Experiment No - 01 TENSILE TEST

AIM To carry out tensile test on mild steel / aluminum test pieces. APPARATUS Universal testing machine, extensometer, vernier caliper, specimen. THEORY The tensile test is used to study following engineering properties. a. Strength: Resistance to permanent deformation. b. Ductility: Ability to deform plastically without fracturing. c. Elasticity: Ability of material to return its original dimensions after removal of stress STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM This diagram shows the performance of tested specimen by graphically expressing the Stress as a function of strain. The nature of material i.e. ductile or brittle can be observed by the Stress- strain curve itself: DEFINATION l. Proportional Stress (P.S.): It is the highest value of the Stress up to which stress is proportional to strain.

2. Elastic limit or Elastic stress (E.8.): It is the highest value of the stress up to which deformation IS elastic or temporary and beyond which they are plastic or permanent.

3. Ultimate tensile stress (U.T.S.): It is the highest value of stress that. the material can bear or sustain without fracture.

4. Breaking Stress or Fracture Stress (B.S.): It is the stress at fracture of the specimen.

5. Yield Stress (Y.S.): It is the stress at winch the material yields i.e. shows appreciable plastic strain at almost constant stress without any strain hardening.

6. Resilience: It is the total energy absorbed by the material during its elastic deformation.

7. Toughness: It is the total energy absorbed by the material prior to its fracture.

8. Stiffness: It is resistance of a material for elastic deformation and is expressed by Youngs Modulus of elasticity.

9. Ductility: It is the ability of a material to exhibit large amount of plastic deformation on prior to fracture under tensile loading conditions.

10. Malleability: It is the ability of a material to exhibit large amount of plastic deformation prior to fracture under compressive loading condition. CALCULATION Given: Initial Diameter =

Initial cross-sectional area = Initial gauge length Final Diameter = =

Final cross-sectional area = Final gauge length Maximum applied load Breaking load = = =