukvor*~oŒkd tpD&ifcaH om vlŒtcGit hf a&; wdik =f um;r_
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ajz=um;oludk xdktcsuftvufrsm;tm; txl;pdwfcs&aom wm0ef&SdolrsdK;rSvGJI
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k jf yefcsurf sm;/
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rdrdtay: vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;owif;ay;I ulnDaomoludk tE W&m,fr
jzpfap&ef/ umuG,fr_ay;&efonf rdrd.ta&;t}uD;qHk;wm0efjzpfonfudk t+rJrSwf
om;yg?
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vlawGŒpwifar;jref;aom ar;cGef;rsm;onf cufcJ+yD; ajzqdk&efrvG,fulaom

ar;cGe;f rsKd ;rjzpfoifb
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wdusaomar;cGef;rsm;udk qufvufar;yg?
a,bl,s ar;cGef;rsm;rS &&Sdvmaom tajzrsm;udk rlwnfI ydkrdkwdusaom

ar;cGef;rsm;udk xyfrHar;jref;yg? txl;ojzifh tcif;jzpfyGm;aom ae&m/ aeŒ&uf/
usL;vGefolrsm;onf rnfonfhtzGJŒrSjzpfonf ponfhtcsufrsm;udk tao;pdwf
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ajymqd&k mwGif tcuftcJoyd rf &Sw d wfaomfvnf; jzpfymG ;onfh aeŒ&uf/ tcsed /f ESpw
f Œkd
188 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

udkjyefvnfajymjy&mwGif wdwdususajymqdkEdkifjcif;r&Sdwwfay? &GmwGifa&}uD;aom

ESpwf ek ;f u/ om;ti,faumifrarG;cif wywfavmufu[laom ajz=um;csurf sKd ;rsm;
udk wdusr&_ v dS matmif qufvufar;jref;&rnf? aeŒ&uftwdtus&Edik v f #if taumif;
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vm; ponfjzifh ar;jref;Edik o f nf? wcgw&HwiG f c&pfouU&mZfukd toH;k rðybJ jrefrm
ouU&mZfuo kd m rSwof m;xm;aom olrsm;udvk nf; óuHawGŒ&wwfonf? xdt k cgrsKd ;
wGif xdo k w
l Œkd ajym=um;aom jrefrmouU&mZf trSwt f om;rsm;udk rSwof m;Iaemuf
ydkif;wGif c&pfouU&mZfodkŒjyefvnfajymif;a&;&rnf?
tu,fI ajz=um;olu ajz=um;&efjiif;qdkygu twif;t=uyfajzqdkapjcif;

rvky&f ? ajzqdo
k .
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ygu em;vnfavmufaom toHk;tE_ef;rsm;jzifh xyfrHar;cGef;xkwfyg? rdrdoHk;aom
toH;k tE_e;f rsm;onf ±d;k &Si;f I omrefvt l m;vH;k em;vnfaom pum;vH;k rsm;jzpfoifh
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omrefvlwdkif; em;vnfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHjcm;pum;vHk;rsm;udk wwfEdkifor#
roHk;ygESifh?
ajz=um;oltaeESifh ol.tjzpftysufrsm;udk oludk,fwdkif ajym=um;vmap&ef

tm;ay;yg?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 189

ajz=um;oltaeESifh ol.óuHawGŒcJh&onfh tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif;udk ol

udk,fwdkifajym=um;vmap&efvdktyfonf? ar;wcGef;ajzwcGef; jzpfaeygu rdrd odvdk
aom ta=umif;t&m tcsut kH ifvif&&SEd ikd rf nfr[kwyf g? ajzqdo
f vufrsm;udk pHpk v k l
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ay;yg? Oyrm - ay:wm vdu k zf ;l vm;[laom tar;t+yD; tjcm;ar;cGe;f rsm;jzpf aom
b,f w H k ; uvd k u f z l ; vJ / bma=umif h vd k u f w mvJ / b,f E S p f a ,muf v d k u f w mvJ /
rde;f rawGa&mygovm; ponfh tao;pdwf ar;cGe;f rsm;udk wckcsi;f ar;jref;rsKd ;jcif;xuf
“ay:wmvdkufbl;w,fvdkŒ od&w,f? tJ'Day:wmvdkuf wkef;uawGŒcJh&wJh tawGŒ
tóuHuav;ta=umif; ajymjyay;ygt;kH ” [kar;jref;ygu ajz=um;olonf ol.tawGŒ
tóuHrsm;/ em=unf;cHpm;csufrsm;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajym=um;ayvdrfhrnf?
rdrdar;jref;vdkaomta=umif;t&mudk rsufajcrjywfygapESifh?
awGŒqHkar;jref;&mwGif rdrdodvdkaomta=umif;t&mudk rsufajcjywfoGm;+yD;
xdok al jymaeonfh ta=umif;t&mtay: arsmygomG ;jcif;rsKd ;rjzpf&ef *±kðy&rnf? ar;cGe;f
rsm;rar;cif ar;cGe;f rsm;udk óudwifjyifqifxm;ygu xdo k Œkd ta=umif;t&maysmufomG ;
jcif;rsdK;udk a&Smif=uOfEdkifrnf? ajz=um;olonf rdrdodvkdaom ta=umif;t&mrS
aoGz,fI olajymvd&k majymaejcif; &yfwefŒoGm;&ef pum;udk twif;t=uyf csucf si;f
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f nf? ajz=um;
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190 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

wcgw&H a'oE &W toH;k tE_e;f rsm;/ &Gmtrnfrsm;/ tac:ta0:rsm;udk em;rvnfygu

jyefvnfI ar;jref;&rnf?
tcsuftvufrsm; udkufnDr_&Sdr&Sd jyefvnfppfaqyg?

rdrdodvdkaom tcsufrsm;ar;jref;+yD; aemufxyfar;p&mrsm; r&Sdawmhonfh
tajctaeodŒk a&mufa&mufcsi;f ar;jref;jcif;udk tqH;k rowfvu kd yf gEiS ?hf rdrrd w
S o
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f nf? a&SŒaemuf rudu k nf yD J uGjJ ym;r_rsm;&Sad eygu jyefvnfI ppfaq;
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aemufxyfqufoG,fvdkygu qufoG,fEdkifatmif rSwfwrf;,lyg?

ajz=um;oltm; aemufxyfw}udrf qufoG,fvdkygu qufoG,fEdkif&ef rnfodkŒ
qufo, H v
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xyfrHar;jref; Edkif&eftwGuf qufoG,fEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;udk a&;om;rSwfom;xm;
&rnf? tu,fI xdkolonf r=umrDtwGif; tjcm;a'oodkŒ ajymif;a&$Œ&ef&Sdygu
rnfonfhae&modkŒ ajymif;a&$Œrnfjzpfa=umif; ar;jref;xm;&efvdktyfonf?
aus;Zl;wif pum;ajymyg?
awGŒqHkar;jref;jcif; +yD;qHk;oGm;ygu csufcsif;xGufcGmoGm;jcif;rðybJ rdrdtm;
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;I ulnDajz=um;oludk vd_ufvd_ufvSJvSJ aus;Zl;wif
a=umif;ajym=um;&efrarhyg ESifh? tcsdef&ygu vkyfief;ESifhrqdkifaom pum;rsm;udk
at;at;aq;aq; ajymqdkoifhonf? xdkol. ulnDcsufa=umifh rdrdtwGufrnfr#
tusKd ;&Sad =umif;ajymjyyg? odŒk &mwGif rjzpfEikd af om ar#mv
f ifch surf sm; ray;cJ&h ef owdðy
yg? rdrdtm; aemufxyfquf oG,fvdkygu qufoG,fEdkifatmif rdrd.vdyfpmudk
ay;cJhoifhonf?
===???===
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hf a&;vufpJG 191

aemufqufwGJ (1)
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;
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192 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
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tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlYtcGit
hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
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ESv;kH oGi;f I urBmw0Sr;f wGif tqdyk gtcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwvf yfciG rhf sm;udk ±dak oav;
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hf a&;vufpJG 193

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
tyd'k f (1) vlom;wdik ;f onf vGwv f yfI wef;wlnaD om *k%o f u

d mQ ESihf tcGit
hf a&;
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a'ojzpfap/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;r&SdaomEdkifiH odk@r[kwf a'ojzpfap
od@k r[kwf tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf ywfoufI tjcm;aom abmifoiG ;f
uef@owfcsufrsm; &SdaeaomEdkifiH odk@r[kwf a'ojzpfap ,ckvl@tcGifh
ta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIcJGjcm;r_ vHk;0r&Sdap&?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ?tom;ta&mif/ vdi/f ud;k uG,o f nfb

h mom/ bmompum;
wdk@a=umifh cJGjcm;jcif;r&Sdap&/
tydk'f (3) vlwdkif;wGif touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vHkòcHcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f wGif touf&iS cf iG /hf vGwv

f yfciG Ehf iS hf vHòk cHciG &hf o
dS nf?
tyk'd f (4) rnfo@l urkd u

S |eðf yjcif;/ taptyg;tjzpf Edik x
f ufp;D eif;apcdik ;f jcif; r&Sad p&?
vlom;wkd@udk aus;u|efozG,fapcdkif;jcif;/ a&mif;0,fjcif;ESifh xdkoabm
194 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
oufa&mufapaom yHkpHrSefor# ydwfyifwm;jrpf&rnf?
&SSif;vif;csuf? ? rnfol@udkrS u|eftjzpfqufqHa&mif;0,fjcif;rðy&?
tyd'k f (5) rnfo@l urkd S ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yrf;jcif;/ od@k r[kwf &ufpuf=urf;ñuwf vlrqefpmG
*k%fi,fapaom qufqHjcif;jzifh rqufqH&? odk@r[kwf tjypfay;jcif;
rðy&?
&SSif;vif;csuf? ? rnfo@l urkd S ESyd pf ufjcif;rðy&?
tyd'k f (6) vlwikd ;f ae&mra&G; Oya'a&SŒarSmufwiG f vlom;tjzpf todtrSwðf yjcif;

cHydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwidk ;f w&m;Oya'a&SŒS wGif vlom;tjzpf todtrSwðf ycH&rnf?
tyd'k f (7) vlwdkif; w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif wajy;nDwlnD=u+yD; w&m;Oya'.

umuG,fr_udk cJGjcm;r_r&Sd wlnDr_tjynhf apmifha&SmufcHydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
Ta=u nmpmwrf;ygtcsurf sm;udzk q D ef qef@usio
hf nhf rnfo!fcjGJ cm;
r_rsdK; odk@r[kwf xdkodk@cJGjcm;r_rsm; udef;atmif;apatmif v_H@aqmfr_rsdK;rS
uif;vGwf ap&ef tumtuG,fudk wlnDpGm cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f w&m;Oya'a&SŒS wGif ausmom;&ifom;rcJjG cm;bJ

wef;wlnw D l &So
d nf?
tyd'k f (8) vlwikd ;f rdrw

d @kd tm; tajccHOya' od@k r[kwf Oya't&tyfEiS ;f xm;aom
tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk csKd ;azmufc&H onft
h cg Edik if aH wmfw&m;pD&ifa&;
±Hk;rsm;wGif xda&mufaom ta&;,lukpm;r_rsm; cH,lydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f tcGit

hf a&;rsm;av;pm;rcH&onft
h cg Oya'.tul
tnDukd awmif;cHyikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 195

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
tyd'k f (9) rnfo@l urkd S w&m;vufvw G f ta=umif;rJzh rf;qD;jcif;/ xdr;f odr;f csKyfaESmif
xm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwfjcif;rðyvkyf&?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? rnfo@l urkd S rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;/ wdik ;f jynfrES iS x
f w
k jf cif;rðy&?
tyd'k f (10) vlwa,muf. tcGit hf a&;ESihf wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI vnf;

aumif;/ pJcG suw f ifvmaom jypfrr_ sm;ESiyhf wfoufIvnf;aumif; tqH;k
tjzwfcH,l&mwGif vlwdkif;onf vGwfvyfI bufrvdkufaom w&m;
pD&ifr±_ ;kH awmfwiG f vltrsm; wufa&muf=um;emEdik af om ppfaq;r_rsKd ;udk
wlnDpGmcHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&SSif;vif;csuf? ?vlwdkif;w&m;r#wI vltrsm;=um;emEdkifaomw&m;pD&ifr_udk

cHpm;ydik cf iG hf &So
d nf?
tydk'f (11) (u) w&m;Oya'csdK;azmufonfhtr_jzifh w&m;pJGqdkjcif; cH&olwkdif;onf

rdru d , kd rf rd d umuG,Ef ikd &f ef vdt
k yfaom aqmif&u G pf &mrsm;udk aqmif&u G f
Edik cf iG hf tjynft h 0&&S+d yD; vltrsm;a&S@wiG f Oya'twdik ;f ppfaq;I tjypf
usL;vGefonf[k xif&Sm;+yD; pD&ifcsuf twdtusrcsrcsif; xdkvlwGif
tjypfr&Sd[k cH,lydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c) wpHw k a,muf. vkyaf qmifcahJ om tðytrlEiS phf yfvsO;f I xdt k ðytrl
ðyvkyfcJhpOftcsdeftcgu xkwfjyefxm;aom EdkifiHawmf odk@r[kwf EdkifiH
wumqdik &f mOya't&+idpeG ;f aom jypfrw _ cktjzpf cdik cf ikd v
f v
kH kH rwifjyEdik cf hJ
v#if xdkoltm; tqdkygtðytrltwGuf tjypf&Sdonf[kr,lqEdkif? xdk@
twl usL;vGeaf omjypfrt _ wGuf jypfru
_ sL;vGepf Oftcgu xdu k of ifah pEdik f
aom tjypf'%fxuf ydkrdk}uD;av;aomtjypf'%fay;jcif;r&Sdap&?
&Sif;vif;csuf? ?vlwa,muftay: tjypf&Sdonf[kcdkifvHkaompD&ifcsufrcsrcsif;

xdo
k o
l nf tjypfr&S[
d k ,lq&rnf?
tyd'k f (12) rnfo.l ud, k af &;ud,

k w
f mudprP sm;/ rdom;pkEiS hf oufqikd af omudprP sm;/
aetdrEf iS hf pmay;pm,l udprP sm;wd@k urkd S Oya't&r[kwaf om 0ifa&muf
196 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
pGufzufr_rcHap&? xdk@tjyif xdkol. *k%foduQmudk ykwfcwfydkifcGifhr&Sd?

vlwdkif;wGif xdkodk@pGufzufjcif;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/ ykwfcwfcH&jcif;udk
aomfvnf;aumif; Oya't& umuG,fydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&Si;f vif;csu?f ?raumif;aom&nf&, G cf sujf zifh tjcm;ol. tdrtf wGi;f od‹k

0ifa&mufjcif; pmrsm;azmufzwfjcif; rjyKvky&f ?
tydk'f (13) (u) vlwikd ;f rdrw

d ikd ;f jynf. e,ferdwtf ydik ;f tjcm;twGi;f vGwv
f yfpmG
oGm;vma±$@ajymif;cGifh/ aexdkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c) vlwdkif;rdrdwdkif;jynftygt0if tjcm;rnfonfh wdkif;jynfudkrqdk

xGufcGmcGifhESifh rdrd wdkif;jynfodk@ jyefvmcGifh&Sdonf?
&SSif;vif;csuf? ? vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh&Sdonf?
tydk'f (14) (u) vlwikd ;f rw&m;tjypfay;ESyd pf ufrr_ S vGwaf jrmuf&ef tjcm;wdik ;f jynf
rsm;wGif ckdv_HcGifh awmif;cHydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c) Edik if aH &;ESihf roufqikd af om jypfrr_ sKd ;/ od@k r[kwf ukvor*~. &nfreS ;f
csu/f rl0g'rsm;udk zDqefqef@usiaf om jypfrr_ sKd ;udk trSew f u,f usL;vGef
aoma=umihf tusKd ;quftjzpf ay:ayguv f maom ta&;,lrr_ sKd ;jzpfygu
Ttydkf'fygtcGifhta&;ESifh tóuH;0ifr_r&Sday?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ?rnforl qdk rw&m;tjypfay;cH&awmhrnfh tajctaersKd ;

a&mufygutjcm;Edik if w
H Edik if w
H iG f ckv
d cH_ iG ahf wmif;cHyikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
tydk'f (15) (u) vlwdkif;EdkifiHwEdkifiH. EdkfifiHom;jzpfydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c) rnfo@l urkd S ‚if;. Edik if o

H m;jzpfrr_ S a=umif;usKd ;rJh ypfy,fciG rfh &Sad p&?
xdkol. EdkifiHom;tjzpf ajymif;vJydkifcGifhudkvnf; jiif;y,fjcif;r&Sdap&?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 197

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f Ekid if w

H Edik if w
H iG f Edik if o
H m;jzpfyikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
qENt& tjcm;EkdifiH om;tjzpf ul;ajymif;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
tyd'k f (16) (u) t&G,fa&muf+yD;aom trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;wdkif;onf vlrsdK;/

wdik ;f &if;om;/ od@k r[kwf bmoma&;ta=umif;ðyI csKyfcs,u f ef@owfjcif;
r&Sdap&bJ vufxyfcGifhESifh rdom;pkxlaxmifydkifcGifh&Sdonf? vufxyf
xdrf;jrm;csdef/ aygif;oif;csdefESifh tdrfaxmifòyduJGonfh tcsdefrsm;wGif
vufxyf xdr;f jrm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufI xdt k rsKd ;om;ESit
hf rsKd ;orD;wd@k wiG f
wlnDaom tcGifhta&;rsm;&Sdonf?
(c) &nf&G,fxm;aom owdk@om;ESifh owdk@orD;wdk@. vGwfvyfaom

oabmqENudk tjynfht0 &,l+yD;rSom vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ðy&rnf?
(*)rdom;pkb0onf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;. obm0usaom/ tajccHusaom

tpdwt f ydik ;f wck jzpfonf? rdom;pkb0rsm;udk umuG,af y;&ef vl@tzJ@G
tpnf;ESifh tpdk;&wdk@uwm0ef&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? t&G,af &muf+yD;aomvlwikd ;f vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;ydik cf iG Ehf iS hf

rdom;pkb0 xlaxmifciG &fh o
dS nf?
tyd'k f (17) (u) vlwikd ;f onf "eypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk rdrwd OD;csi;f jzpfap/ tjcm;olrsm;
ESihf zufpyfIjzpfap ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c)rnfolwOD;wa,muf. udk,fydkifypPnf;udkrS Oya'a=umif;usdK;rJh

odrf;ydkufjcif;r&Sdap&?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f ud,

k yf ikd yf pPn;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
tyd'k f (18) vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm cH,l&yfwnfydkifcGifhESifh

vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh&Sdonf? TvkyfydkifcGifht& rdrdudk;uG,faom
198 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
bmomudk odk@r[kwf ouf0if,Hk=unfcsufudk vGwfvyfpGmajymif;vJydkif

cGifh&Sdonf? xdk@jyif rdrdwOD;wnf;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifh
pkaygif;Iaomfvnf;aumif; trsm;a&SŒwGifjzpfap odk@r[kwf rdrdoD;oef@
wGijf zpfap rdru d ;kd uG,of nfh ,H=k unfr_ od@k r[kwf bmomudv k wG v f yfpmG
oifjyEdkifcGihf/ usifhoHk;cGifh/ 0wfðy udk;uG,fcGifhESifh aqmufwnfcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f vGwv

f yfpmG ud;k uG,,
f =kH unfciG &hf +dS yD; qEN&ydS gu
tjcm;bmomod@k ul;ajymif;ud;k uG,cf iG &fh o dS nf?
tyd'k f (19) vlwikd ;f vGwv f yfpmG xifjrif,q l ydik cf iG Ehf iS hf vGwv f yfpmG zGi[
hf wifjyydik cf iG hf
&Sdonf? xdktcGifh ta&;rsm;t& rdrdwifjy,lqcsufrsm;udk taESmifh
t,Sut f [ef@twm;r&Sd cH,u l sio hf ;kH ydik cf iG &hf o
dS nf? e,fajrydik ;f jcm;r_r&Sb
d J
owif; pme,fZif;rsm;rSwqifh owif;rsm;/ t,ltqrsm;udk &SSmazG
qnf;yl;ydkifcGifh/ vufcHydkifcGifhESifh jzef@jzL;ydkifcGifhwdk@&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f rdr,

d q
l csurf sm;udk vGwv f yfpmG azmfxw
k w
f ifjycGi&hf +dS yD;
owif; rsm;udk &,lyikd cf iG v
hf nf;&So
d nf?
tyd'fk f (20) vlwikd ;f +idr;f csr;f pGm vlpv k al 0; pka0;ydik cf iG Ehf iS hf toif;tzJ@G rsm; xlaxmif
zJ@G pnf;ydik cf iG &hf o
dS nf? rnfoul rkd # ‚if;.qENoabmxm;rygbJ tzJ@G tpnf;
wckodk@ 0ifap&ef twif;t=uyfrðy&?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f +idr;f csr;f aomenf;jzifh zJ@G xm;aomtzJ@G rsm;udk

0ifa&mufciG hf &So d nf?
tyd'k f (21) (u) vlwikd ;f rdrw

d ikd ;f jynf. tkycf sKyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif wdu
k ±f u
kd af omf
vnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;onfh udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;rSwqifh aomfvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c) vlwdkif; rdrdwdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd jynfol0efxrf;tzJG@ vkyfief;rsm;wGif
0ifa&mufEkdif&ef wlnDaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;&Sdonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 199

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
(*)tpd;k &. tm%monf jynfov l x

l .
k qENtay:wGif tajccH&rnf?
jynfo@l qENrsm;udk tcsed u f mvydik ;f jcm;vsuf usi;f yay;onfh ppfreS af om
a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzifh azmfxkwfap&rnf? a&G;aumufyJGrsm;wGif vlwkdif;
tnDtr#raJ y;Edik cf iG hf &S&d rnfth jyif xdak &G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk v#KŒd 0Surf aJ y;
pepfjzifjh zpfap/ tvm;wlvw G vf yfaom rJay;pepfjzifjh zpfap usi;f y&rnf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwidk ;f rdrw

d ikd ;f jynf. tpd;k &udk rdrq
d ENjzifh
a&G;cs,wf ifajr‡mufyikd cf iG hf &So
d nf?
tyd'k f (22) vlom;wdik ;f onf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;. tzJ@G 0ifwa,mufjzpfonft h m;avsmf

pGm vlra_ &;vHòk cHciG hf cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf &dS rnf? xd@k jyif rdr. d ud, k yf ikd t
f &nftaoG;
ESihf *k%o f u d mQ wd@k ukd vGwv f yfpmG wd;k wufz@GH òzd;apa&;twGuf rvJrG aoG
vdt k yfaom pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
oabmaygucf , H El ikd &f ef tcGit hf a&;rsm;&S&d rnf? xdo k @kd oabmaygucf , H l
Edik &f ef rdrEd ikd if .
H zJ@G pnf;yH/k Edik if &H dS t&if;tjrpf tiftm;rsm;ESihf vdu k af vsm
nDaxGjzpfonfh Edik if aH wmf. óud;yrf;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;jzifh wrsKd ;/ Edik if w
H um
. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifhwzHkaqmif&Guf&rnf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f vlrb

_ 0vHòk cHa&;cHpm;cGi&hf o
dS nf? rdrt
d wwfynmrsm;
wd;k wufaprnfh tcGit hf vrf;rsm;udv k nf; cHpm;cGi&hf o
dS nf?
tyd'k f (23) (u) vlwikd ;f tvkyv f yk cf iG /hf rdrt

d vkyu f rkd rd d vGwvf yfpmG a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf
w&m;r#wI oifah vsmaf om vkyif ef;cGiu f kd a&G;cs,cf iG Ehf iS hf tvkyv f ufrhJ
jzpf&jcif;rS umuG,fr_&&SdcGifhrsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c) vlwidk ;f cJjG cm;r_r&Sb
d J wlnaD omtvkyt f wGuf wlnaD omtca=u;aiG
udk &&SdcHpm; ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(*) tvkyv f yk of nfv h w l ikd ;f rdrEd iS rhf rd .d rdom;pktwGuf vl@*% k of u
d mQ ESihf
nD!w $ af tmif aexdik pf m;aomufEikd &f ef pdwcf savmufonft h jyif w&m;
r#wI oifhwifhavsmufywfaom vpmcHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? vdktyfygu
tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;rS vlr_a&;taxmuftyhHrsm;udkvnf;xyfrHI &ydkif
200 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
cGifh&Sdonf?
(C) vlwdkif; rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f&ef tvkyform;or*~rsm;
zJGŒpnf;ydkifcGifhESifh 0ifa&mufydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f oifah wmfaomvpmjzifh tvkyv f yk yf ikd cf iG &hf o

dS nf?
tvkyo f rm; or*~rsm;udk 0ifa&mufyikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
tyd'k f (24) vlwdkif; oifhwifhavsmufywfaom tvkyfcsdeftjyif tcgtm;avsmfpGm

owfrSwfxm;aom vpmESifh cGifh,lcGifhtygt0if tyef;ajztem;,lcGifh
&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f tyef;ajztem;,lciG hf &So

d nf?
tyd'k f (25) (u) vlwkdif;onf rdrdESifh rdrd.rdom;pk usef;rma&;ESifhwuG udk,fpdwf

ESpfjzm at;csrf;pGm aexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom tpm;tpm/
t0wftpm;/ tdk;tdrf/ aq;0g;ypPnf;ESifh tjcm;vdktyfaom vlr_a&;
taxmuftyHhrsm; yg0ifaom oifhwifhavsmufywfonfh vlr_tqifh
twef;udk &,lcHpm;cGifh &Sdonf?
xd@k jyif tvkyvf ufrjhJ zpfonft h cgwiG v
f nf;aumif;/ ruse;f rrmjzpfonfh
tcgwGifvnf;aumif;/ udk,ft*F grpGrf;roef jzpfaomtcgwGif vnf;
aumif;/ rdrcd ifyeG ;f od@k r[kwf ZeD;aoqH;k oGm;aomtcgwiG f vnf;aumif;/
touf t&G,f tdrk if;vmonft h cgwiG v
f nf;aumif;/ rdryd a,m*a=umifh
r[kwaf om tvkyt f udik rf jhJ cif;udk &ifqikd &f aom tcgwiG v
f nf;aumif;
aexdkifpm;aomufa&;twGuf vHkòcHpdwfcs&r_ tcGifhta&;cHpm;ydkifcGifh
&Sdonf?
(c) om;onfrcd ifrsm;ESihf uav;i,frsm;udk txl;apmifah &Smufjcif;ESihf
tultnDay;jcif;wd@k uakd y;&rnf? w&m;0ifvufxyfxrd ;f jrm;+yD; arG;vm
aomuav;jzpfap/ w&m;r0ifarG;vmaom uav;yifjzpfap wlnaD om
vlr_umuG,fapmifha&SSmufa&;udk cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 201

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f vHak vmufaom vlaer_tqift

h wef;ESihf
aq;ukocHyikd cf iG &fh o
dS nf?
tyd'k f (26) (u) vlwdkif; ynmoif=um;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? tenf;qHk;rlvwef;ynmESifh

tajccHtqifh ynma&;onf tcrJhjzpfap&rnf? rlvwef;ynmonf
roifrae&jzpf&rnf? pufr_vufr_ ynmESifh oufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynm
rsm;udk a,bl,stm;jzifh vltrsm;oif=um;ydik cf iG &hf &dS rnf? txufwef;
ynmESifh tqifhjrifhynmrsm;udk t&nftcsif;tay:rlwnfI oif=um;
Edkif&ef wlnDaomtcGifhtvrf;&&Sdap&rnf?
(c)ynma&;udk vlom;wd@k . ud, k yf ikd t
f &nftaoG;rsm; wd;k wufjzpfay:
jynf0h vmap&efEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&; tajccHvw G v
f yfciG rhf sm;udk av;pm;r_
ydu
k v J map&ef OD;wnfxm;&rnf? ynma&;onf wEdik if EH iS w hf Edik if /H vlrsKd ;
wrsdK;ESifhwrsdK;/ bmoma&;toif;tzJG@ wzJG@ESifhwzJG@t=um; em;vnfr_/
oabmxm;}uD;r_/ cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_wdk@ wdk;wufjzpfay:vmap&efESifh
urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfwhHap&ef ukvor*~uwm0ef,laqmif&Gufae
aomvkyfief;rsm; t"Gef@&Snfap&ef aqmifusOf;Edkif&rnf?
(*) rdbrsm;onf rdrw d @kd . &ifaoG;rsm; oif,&l rnfh ynmtrsKd ;tpm;udk
a&G;cs,fEdkifaom vufOD;tcGifhta&;&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwdkif;ynmoifcGifh&Sdonf? rlvwef;ynmonf

roifrae&ESihf tcrJh jzpf&rnf?
tyd'k f (27) (u) vlwdkif;onf vlr_tzJG@tpnf;. ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif vGwfvyfpGm

yg0ifyikd cf iG /hf tEkynmokcrk ynm&yfrsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG vdu k pf m;arG@avsmf
EdkifcGifh/ ody`HynmxGef;um;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGm0ifa&muf
vkyu f ikd Ef ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf xdyk nm. tusKd ;tjrwfw@kd ukd vGwv f yfpmG cHpm;oH;k pJG
ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(c) vlwikd ;f onf rdru d ,
kd yf ikd Of m%fjzif}h uHpnfzefw;D r_rjS zpfxeG ;f vmaom
odyyH` nmqdik &f m wDxiG rf r_ sm;/ pmayqdik &f m od@k r[kwf tEkynmqdik &f m
zefwD;r_rsm;wdk@. *k%fESifh±kyf0wWKydkif;qdkif&m tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk cHpm;
202 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
&,lEkdif&eftwGuf umuG,fr_rsm;&&SdydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f rdryd wf0ef;usi.

f ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif yg0ifyikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
tyd'k f (28) vlwikd ;f Tpmwrf;wGiaf zmfjyxm;onfh tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwv

f yfciG hf
rsm;udk tjynft h 0 tav;xm; todtrSwðf yaom vlrq _ ufqaH &;tajc
taeESifh EdkifiHwumqufqHa&; tajctaewdk@. tusdK;aus;Zl;udk
cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f ,ckazmfjyygtcGit

hf a&;rsm;xGe;f um;&ef
vdt
k yfaomtcsuf rsm;udk av;pm;&rnf?
tyd'k f (29) (u) vlom;wkdif;onf rdrdudk,fydkif t&nftaoG;udk wdk;wufjzpfay:

jynf0h vmatmif vGwv f w
G v
f yfvyfaqmif&u G Ef ikd rf u
_ akd y;aomvl@abmif
tm; jyefvnfay;qyf&ef wm0ef0wW&m;&Sdonf?
(c) vlwOD;wa,mufonf rdr. d tcGit
hf a&;ESihf vGwv f yfru _ &kd ,l&mwGif
tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifhvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk xdkufxdkufwefwef
todtrSwfðyav;pm;&rnf? 'Drdkua&pDpepf xGef;um;aom vl@tzJG@
tpnf;wGif ud, k u f siw
hf &m; aumif;rGeaf &;/ pnf;urf; ao0yfr&_ adS &;ESihf
jynfol@tusdK;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;a&;wdk@twGuf w&m;r#wpGm usifhaqmif
&eftwGuf &nf&, G If Oya't& jyXmef;xm;aom uef@owfcsurf sKd ;udk
vlwdkif;vdkufem&rnf?
(*) TtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk urBmhukvor*~. &nfrSef;
csuEf iS hf tajccHrl rsm;tm; qef@usiaf om udp&P yfrsm;wGif &,lusio hf ;kH ydik f
cGihf r&Sad p&?
&SiS ;f vif;csu?f ? vlwikd ;f tjcm;olrsm;. tcGit

hf a&;rsm;udk av;pm;&rnf?
tydk'f (30) Tpmwrf;yg tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk zsufvdkzsufqD;

jzpfaprnfh vkyif ef;vky&f yfrsm;tm; rnfonfEh ikd if /H rnfonft
h zJ@G tpnf;/
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 203

hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;
rnfonfhvl yk*~dKvfurS udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmifcGihf/ yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifhr&Sd

a=umif; Ta=unmpmwrf;u twdtvif;a=unmonf?
&SSif;vif;csuf? ? ,ckpmwrf;ygtcsufrsm;udk rnfolwOD;wa,mufurS

csKd ;azmufjcif; rðy&?
===???===
204 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

aemufqufwGJ (2)
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh zdESdyfcGJjcm;rIrsm;
tm;vHk;yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
tyk d i f ; (1 )
tykd'f (1 )
Toabmwl n D c suf w G i f y g0if a omtrsKd ; orD ; rsm;tm; zd E S d y f c J G j cm;jcif ; [l a om
a0g[m&onf-
- trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tdraf xmifa&; tajctaeudk vnf;aumif;/ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh tjcm;e,fy,fwdkŒ&Sd vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh
tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ trsdK;orD;ESifhtrsdK;om; wef;wljzpfonf
[laom tcsufrsm;udkvnf;aumif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh
trsK;d orD;wd@k t=um; vdiu f jGJ ym;r_tm;tajccHjyD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; todtrSwðf yr_/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;. aysm±f i$ rf /_ vkyaf qmifrw _ @kd tay: oufa&mufr&_ adS paom/ tm;enf;
aponf&h nf&, G cf su&f adS om/ arS;rSed af paom rnfonfch jGJ cm;r_/ oD;oef@jzpfapr_/ uef@owf
ydwfyifr_rsKd;ukdrqkd qkdvkdonf//
&Sif;vif;csuf (trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_tay: t"dy`m,fzGifhqkdcsuf)
Ttyk'd w f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;zdEydS rf u _ dk t"dym` ,fziG q

hf xdk m;jcif;jzpfonf/
trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; zdEydS cf jGJ cm;r_[qk &dk mwGif Ekid if aH &;/vlra_ &;/,Ofaus;r_/ Edik if o H m;tcGihf
ta&;ESihf tjcm;aomu¾rsK;d pkw H @dk wiG f trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; vdit f &uJjG ym;r_udk tajccH
I cJjG cm;jcif;/ oD;oef@jzpfapjcif;/ uef@owfrr_ sm;xm;&Sjd cif; ponfw h @dk udk qkv
d odk nf[k
zGifhqkdxm;onf//
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 205

trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh zdEydS cf jJG cm;rIrsm; tm;vH;k yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
tyk d ' f ( 2 )
pmcsKyfukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;aom tzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd jypfwif±_wfcsonf// xkd@tjyif pmcsKyftzJG@0if
Ekid if rH sm;onf trsK;d orD;rsm; tay:cJjG cm;xm;r_ yaysmufapa&;twGuf rl0g'w&yfudk
aESmifah ES;=uef@=umjcif;r&Sad pbJ oifah vsmaf om enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh jyD;ajrmufatmif óud;yrf;
aqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlnDonf//
xkdoabmwlnDonfhtwkdif; atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&rnf//

(u)trsKd ; om;rsm;ES i f h trsKd ; orD ; rsm;onf wef ; wl n D r #r_ & S d o nf [ l a om
tajccHru l dk Edik if rH sm;&Sd zJ@G pnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;ESithf jcm; oifah vsmaf om
Oya'rlrsm;wGif jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Syd gu xkt d ajccHru l dk xnfoh iG ;f azmfjyjyD;
Oya'ðyIjzpfap/ tjcm;oifhawmfaom enf;rsm;jzifhjzpfap xkdrlrsm;ukd
trSefwu,fusihfokH; azmfaqmifa&;ukd tmrcH&ef/
(c) trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyif
onfh/ oifhawmfav#mufywfaom Oya'ESifh tjcm;ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_
rsm;ukd jyXmef;&ef/ vkdtyfygu jypf'%fcwfr_ukdyg xnfhoGif;jyXmef;&ef/
(*) trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wltcGifhta&;&Sdonfukd Oya'
a=umif;t& tumtuG,af y;&efEiS hf trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEydS o f nfh
vky&f yfreS of rsu S dk wm;qD;&eftwGuf tcGit hf m%m&Sad om Ekid if aH wmfc±Hk ;kH
rsm;ESihf umv=um&Snpf mG wnf&cdS ahJ om tjcm;aom jynfo@l Oya'rsm;jzifh
xda&mufaom umuG,fr_ay;a&;udk tmrcHcsufay;&ef/
(C) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;tm; usL;vGefjcif; okd@r[kwf
usifhokH;jcif;rsm; rðyvkyf&eftwGuf a&Smif=uOf&rnf// jynfol@tm%mykdif
rsm;ESihf tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;uvnf; azmfjyygwm0efaqmifrE_ iS t hf nD vku d ef m
aqmif&Guf usifhokH;a&;ukd tmrcHcsufay;&ef/
(i) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; yaysmufa&;udk qef‹usif
usL;vGeo f nfh vly*k Kd~ vf/ tzJ@G tpnf;/ Xmewk@d ukd oifah vsmaf om ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef/
(p) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfonfh wnfqJOya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;/
"avhx;Hk wrf;rsm;eSihf tavhtxrsm;ukd ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef ok@d r[kwf zsuf
206 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

odr;f &eftwGuf Oya'ðyr_tygt0if oifah vsmaf om ta&;,laqmif&u G rf _

rsm;tm;vkH; ðyvkyfay;&ef/
(q) trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEydS o
f nfo
h abmrsm; yg0ifaeonfh Ekifd if aH wmf&dS
jypfr_qkdif&m Oya'yk'frrsm;tm;vkH;ukd zsufodrf;y,fzsufay;&ef/
&Si;f vif;csuf (trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; zdEydS cf jGJ cm;r_rsm; yaysmufatmif vkyaf qmif
&mwGif wm0ef&Sdr_rsm;)
Ttykd'fwGif pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;taeESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh

cJjG cm;zdEdSyrf r_ sm;tay: jypfwifa0zef±w
_ cf s&ef/ yaysmufatmif ay:vpDrsm; csrw
S vf yk f
aqmif&ef azmfjyxm;onf?
tyk d ' f ( 3 )
trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh wef;wlnDrsSr_&Sdonf [laomtcsufukd
tajccHxm;jyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;taeESifh vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd
usio hf ;Hk cHpm;Ekifd af &; twGuv
f nf;aumif;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;b0 jynfjh ynf0h 0 wk;d wufjrifh
rm;a&;ukd tmrcHcsufay;aomtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;/ pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf
EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ e,fy,frsm;tygt0if e,fy,fwkdif;wGif
Oya'jyXmef;jcif; tygt0if oihfavsmfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm; vkyfukdif
aqmif&Guf&rnf//
&Sif;vif;csuf (trsKd;orD;rsm;b0 zHG@jzdK;wkd;wuf jrifhrm;apa&;)
tyk'd f (2) Y azmfjyxm;aom trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; yaysmufa&;

twGuf ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&mwGif Oya'rsm;jyXmef;jcif;/ trsK;d orD;
rsm;b0 wkd;wufjrifhrm;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;jcif;wdk@omru trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh
wef;wltajccHvw G v
f yfciG Ehf iS hf vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm; cHpm;ykid cf iG &hf &Sad &;twGuf vkyaf qmif
ay;&efvdktyfa=umif; Ttykd'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf//
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 207

tyd k ' f ( 4)
(1) trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf trsK;d om;rsm;trSew f u,f wef;wlnrD sS rr_ sm;vsijf refpmG
ay:xGef;ap&eftwGuf&nf&G,fI pmcsKyftzJG@0if EkdifiHrsm;taeESifh ,m,D
txl;ta&;,l aqmif&u G cf surf sm; (temporary special measurement)
vkyaf qmif&rnf[al om pmcsKyfygtcsuu f dk trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;r_EiS hf
tóuH;0ifonf[rk rSw, f &l // ok@d aomfxtdk csuo f nf rnDrsS rE_ iS hf cJjG cm;pHxm;
r_rsm;udkqufvuf wnf&Sdaprnfh tusKd;qufw&yftaejzifh rnfonfh
tcsuaf =umifrh S oufa&mufrr_ &Sad p&// trsK;d orD;tcGit hf a&;rsm; wef;wlnD
rSsr_&Sda&;[laom &nf&G,fcsufudk jynfhrSDonfESifhwòydifeuf xkdokd@,m,D
txl;ta&;,l aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd&yfqkdif;&rnf//
(2) &ifaoG;&SdaomtrsdK;orD;rsm;tay: umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf
&nf&G,fvkyfaqmifaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm; tygt0if pmcsKyfwGif
azmfjyxm;aom pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiH. txl;ta&;,laqmif&Guf&rnfh
jyXmef;twnfðycsurf sm;ukv d nf; trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;r_[k rrSw, f l
ap&//
&Si;f vif;csu?f ?(trsK;d orD;ESihf trsK;d om;wk@d t=um; wef;wlnrD srS _ wk;d wuf
jrifrh m;apa&;twGuf ,m,Dtxl; vkyaf qmifcsurf sm; vkyf
aqmif&ef)
trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnrD srS &_ &Sad &;twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifrsm;onf trsK;d orD;rsm;
twGuf ,m,Dtxl;vkyu f idk af qmif&u
G rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&efwm0ef&o dS nf// wef;wlnD
r#ru_ dk razmfaqmifEidk rf csi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 wk;d wufjrifrh m;vma&;twGuf pmcsKyf
tzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u vkdtyfaom ,m,Dtxl;vkyfaqmifr_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;jcif;udk
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:cJGjcm; zdESdyfr_[k rowfrSwf&ef Ttykd'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf?
xdok @dk vkyaf qmifay;jcif;onf trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnrD #r_ &&Sad pa&;twGuf jzpfaom
a=umifh cGifhðy&rnf[kqkdonf// xkd@jyif ukd,f0efaqmif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf txl;
aqmif&u G v f yk af qmif ay;r_rsm;udv k nf; trsK;d orD;tay: cJjG cm;zdEydS rf t
_ jzpf rrSw, f &l ef
qkdxm;onf//
208 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

1988 ckEpS u f usi;f ycJah om aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnD

r#r&_ &Scd pH m;Ekid af &;twGuyf nma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;ESihf tvkycf iG w
f @dk wiG f trsK;d orD;
rsm;twGuf ae&mcJGwrf;cs owfrSwfay;&eftygt0if tjcm;aom,m,Dtxl; vkyf
ukdifaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;ukd wkdufwGef;cJhonf?
tykd'f (5 )
pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf atmufygtcsufrsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaom ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufay;&rnf//
(u) edrfhusonf/ jrifhjrwfonf[laom t,ltqtay: tajccHaomtpJG
tvrf;rsm;/ "avhxkH;pHrsm;ESifh tjcm;usihfokH;r_rsm;tjyif ykHaoum;csyf
owfrw S f xm;aom trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf trsK;d orD;rsm;. tcef;u¾rsm;
yaysmuf apa&;twGuf óud;yrf;vkyfaqmif&mwGif trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh
trsKd;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ usihfxkH;ykHo¾mefrsm;ukd ðyjyif
ajymif;vJ&ef/
(c )ukd,f0efaqmifjcif;onf trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;vkyfief;aqmifwm
w&yfjzpfonfukd oihfwifhavsmufywfpGm em;vnfapEdkifaom/ &ifaoG;
i,frsm;. }uD;xGm;zGH@òzd;r_onf trsdK;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;pvkH;ESifh
oufqkdifaom bkHwm0efjzpfa=umif; todtrSwfðyaom/ rnfonfh
ta=umif;udpw P iG rf qkd uav;oli,frsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd yxrOD;pm;
ay; pOf;pm;&rnfukd oabmaygufapaom rdom;pkynma&;w&yfudk
tmrcHcsufay;&ef/
&Si;f vif;csu?f ?(vdiu

f jGJ ym;r_tay: tajccHaom cJjG cm;r_rsm;/ ykaH oum;csyf
owfrw S cf surf sm; yaysmufatmif vkyaf qmif&ef)
Ttykd'fwGif vdifuJGjym;r_ukdrlwnfI ywf0ef;usifu ykHaoowfrSwfvkdufaom

wzufowf t,ltqrsm;/ trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;wkd@t=um; tvkyftukdif
cJjG cm;r_rsm;/ trsK;d orD; wk@d onf trsK;d om;rsm;xuf edru
hf sonf[al om t,ltqrsm;
yaysmufapa&;twGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u ta&;,laqmif&Guf&efazmfjyonf
xkd@jyif ukd,f0efaqmifjcif;onf vlom;rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 209

vlrw _ m0efw&yfudk xrf;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ &ifaoG;i,f vlvm;ajrmufatmif xdr;f

odr;f wm0ef,l apmihaf &SmS uf&mwGif rdcifEiS zhf cif ESpOf ;D pvk;H wm0efcaGJ 0,l&rnf[al om
tjrifrsKd;ay;Ekdifonfh rdom;pkynma&; tpDtpOfrsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf[k azmfjy
xm;onf//
tykd'f (6 )
trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pkEH iS hf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_rsm; tm;vk;H ESihf
trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; jynfw h efqmtjzpfo@dk twif;t=uyfoyG o k af cgi;f
f iG ;f I tjrwfxw
ykHjzwfr_tm;vkH;ukd ESdrfeif;&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf Oya'jyXmef;jcif;
tygt0if tjcm;oifhavsmfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&rnf//
&Sif;vif;csuf? ?(trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; jynfhwefqmtjzpf apcdkif;jcif;tm;

ESrd ef if;&ef)
Ttykd'fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;ESifh jynfhwefqmtjzpf

tokH;cstjrwfxkwfr_wkd@ yaysmufa&;twGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u vkdtyfovkd
ta&;,l aqmif&Guf&ef azmfjyxm;onf// pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;taejzifh Oya'rsm;
jyXmef;I ta&;,laqmif&u G jf cif;omru trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;
ESifhjynfhwefqmtjzpf tokH;cstjrwfxkwfr_rsm;. t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;ukd azmf
xkwf aqmif&Guf&efqkdonf//
tyd k i f ; (2)
tydk'f (7)
pmcsKyftzJG@0if EkdifiHrsm;taeESifh wkdif;jynf&Sd EkdifiHa&;ESifh vlxkvkyfief;rsm;
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; yaysmufap&ef oifhavsmf
aom ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&rnf// trsK;d orD;rsm;taeESifh trsK;d om;
rsm;ESifh wef;wlr_&&Sdatmif atmufyg tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//
(u)a&G;aumufyJGrsm;ESifh jynfol@qENcH,lyJGwkdif;wGif rJqENay;ykdifcGifhESifh
jynforl sm;u a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡muf&aom Ekid if aH wmf. tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm;
210 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tm;vkH;ukd a&G;aumuf wifajr‡muf&mwGif rJay;ykdifcGifh/

(c) tpk d ; &.rl 0 g'rsm;uk d yk H a zmf & mwG i f v nf ; aumif ; / xd k r l 0 g'rsm;tm;
taumiftxnf azmf&mwGifvnf;aumif; trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifykdifcGifh/
jynforl sm;ESihf oufqidk af om ±H;k rsm;ESihf &mxl;Xmersm;wGif wm0efxrf;
aqmifyidk cf iG Ehf iS hf tpk;d &. u¾tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm;tm;vk;H &Sd jynfo0l efxrf;
wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifykdifcGifh/
(* )EkdifiH.EdkifiHa&;b0ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfolvlxkESifhaomfvnf;
aumif;qufpyfvkyfukdifaeonfh tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzJG@tpnf;rsm;/
toif;tzJG@rsm;wGif yg0ifykdifcGifh/
&Sif;vif;csuf (trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;yg0ifcGihf)
Ttykd'fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; rJay;ykdifcGifh/ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifykdifcGifh

twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;u ta&;,laqmif&u G af y;&ef azmfjyxm;onf// 1952
ckEpS f trsK;d orD;rsm;. Ekid if aH &;tcGithf a&;qkid &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf tjynfjynfqidk f
&mEkid if o
hf a&;qkid &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;ukd Ttyk'd f
wGif xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf// tyk'd cf GJ (u). xl;jcm;csurf mS jynfo@l qENc,
H yl GJ
rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifrJay;cGifhukdyg xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf//
tykd'f (c)wGif tpdk;&tpdwftykdif;rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifEkdif&eftwGuf

pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;taejzifh trsK;d orD;rsm;yg0ifEidk rf nfh tajctaersK;d ukd zefw;D vkyf
aqmifay;&ef wm0ef&adS =umif; azmfjyxm;onf// Oyrm - tpk;d &. uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;
a&G;cs,f wifajr‡muf&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf cJGwrf;a0pkowfrSwfxm;jcif;rsm;/
tpkd;&&mxl;rsm;wGif vdifuJGjym;r_ukd tajccH cJGjcm;onfh tqifhowfrSwfcsufrsm;ukd
zsufodrf;jcif;rsm; ponfhwkd@ukdqkdvdkonf?
tykd'fcJG (*)wGifwkdif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;ESifh jynfol@a&;&mrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom

tpkd;& r[kwfaom tzJG@rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh wajy;nD
tcGifhta&;&&SdjyD; yg0ifcGifhrsm;&Sdap&efaqmif&Gufay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 211

tyk d ' f (8)

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfjcif;r&SdbJ trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl EkdifiHwum
tqifhwGif tpkd;&ukd ukd,fpm;ðyykdifcGifhESifh EkdifiHwum tzJG@tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyf
aqmifyidk cf iG hf paomtcGit
hf a&;rsm;ukd tmrcH&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Ekid if rH sm;onf
oifhavsmf aom ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk ðyvkyfay;&rnf//
&Si;f vif;csuf (trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf tjynfjynfqidk &f m uk,

d pf m;ðyr_/ yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;r_)
Ttyk'd w f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh trsKd ;om;rsm;ESiw

hf ef;wl tpk;d &tzJ@G &mxl;
rsm;/ EkdifiHwumtqifhtwef;rsm;/ EdkifiHwum tzJG@toD;oD;wkd@wGif yg0ifvmap&ef
twGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef !$ef;qkdxm;onf//
tyk d ' f (9)

(1)EkdifiHom;tjzpf av#mufxm;&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHom;tjzpfukd
ajymif;vJ&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHom;tjzpf qufvufcH,l&mwGif
vnf;aumif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;&Sd
onf qko d nft h csuu f dk pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;u todtrSwðf yvufc&H
rnf// txl;ojzifh EkdifiHjcm;om;wa,mufukd vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkufI
jzpfap/ aygi;f oif;aexdik pf OfumvtwGi;f cifyeG ;f jzpfou l Edik if o
H m;tjzpf
udk ajymif;vJvdkufIjzpfap ZeD;jzpfol.EkdifiHom;jzpfrl tvkdtavsmuf
ajymif;vJomG ;jcif;/ Ekid if rH jJh zpfomG ;jcif;/ cifyeG ;f jzpfo.
l Ekid if o
H m;tjzpfo@dk
vkdufvHajymif;vJ&ef twif;t=uyfapckdif;aejcif;rsKd; tvsOf;r&Sdap&ef
tmrcH&rnf?
(2 )&ifaoG;i,frsm;. Ekid if o H m;jzpfrE_ iS hf ywfoufItrsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d
om;rsm;ESifh wef;wljzpfonfqkdonfhtcsufukd pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u
vufcH,kH=unf&rnf//
&Sif;vif;csuf (trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;jzpfr_)
Ttykd'fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl EkdifiHom;jzpfykdifcGifh/

212 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ajymif; vJyidk cf iG /hf av#mufxm;ykid cf iG &hf o

dS nf[q
k xdk m;onf// &ifaoG;i,f. Ekid if o
H m;jzpf
r_EiS yhf wfoufIvnf; trsK;d orD;rsm;onf cifyeG ;f onftrsK;d om;rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGihf
ta&;&So d nfudk azmfjyxm;onf// 1957 ckEpS w f iG f jyXmef;cJah omvufxyf xdr;f jrm;jyD;
aom trsKd;orD;rsm;. EkdifiHom;jzpfr_qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;udk T
tydk'fwGif xyfrH!$ef;qkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
tykdif; ( 3 )
tykd'f ( 10 )
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;onf ynma&;e,fy,fwiG f trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh trsK;d
om;rsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&; &&Sdapa&;twGuf tmrcHEkdif&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
zdEydS cf jGJ cm;r_ rsm;tm;vk;H yaysmufapa&;twGuf oifah vsmaf om ta&;,laqmif&u G f
jcif;rsm;ðyvkyf&rnf// txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;wef;wlnDr#r_tay:
tajccHI (atmufazmfjyyg tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd) tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//
(u)ynma&;e,f y ,f w G i f touf a rG ; a=umif ; qk d i f & m twwf y nmrsm;/

toufarG; 0rf;a=umif;qkdif&m vrf;!Gefcsufrsm;twGufaomfvnf;
aumif;/ ynmoif=um;ykdifcGifhtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ 'Dyvkdrm&&Sda&;
twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom pHcsdefpH!Gef;rsm;
onf òrdŒjyESiahf us;vufrsm;wGif wwef;nDxjJ zpfap&rnf// xkad zmfjyygwef;
wlnrD #ro
_ nf ausmif;ynmroif,rl t D csed f ynma&;/ taxGaxGynma&;/
pufr_vufr_twwfynm/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynm/ tqifhjrifhpufr_
vufr_ twwfynm/ tjcm;aomtqifjh rifq h idk &f m toufarG;0rf;a=umif;
qkdif&m oifwef;trsKd;tpm;rsm;tm;vkH;wGif tóuH;0if&rnf//
(c )wlnDaom oif±dk;!Gef;wrf;rsm;/ wlnDaom pmar;yJGppfaq;r_rsm;/ wlnD
aomynmoif=um;r_EiS hf ausmif;y&0k%rf sm;wGif u|r;f usiaf om ynmoif
=um;a&;qkdif&m 0efxrf;rsm;&&SdykdifcGifh/ wlnDaomt&nftaoG;&Sdonfh
oif=um;r_ taxmuf tulðyypPn;f rsm; &&Syd idk cf iG hf &Sad &;wk@d udk tmrcHcsuf
ðy&rnf//
(* )ynmoif=um;r_ tqifw h idk ;f ESihf trsK;d tpm;twkid ;f wGif trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 213

trsK;d orD;rsm;. tcef;u¾ukyd aHk oum;csyf owfrw S x

f m;onfh xifjrif
,lqcsurf sm;tm;vk;H yaysmufomG ;apEkid &f eftwGuf trsK;d orD;ESihf trsK;d
om;rsm;yl;wJyG nmoif=um;a&; enf;pepfEiS hf xko d @dk tjrifrsm; yaysmufap
&ef taxmuftulðyonfh tjcm;aomynma&;ykHpHrsm;ukd tm;ay;tm;
ajr‡mufay;jcif; txl;ojzifhoif±dk;!Gef;wrf;rsm;/ jyXmef;pmapmifpmtkyf
rsm;/oif=um;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;/ oif=um;r_enf;pepfrsm;jyXmef;jcif;rsm;
tm;vkH;ukd jyefvnfpDppfjyiffqifjcif;rsm;(ðyvkyf&eftmrcHcsufay;&rnf/)
(C)ynmxl;c|efr_ axmufyHha=u;rsm;ESifh ynmoifaxmufyHha=u;rsm;ukd
wlnDpGm &&SdcHpm;ykdifcGifh&Sdap&ef ( tmrcHcsufay;&rnf// )
(i) ouf}uD;ynma&; tpDtpOfrsm;/ pmwwfajrmufa&; tpDtpOfrsm;wGif
wlnpD mG yg0ifEidk &f eftwGuf trsK;d orD;ESihf trsK;d om;rsm;tm; wef;wltcGihf
ta&;rsm;ay;&rnf// txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;t=um;
ynma&;qkid &f muGm[csurf sm;ukd jzpfEidk o f a&G@ apmvsipf mG avsmyh g;Ekifd af &;
twGuf vkyaf qmifaeaom ynma&;tpDtpOfrsK;d wGif yg0ifEidk cf iG &hf adS p&ef
twGuf wlnDaom tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sdap&ef (tmrcHcsufay;&rnf// )
(p) ynmoif=um;r_ qk;H cef;rwkid rf D trsK;d orD;rsm; ausmif;xGuEf e_ ;f avsmu h s
a&;ESihf ynma&;qk;H cef;rwkid rf D ausmif;xGuo f mG ;aom rde;f uav;i,frsm;
ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf pkpnf;aom tpDtpOfrsm;vkyfaqmifay;&ef
(tmrcHcsufay;&rnf// )
(q)rdom;pkpDrHudef;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh t}uHOm%frsm;
&&Syd idk cf iG rhf sm; tygt0if rdom;pk0ifrsm;. use;f rma&;ESihf uk, d pf w
d Ef pS jf zm
csrf;oma&;wkd@ tmrcHaom wdusonfh ynma&;qkdif&m owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; &&SdykdifcGifhwkd@ukd (tmrcHcsufay;&rnf// )
&Sif;vif;csuf (trsKd;orD;rsm;eSifhynma&; )
Ttykd'fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ynma&;wGif cJGjcm;r_r&Sdap&eftwGuf pmcsKyf

tzJG@0if EkdifiHrsm;u ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;&ef azmfjyxm;onf// trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh wef;wlnDrsSaom jyXmef;csufpmtkyfrsm;/ oif±dk;!Gef;wrf;rsm;/
ausmif;0ifcGifhowfrSwfcsufrsm; xm;&Sd&eftjyif trsKd;orD;rsm; ausmif;rSE_wfxGuf
214 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

aomE_e;f avsmu h sapa&;twGuf vkyaf qmif&ef qkx d m;onf// xkrd #ru rdom;pkuse;f rm
a&;/ zlvaHk &;wk@d tjyif rdom;pk&ifaoG;,la&; pDru
H ed ;f wk@d twGuf vkt
d yfaomowif;rsm;/
todynmrsm;ukdynmay; jzef@jzL;vkyfaqmif&ef azmfjyxm;onf//
tyk d ' f (11 )

(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf vkyfief;cGif e,fy,frsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh
trsKd;om;rsm; wef;wlnDr_&Sdonfukd tmrcH&efESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_
rsm; yaysmufap&eftwGuf oifah vsmaf om ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&rnf?
txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhtrsdK;om;rsm; wef;wlnDr#r_ [laomtcsuftay:
tajccHI (atmufyg tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd) tmrcHcsuf ay;&rnf?
(u)vlom;wkdif;. jiif;y,fIr&Ekdifaom tcGifhta&;jzpfaom tvkyfvkyfykdif
cGifh &&Sdapa&;ukd (tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//)
(c) tvkyv f yk u f idk rf a_ &G;cs,&f mwGif vkt d yfaom pHcsed pf ! H e$ ;f rsm; wlnpD mG &&Srd _
tygt0if tvkyv f yk yf idk cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;rsm;ukd wlnpD mG &&Sad &;ukd (tmrcH
csufay;&rnf//)
(*) toufarG;0rf;a=umif;tvkyEf iS hf vkyif ef;cGiu f dk vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,yf idk cf iG /hf
&mxl; wk;d ykid cf iG /hf vkyif ef;cGiv f òHk cHr/_ vkyif ef;tusKd ;tjrwfrsm;/ vkyif ef;cGif
tajctaersm;tm;vkH;ukd cHpm;&&SdykdifcGifh/ oufarG;0rf;a=umif;oifwef;
rsm;ESihf rGe;f rHoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufciG /hf tvkyo f ifb0wGiv f nf; tqifh
jrifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif; oifwef;rsm;ESifh tcgtm;avsmfpGm usif;yðy
vkyfaomoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufykdifcGifhukd (tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//)
(C) tusK;d tjrwftygt0if wlnaD omvkyt f m;c&&Syd idk cf iG /hf wlnaD omtvkyf
twGuf wlnDaomtcGifhta&;ESifh qufqHr_cHpm;ykdifcGifh/ vkyfief;t&nf
taoG;wefz;dk owfrw S &f mwGiv f nf; wlnaD om owfrw S q
f ufqrH &_ &Syd idk f
cGiu
hf dk (tmrcHcsuf ay;&rnf// )
(i) vlrz_ v l aHk &;ukd (tmrcHcsuaf y;rnf//) txl;ojzifh t+idr;f pm;,lonft h cg
wGijf zpfap/ tvkyv f ufrhJ jzpfaecsed w f iG jf zpfap/ emruse;f jzpfaecsed w f iG jf zpf
ap/ rpGrf;roef jzpfaecsdefwGifjzpfap/ touft&G,f}uD;jrifhvmcsdefwGif
jzpfap/ vkyif ef;cGi0f if&ef rpGr;f aqmifEidk o f nft h csed w f iG jf zpfap vlrz_ vl aHk &;
rsm;cHpm;ykdifcGifhESifh vpmESifh cGihfcHpm;ykdifcGifhudk (tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//)
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 215

(p )usef;rma&;umuG,fapmifha&SSmufr_ESifh vkyfief;cGifwGifab;tE W&m,fuif;

r_tcGifhta&; cHpm;ykdifcGifh/ txl;ojzifh &ifaoG;ukd,f0efaqmifonfhtcg
umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ &&SdykdifcGifhukd (tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//)
(2 )xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;a=umifhjzpfap/ rdcifb0okd@ a&mufaoma=umifhjzpfap

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd wm;qD;&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifrsm;onf
trsKd;orD;rsm;. xda&mufpGm tvkyfvkyfykdifcGifhukdtmrcHEkdif&ef atmufyg ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; vkyfaqmif&rnf//
(u)uk, d 0f efaqmifjcif;a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ rD;zGm;aoma=umifv h nf;aumif;
tvkyfrScGifh,lojzifh tvkyfxkwfypfjcif;ESifh tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae
a=umifh tvkyrf x S wk yf pfjcif;ponfh trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm;
udk ydwfyiftjypfay;ta&;,l aqmif&Guf&rnf//
(c) rD;zGm;cGifh,laomtcg vpm&&SdcHpm;cGifh okd@r[kwf E_dif;,SOfomaom
vlrz_ vl aHk &;tusK;d cHpm;cGi/hf rdr.
d rlvtvkyu f dk vufvw G qf ;Hk ±H;_ oGm;jcif;
r&Sbd J vkyo f uf qufvufcpH m;ykifd cf iG /hf vlra_ &; cHpm;cGirhf sm;&&Syd idk cf iG w
hf @dk udk
tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//
(*) rdbrsm;tm; ‚if;wk@d . rdom;pkwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;ESihf ‚if;wk@d . vkyif ef;cGif
wm0efrsm;/ tjcm;jyifyvkyfief;rsm;ukd aygif;pyfay;Ekdifapa&;twGuf
taxmuf t ul j zpf a prnf h v k d t yf a om vl r _ 0 ef a qmif r _ v k y f i ef ; rsm;
axmufyHhulnDay;jcif;ukd tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðy&rnf// txl;ojzifh
&ifaoG;i,frsm;b0 wk;d wufjrifrh m;apa&;twGuf uav;ðypkapmifah &Smuf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd xlaxmifaqmif&Gufay;&rnf//
(C)tE W&m,f&Sdonf[k owfrSwfxm;aom vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif
vkyu f idk af eaom uk, d 0f efaqmiftrsK;d orD;rsm;tm; txl;umuG,af pmifh
a&SSmufr_rsm; axmufyhHay;&rnf//
(3),cktydk'fwGif yg0ifaomtcsufrsm;ukd v$rf;òcHaom trsKd;orD;tvkyform;

rsm;tm; umuG,af pmifah &SmS ufa&; Oya'ESihf pyfvsO;f onhhf udp&P yfrsm;ukd odyeH` nf;us
ESifh enf;ynm&yfqkdif&m A[kokwrsm;t& jyefvnfqef;ppfjcif;/ vkdtyfovkdjyiffqif
rGef;rHjcif;/ ±kyfodrf;jcif;/ jznhfpGufjcif;rsm;tcsdefrSefðyvkyf&rnf//
216 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

&Sif;vif;csuf ( trsKd;ord;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGif )
Ttykd'fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; vkyfief;cGifY cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; yaysmufapa&;

twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;u ta&;,laqmif&u G &f ef azmfjyxm;onf? trsK;d orD;
rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;ESiw hf ef;wlvyk if ef;cGif tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ wufvrf;rsm;/ a&G;cs,f
ykid cf iG rhf sm;ESihf tusK;d tjrwfrsm;ukd nDwn l rD # cHpm;cGi&hf o
dS nf[al omtcsuu f dk azmfjy
xm;onf//
xkd@tjyif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;a=umifhjzpfap/ ukd,f0efaqmifjcif;a=umifhjzpfap/
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; rðyvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u
umuG,f ay;&rnfjzpfa=umif; Ttykd'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf// trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
uk, d 0f efaqmifciG /hf rD;zGm;cGi&hf jdS yD; xkt
d csurf sm;a=umifh tvkyrf Sxw k yf ,fypfjcif; rcH&
atmif wm0ef,laqmif&Guf ay;&rnf[kqkdonf//
tyk d ' f (12 )

pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;onf trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf trsK;d om;rsm; wef;wlnrD #r&_ o dS nfh
tcsuftay:tajccHI usef;rma&;e,fy,fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;cJGjcm; zdESdyfr_rsm;
yaysmufapa&;twGuf oifah vsmaf om ta&;,laqmif&u G cf surf sm; vkyaf qmif&rnf?
rdom;pk pDru H ed ;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom udp&P yfrsm;tygt0if use;f rma&; uko&mwGif
wef;wltcGifhtvrf;&&Sda&;twGuf tmrcHcsufrsm;ay;&rnf//
Ttyk'd . f yxryk'd w f iG f xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&daS omfvnf; uk, d 0f efaqmif

csdef/ rD;zGm;csdefwkd@wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom usef;rma&;
apmifah &Smufrr_ sm; axmufyahH y;jcif;/ vkt d yfygu tcrJah pmifah &Smufrr_ sm; axmufyahH y;
jcif;/ uk, d 0f efaqmifcsed Ef iS hf Ek@d wu
dk af u|;onft h csed rf sm;wGif vkaH vmufaom t[m&
wkdufau|;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif;wkd@udk tmrcHcsufay;&rnf//
&Sif;vif;csuf? ? (trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_rsm;wGif

wef;wlnrD scS pH m;ykid cf iG )hf
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 217

Ttykd'fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl usef;rma&;apmifh

a&Smufr_&&Sdap&ef tzJG@0ifEkdfifiHrsm;u ta&;,laqmif&Guf&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf//
hf m; t[ef@twm;jzpfapaom
trsK;d orD;rsm;. use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufr_ cH,yl idk cf iG t
Oya'ESifh vlr_twm;tqD;rSefor# z,f&Sm;&ef pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u vkyfaqmif
ay;&rnf[kqkdonf//
xk@dtjyif trsKd;orD;rsm; ukd,f0efaqmifaecsdef/ rD;zGm;csdefESifh rD;zGm;csdefrsm;wGif

vkt
d yfaomuse;f rma&;apmifah &Smufrr_ sm;ukd vkv
H aHk vmufavmuf axmufyahH y;&rnf
[kazmfjyxm;onf//
tyk d ' f (13)

pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;e,fy,frsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;
tm;cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; yaysmuf&ef oifhavsmfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;vkyf
aqmif&rnf/ trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf trsK;d om;rsm; wef;wlnrD srS &_ o dS nfh tcsut f ay:tajc
cHI wlnDaomtcGifhta&;rsm; txl;ojzifh (u) rdom;pktusKd;pD;yGm;&&SdykdifcGifh/ (c)
b%frS aiGacs;,lykdifcGifhESihf rdrdukd,fykdifypPnf;ukd aygifESHykdifcGifh/ tmrcHxm;ykdifcGifhESifh
tjcm;aom aiGacs;pepfrsm;wGif wef;wltcGit hf a&;&&Syd idk cf iG /hf (*)tem;,ltyef;ajzykid f
cGiEhf iS hf tm;upm;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qidk &f mu¾rsm;wGif yg0ifyidk cf iG w hf @dk cpH m;Ekid &f ef tmrcH
csufay;&rnf//
&Sif;vif;csuf? ?(trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;cHpm;cGifh)
Ttyk'd w f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwiG f cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; yaysmuf

apa&;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl tyef;ajztem;,lykdifcGifhESihf ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif
yg0ifciG &hf &Sad &;twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEifdk if rH sm;u vkyaf qmif&efazmfjyxm;onf// tpk;d &
wGifomru yk*~vduqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;/ b¾ma&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg trsKd;orD;rsm;
tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; r&Sdap&efta&;,l aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfa=umif;qkdxm;onf//
aiGacs;,lciG /hf twk;d cHpm;cGihf ponfw@dk wiG f trsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf wef;
wltcGifhta&;rsm;&Sdonf[k Ttykd'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf//
218 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tyk d ' f (14)

(1) aus;vufa'oae trsKd;orD;rsm; &ifqkdifóuHawG@ae&aom jy\emrsm;/
pD;yGm;a&;twGuf aiGa=u;axmufyhHulnDr_rsm;r&&SdbJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfukdifae&aom
trsK;d orD;rsm; tygt0if rdom;pk. pD;yGm;a&; ajyvnfa&;twGuf t"dutcef;u¾rS
yg0if&ifqkdif ajz&Sif;ae&aom aus;vuftrsKd;orD;rsm;. tjzpftysufb0rsm;ukd
pmcsKyftzJG@0if EkdifiHtaeESifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf// xkd@tjyif,ckvuf&SdpmcsKyfwGif
yg0ifaeaom tcsuftvufrsm;onf aus;vuf&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;txd v$rf;òcHr_
&Sdap&eftwGuf oifhavsmfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(2 ) trsK;d orD;rsm;ESit hf rsK;d om;rsm; wef;wlnrD t _ ay: tajccHI trsK;d orD;tm;

cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm;yaysmufap&ef aus;vufa'orS trsK;d orD;rsm;onf aus;vufa'o
zHG@òzd;wkd;wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifh/ tusKd;tjrwfrsm;tm; twl
wuGcH pm;ykid cf iG &hf &Sad p&ef pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;u tmrcHcsuaf y;&rnf// txl;ojzifh
aus;vufa'o&Sd trsK;d orD;rsm;onf atmufyg tcGit hf a&;rsm;&&S&d ef oifah vsmaf om
ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf//
(u) aus;vufa'o zHG@òzd;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm tao;pdwf
pDpOf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&mwGif vnf;
aumif;u¾wkdif;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifh/
(c) rdom;pkpDrHudef;rsm;twGuf vkdtyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
&&SdEkdifcGifh/ aqG;aEG;wkdifyifcGifhESifh apmifha&SSmufr_rsm; cHpm;ykdifcGifhrsm;
tygt0ifvaHk vmufaom cHpm;cGihf &Sad &;twGuf uk, d xf u
l , kd xf / uk, d 0hf ef
ukd,fxrf;toif;rsm;ESifh or0g,rtzJG@rsm; xlaxmifykdifcGifh/
(*)vl@tzJG@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;tm;vkH;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmif
ykdifcGifh/
(C) pku d yf sK;d a&;qkid &f aiGa=u;acs;,lyidk cf iG /hf a&mif;0,fa&;aps;uGuf taxmuf
tulðyypPn;f rsm;/ oifah vsmaf om enf;ynmrsm;&&Scd iG /hf ajr,m0g'ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;ESihf ajr,mcJaG 0pDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif wlnaD om ykid q f idk cf iG &hf &Syd idk f
cGifh/
(i) vkHavmufaom aexkdifr_tajctaejzpfaomtkd;tdrf/ usef;rma&;apmifh
a&Smufr_/ v#yfppfrD;/ a&/ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&; &&SdcHpm;ykdifcGifh/
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 219

&Sif;vif;csuf ( aus;vufa'o&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;)
Ttyk'd w f iG f aus;vufa'o&St d rsK;d orD;rsm; tay:cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; yaysmufap

&ef/ pmcsKyfygtrsK;d orD;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ cHpm;cGirhf sm;ukd aus;vuftrsK;d orD;rsm;
ygcpH m;Edik &f eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;taejzifh ta&;,laqmif&u G &f ef azmfjyxm;
onf// aus;vufa'o&Sd trsK;d orD;rsm;uk, d w
f idk f ‚if;wk@d . vkt
d yfcsurf sm;udk jznfq h nf;
ay;rnfh wk;d wufz@GH òzd;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;wGiyf g0ifap&ef vkyaf qmifay;&rnf
[kazmfjyxm;onf// aus;vufa'ojzpfaoma=umifh aemufrusefcJhapbJ pD;yGm;a&;
tcGit hf a&;/ pmwwfajrmufr/_ aps;uGut f axmuftul ypPn;f rsm;cHpm;ykid cf iG /hf pm;0wf
aea&;twGuf axmufyu hH n
l rD r_ sm;tm;vk;H ukd &,lcpH m;ykid cf iG rhf sm;&Sad tmif pmcsKyftzJ@G
0ifEkdifiHrsm;u wm0ef,l vkyfaqmifay;&rnf[kqkdxm;onf//
tyk d i f ; (4 )
tyd k ' f (15)

(1) trsK;d orD;ESit hf rsK;d om;rsm; w&m;Oya'a&S@S arSmufwiG f wef;wljzpfonfudk
pmcsKyf tzJG@0ifEkdifiHwkdfif;u oabmwlvufrSwfa&; xkd;&rnf//
(2) EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m udpP&yfrsm;wGif trskKd;om;twGuf w&m;
Oya'a=umif;t& jynfhpkHckdifvkHonf[lI owfrSwfxm;csufrsm;onf
trsK;d orD;rsm; usio hf ;Hk onft
h cgwiG v
f nf; wajy;nDxjJ zpf&ef pmcsKyftzJ@G
0ifEifdk if w
H idk ;f u oabmwl&rnf// pmcsKyfcsKyfq&dk mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ ykid q f idk f
r_ypPnf;rsm;ukd pDrHcef@cJGonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd
wef;wltcGit hf a&;ay;I w&m;±H;k / ck±H ;Hk wk@d . vkyx
f ;Hk vkyef nf; tqift h qifh
wkdif;wGif wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd&rnf?
(3) trsKd;orD;rsm;. Oya'a=umif;t& pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_tay:ukd wkduf±dkuf
uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;aom yÉdnmOfpmcsKyfrsm;ESifh yk*~vduw&m;0if
pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vk;H . Oya'uJo h @dk tusK;d oufa&mufrw _ idk ;f onf
Oya't& tóuH;r0ifysujf y,fonf[k ,lq&rnfjzpfonfqadk om tcsuf
ukd pmcsKyftzJG@ 0ifEkdifiHwkdif;u oabmwl&onf//
(4) oGm;vmcGi/hf aexkid pf &maetdrf Oypmrsm;ukd vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,cf iG w hf @dk
220 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

ESifh ywfoufaom Oya'wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm; wef;wl

tcGit hf a&;&Sad =umif; pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if w
H idk ;f u oabmwlvufrw
S af &;xk;d
&rnf//
&Sif;vif;csuf (trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh Oya'a&S@arSmufwGifwef;wlnDrSsr_)
Ttyk'd w
f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh trsK;d om;rsm;enf;wl w&m;Oya'a&S@S arSmuf
wGif wef;wlnrD #r&_ adS p&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if t
H zJ@G 0ifrsm;u ta&;,laqmif&u
G f
&efazmfjyxm;ygonf//
tyk d ' f (16 )
(1) xd r f ; jrm;vuf x yf j cif ; ES i f h v nf ; aumif ; / rd o m;pk q uf q H a &;ES i f h a omf

vnf;aumif; qufpyfaeaom udprP sm;tm;vk;H wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEydS rf _
rsm;tm;vkH; yaysmufEkdfif&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;taeESifh oifhavsmfaom
ta&;,lr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&rnf// txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;
wef;wlnDr#r_tay:tajccHI atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd wef;wl&&SdcHpm;cGifh&Sd&ef
pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u tmrcHay;&rnf//
(u) xdrf;jrm;vufxyf&mwGif wlnDaomtcGifhta&;&Sd&rnf//
(c) tdraf xmifzufudk vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,yf idk cf iG Ehf iS hf vGwv f yfaom rdro d abm
qENEiS n hf rD o
S m xdr;f jrm;vufxyfciG hf ponfw h @dk wiG f nDr#aomtcGit hf a&;
rsm;&Sd&rnf//
(*) xdr;f jrm;vufxyfjyD; aygi;f oif;csed w f iG v
f nf;aumif;/ uGm&Si;f jywfpcJ sed w f iG f
vnf;aumif;/ wlnDaom tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef&Sd&rnf//
(C) tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae rnfokd@yif&Sdapumrl ‚if;wkd@. uav;rsm;ESifh
qufpyfaomudprP sm;wGif rdbrsm;onf wlnaD om tcGit hf a&;ESihf wm0ef
rsm;&S=d u&rnfjzpfjyD; udp&P yfwidk ;f wGif uav;oli,frsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;onf
yxrOD;pm;ay;jzpf&rnf//
(i) uav;ta&twGufukd qkH;jzwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ uav;wOD;ESifhwOD;
vlt
Y cGit
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 221

t=um; tcsed jf cm;onfu h mvukd qk;H jzwf&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ vGwv f yfr_

ESihf wm0ef&rdS w _ @dk wiG f wlnpD mG &Sjd yD; owif;&,lyidk cf iG /hf ynma&;ESiahf zmfjyyg
tcGit hf a&;wk@d udk usio hf ;Hk Ekid o
f nfh enf;vrf;rsm;wGiv f nf; wlnaD omtcGihf
ta&;&Sd&rnf//
(p) tkyx f ed ;f r_/ xdr;f ausmif;r_/ ,k=H unftyfE&HS r_EiS hf uav;arG;pm;jcif; udprP sm;
wGifvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHawmf&SdOya'rsm;xJwGif xkdudpPrsm;ESifh ywfouf
onfh Oya'rsm;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;onf wef;wltcGit hf a&;
ESifh wef;wlwm0efrsm;&Sjd yD; uav;oli,frsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;onf yxrOD;
pm;ay;jzpf&rnf//
(q)rdom;pktrnf a&G;cs,f&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ESifh
tvkyt f ukid f a&G;cs,&f mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ cifyeG ;f jzpfoEl iS hf ZeD;jzpfoEl pS Of ;D
pvkH;wGif yk*~vdu tcGifhta&;wef;wl&Sd&rnf//
(Z) tzkd;wefaom ypPnf;OpPmudkjzpfap/ tzkd;rwefaom ypPnf;OpPmukdjzpfap
ykid q
f idk &f mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ &,l&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ pDrcH ef@c&GJ mwGiv f nf;
aumif;/ tkycf sKyf&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ cHpm;&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ xkcaGJ &mif;
cs&mwGiv f nf;aumif; cifyeG ;f jzpfoEl iS hf ZeD;jzpfoEl pS Of ;D pvk;H wGif wlnaD om
tcGifhta&;&Sdonf?
(2 ) t&G,rf a&mufao;aom uav;i,fwpfO;D . aphpyfa=umif;vrf;r_EiS hf xdr;f

jrm;vufxyfr_onf Oya'a=umif;t& tusKd;oufa&mufr_r&Sdap&// xdrf;jrm;vuf
xyf Ekid af om ti,fq;Hk touft&G,u f dk twdtusowfrw S jf cif;/ xdr;f jrm;vufxyfr_
rsm;ukd w&m;0ifrwS yf w
Hk ifjcif;wk@d tm; rjzpfraevkyaf qmifap&eftwGuf Oya'jyXmef;
jcif;tygt0ifvkdtyfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHu aqmif
&Guf&rnf//
&Si;f vif;csu(f vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;r_EiS hf tdraf xmifa&;Oya'rsm;wGif wef;wlnrD #r)_
Ttyk'd w f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm; xdr;f jrm;vufxyfjcif;/ xdr;f jrm;vufxyfjcif;qkid &f m

Oya'rsm;ESifh &ifaoG;,lcGifhwkd@ukd azmfjyxm;onf//
222 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

tdraf xmifzufukd vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,cf iG /hf tdraf xmifpt

k wGi;f twGi;f nDr#aom
tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef&SdcGifh/ &ifaoG;ta&twGufESifh &ifaoG;wOD;ESifhwOD;t=um;
umvuGmjcm;r_wkd@ukd cifyGef;onfESifhwef;wl vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwm0ef,l qkH;jzwf
ykid cf iG /hf rdom;pktrnfEiS hf tvkyt
f ukid rf sm;tm; wef;wla&G;cs,yf idk cf iG w
hf @dk udk azmfjyxm;
onf//
tykdif; ( 5 )
tyk d ' f (17 )
(1) ToabmwlncD suf pmcsKyfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif wk;d wuf
atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEidk &f ef &nf&, G I f trsK;d orD;
rsm;tay: zdEydS cf jGJ cm;r_rsm; yaysmufa&;aumfrw D D (aemifwiG f aumfrw D [D k
!$e;f rnf)ukpd w d "f mwfjrifrh m;+yD; t&nftcsi;f jynf0h aom u|r;f usio f (l 18)
OD;jzifh pmcsKyfpwif touf0ifaomae@wGif zJG@pnf;cJhonf// pmcsKyftzJG@0if
Ekid if H (35)Ekid if uH pmcsKyfvu dk ef musio
hf ;Hk ygrnf[k twnfðyvufrw S af &;xk;d
jyD;aomtcg u|r;f usio f l (23) OD;wk@d jzifh zJ@G pnf;cJo
h nf// u|r;f usiof rl sm;ukd
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rsm;tay: udk,fpm;ðyr_t&vnfaumif; pOf;pm;I pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;
u ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHolrsm;xJrS a&G;cs,f&+yD; u|rf;usifolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.
udk,fydkifpGrf;&nft& wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf//
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pepfjzifha&G;cs,f+yD; aumfrwDudkzGJ@pnf;&rnf// pmcsKyftzGJ@ 0ifedkifiHwdkif;u
rdrdedkifiHom;wOD;. trnfpm&if;udk wifoGif;&rnf//
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ajcmufvt=umwGifusif;y&rnf// a&G;aumufyGJwdkifY a&G;auufyGJrwdkifrD
oHk; vtvdkwGif pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;rS ESpfvtwGif; trnfpm&if;wif
oGi;f r_ðy&ef ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfupmjzifh a&;om;zdwf
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tvdu k f trnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f aomEdik if rH sm;ESihf ,SOw f aJG zmfjyxm;aompm
&if;udk wifoGif;&rnf//
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a&G;cs,fcH&onfh olrsm;jzpf&rnf//
(5) a&G;aumufcH&aom aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;. oufwrf;onf av;ESpfjzpf
onf/ odk@aomfyxrOD;qHk;a&G;aumufyGJrS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufolrsm;
teuf ud;k OD;. oufwrf;onf ESpEf pS jf ynfo h nfEiS hf ukeq
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cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufolrsm;teufrS ESpfOD;. trnfpm&if;udk aumfrwD
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taxGaxGnv D mcHu owfrw S af y;xm;aomumvESihf tajctaetwdik ;f
ukvor*~rS vpmcHpm;&rnf//
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vdktyfonfh 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;udk ukvor*~
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taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu axmufyHhay;&rnf//
tyd k ' f ( 18)

(1) aumfrwDrS pOf;pm;edkif&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ,ckoabm
wlncD supf mcsKyfukd taxmuftulðy ap&eftvd@k imS jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'ðyr_qikd &f m/
w&m;pD&ifr_qdkif&m/ tkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&mESifh tjcm;ta&;,l aqmif&Gufr_rsm; wdk;wuf
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umvtwGif;/
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axGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfxHodk@ wifoGif;&efwm0ef&Sdonf//
(*) tpD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif ,ckoabmwlncD supf mcsKyfyg 0efaqmifrr_ sm;twdik ;f
twmudk jynhrf aD tmifjznfq h nf;&mwGif óuHawG@&onfh ta=umif;w&m;
rsm;ESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk azmfjy&rnf//
tyd'k f 19 rS 30 txdonf aumfrwD. vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk azmfjyowfrw S x
f m;onf?
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aemufqufwGJ (3)
uav;oli,ftcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf
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k nf;
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uav;oli,ftcGit
rsm;.tcGifhta&;onf EdkifiHwumtaejzifh yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&rnfh

tcsufjzpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf//
tyd'k f (5) Ttyd'k w f iG f uav;i,frsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk uav;rsm; em;vnf

oabmayguaf tmif rdbrsm;ESihf tkyx f ed ;f olrsm;u vrf;!Gerf a_ y; Edik &f ef
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tyd'k f (8) Ttyd'k w f iG f uav;i,frsm;. trnf/ Edik if o

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cGJcGmxm;&aom uav;onf‚if;. rdbrsm;ESifh wdkuf±kdufqufoG,fEdkif
onf[k azmfjyxm;onf//
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Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;/ jynfo@l use;f rma&;/ pdw"f mwfa&;&mESihf tcGit hf a&;wd@k ukd
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tydk'f (12) Ttydk'fwGif uav;i,frsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@. tawG;tjrifrsm;udk

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qdik &f mwd@k wiG f vGwv
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qdkonf//
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uav;oli,ftcGit
av;pm; oabmaygufoifha=umif;qdkxm;onf// odk@&mwGif EdkifiHawmf

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k yf ikd v
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tydk'f (17) Ttydk'fwGif owif;Xmersm;. ta&;ygyHkudk todtrSwfðyxm;+yD;

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aom vrf;!Gefr_rsm; csrSwfoifha=umif;azmfjyxm;onf//
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tkyfxdef;olrsm;. uav;xdef;ausmif;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk

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&rnf[kqdkonf//
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wm;qD;&eftwGuf vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm; ay:ayguaf tmif vkyaf qmifoifh
onf[k qdx k m;onf//
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Ttydk'fuqdkonf//
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&rnf[k Ttykd'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf//
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232 vlt
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hf a&;vufpJG 233

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xm;onf//
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kd nf//
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234 vlt
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uav;oli,ftcGit
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tydk'f (42) pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ,ckpmcsKyfyg ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk

Edik if H twGi;f &Su
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===???===
vlt
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Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG 235

References:
- The Torture Reporting Handbook, Human Rights Center,
University of Essex, USA, 2000.
- The Human Rights Education Handbook, Human Rights Center,
University of Minneapolis, USA, 2000.
- Human Rights Defender’s Manual, Diplomacy Training
Program, New South Wales University, Australia. 2000.
- Human Rights Here and Now: Celebrating the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights USA, USA, 1998.
- The United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education 1995-
2004, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 1998.
- Campaigning Manual, Amnesty International, UK, 1997.
- Resource Book for Human Rights Study Sessions, Asian Forum
for Human Rights and Development (Forum-Asia), Thailand,
1996.
- HRE Pack, Asian Regional Resource Center for Human Rights,
ARRC, Bangkok, 1995.
- Handbook on fact-finding and Documentation of Human Rights
Violations, Forum-Asia, Thailand, 1994.
236 vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;vufpJG vlt
Y cGit

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vlYtcGifht a&;vufpJG

human (Hreib) handbook.pmd 1 12/6/2005, 2:11 PM

Author : Aung Myo Min

Published by : Human Rights Education Institute of Burma

Second Edition : 1000 copies, December 2005.

© Aung Myo Min

All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced, provided

Funded by the National Endowment for Democracy

human (Hreib) handbook.pmd 2 12/6/2005, 2:11 PM

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human (Hreib) handbook.pmd 6 12/6/2005, 2:11 PM

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