6.

002

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Superposition, Thvenin and Norton

Reading: Chapter 3 of A&L

Review
Circuit Analysis Methods
l KVL: KCL: VI

l l

Circuit composition rules Node method the workhorse of 6.002 KCL at nodes using V s referenced from ground KVL implicit in pattern
2

Overview
l Introduction to linear circuits l Properties of linearity l The superposition tool for your toolkit l The Thvenin method l The Norton method

Lets start by introducing linearity

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Linearity
Consider

R1

e
I
g

" V+ " Write node equations

R2

Linearity
Write node equations -e V e + I = 0 linear in e,V , I R1 R2 Rearrange -" V+ "

R1

e
I
g
5

R2

Linearity
e V e + I =0 R1 R2
1 1 R + R e 1 2 = V + I R1
" V+ "

R1

e
I
g
6

R2

Linearity

Homogeneity Superposition

Linearity
Homogeneity

. . .

Homogeneity Superposition

. . .
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Linearity

Superposition

. . .

Homogeneity Superposition

. . .

. . .
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Specific superposition example:

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Method 4: Superposition method 1. Find the responses of the circuit to each source acting alone 2. Sum the individual respones

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Each source acting alone means this

i +" " + v i + v open g short i + v 12

i + v -

Back to the example

R1

e
I
g

" V+ "

R2

Use superposition method

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Back to the example

Use superposition method
" V+ "

R1

e
I
g

R2

V acting alone V +" "

R1

R2

I =0

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Back to the example

Use superposition method

eI

I acting alone V = 0

" V+ "

R1 R2

By superposition, sum the two partial voltages

Voil !

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R2 eV = V R1 + R2

R1

e
I

R2

salt water Low freq +" " sinusoid

Demo

+" "

?
output shows superposition

High freq triangular wave

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Yet another method

Consider

y network r a r t i N Arb resistors Vm In g

v
-

By superposition

Suppose I want to determine v

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arynetwork N r t i b r A resistors

v =

mVm
m

n In
n

+ Ri

Vm

In

+ -

Independent of external excitation and behaves like a voltage.

also independent of external excitement and behaves like a resistor. Lets call it RTH

vTH Lets call it

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v =

mVm
m

n In
n

+ Ri

arynetwork N r t i b r A resistors
Vm

In

+ -

In other words, as far as the external world is concerned (for the purpose of the i-v relation), arbitrary network N is indistinguishable from:

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v = vTH + RTH i
Thvenin equivalent network

arynetwork N r t i b r A resistors
Vm

RTH
g + v i

In

+ -

+" vTH "

vTH RTH

Open circuit voltage seen at terminal pair (aka port) Resistance of network seen from port (Vm s, I ns set to 0)
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Method 4: The Thvenin Method

g +" "

N
+" "

i + v -

E
1. Replace network N with its Thvenin

RTH
Thvenin equivalent +" vTH "

i + v -

equivalent

2. Then solve with external network E.

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Example: Find i1
Network E

i1 R1

Network N

+" V "

R2

I
Step 1: Replace N with Thvenin equivalent

i1 R1
Network E

+" V "
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Step 1: Replace with Thvenin equivalent

Network N

RTH :

turn off all independent sources and measure resistance of N

VTH :

open circuit voltage of network N

R2

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Step 2: Solve with external network E

i1 R1
E

Network E

+" V "

RTH VTH +" "

VTH = IR2 RTH = R2

i1 R1

+" V "

R2

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Graphically,
i

v = vTH + RTH i

RTH
+" vTH "
v

i + v

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Method 5: The Norton Method

g

In
+" "

i + v -

Vm

+" "

IN

RTH = RN

IN RTH

Short circuit current seen at port Resistance of network seen from port (Vm s, s set to 0) In
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Norton equivalent

RTH
+" vTH "

i + v

IN

RTH = RN

Thevenin equivalent

Norton equivalent

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Summary
Discretize matter by agreeing to observe the lumped matter discipline

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Summary
Circuit analysis methods KVL, KCL, I V Combination rules Node method Superposition Thvenin Norton Next Nonlinear networks
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