24

Chng 2 Tnh ton n nh cng trnh ngm

2.1 Cng tc kho st d n
2.1.1 Kht qut
Khi xy dng cng trnh ngm cn xt y t hp cc thng s a k
thut mt cch tng th v xc nh trng thi a cht c th. Tnh cht ca t
quyt nh cng ngh xy lp, phng php o v p t, loi gia c tm
thi v gia c lu di. c im tnh cht ca t cn thit khi xc nh gi tr
ti trng ln kt cu ngm, khi la chn s tnh ton cng trnh ngm, khi xc
nh cc thng s gia c.
Theo phng n la chn, ngi ta tin hnh kho st chi tit a k thut -
Thm d a k thut. Mc tiu chnh ca cng tc thm d - nhn c c tnh
nh lng s dng khi xc nh ti trng ln kt cu cng trnh ngm, khi la
chn s tnh ton cng trnh, cc phng ph 1.o t, cc thng s n nh
tm thi v.v... cng nh d on tnh ng hc ca s pht trin cc qu trnh a
vt l, cc trng thi ng sut - bin dng ca khi t, cc ch nhit v nc
ngm.
Trnh t kho st c gii thiu bng 2.1
Bng 2.1. Trnh t kho st
T
r

n
h

t

y

d

n
g

v

k
h

o

s

t

S
o

s

n
h

c

c

t
u
y

n


C
h

n

t
u
y

n



B

u

x

y

d

n
g


H
o

n

t
h

n
h

x

y

d

n
g


Mc ch
chnh
Thu thp nhng s liu
cn thit chn tuyn
ng ph hp nht v
cc iu kin a
Thu thp cc s liu c
bn cn thit cho bn
thit k gc, lp k
hoch xy dng, d
D on v xem xt
nhng vn c th
xy ra trong khi xy
dng.
Kim tra cc vn
xut hin trong khi
xy dng v sau khi
hon thnh.
Kho st
chn tuyn
chn tuyn
Thit k v kho
st lp k
hoch thi cng
Kho st trong
giai on xy
dng
Kho st sau
khi kt thc
xy dng

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cht/a l v cc iu
kin khc v mi
trng.
ton, v..v.. Thay i thit k.
Qun l xy dng.
Thu thp s liu n
b trong tng lai.
Thu thp s liu
n b v cc bin
php phng xung
cp, h hng.
Ni dung Kho st tng qut Kho st a cht chi
tit. Kho st c cn
nhc v mi trng.
Nhng phng tin
kho st cn thit cho
vic xy dng.
o c trong ng
hm ch yu l quan
trc t , trng thi
ca h thng chng .
Kho st v o c
nhng vng xung
quanh ng hm v
mi trng ch yu
nh gi cc tc ng
ca vic xy dng v
cc bin php x l.
Kho st v o c
nhng vng xung
quanh ng hm v
mi trng ch yu
nh gi nhng tc
ng ca vic xy
dng v cc bin php
x l.
Khu vc
kho st
Khu vc kho st rng
bao gm tt c cc
tuyn c kin ngh.
ng hm v vng
xung quanh k c v tr
c th b lin ly.
ng hm v khu vc
c chng b nh
hng ca vic xy
dng.
Khu vc xung quanh
mt v tr c tranh ci
chu nh hng ca
vic xy dng.
2.1.2 Kho st a k thut
Kho st a k thut cn lm sang t nhng iu kin sau:
1. t ang hoc c tim nng dch chuyn nh tr l
2. i nt n, khu vc c cu trc un np;
3. t yu, cha nc;
4. t b p vt;
5. t c th xy ra hin tng n;
6. t c nhit lng cao, mch nc nng, kh c, v..v..;
7. t cha nhiu nc di t.
Trong kho st cng cn ch n nhng iu kin c bit c lien quan n
mi trng, nh:
1. Chiu dy tng t ph mng;
2. Khu vc th;
3. Di mc nc ngm;
4. Ging nghing hoc ging ng;
5. Ca hm;
6. Cng trnh xy dng ln cn;

26
7. Mt ct ngang ln.
Trnh t kho st a k thut nu bng 2.2
Trong giai on kho st s b cn kho st a hnh, a cht, thy vn,
v..v.. mt vng rng gm c tuyn so snh. Mc ch kho st l nm chc
nhng nt i cng v iu kin t ca ng hm v thu thp nhng s
liu cn thit cho qu trnh chn tuyn v lp k hoch kho st tip theo. Cn
tin hnh kho st bng phng php ph hp vi cc iu kin a cht ca khu
vc.
Kho st a k thut chi tit nhm p ng mc ch l nm bt c
iu kin tng th v t khu vc xy dng cng trnh ngm, thu thp
nhng s liu c bn cn thit cho thit k v lp k hoch xy dng, tng bc
nng cao chnh xc. Trong kho st a k thut chi tit, phi chn cc mc
cn thit kho st ty theo mc ch kho st, cc iu kin t , v..v.. v
phi dng phng php kho st ph hp nht. c im ca cc phng php
kho st a k thut nu bng 2.3.
















Bng 2.2. Trnh t kho st iu kin a k thut

27
Phng php kho st, thu thp thng tin




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Bng 2.3. c im ca cc phng php kho st a k thut
Phng php Cc hng mc kho
st
S dng cc kt qu
lp k hoch v thit k
Cc kh khn khi kho st

Nghin cu ti
liu
1. iu kin a l, a
cht v thy vn ca
khu vc nh xy dng.
2. Lch s cc thm ha
xy ra v phc tho
kh nng xy dng.
1. Cc vn hoc vng kh
khn c nh r giai
on chn tuyn
2. a ra vn cn lm r khi
kho st b mt hoc kho st
t m sau ny
1. C th khng c s
liu hu ch ph thuc vo
tng vng.
2. Ni chung, cc bn
khng chnh xc
3. Thng tin trn bn
khng phi bao gi cng
lin quan n mc ch
nghin cu.
Phn tch nh
hng khng
1. t khng n nh
quanh ca hm
2. Cu trc a cht, c
bit l cu trc c
trng nh t gy
3. a cht b mt trc
khi c thay i nhn
to.
- m bo chnh xc tiu
chun nhng cn phi
kim tra ln na bng kho
st trn mt t

Kho st a cht
b mt
1. S phn b, cc c
im v s n nh a
cht b mt
2. S phn b v cc
c im t nn
3. S phn b v kiu
cu trc a cht.
1. Lp bn a cht ct ngang
v ct dc v kim tra s phn
b v c im ca t
xung quanh tuyn
2. nh gi cht lng an ton
v kh nng xy dng ca a
cht ngoi vi ca tuyn
1. Bn a cht ch l mt
cch trnh by cc kt qu
kho st, cn kim tra
trong giai on kho st
sau ny
2. B nh hng rt ln bi
chnh xc ca bn
a l
T
h

m

d

a

v

t

l

Thm d
a chn
1. Vn tc sng n hi
ca t .
2. V tr, quy m v vn
tc ca i c vn tc
chm
1. bit r b dy v c im
cc trm tch khng bn
vng, tng phong ha.
2. bit r iu kin khi
cao khai o
3. bit r v tr, quy m, iu
kin v tnh lin tc ca t
gy, i nt n v lp t
mm
4. Nghin cu phn loi t
1. Khi khu vc c vn tc
chm l hp th s gim
chnh xc ca phn tch
2. nh gi s phn b a
cht, mc phong ha v
pht trin ca nt n phi
kt hp vi cc kho st
khc v phi nh gi tng
hp

29
Thm d
in

- in tr ring ca t
v phn b in tr
ring trn mt ct
ngang.

1. bit r b dy sn tch v
lp phong ha.
2. bit r cu trc a cht v
cc c im t in tr
ring.
3. Pht hin di mng ca t
mm
4. bit r cc tnh cht v
quy m ca t gy
5. Nghin cu s phn b v
cc tnh cht ca nc ngm
v tng ngm nc
1. Cc tnh cht a l v
a cht hin trng nh
hng rt ln n
chnh xc ca kho st.
2. Kt qu khng trc tip
quan h vi bn c hc
ca t



Khoan kho st
1. S phn tng v phn
b ct v .
2. V tr, phm vi, cc
tnh cht, tnh lin tc
ca t gy, i nt
n, lp mm yu
3. Loi , phong ha v
bin i, cc tnh cht
ca i nt n v ca
khe nt
4. Tnh trng nc ngm,
p sut v lng dng
chy
1. Trc tip kho st a cht
kim tra chi tit phn b v
cc tnh cht ca t
2. Nghin cu phn loi t ,
cc phng php khai o,
chng v b tng v hm,
lng thuc n s dng
- y l kho st chnh xc
v cn kt hp vi trc a
trn mt t, kho st a
vt l, v..v..
K
h

o

s

t

l

k
h
o
a
n

Th
nghim
xuyn
tiu
chun
1. Kim tra xem xt
n nh quanh ca hm
v nhng ni m b
dy tng t ph
mng
2. bit r su ca
v lp chu ti
1. Gi tr N, tnh mm v/hoc
cht
2. Ly mu v phn loi t.
1. Ni chung, khng p
dng cho v lp cui
si.
2. Khi gi tr N > 50 th
khng phn bit chnh xc
Th
nghim
ti trng
trong l
khoan

- H s bin dng, h s
n hi.
- Phn tch bin dng t . 1. Chn la thit b th
nghim hp l i vi cc
iu kin a cht v
ng knh l khoan l
cn thit
2. Chn la v tr bao gm
cc trng thi a cht c
trng bng nh gi li
khoan l cn thit

30
Th
nghim
thm
- Cc tnh cht thy vn
ca t .
1. nh gi v d on dng
chy bt thng v/hoc n
nh t tng ngm nc.
2. nh gi s n nh ca
gng trong t khng bn
vng.
1. Gi tr o c nh gi
th do vy cn phi din
gii bng l thuyt
2. Chn th nghim hp l
l cn thit cho iu kin
t .
Th
nghim
vn tc
trong
l khoan
- S phn b vn tc n
hi thng ng ca t
.
1. Gin tip c tnh phn loi
/ct hoc mc phong
ha, bin i v pht trin nt
n
2. bit r lp c vn tc
thp.
1. i khi khng o c
khi khng c nc ngm.
2. i khi lp c vn tc
chm khng o c di
mc nc ngm.
Th
nghim
in
trong
l khoan
- in tr biu kin ca
cc vch l khoan
1. bit r phn b a cht
bng in tr ring
2. nh gi iu kin nc
ngm tng ngm nc.
1. Kh nng b hn ch
di mc nc ngm
2. Khng o c trong ng
vch

Truyn
hnh
l khoan
1. iu kin a tng.
Phm vi, cc tnh cht
v ng phng/gc
dc ca t gy v cc
nt n .
2. iu kin nc ngm
1. Thm tra n nh ca gng
hm bng iu kin ca cc
nt n v ng phng/gc
dc ca chng.
2. Nghin cu iu kin dng
chy ca khu vc
- Kt thc v dn k l
khoan l cn thit



Th nghim
trong phng
1. Cc c tnh c l ca
to thnh: khi
lng ring, vn tc
sng n hi, cng
nn, v..v..
2. Cc c tnh khong
vt ca to thnh:
thnh phn khong vt
st, tnh v vn, v..v..
3. Cc c tnh c l ca
t to thnh : thnh
phn ht, m,
cng nn, st,
v..v..
1. bit r mc ph hng
do nt n
2. bit r cc c tnh c
hc ca .
3. nh gi v d bo t b
p vt
4. nh gi s n nh ca cc
trm tch khng bn vng
5. nh gi s n nh t ng
vng ca gng hm ni
t khng bn vng

1. V mu khng c cc vt
nt gy nn gi tr khng
th hin c trng i
din ca t
2. Kt qu thc nghim
thay i rt ln do m
ca mu mm
3. Th nghim c hc c xu
hng b nh hng ln
do xo trn khi ly mu


Kho st a k thut chi tit cn nm bt v xem xt nhng ni dung sau
y:
1. Cu to a cht tng th, s phn b v cc c im ca mt ct
cng trnh;
2. Phn loi t vi s xem xt k thut da trn kt qu kho st;

31
3. a hnh v a cht ti v tr ca hm, nhng ti liu tham kho c
bn v cc vn ny v cc bin php x l;
4. nh gi s n nh ca gng, thit k h thng chng , chn cc
phng php ph, cc ti liu tham kho chn cc phng php
khai o gng v cc phng php o hm;
5. S phn b v cc c im ca nhng iu kin t c bit, d
bo nhng vn v hin tng, cc ti liu tham kho c bn v cc
bin php x l.
Nhng mc kho st a k thut lit k trong bng 2.4. Tham kho
bng ny chn cc mc kho st theo iu kin t ca ng hm v
chn phng php kho st ph hp.
Mt s lnh vc c quan tm trong kho st cc iu kin t c bit v
nhng iu kin c bit khc bng 2.4 c th bao gm:
1. Cc loi t ang hoc c tim nng dch chuyn nh trt l. Phi phn
tch kh nng t trt, st l v sp mi dc ca hm, ni b dy tng t
ph mng nh cc thung lng v cc ng hm gn mi dc. Phi nh gi s
n nh ca ng hm. Cng cn phi thc hin cc kho st c th xc nh
s cn thit v cc bin php x l v thit k cc trng hp . Khi t trt,
st l vi quy m ln th cn phi xem xt kh nng chn mt tuyn trnh s
trt, st l .
2. Vng nt n / vng un np. C th pht hin mt t gy vi mt di
rng ca i nt n bng kho st s b (nghin cu ti liu, nh hng khng,
kho st trn mt t, v..v..). C th c on nhng c im ca i nt n,
nh cng ca i nt n, bng phng php thm d a chn, khoan kho
st, v..v..
3. t yu cha nc. t yu, nh t st, t ct v t si to
thnh tng sn tch v mt phn ca tng bi tch, t ni la khng bn
vng nh tro ni la hoc si ( bt), l nhng loi t khng bn vng. Khi
loi t ny tip xc vi nc c th xy ra nhng vn : xi l hoc sp
gng, t ln hoc sp khi b dy tng t ph mng, nc chy vo
nhiu. Tng ct khng bn vng hoc tng si ct thng c cu trc n gin v
vy vic kho st a cht trn b mt, khoan kho st, kho st a vt l trong
l khoan, kho st nc ngm, v..v.. c th nh gi cc c im a cht v kh

32
nng b xi l n mt mc kh ln. Th nghim trong phng lp r a ch s
xi l l c bit quan trng i vi ct mn c c ht ng u.

Bng 2.4. Quan h gia iu kin t , cc mc
kho st v phng php kho st



33
4. t trng n, nn p (Swelling and squeezing soil and rock). y
l vng t m mt ct ngang bn trong pht trin v pha trong do p lc t
gia tng rt ln khi khai o ng hm. Hin tng ny quan st thy trong st
kt Neogen, v tp, st ti vng t gy, vng v vn v nhu, st solfataic,
secpentinit. Hin tng ny khng ch ph thuc vo loi v cc c im ca
, m cn lin quan cht ch n ng sut do p lc tng t ph v ng sut
do cu to a cht nh cu to un np. Thng khng th d bo phm vi
trng n ch bng mt tiu chun.
5. n. Hin tng ny xy ra khi v vn bay khp y do khi
v gn gng hm thnh lnh b v do n. Quan st thy hin tng ny khi
iu kin ng sut trong khi gn bng gii hn bin dng do p lc cao ca
t v ti ch t n ng sut bin dng ph hoi do khai o v do xut hin
s gii phng nng lng bin dng n hi mt cch bt thnh lnh.
6. t c nhit lng cao, mch nc nng, kh c, cc kim loi nng.
Cc kiu t ny nm trong vng nhit dch bin i, i v nhu, xm
nhp v tng cha du, than hoc kim loi, v.v Xc nh iu kin ny trong
giai on kho st s b.
7. t cha nc di t. Nc ngm cch ly do st cc t gy,
nc ngm c gi li trong tng t khng bn vng nh l vt liu t
nham thch ni la, nc trong khe nt v i nt n, nc trong ch rng ca
vi v dung nham, c th to ra mt lng nc chy vo rt ln bt thnh
lnh gy sp hoc xi l. Vic kho st thc hin ch yu bng phng php
khoan v kho st a cht thy vn da theo s tham kho nhng mc nu
trong vng nt n v t yu cha nc.
Khi xy dng cng trnh ngm cn lu n nhng iu kin c bit sau:
1. Tng t ph mng. tng t ph mng t thng l t
mm hoc mm v vy tc ng vm khng d xy ra. t nh vy d b
h hi do ln t trn mt hay ln t do t b ti ra. Cng c nhng s
c v s n nh ca gng v thnh tng ng hm. Khi c mt cng trnh
trn b mt th phi tin hnh kho st nh gi ln v khu vc b ln.
2. Khi ng hm xuyn qua khu vc th. Cc ng hm xy dng
khu vc th c nhiu hn ch hn so vi cc ng hm xuyn ni v cc
vng xung quanh v iu kin t . Trc y, ng hm xuyn di khu

34
th c xy dng ch yu bng phng php o m hoc phng php khin
chng, tuy nhin gn y p dng ph bin hn phng php o hm xuyn
ni. Cn phi kho st nhng iu kin xung quanh nh cc cng trnh trn b
mt v cu trc ngm di t.
3. Khi ng hm xuyn di nc. Khi xy dng ng hm xuyn di
nc nh di y bin, y sng s gp nguy him l ngp nc do mt lng
nc khng l chy vo ng hm, v vy cn kho st cn thn. Cc mc
kho st a cht i vi cc ng hm di nc khng khc vi cc ng
hm di t bnh thng, nhng b hn ch khi thc hin do su ca nc v
cc dng chy. Khng th kim tra trc tip, v iu ny cn b nh hng bi
giao thng ng thy v cc iu kin mi trng c th hn ch phng php
v ma kho st.
4. Ging nghing v ging ng. Kho st v ging cng tng t nh i
vi cc b phn khc ca ng hm. Bin php i ph duy nht vi dng nc
chy vo l thot nc cng bc, ging b ngp l iu nguy him v vy cn
kho st t m c tnh lng nc chy vo.
5. Ca hm. Xy dng ca hm l mt trong nhng cng vic kh khn
trong xy dng ng hm. iu kin ca ca hm trong cc ng hm lun
lun khc nhau v i hi phi xem xt tng trng hp. Cn quan tm c bit
n ca hm c kh nng b trt l t hoc mt n nh mi dc v tham kho
mc 1) trn y kho st cn thn
6. Trng hp c cng trnh xy dng ln cn.
Khi xy dng cng trnh ngm gn nhng cng trnh hin ti cn phi nm
chc c im ca nhng cng trnh nh iu kin xy dng, a im, mi
trng, t , xy dng t khi no, v..v.. ng hm khng nh hng n
cc cng trnh .
2.1.3 Kho st thy vn
Mc ch kho st thy vn l d bo kh nng v lng nc mt v
nc di t chy vo cng trnh ngm, xem xt v nh gi cc vn k tip
trong thit k v xy dng v tc ng n mi trng xung quanh. Thc hin
nhng mc kho st cn thit vo nhng thi im thch hp. Khi thi cng
nu c dng nc chy vo cng trnh th nhng kh khn trong xy dng tng
ln rt nhiu.

35
1. D bo dng nc chy vo cng trnh ngm. Dng nc chy vo
c phn thnh hai loi: dng nc tp trung khi xy dng v dng nc n
nh sau khi xy dng cng trnh. Vic xc nh cc loi dng nc, lng nc
v khu vc c dng nc chy vo ch yu da vo cu to ca tng cha nc
v nhng c im ca tng nh tnh thm v h s tch tr, v..v..
2. Cc vn cho thit k v xy dng. Dng nc chy vo ng hm
khng ch lm o ln vic khai o m c th gy sp gng v nhng iu
tng t, y l iu quan trng theo quan im an ton khi xy dng ng
hm v t hiu qu kinh t. Dng nc chy vo tp trung gy ra nhiu vn
v thit k v xy dng khi bt u khai o. Cn xem xt cc phng php ph
i vi thit b xy dng, cc phng php khai o v x l nc ngm bng
cch d bo v tr v lng nc chy vo trong giai on chn tuyn, thit k v
lp k hoch xy dng. o lng nc chy vo trong khi xy dng, phn tch
v so snh vi gi tr d bo. Cng cn tip tc quan st sau khi xy dng xong
bo dng ng hm.
Sau y l nhng vn d kin trong thit k v xy dng ng hm:
i) S n nh ca gng, c bit l sp gng, v xi l ct trong t
khng bn vng;
ii) p lc ca t tng; m rng s hp th nc ca mm v trt
l;
iii) Kh nng chng gim; b tng phun hoc neo dnh bm khng
tt, ln chn h thng chng bng thp;
iv) X l dng nc chy vo; ngp ng hm, b tr thit b x l
dng nc chy vo, b tr thm thit b thot nc v/hoc my bm
nc trong v sau khi xy dng;
v) An ton xy dng: l lt ph hy nn ng;
vi) St gim cht lng v bo dng; xi l vt liu chn lp hoc ct
do nc chy vo v nc r. S xi mn t pha di vm ngc
hoc nn ng b tng. S ph hy b tng do nc axit, mch nc
nng, v..v.. nh hng trc tip n cng trnh do mc nc ngm thay
i khng bnh thng v ma nhiu hoc iu chnh ch bm nc.
3. Tc ng n mi trng xung quanh. Tc ng ca dng nc chy vo
ng hm n cc cng trnh nc xung quanh tr thnh mt vn x hi

36
quan trng v mt bo v mi trng. Dng nc chy vo tp trung gy ra tc
ng tm thi, cn tc ng chnh n mi trng xung quanh l do dng nc
chy vo n nh. V vy cn c tnh v nh gi mc ca tc ng ny nh
s thiu ht nc trong cc giai on chn tuyn, thit k v lp k hoch xy
dng. Cn chun b cc bin php i ph k c vic chuyn ng hm i ni
khc. Cn xc nh s cn bng nc vo nc ra k c dng nc vo ng
hm trong v sau khi xy dng. Cn lm sng t mi quan h nhn qu gia vic
xy dng v tc ng ln mi trng xung quanh. Nu cn thit th tho lun v
a ra cc bin php i ph ngn nga s gia tng mc ca tc ng ny.

Sau y l nhng hin tng cn xem xt lin quan n tc ng mi
trng:
i) Gim hoc thiu nc; nc sng, nc ngm, nc chy vo, nc
ti;
ii) Ln t ; bin dng cc cng trnh, ln b mt, ln t ;
iii) Thay i cht lng nc; nhim bn nc mt hoc nc ngm
(nhim bn do phng php cch ly nc v thot nc bn trong
ng hm), nc ngm b nhim mn;
iv) Nc lnh, nng nghip b hi v nc lnh;
v) Gin on dng nc ngm; tr ngi do gin on dng nc ngm.
4. Tng bc kho st thy vn. Cc kho st thy vn gm nhng hng
mc kho st a cht thy vn, kho st cn bng nc vo nc ra v kho
st thy vn mi trng. Mt tng th gm vic xem xt kt qu nhng kho st
va nu, nghin cu ti liu v kt qu kho st tnh hung phi c thc hin
a ra nhng d bo v nhng nh gi khc nhau. Trong bng 2.5 gii thiu
mc ch ca cc kho st khc nhau, ni dung v thi gian kho st.

Bng 2.5. i cng v kho st thy vn
Cac
hang
muc
Muc ch cua
khao sat
Ni dung Giai oan khao sat
C
h
o

n

t
u
y

n


L

p

k

h
o

a
c
h

T
r
o
n
g

k
h
i

t
h
i

c

n
g

S
a
u

k
h
i

k

t

t
h
u

c


37
L
o
a

i

k
h
a

o

s
a

t

t
h
u
y

n

D

l
i

u

Vach k hoach
khao sat bng
kim tra cu
truc thuy vn,
s b iu
kin nc
ngm, va cac
vn d
oan trc
iu kin a ly va
a cht: cu truc
a cht thuy vn.
Kh tng thuy vn:
nc ma, nhit
..
S dung nc ngm:
cac ging, ti
nc ..





T
r

n
g

h

p

n
g
h
i

n

c

u


anh gia dong
chay va qui m
giam/thiu
nc hm d
kin. Kim tra
tnh thch hp
cua cac phng
phap khao sat
khac nhau
D liu t cac d
an trc: a cht,
tng lng nc,
cac iu kin thi
cng, khu vc b anh
hng bi s thiu
nc. Cac bin phap
khc phuc.





K
h
a

o

s
a

i
a

c
h

t

t
h
u
y

n

Cu truc a
cht thuy vn,
cac tnh cht
cua nc ngm
.. c tng
hp trong ban
a cht
thuy vn d
oan v tr
dong chay va
khu vc thu
nc.
Khao sat a cht
b mt.
Khao sat a vt
ly.
Khoan khao sat.
Th nghim Carota l
khoan.
Kim tra cht lng
nc (hin trng,
trong phong).




















Cac h s i
vi nc nh
thm, tch tu
.. c xac
nh bng cac
ly thuyt thuy
lc d
oan lu lng
dong nc va
khu vc thu
nc
Th nghim thm n
gian trong l khoan
(nh th nghim ct
nc).
Th nghim ap sut
dong nc, th
nghim phun nc.
Th nghim bm, l
ngach ngang.
Th nghim theo doi,
hng dong va vn
tc.
Th nghim giam
su cua nc






























38
S

n

b

n
g


c
u

a

n

c

Kh tng thuy
vn, tng dong
nc mt, khao
sat mc nc
ngm... c
thc hin
kim tra cn
bng cua nc
d oan
hanh vi trang
thai cua nc
ngm trong khi
thi cng
Kh tng thuy vn:
nc ma, nhit .
Dong nc mt: tng
lng nc sng, h,
b nc, p, nc
ti, cac sui.
Mc nc ngm:ging
quan trc, ging ang
tn tai.
Tc bay hi.
Nc chay vao hm,
anh hng n s
thiu nc.






























M

i

t
r

n
g

t
h
u
y

n

kim tra
ngun nc va
s dung nc
khu vc thu
nc va vung
ln cn d
oan anh hng
cua thi cng.
Ngun nc: cac
sui, sng, h,
ging, b cha, anh
hng cua ma.
S dung nc: cung
cp va thoat nc,
nc cng nghip va
nng nghip.















P
h

n
g

p
h
a

p

d

o
a

n

D oan lu
lng, v tr
va khu vc thu
nc cua dong
chay vao cua
nc
V du sau khi thi cng
iu kin a ly va
a cht thuy vn
Cac cng thc thuy
lc
Phn tch bng s














Ky hiu: cn phai thc hin, c khuyn khch thc
hin, Thc hin khi cn thit

2.1.4 Kho st cc iu kin a im xy dng
2.1.4.1 Kho st mi trng
Cn thc hin nhng kho st cc iu kin c bn lin quan n mi trng t
nhin, mi trng x hi, mi trng sng ca con ngi v..v.. trong phm vi
khu vc c th b nh hng do vic xy dng v trong thi k s dng sau .
Nhm mc ch bo v mi trng v kim sot nhim, phi tin hnh kho st
tm cc bin php bo v sao cho vic xy dng khng gy tc ng
nghim trng n mi trng sng ca con ngi xung quanh a im xy
dng. Trong vic lp k hoch mt d n, cn nh gi tc ng mi trng theo
lut php hoc quy nh, phi d bo v nh gi tc ng mi trng.

39
Nhng vn chnh v mi trng trong xy dng ng hm l ting n,
chn ng, cc ging nc tr nn kh cn, nc c v h hng cc cng trnh
xy dng. Ngi k s phi thc hin kho st mi trng trc khi bt u xy
dng, d bo v nh gi mi tc ng c th c trong khi xy dng v trong
thi gian s dng sau v p dng cc bin php ph hp nu c vn . Hn
na, ngi k s cng phi tin hnh kho st mi trng trong khi xy dng v
trong thi k s dng sau hiu vic xy dng nh hng n mi trng
nh th no.
2.1.4.2 Kho st lut php v cc quy nh iu chnh d n
Khi lp k hoch mt d n, phi nghin cu trc php lut v cc quy
nh iu chnh d n, ni dung ca lut v quy nh , cc th tc, bin php
cn phi p dng, v..v.. Tin hnh nhng nghin cu v yu cu n b nhn
t cn cho d n.
Cn thc hin nhng kho st a hnh, a cht, thi tit, cc iu kin s
dng t, nhng tc ng n khu vc xung quanh v nhng mc khc cn
thu thp s liu cho vic lp k hoch thit b bn ngoi, cc khu vc thi t
, v..v..
2.1.5 Cc kt qu kho st
Cc kt qu kho st c h thng sp xp theo mt hnh thc cn thit
c s hiu bit y v mc ch, c sp xp v lu tr c th s dng
trong nhng giai on khc nhau ca d n. Nhng kt qu kho st cc iu
kin a k thut c nh gi tng hp v xp hng theo mc quan trng
c th phn loi t mt cch ng n theo mc ch s dng. Cn nh gi
cc tnh cht ca t theo quan im a k thut, s dng cc kt qu kho
st iu kin da k thut p dng tha ng vo thit k v lp k hoch xy
dng. Cc kt qu kho st iu kin a k thut c t chc thnh cc mc
nh sau d s dng trong cc nghin cu v thit k v cc phng php xy
dng:
i) Mc tiu, a im, phm vi, phng php kho st v tn ngi chu
trch nhim;
ii) M t s lc a hnh, v a cht cng vi cu to a cht;

40
iii) Cc bn a cht;
iv) Cc mt ct a cht ngang;
v) Mt ct a cht dc.
2.2 n nh ca cng trnh ngm o bng phng php o m
2.2.2 La chn kt cu chn gi v kim tra cht lng
Thng thng, c 3 giai on trong thi cng cng trnh ngm:
a) Giai on chun b: Xy dng cc cng trnh tm thi cng cng trnh
ngm, gia cng cc mng k cn v cc cng tc khc cn thit m bo qu
trnh xy dng sau c thun li,
b) Giai on c bn: xy dng cng trnh ngm v tt c cc cng trnh
trn mt t cn cho khai thc cng trnh ngm,
c) Giai on kt thc: tin hnh cc cng tc trang tr v lp thit b, tho
d cng trnh v nh tm, khi phc mng li k thut th v hon th...
Kim tra cht lng thi cng cng trnh ngm phi theo h s thit k v
gm cc qu trnh kim tra a k thut (a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn,
a sinh thi) khi xy dng v kim tra cht lng ca vt liu v kt cu chng
gi thnh h o.
Cn c la chn kt cu tng chn cho h o m khi thi cng CTN
l:
- Kch thc CTN trn mt bng v su;
- iu kin CCT v CTV;
- iu kin v kh nng thi cng;
- iu kin mi trng, sinh thi, iu kin khng ch bin dng cng
trnh ln cn ;
- Mc an ton, thng qua vic chn h s an ton (tng tm hay tng
vnh cu);
- Cc yu t kinh t.
Phn tch ton din cc yu t trn (c khi c yu t ph), da vo cp an
ton ca h o nh nu bng 2.6, c th chn la kt cu chn gi theo cc
nguyn tc sau:
(1) Trong iu kin bnh thng th cu kin ca chn gi h o (nh
tng chn, mn chng thm v neo) khng c vt ra ngoi phm vi vng

41
t c cp cho cng trnh, nu khng, phi c s ng ca cc b phn ch
qun s hu (Trung ng hoc a phng) hoc ca ch t k cn;
(2) Cu kin ca kt cu chn gi thnh h o khng lm nh hng n
vic thi cng bnh thng cc kt cu chnh ca cng trnh.
Bng 2.6. Cp an ton h o v h s tm quan trng h o
Cp an ton Hu qu ph hoi
Cp I
Kt cu chng gi b ph hoi, nn t mt n nh hoc bin
dng qu ln lm cho cng trnh xung quanh h o hoc vic
thi cng kt cu ngm b nh hng nghim trng.
1,10
Cp II
Kt cu chng gi b ph hoi, nn t mt n nh hoc bin
dng qu ln lm cho cng trnh xung quanh h o hoc vic
thi cng kt cu ngm b nh hng va phi.
1,00
Cp III
Kt cu chng gi b ph hoi, nn t mt n nh hoc bin
dng qu ln lm cho cng trnh xung quanh h o hoc vic
thi cng kt cu ngm b nh hng khng nghim trng.
0,90
Ch : Vi nhng cng trnh c bit cp an ton h o c th cn c vo tnh hnh
thc t xc nh.
Theo iu kin t nn v iu kin thi cng, c th tham kho phm vi p
dng cc loi tng chn bng 2.7.

Bng 3.7 Phn loi theo ph- ng php o h
(A) o
h khng
c chn
gi

o thng ng
o c dc

o c dc khi khng c n- c ngm
o c dc thot n- c bng mng h
o c dc khi h mc n- c bng ging
o kiu con sn

(C neo ko,
khng c neo ko)
Cc bn thp, cc ng thp
Cu thnh bi cc nhi BTCT (cc xp dy, cc xp
th- a), t- ng chn t t hp bi mt hng hoc hai
hng - cc nhi khoan l v bm va hoc cc trn
t vi, cc bm quay )
T- ng lin
tc ngm
T- ng lin tc ngm BTCT
T- ng lin tc ngm t
vi c ct (SMW)
Kt cu chn gi bng ging chm
T- ng chn t kiu trng lc

42
(B) o
h c
chn gi
Cc gi t ct cng
o kiu kt cu chn gi hnh vm
o kiu chn gi bn trong (h thng trong - c to thnh bi dm ngang
dc theo mt bng, ng thp, cc) bao gm 1 tng chng, nhiu tng chng
o kiu kt cu chn gi vi neo t (cc chn t, kt cu neo gi mt
tng, nhiu tng, inh t kiu thanh neo c to lc neo bng d ng lc v
khng d ng lc )
(C) o phn on h o - ph- ng php o phn on h o
(Kt hp
ph- ng
thc A.B)
u tin ng cc bn - o phn gia - b tng CTN gia v cc kt
cu ngm - thanh chng cho v chng ngang - ri li o t xung quanh thi
cng tip
(D) o bng ph- ng php ng- c v bn ng- c (top-down) - Tr- c tin lm cc nhi b
tng hoc t- ng ri lm bn sn b tng t trn xung, li dng n lm kt cu chn gi
(E) o
c gia c
khi t
thnh h
v y h
o bm va gi thnh, o c mng ho cht gi thnh, o c xi mng t
l- i thp gi thnh
o c inh t gi thnh (b thnh t thp phun b tng)
o phun neo b tng gi thnh (hoc phun neo c thanh neo gi thnh)
o vi cc r cy dng l- i gi thnh
o gia c bng bm va dng p lc t b ng y h (hoc kt hp vi
cc chn t )

(F) o gi thnh bng bin php tng hp - h mng - c o bng cch c mt phn
mI dc, c mt phn gi thnh

Kt cu tng chn gi thnh h o su c th phn loi theo c im
chu lc nh bng 2.8 v theo chc nng kt cu nh bng 2.9.












43
Bng 2.8. Phn loi theo c im chu lc ca kt cu chng gi thnh h



Cc


Bn

ng

T- ng



Chng
Cc nhi BTCT to l bng cng nhn (c thanh neo)
Cc nhi BTCT to l bng my
Cc BTCT c sn
Cc trn su
Cc phun quay
Kt cu
chng gi
chu lc b
ng
Bn thp hnh ch I/bn BTCT ch nht, ch C...
Bn thp hnh lng mng ...
Cc ng thp (c thanh neo)
Cc BTCT ng thp (c thanh neo)
T- ng trong t bng BTCT ( ti ch/lp ghp)
T- ng chn kiu trng lc t xi mng
Chng gi bng thp
Chng bng BTCT
Chng bng g
Chng bng cht ng
bao ct
Chng bng thp
mng
Chng bng thp I
Chng bng ng thp
Kt cu
chng gi
chu lc ch
ng
Phun neo chn gi (bao gm bm va, ko neo)
T- ng bng inh t chn gi (bao gm ci thp gia c- ng)
















44
Bng 2.9. Phn loi theo chc nng t- ng chn




















































K

t

c

u

c
h

n

g
i

B phn
chn t



Kt cu chn
t, thm n- c






Kt cu chn
t, ngn n- c
1. Cc thp ch H ch I c bn ci
2. Cc nhi t th- a ph ln mt xi mng l- i thp
3. Cc t dy (cc nhi, cc c sn)
4. Cc hai hng chn t
5. Cc nhi kiu lin vm
6. Cc t- ng hp nht, cch lm ng- c nh ngm
7. Chn gi bng inh t
8. Chn gi bng ci ct gia c- ng

1. T- ng lin tc trong t
2. Cc, t- ng trn xi mng t d- i tng su
3. Cc trn xi mng d- i tng su, thm cc nhi
4. Gia cc t dy thm cc phun xi mng cao p
5. Gia cc t dy thm cc bm va ho cht
6. Cc bn thp
7. T- ng vm cun khp kn




B phn chn gi kiu ko gi
1. Kiu t ng (cc cng xn, t- ng)
2. Neo ko (dm, cc, neo ko)
3. Thanh neo vo tng t
4. ng thp, thp hnh chng (chng ngang)
5. Chng cho
6. H dm ai chng
7. Thi cng theo cch lm ng- c (top - down)


Phm vi s dng mt s loi tng chn thng thng c nu bng 2.10.










45
Bng 2.10. Phm vi p dng mt s loi t- ng chn
Hng mc kho st


T- ng c
iu kin t nn Hn
ch n
v chn
ng
ln
t
quanh
h o
H o
su t
yu
t st t ct t
ngp
n- c
Cc bn thp nh x 0 0 x
A
x X
Cc tr + bn ngang
A
* * x
A A A
Cc bn thp * * * *
A
0 0
Cc bn * 0 0 0
A
0 *
T- ng lin tc bng
cc
0 0
A
(NB.1)
A
(NB.2)
0 0
A
T- ng xi mng t * 0 0 0 0 0 0
T- ng lin tc + Tr * 0
A
(NB.1)
*
(NB.2)
0 0 0
T- ng BTCT lin tc * 0
A
(NB.1)
*
(NB.2)
0 * *
Ch thch : *: Thch hp ; 0 : trung bnh; x : khng thch hp; A: Phi xem xt k
NB.1- H- hng t- ng trong qu trnh o; NB.2- Cht l- ng b tng kh kim sot khi c
dng n- c ngm chy vi tc qu 3m/pht Kt cu chng gi h o c th cn c
vo cc iu kin nh cng trnh xung quanh h o, chiu su o, iu kin a
cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn, thit b thi cng v thi im thi cng, da
theo bng 2.11 la chn dng cc c, tng trong t, tng xi mng t,
tng neo, mi dc hoc kt hp cc phng php trn.
Bng 2.11 Mt s iu kin la chn kt cu chng gi h o
Cu to kt cu iu kin thch hp
Cc hng hoc tng lin
tc
1. Thch hp vi h o c mc an ton cp I, II, III
2. Trong khu vc t yu kt cu con- xn khng vt qu 5m
3. Khi mc nc ngm cao hn y h mng nn dng h mc nc ngm, cc
hng kt hp vch ngn nc hoc tng lin tc.
Tng xi mng t 1. Thch hp vi h o mc an ton cp II, III
2. Sc chu ti ca t nn trong phm vi thi cng cc xi mng t khng nn vt
qu 150kPa
3. Chiu su ca h o khng nn vt qu 6m

46
Tng inh t 1. Thch hp vi h o c mc an ton cp II, III nhng t nn khng yu.
2. Chiu su ca h o khng nn vt qu 12m
3. Khi cao nc ngm cao hn cao y h, nn dng cc phng php h
mc nc ngm hoc chn nc
Tng vm

1. Thch hp vi h o c mc an ton cp II, III
2. Khng nn dng cho t bn hoc dng bn
3. T s gia chiu cao v nhp vm khng nn nh hn 1/8
3. Chiu su ca h o khng nn vt qu 12m
4. Khi cao nc ngm cao hn cao y h, nn dng cc phng php h
mc nc ngm hoc chn nc
Mi dc 1. Thch hp vi h o c mc an ton cp III
2. Hin trng thi cng nn p ng cc yu cu to mi dc
3. C th dng c lp hoc kt hp vi cc phng php trn
4. Khi cao nc ngm cao hn cao y h, nn dng cc phng php h
mc nc ngm

2.2.3. Tnh ton n nh h o
Trong thi cng h o m, ngi ta quan tm n hai trng thi gii hn:
trng thi ph hu do ct ca t, trng thi chuyn v ca t. Trng thi ph
hu cn c kim tra trong qu trnh thit k h o l: lt ca c h thng
(overturn), trt ngang (sliding), mt kh nng chu ti ca mng, tng b ph
hoi do m men v lc ct (bending or shear), mt n nh ca nn t xung
quanh kt cu (shope failure, overall stability, basal stability). S mt n nh
ca kt cu c th xy ra trong thi gian ngn hoc thi gian di. Chuyn v ca
nn t trong nn v xung quanh h o sinh ra do vic thay i ng sut trong
t do vic o t gy ra. Bao gm hai chuyn v: ngang (cng chuyn v ca
tng), ng (chuyn v ca t xung quanh tng c, chuyn v ca y h
o).
Rt nhiu trng hp h thng tng c tn ti cng s gim ca ng sut
tng, v th thng tng c tnh ton vi ng sut c hiu v cc thng s
sc bn ca t cng vi s thot nc hon ton (c, ). Tng chn cng
khng bo m an ton khi b chuyn v nhiu. khng ch chuyn v ngi ta

47
thng tnh ton vi h s an ton cao (t 1,5 n 2,0). Trong thit k tng c
bao gm vic la chn kiu tng c su ngm ca tng c, kch thc ca
tng c, xc nh h thng chng, neo, d bo bin dng ca tng, kim tra n
nh ca h o. Trong cc vn c bn phi thc hin tnh ton l:
- p lc t, thanh chng, ti trng neo, m men un ca tng.
- Chuyn dch ca t nn xung quanh h o.
- n nh ca h tng c, thnh v y h o
2.2.3.1 p lc t
Thng thng c th chia lm 3 loi: ti trng thng xuyn, ti trng
thay i v ti trng c bit. Ti trng tc ng ln kt cu chn gi, ch yu
gm c:
1. p lc t v p lc nc di t
2. Ti trng truyn t mng qua mi trng t ca cng trnh xy dng
trong phm vi vng nh hng ( gn h mng);
3. Ti trng thi cng: t, cn cu, vt liu xp trn hin trng, lc neo
gi tng chn v.v...
4. Nu vt chn gi l mt b phn ca kt cu chnh th phi k lc ng
t;
Ty theo kt cu chn gi h mng khc nhau cng nh iu kin t nn
m cc loi ti trng s xut hin cc dng khc nhau: ti trng cc b gn h
o, ti trng phn b u trn mt din hu hn, ti trng hnh bng.
a. p lc t ln tng chn


48

Hnh 2.1. Ti trng ln cng trnh ngm: a) di hn b)
ngn hn

Khi tnh ton lc tc dng ln tng chn ngi ta tm chia ra loi tng
lm vic trong thi gian ngn, t khi thi cng xong cng trnh ngm th tho d
hoc khng gi vai tr g i vi cng trnh vnh cu v loi tng chn phi
lm vic lu hn do thi gian thi cng ko di (thng c xem l trn 1 nm)
hoc n s l mt b phn ca cng trnh ngm nh tng ngm ca ga tu in
ngm, tng ca colect, tng ngoi ca tng ngm nh cao tng v.v... (xem
hnh 3.1)
Pradel (1914) phn lm 3 phng php xc nh p lc t:
- Cc phng php da vo l thuyt do (Rankine 1857, Brinch Hansen
1953, Sokolovski 1960, Chen 1975)
- Cc phng php da vo iu kin cc hn ca cung trt (Coulomb
1773, Fanba 1957, Bang 1985)
- Cc phng php da vo m hnh nn xy dng trn c s quan h ng
sut - bin dng ca nn t, sau s dng k thut s nh sai phn, phn t
hu hn gii.

49
Nhn chung cc phng php s dng xc nh p lc t u ph
thuc nhiu yu t l: tnh cht c l ca t, thi gian thnh to ca t, ti
trng tc dng tng tc gia tng c v t (phn t tip xc) v tnh cht bin
dng ca t - tng c.
Vic xc nh p lc t cn phi lm r khi no th p lc t t trng
thi ch ng (active). Theo Bjerrum 1972 i vi t st t do chy n do
mm khi chuyn dch ca tng t 0,1% 2% su h o th p lc t t
trng thi ch ng. Weissenbach 1985 nghin cu t ct, khi tng c chuyn
v 0,1% su h o th p lc t t trng thi ch ng. Das 1987 ch ra khi
chuyn v ca tng t 5% su h o th p lc t t trng thi b ng
(passive). Tu vo hnh thc chng, neo gi, s phn b p lc t c cc hnh
thc khc nhau, iu ny rt kh xc nh trong qu trnh tnh ton.
b. Phn lc ca thanh chng
xc nh phn lc thanh chng cn n gin ho s phn phi p
lc t xung quanh tng chn, b tr cc v tr ca thanh chng. C th s dng
cc phng php n gin ca Peck 1969, Terzaghi v Peck 1967, Mant 1978,
Fang 1991 xc nh m men un ca tng c v thit k tng c c th
cn c vo vic ly ti trng l gi tr ln nht do cc thng s sc bn ca t
tnh ra. Cng c th xc nh thng qua vic xc nh ngm ca tng trong
tnh ton n nh.
Hin ti vic thit k tng chn u theo trng thi gii hn. Theo tiu
chun ca Anh (BS 8002) th tng trng thi gii hn s dng ch c
chuyn v nh hn 0,5% ca cao tng, khi dng ng sut tng th h s huy
ng M khng c nh hn 1,5, khi dng ng sut c hiu th h s M ly bng
1,2 v chuyn v ngang ca tng cho php n 0,5% cao tng.
c. Mt s yu t nh hng n s phn b p lc ln tng chn
-. cng ca tng
- nh hng ca chuyn v tng chn i vi p lc t. C th xut
hin my loi tnh hung sau y (hnh 2.2):
- Khi nh tng c nh, u di tng dch chuyn ra pha ngoi, p
lc t c hnh parabol (hnh 2.2.a);
- Khi hai u trn v di tng c nh nhng phn gia tng vng ra
pha ngoi, p lc t c hnh yn nga (hnh 2.2.b);

50
- Khi tng dch chuyn song song ra pha ngoi, p lc t c hnh
parabol (hnh 2.2.c);
- Khi tng nghing ra pha ngoi, quay theo im gia ca on di
tng s gy ra p lc t ch ng bnh thng (hnh 2.2.d);
- Ch khi tng chn hon ton khng dch chuyn mi c th sinh ra p
lc tnh (hnh 2.2.e).
d. nh hng ca kt cu chn gi.
Petros Pxanthakos (M) nu ra 4 loi kt cu chn gi c quan h vi p
lc t ln tng nh:
- Khng c thanh chng, chn tng ngm c nh;
- C mt tng thanh chng v chn tng ngm c nh;
- C mt tng thanh chng, chn tng xem l t do;
- C nhiu tng thanh chng.
e. nh hng ca qu trnh thi cng o + chng/neo.
p lc t ln tng chn ca h o c quan h n qu trnh thi cng
o, chng hoc neo tng cng vi tnh cht ca t v loi hnh kt cu chn
gi. Khi tip tc tng hoc gim lc thanh chng th t tng thanh chng th 2
tr xung s pht sinh ra bin dng tng ng v s dn n s thay i mi p
lc t.
f. nh hng ca thi gian.
Khi cn nghin cu nhng nh hng ni trn trong tnh ton thng phi
thng qua m hnh tng ng. Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php tnh khc
nhau (nh cc phn mm chuyn dng) cho php ngi thit k gii quyt nhng
vn phc tp gp phi trong thc t. Mt trong cc phn mm tt nht v vn
tnh ton h o l phn mm PLAXIS



51
Hnh 2.2. nh hng ca tng chn
vi p lc t

2.2.3.2 Tng chn
1. Tnh ton tng chn nh mt cu kin chu p lc t
S lm vic ca tng chn nh mt kt cu chu p lc t ph thuc
khng nhng bn thn kt cu tng m cn ph thuc vo phng php thi
cng h o, trnh t thc hin thi cng cng nh cht lng cng tc thi cng.
Tnh ton kt cutng chn nhm m bo yu cu cng v n nh bn
thn tng di tc dng ca p lc t trc v sau tng. S lm vic ca
tng c la chn ch yu cn c vo theo bin php v trnh t thi cng. Cc
phng php tnh sau y c th coi l tiu biu.
a. Phng php cn bng tnh. Phng php cn bng tnh p dng cho
phn tch tng chn c coi l ngm trong t da vo cc phng trnh cn
bng tnh hc p lc t hai pha v cn bng m men tnh i vi y tng
xc nh chiu su ti thiu m bo n nh tng. H s p lc ch ng v b
ng, gi tr p lc t tng ng xc nh theo cng thc Rankine (1857) c
dng:
2
a a v a
p K c K o = (2.1)
V 2
p p v p
p K c K o = + (2.2)
Trong K
a
= h s p lc t ch ng.
2 0
(45 )
2
a
K tg

= (2.3)
Trong K
p
= h s p lc t b ng.
2 0
(45 )
2
p
K tg

= + (2.4)
S chuyn v v biu p lc t ln tng c dng nh trn hnh 3.3.
a v 3.3.b. su ngm cn thit, t
0,
l nghim ca phng trnh bc 4:
2
1 1 1 1 4 2
0 0 1 1 0 2 2
6 ( ) 4
6
8 (2 )
p a a p a a
a a
p a
e e E y e e E
E E
t t y e e t |
| | | |
+
(
+ + =
(

(2.5)
Trong : t
0
, y xem hnh 3.3;

52
E
a
= tng p lc t ch ng xc nh t hiu p lc t b ng v p lc t b
ng v p lc t ch ng trn ton b chiu su tng;
2 0 2 0
[tan (45 ) tan (45 )]
2 2
n n
n

| = + (2.6)
n
- Trng lng ring ca t lp th n.
n
- Gc ma st trong ca t lp th n.
M men un trong tng cng xc nh c theo phng php kt cu
thng thng.

Hnh 2.3. S chuyn v v p lc t ln tng trong phn tch cn bng tnh.
a, b. theo s ca Rankine, c. theo ngh ca Blum
b. Phng php Blum. Blum ngh thay p lc t b ng phn chn
tng pha ngoi bng lc tp trung tc dng chn tng nh trn hnh 3.3.c.
Vic xc nh su ngm cn thit tr nn n gin hn nh bc ca phng
trnh xc nh gim xung bc 3 c dng:
3
0 0
6 6 ( )
( ) ( )
a a
a p p a
E E l a
t t
K K K K

=

(2.7)
Trong : l = khong cch t mt t n im c p lc zero,
(1 )
a
P a
K
l h
K K
= +

(2.8)
a = Khong cch t mt t n im ca E
a
, (1 )
a
P a
K
a h
K K
= +

`c. Phng php ng n hi. Phng php ng n hi c th p
dng cho tng ngm t do ln tng c chn cho php xc nh c chiu su
cm tng vo t di y h o ln m men un ln nht trong tng. Thc
cht ca phng php n hi v s dng ha xc nh gn ng gn su

53
ngm cn thit trn nguyn tc a gic lc tc dng ln tng ng kn. Vic
thc hin c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- Chn su ngm bt k (cho bc th ban u), t
0
- Tnh p lc t ln hai pha tng chia tng theo chiu cao lm nhiu on,
thay p lc t trn tng on bng cc lc tp trung tc dng ti trng tm biu
p lc t v a gic lc v a gic dy tng ng theo t l xch chn thch
hp. a gic lc s khp kn tha mn iu kin cn bng tnh hc khi su
ngm t
0
chn ng. Trng hp a gic lc cha khp chng t su t
0

chn ban u cha thch hp, cn thay i v v li t bc 2.
- Xc nh gi tr v im t ca E
p
trn a gic lc khp kn cng nh
su ngm cn thit xc nh m men un ln nht v v tr ca n theo s trn
a gic dy vi t l xch chn.
d. Phng php Sachipana. Sachipana phn tch tng c nhiu tng
chng thc hin trong t dnh da vo cc gi thit sau:
- Thn tng l mt kt cu n hi di v hn
- p lc t t y h o tr ln phn b theo lut tam gic, t y h tr
xung phn b u.
- p lc t b ng pha trc tng (di y h o) gm hai vng phn bit:
vng cn bng gii hn ( bin dng do) v vng n hi.
- V tr chng khng thay i, lc trong vng chng khng thay i
Vic tnh ton da vo hai phng trnh cn bng tnh hc (cn bng lc
theo phng ngang v cn bng m men ly vi chn tng) cho tng giai on
o v t vng chng cho n khi hon thnh o h.
e. Phng php bin dng. Phng php ny ln u tin c p dng
Nht bn vi cc gi thit c bn tng t phng php Sachipana vi mt thay
i v gi thit p lc t pha b ng: gi tr p lc t pha b ng t l thun
vi dch chuyn ca tng. Gii phng trnh ng trc vng n hi ca
tng ng vi iu kin bin xut hin ti tng giai on thi cng, ni lc thn
tng v lc nn trong vng chng c xc nh c dng lm cn c thit
k/kim tra kt cu tng v vng chng.
f. Phng php l lun cng bin dng. Tng trong trng thi ban u
chu p lc tnh cn bng t hai pha. Trong qu trinh o h mng, tng b
dch chuyn lm thay i p lc t t hai pha dn t ti gi tr p lc t ch

54
ng nh nht p
a
v p lc t b ng ln nht p
p
. Gi tr p lc t ti mt v tr
bt k thay i cng s bin dng ca tng c xc nh theo cng thc:
0
,
a p
p p K p p p o = + < < (2.9)
Trong , p
0
= p lc tnh ln tng, p
0
=K
0
z;

K
0
= h s p lc t tnh.
i vi t ri, K
0
c th xc nh theo gc ma st trong hu hiu theo cng
thc thc nghim ca Jaky (1994):
K
0
= 1-sin (2.10)
hoc theo cng thc ca Alpan (1967) i vi t qu c kt:
0, 0,
.( )
a
OC NC
K K OCR = (2.11)
trong , K
0,NC
= h s p lc t trng thi c kt bnh thng; K
0,NC
= h s
p lc t tnh ca t qu c kt; OCR = h s qu c kt ca t;
P - p lc t thc tc dng ln tng;
K - h s nn theo phng ngang;
o - dch chuyn ngang ca tng.
g. Nhn xt chung. Vic tnh ton tng chn nh mt cu kin c lp
chu s tc dng ca p lc t xut hin trong qu trnh thi cng h o mc d
c nhiu nghin cu ci tin nhng r rng khng ph hp vi s lm vic thc
t ca cng trnh trong tng v t xung quanh lun lun tn ti s tng
tc, ph thuc ln nhau. H qu ca vic n gin ha m hnh phn tch l s an
ton ca cng trnh trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh nh hng ca vic thi
cng h o n cc cng trnh ln cn khng th kim sot c hoc phi rt
tn km. Cc phng php tnh thuc loi ny ni chung ch nn p dng cho
nhng trng hp h o su m t c nguy c xy ra tai bin cng trnh
hoc vic phn tch ph hp hn trong c xt n s lm vic ng thi ca
tng vi t nn khng em li li ch ng quan tm. Trong nhng trng hp
khc, phn tch h o coi tng chn nh mt cu kin c lp chu tc dng
ca p lc t ch nn c s dng trong phn tch s b tm li gii xp x
ban u.

55
3.1.2.2. Tnh ton tng chn cng lm vic ng thi vi t
a. Phng php dm trn nn n hi. p lc t ln tng thc t ph
thuc vo mc dch chuyn ca tng. Khi t chuyn t trng thi cn bng
n hi (tng khng chuyn v) sang trng thi ch ng, hng ng sut chnh
khng thay i, gi tr ca n gim xung gy ra bin dng ngang ca t nh
hn nhiu so vi khi chuyn sang trng thi b ng (hng ng sut chnh xoay
mt gc 90
0
trong ng sut theo phng ngang tng ln nhiu). Chuyn v
ca chn tng do cha t n trng thi gii hn b ng. Vic p dng l
thuyt cn bng gii hn mt mt khng m bo n nh ca tng (v p lc
t b ng chn tng cha t ti gi tr tnh ton), mt khc kt cu bn
thn tng li qu lng ph (v c tnh vi gi tr p lc ln). gii quyt
mu thun ny, m hnh dm trn nn n hi cc b c xut p dng trong
thay nn t tip xc hai bn tng bng cc l xo n hi c lp thoe m
hnh Winkler (1867). T tng ca phn tch dm trn nn n hi ch yu nh
sau:
Nn t c m phng bng h l xo c cng
k
s
= p/o
trong p - ti trng gy ra chuyn v o; k
s
- cng ca l xo thay th nn t
cn c gi l m un phn lc nn.
i vi mt on tng c b rng n v (thng l 1m) v chiu di d
i
c thay th bng l xo n hi cng K
si
xc nh theo cng thc:
0
, 2
0
(1 )
i
s i si i
d E
K k d
u e
= =

0
, 2
0
(1 )
i
s i si i
d E
K k d
u e
= =

(2.12)
Trong , k
si
= m un phn lc nn ti su ang xt; E
0
= m un bin
dng ca t; v
0
= h s bin dng ngang ca t; e = h s ph thuc t l gia
chiu di d
i
vi b rng tng.


56

Hnh 2.4. S dm n hi phn tch tng chn

S thay th p lc t t hai pha v vng chng bng cc l xo c
cng tng ng v dm thay th tng chn c th hin trn hnh 2.4. Trc
khi o, p lc hai pha cn bng trng thi tnh. Gi s vic o m bo c
tng hon ton khng chuyn dch, p lc tnh ln tng c dng nh hnh
2.4.c chng t s mt cn bng. S mt cn bng p lc nh vy sut hin khi
o lm cho tng b bin dng v lm thay i p lc t ln tng dn n
trng thi cn bng mi nh trn hnh 2.4.c.
b. Phng php s gia. Phng php s gia c dng phn tch n
gin tng trong iu kin thi cng c nhiu tng hoc nhiu tng neo c xt n
s lm vic ng thi gia tng, thanh chng/ neo v t. Trong phng php
ny phn t cha o v h vng chng c thay th bng cc lo xo tng ng
c cng n hi K ph thuc cng ca t, ca h vng chng. Khi vic
o t c gia tng theo su trong qu trnh thi cng, cc l xo thay th t
dn b mt i, ni lc tng ng chuyn dn sang h vng chng v cc l xo t
cn li s lm thay i chuyn v ca tng cng nh ca t cho n khi qu
trnh thi cng kt thc.
c. Phng php phn t hu hn coi tng nh h thanh chng. Trong
phng php ny kt cu chn (tng, h vng/neo) c chia thnh cc phn t

57
thanh dm. p lc t pha ch ng ng vai tr ti trng ln h vi gi tr p
lc t ch ng phn b tam gic cho phn trn y h o v phn b u cho
phn di; t pha b ng thay th bng cc gi ta n hi c cng K xc
nh theo (3.12). Ma trn cng ca phn t thanh dm xc nh theo cng
thc:




(2.13)



Trong , [K]
c
- ma trn cng ca phn t; A - din tch tit din ngang tng
vi b rng n v; I - m men qun tnh tng ng; l - di phn t (d
i
);

E -
m un n hi ca vt liu tng.
Ma trn cng ca h vng chng hoc neo c dng nh sau khi coi
phn t ch c mt bc t do:


(2.14)




Trong , E - m un n hi ca vt liu chng hoc neo; A - din tch tit din
phn t; 1- chiu di phn t.

58

Hnh 2.5 : S phn tch t dm: ni lc v chuyn v nt

d. Phng php phn t hu hn tng th hai chiu. Chia vng nh hng
ca vic o h bng cc li (tam gic hoc hnh ch nht) to thnh cc
phn t. Mi phn t xc nh bi ta cc nh gi l cc nt. Chuyn v ca
cc nut trn phn t, {q} lin h vi chuyn v ti mt im bt k bn trong
phn t bi phng trnh:
{u} = [f] {q} (2.15)
Trong . {u} - vector chuyn v ti mt im bt k trong vng phn tch; [f] -
hm hnh dng chuyn v; {q} - ma trn chuyn v nt.
Ma trn bin dng ti mt im xc nh theo biu thc:
{ }=[d]{ }=[d][f]{ }=[B]{ } u q q c (2.16)
Trong , [d] - ton t vi phn tuyn tnh ring phn; [B] - ma trn lin h gia
bin dng vi chuyn v nt.
Theo nguyn l cng kh d, ma trn cng ca phn t xc nh theo
cng thc:
e
v
[K ]= [B] [D][B]dV
T
}
(2.17)
Trong [D] - ma trn quan h ng sut bin dng ca phn t (t nn, tng
chn, vng chng...) xy dng theo m hnh nn la chn.
T hp cc ma trn cng ca cc phn t trong h ta tng th ta
thit lp c ma trn cng [K] ca h do ma trn chuyn v nt {q} l
nghim ca phng trnh:
[K] {q}= {P} (2.18)
Trong . {P} - ma trn cc ti trng ngoi xut hin do o h hoc ti trng
nt tng ng.

59
{o} = [D] {c} (2.19)
e. Nhn xt chung
1. Cc phng php phn tch tng chn nh dm trn nn n hi cc
b da vo li gii phng trnh vi phn trc dm thun li cho trng hp nn
ng nht hoc c m un phn lc nn thay i tuyn tnh, khng c h thng
chng ngang. Li gii c sn ca bi ton cc chu ti trng ngang c th p
dng trc tip hoc c s ha. Trng hp nn nhiu lp, nhiu h vng chng
ngang, bi ton tr nn phc tp hn v ch c th c c li gii theo phng
php s, trnh t thc hin v ni dung tng t phng php l lun cng bin
dng vi kh nng m rng linh hot hn nh quan h ng sut bin dng
khng b rng buc. Trong s phng php s gia da vo quan h ng sut
bin dng ca nn theo m hnh n hi tuyn tnh thng km chnh xc, c
bit l khi m t chuyn v ngang ca t.
2. Phng php PTHH coi tng nh h thanh trn nn n hi v cn bn
tng t nh phng php dm trn nn n hi trong tng c phn thnh
cc phn t c cng cng, c nt c la chn sao cho ch tn ti s thay
i ti trng, chuyn v ch xy ra ti nt do phn t tr nn thun nht hn.
Vic xut hin h thng vng chng ngang, neo ... cng nh trnh t v bin
php thi cng c th c x l mt cch thun li trong qu trnh phn tch.
3. Tt c cc phng php phn tch nu trn mc d ngy cng tr nn
tin b, cc yu t nh hng n kt cu tng chn c xem xt nhng vn
tn ti nhc im ch yu l tch ri hoc lin kt lng lo gia tng v mi
trng t xung quanh. S khim khuyt ny lm hn ch kh nng phn tch,
khng cho php m t ng thi hiu ng quan trng ca qu trnh l s n nh
chung ca h thng, n nh y h o cng nh chuyn dch ca t xung
quanh h. Cc khim khuyt ny c th c khc phc bng phng php
PTHH y m t ton b h tng t nn bng cc phn t c lin h trc
tip vi nhau trong nn t c m t thng qua cc m hnh ton hc thch
hp vi tng iu kin a cht cng trnh c th.
2.1.3. Chuyn v ca t xung quanh h o
Chuyn v ca nn t trong nn v xung quanh h o sinh ra do vic
thay i ng sut trong t do vic o t gy ra. Chuyn v nn bao gm hai

60
chuyn v: ngang (cng chuyn v ca tng), ng (chuyn v ca t xung
quanh tng c, chuyn v ca y h o).
a. Chuyn v ngang
Chuyn v ngang ph thuc vo chuyn v ca tng (kiu chuyn v ca
tng ph thuc vo h thng thanh chng, tnh cht ca nn v thc t xy
dng).
cng ca h thanh chng ph thuc vo sc chng ngang ca thanh
chng hoc neo, sc chng un ca tng c, h chng ng ca h tng v
neo. Mi mt h thng chng t hp ca nhiu thnh phn s gii quyt nh
kiu bin dng v chuyn v ca tng c.
Theo Burland v Hancook 1977 th 75% 85%, tng bin dng ngang t
c trong qu trnh s dng h thng thanh chng khi dng gii php tng
trong t. Theo Day (1994) 50% tng bin dng ngang t c trong qu trnh
dng cc c, vn c v neo. Chuyn v ngang sau khi lp dng h thng chng
th ph thuc vo cng ca ton h v ti trng tc dng vo nn. Trong qu
trnh lp dng h thng chng theo tng giai on o th chuyn v ca h thng
ph thuc vo cng ca nn. Theo Clough v O Rourke 1990, chuyn v
ngang ln nht ca tng trong t st cng, ct c th t 0,2% n 0,5%
su h o.
b. Ln ca nn t xung quanh tng c
Xc nh ln ca nn t xung quanh tng c rt quan trng v n nh
hng n s an ton cc cng trnh ln cn. ln ca nn thng pht sinh
trong qu trnh thi cng.
- ln ca nn gy ra do chuyn v ngang ca tng trong qu trnh o.
Trong qu trnh o t do vic tng p lc ngang ca t gy ra chuyn v ca
tng t gy ra ln ca nn xung quanh. ln ca ln ph thuc vo
cng v kiu thanh chng, v tr tr thanh chng v cng ca tng.
Clough v ORourke 1990 xc nh chuyn v ngang ca tng gn
bng 0,2% su o th ln ca nn l 0,15% su o. Trong trng hp
tng trong t hay tng bng cc nhi th ln ln nht bng 75%
chuyn dch ngang ca tng. Duncan v Bentle 1998 chng minh rng t l
gia ln ln nht v chuyn v ngang ln nht dao ng t 0.25 - 4 ph thuc
vo cu to v qu trnh xy dng tng c v o.

61
- ln gy ra trong qu trnh thi cng tng: ln c th xut hin do
qu trnh ng cc c, p cc c, rung p cc c v qu trnh khoan tng
trong t. Fujta 1994 cho rng 50% tng ln gy ra trong qu trnh ng v
nh cc c Larsen. Trong qu trnh thi cng tng trong t, cc nhi, ln c
th gy ra do qu trnh khoan, s chng khng tt ca bentonite gy ra sp
thnh h khoan lm gim ng sut ngang ca t (Gumn v Clayton 1992) .
Trong qu trnh dao ng, mc t cng gy ra ln nn. Burland v Hancook
1977 cho rng chuyn v ngang v ng trong qu trnh thi cng tng trong t,
khoan cc nhi chim xp x 50% tng chuyn v trong t st London. Lehar
1993 thy rng 60% tng ln gy ra trong qu trnh thi cng tng trong t
t st yu. Clough v ORourke 1990 thy rng trong qu trnh thi cng tng
trong t gy ra ln t 5 15mm. Wong 1998 thy rng ln 23.5mm v
chuyn v ngang 45mm ca nn gy ra trong qu trnh thi cng mt ging su
55.5m trong t yu.
- ln gy ra trong qu trnh thi cng neo. Trong qu trnh thi cng neo
cng gy ra ln. ln ny ph thuc vo phng php khoan, vt liu
chng tm thi, cu to neo. Theo Kemplert v Gebreselassie (1999) th 70%
tng ln sinh ra trong qu trnh xy dng neo trong t st yu.
- ln gy ra do h mc nc ngm: Schweiger v Bremann (1994) thy
rng 75% ln ca nn xy ra do h mc nc ngm trong qu trnh thi cng
cng trnh, dng tng trong t t st yu.
Nh vy ln ca nn xung quanh h o gy ra bi nhiu nguyn nhn.
D bo ln ny cn s dng phng php s cng m hnh nn (FEM). Tuy
nhin vic xc nh s nh hng do dao ng, do h thng chng khng ph
hp, cc ti trng do giao thng v.v... cnh h o rt kh xc nh.
Cng c th s dng cc phng php thc nghim xc nh ln
(Peck 1969). C mt s tc gi thy rng ln ln nht nh hn 1% su h
o i vi ct, st mm n cng, ln hn 2% su h o i vi st do
chy n do mm. Clough v ORourke 1990 chng minh t l ln v su
h o l 0.15% - 0,2% vi t st mm n na cng, trong khi Dusan v
Bentler 1998 thy rng t l ny dao ng 0.4% - 1.3%.
D bo ln t nn sau tng l rt quan trng v n c nh hng trc
tip n an ton ca cng trnh ln cn. ln t nn sau tng c to ra do:

62
tng b chuyn v trong qu trnh o, thi cng lp t tng chn, lp t neo
tng v h mc nc di t. S dng phng php phn t hu hn vi phn
mm Plaxis, u vo l nhng thng s t nn v m hnh ho chi tit k thut
thi cng cng s ph hp c th d bo hp l chuyn v t nn.
C th tham kho kt qu phn tch s liu chuyn v ngang ca tng
chn v ln b mt t do thi cng h o su trong t yu (C
u
s 75 100
kN/m
2
) cho 530 trng hp s dng trn th gii theo phng php kinh nghim
c tng kt nh sau:
+ Chuyn v ngang ln nht ca tng u
h
max
thng nm trong khong
0,5% H 1,0 % H (H l chiu su o), trung bnh l 0,87H . Chuyn v ngang
ln nht ca tng thng c o su z = 0,5 H 1,0 H di mt t.
+ ln ln nht mt t sau tng chn u
v
max
thng nm trong
khong 0,1 % H 10 % H, trung bnh l 1,1 % H. ln ln nht thng xy ra
khong cch x s 0,5 H sau tng chn, nhng c trng hp trong t yu
khong cch x n 2,0 H. T s u
v
max
/ u
h
max
thay i trong khong 0,5 1,0.
+ iu kin t nn v su o l nhng thng s nh hng quan trng nht.
+ Cha chng minh c nh hng ca cc kiu h chng (neo, v
chng, phng php top- down) n chuyn v ca t nn, tuy nhin nh trng
i, h top dow c xu th cho thy chuyn v nh nht.
+ Tng chn v chuyn v t nn dng nh khng ph thuc nhiu vo
cng ca tng, t cho thy nu tng cng, chuyn dch ca t nn
b chi phi bi cc yu t lin quan khc v nu gia tng thm cng ca
tng, kt qu l khng phi lm gim thm chuyn dch ca tng.
c) y tri y h o: S y tri y cc h o l hin tng y h
o b nng ln cao hn cao o sau khi h o hon tt t n su
thit k. y l hin tng lun xy ra khi thi cng o cc h o, c bit l
cc h o su v trc tip lm tng ln ca cng trnh xy dng. Theo kt
qu quan trc ti mt s cng trnh, y h o c th tri ln n hng chc cm.
V d kt qu quan trc thc hin ti th Mexico, trong tri n hi
E
o
ca mt h o su 4,75 m t ti 20 cm. Bin dng ca y h o c th pht
sinh do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, trong cc nguyn nhn ch yu l s
thay i ca trng thi ng sut - bin dng trong t v s thay i ca m
ca t.

63
Qu trnh thi cng h o dn n thay i trng thi ng sut v bin
dng trong t nn, trong mc thay i ph thuc vo khi lng t c
o i v kch thc ca h mng. Vic xy dng cng trnh bt u bng qu
trnh d ti v sau gia ti tr li khi xy dng cng trnh. tri pht sinh do
d ti khi o t ph thuc vo bin dng n hi ca t
E
o . Mt thnh phn
khc ca tri l do bin dng do
P
o ca t nn pht sinh khi xy ra hin
tng trt ca t nn quanh h o. Khi mt trt xut hin, t nn xung
quanh c xu hng chuyn dch vo bn trong h lm tri y h. Thnh phn
chuyn v ny c th c loi tr nu p dng bin php chng thnh h o
thch hp hoc khng ch su o nh hn su gii hn. Bn cnh tri
do thay i ca trng thi ng sut - bin dng, nu vic thi cng ko di v h
o ngp nc th t b mt y h o b thay i m. Khi cc ht st
trong t hp th nc th th tch t tng ln gy ra tri do trng n
S
o .
tri
S
o c th c loi tr bng cch thi cng nhanh v trnh khng ng
nc y h mng. Trong mt s trng hp tri cng c th pht sinh
trong qu trnh thi cng cc. Nu vic ng hay p cc c thc hin sau khi
o h mng th tri ca t
D
o do thi cng cc cng c nh hng ng k
i vi s lm vic ca cc cng nh ln ca cng trnh. V tri ca y
h o c quan h trc tip n ln ca cng trnh, vic d bo tri l mt
bc quan trng cn phi thc hin khi thit k mng ni.
3.1.4. Mt s vn n nh ca h o
Khi o h vi lng t ly i kh ln nn lm bin i trng ng
sut v trng bin dng ca t quanh h o, c th dn n mt n nh nn
t ni chung v mt n nh c nn v kt cu chn gi h o. Do trong
thit k chng gi h o (gm tng xi mng t, cc bn, cc nhi hay tng
trong t ...) u cn kim tra n nh h o, khi cn phi thm cc bin php
gia cng nn t quanh h o c n nh hn.
Cc yu t nh hng n chuyn v v bin dng gm c:
- Sc chng ct khng thot ca t, Cu;
- su ca h o, H;
- B rng ca h o, B;
- su ca lp t cng, T;

64
- su ca tng trong t, D;
- cng ca tng, EI;
- Khong cch gia cc tng thanh chng/neo;
- S thnh tho trong thi cng.
3.1.4.1. Kim tra tnh n nh tng th
Khi y h c tng t mm yu, thng dng phng php trt cung
trn kim tra tnh n nh tng th ca tng chn, nh trnh by trn hnh 3.6


Hnh 2.6. S kim tra tnh n nh
tng th ca tng v nn

Hnh 2.7. S kim tra n ct vo
h o do dng thm ca lp ct

Thng th cung trt nguy him nht l di y tng 0,5 1m. Khi
lp t di y tng l t rt km, phi tng thm su tnh ton, cho n
khi tr K tng ln mi thi.
3.1.4.2. Kim tra n nh thm ca y h o
a. Dng thm khng c p. Khi o h trong lp t bo ha nc phi
quan tm n p lc nc, bo m n nh ca h, kim tra xem trong tnh hnh
chy thm th c th xut hin ct chy hay khng. Khi nc ngm chy t bn
di mt y h ln pha trn th cc ht t trong nn s chu lc y ni ca
nc thm thu, khi p lc nc thm thu qu ln, cc ht t s vo trng
thi huyn ph, to ra hin tng ct chy.
Nh th hin trong hnh 2.7 ton b lc thm thu J tc dng trong phm
vi phun tro B l:

65
J =
w
hB (2.20)
trong :
h- tn tht ct nc trong phm vi B t chn tng n mt y h o,
thng c th ly h hw/2;

w
trng lng ring ca nc;
B phm vi xy ra ct chy, thng ly B = D/2.
Trng lng trong nuc ca khi t W chng li p lc thm thu l:
W = DB
Trong :
trng lng y ni ca t;
D - cm su vo t ca tng.
Nu tha mn iu kin W > J th s khng xy ra ct chy, tc phi tha
mn iu kin:
Ks =
'
w
D
h

=
2 '
w w
D
h

(2.21)
Trong : Ks h s an ton chng phun tro, thng ly Ks 1,5.
b. Dng thm c p. Trong lp t st khng thm nc, c mt tng cha
nc, hoc trong tng cha nc tuy khng phi l nc c p, nhng do o t
m hnh thnh chnh lch gia ct nc bn trong v bn ngoi h o, lm cho
p lc trong tng cha nc bn trong h mng ln hn p lc nc tnh. C
th kim tra n nh chng nc c p ca t y h mng theo cng thc sau
y:
K
y
=
cz
wy
P
P
(2.22)
Trong : P
cz
- p lc do trng lng bn thn ca lp t ph k t mt
h o n mi ca tng nc c p;
P
wy
- p lc ct nc ca tng nc c p;
K
y
h s an ton n nh chng ct nc c p, ly bng 1,05.
Nu khng tha mn yu cu chng bng y h o do su ca tng
chn khng , v l do kinh t k thut khng th tng su ca tng,
ngi ta dng cc bin php khc gi n nh y h nh: H mc nc
ngm, gia cng y h bng cc trn xi mng t, hay cc bm p va hoc
lm mng chng thm su hn quanh tng chn v.v...

66
3.1.4.3. Kim tra y tri nn
Hin c nhiu phng php kim tra n nh tri y h o khi chng
c da trn nhng m hnh v gi thit khc nhau. Di y l mt s phng
php thng dng nht.
1. Phng php Terzaghi ci tin khi h mng rng v di (hnh 3.8) c
chng gi bng tng trong t.

Hnh 2.8. Phng php Terzaghi ci
tin kim tra chng tri y h B
1
=
0,7B; B
s
B
1
, lp t cng nm khng
su di chn tng

Hnh 2.9. S kim tra s tri y h
o theo Eide

- Khi khng k n su D ca tng v khng c ti trng phn b
mp h o:
K =
2 1 1
1
5, 7
u u
c B c H
HB
+
(2.23)
- Khi k n su ca tng D v c ti qs mp h o vi B
s
B
1
=
B 2 hoc B
1
= T(T b dy lp t st cng di y h), chn tr nh hn
trong B/ 2 v T. Ta c:
K1 =
2 1
1 1 3
5, 7
(1 )
u
u u s s
c B
HB c H c D q B o + +
(3.24)

K2 =
2 1 1 3
1
5, 7 (1 )
u u u
s s
c B c H c D
HB q B
o

+ + +
+
(2.25)
Vi K 1,5.
Cc k hiu trong cng thc trn xem hnh 2.8.
T cc cng thc (2.23) (2.25) ta thy:

67
- Theo (2.23): Khng k n nh hng su ca tng, hnh dng h
o v cng ca tng;
- Theo (2.24) v (2.25): cng mi k c nh hng ca su h o
D.
2. Phng php Eide ci tin
Khi h o hp vi bt k loi tng c no (hnh 3.9) kim tra n nh
tri y h o, Eide a ra cng thc sau:
Fs =
2 (1 / ) /
ub c A
C N C D B L B
H q
|

+ +
+
(2.26)
Trong :
- Cc k hiu xem hnh 2.9;
Nc - h s, ly nh sau:
+ Khi (H + D)/B < 2,5: Nc 5 (1 + 0,2B/L) [ 1 + 0,2 (H + D)/B];
+ Khi (H + D)/B 2,5: Nc 7,5 (1+0,2B/L)
- h s phc thuc vo t s T/B, ly theo bng 2.12.

Bng 1.12. Tr h s
T/B 0,15 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
1,60 1,34 1,16 1,08 1,04 1,02 1,0
2.3 n inh ca cng trnh ngm o bng phng php o kn
2.3.1 p lc t
p lc ca khi quanh cng trnh ln v chng c gi l p lc
hoc p lc a tng. p lc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh tnh cht ca ,
trng ng sut ban u, cc iu kin a cht - k thut v cng ngh chng
. Trong cc cng trnh ngm, p lc c th xut hin theo nhiu hng khc
nhau ty theo tng iu kin c th. Cc phng php tnh p lc c th c
chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: nhm cc phng php tnh theo ti trng cho trc v
nhm cc phng php tnh theo ng sut bin dng ca h -h chng . Cc
phng php thuc nhm th nht gi thit rng p lc ln h chng l
mt ngoi lc c gy nn bi trng lng ca khi hoc mt phn khi
pha trn cng trnh. Tr s ca n l mt hm s ca tnh cht c l ca ,
kch thc hm, chiu su b tr hm. Cc phng php thuc nhm th hai tnh

68
p lc da trn mi quan h tng h gia v h chng . C rt nhiu
phng php xc nh p lc t , sau y l mt s phng php ph bin.
2.3.1.1 Phng php Terzaghi.
Khi o ng hm, trn nc hm xut hin vm cn bng, trng lng
ca t trong vm gy ra p lc t . Terzaghi xc nh kch thc ca
vm da vo chiu rng v chiu cao ca hm (1946), Deere v Rose ci
bin nh bng 13.

Hnh 2.10. Khi nim v p lc ca Terzaghi

Bng 2.13. Phn loi p lc mi theo Terzaghi
Cp t
RQD Chiu cao vng suy
yu
Phn ng ca t
1 - cng cu to khi 95 - 100 0,0
C th c n , sp l nh, khng c p lc bn
sn hm. Cn v hm nh ch khi xy ra nt v
hoc n
2- cng phn lp ngang 90 99 0 - 0,5b
Sp l nc, khng c p lc bn sn hm. Cn
kt cu chng nh, ch yu chng nt v.
Ti trng c th thay i t ngt t im ny
sang im khc
3- khi, phn lp ng
85 - 95 0 - 0,25b
4 - cng, tng i
phn khi, phn lp
75 - 85
0,25b - 0,2(b+h)
Khng c p lc bn
5 - phn khi, phn lp
mnh
30 - 75 (0,2 - 0,6)(b+h)
Nc khng n nh, p lc bn sn hm t nh
n trung bnh
6- hon ton v vn
nhng nguyn vn v thnh
phn khong ha
6b Ct, si
3 30


0 - 3
(0,6 1,1)(b+h)


(1,1 - 1,4)(b+h)
p lc bn ng k. nh hng lm mm ca
thm nc vo y hm i hi phi c kt cu
chng lin tc cho phn di v thp hoc v
trn

69
7- co p nm tng i
su
KAD (1,1 2,1)(b+h) p lc bn ln. Cn c cc thanh ging vm
ngc. xut s dng v trn.
8 - t dnh su ln
KAD
2,1 - 4,5(b+h)
Khng n nh, p lc bn sn ln. Cn c cc
thanh ging vm ngc. xut s dng v trn.
9 t trng n
KAD
Ti 75m khng ph
thuc vo (b+h)
Khng n nh, p lc bn sn ln. Cn v trn,
trong trng hp c bit s dng chng chng
cong on.
Ghi ch: Bng phn loi ny c ci bin bi Deere et al (1970) v Rose (1982)
Chiu cao Hp, b, h c tnh bng feet v chiu su ln hn 1,5(b+h)

p lc ln vm hm c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

)
`

|
.
|

\
|
=

tg
B
H
exp ) tg (
B
C
B , p
n
2 1
2
5 0
1
(2.27)
trong : H- su t cng trnh; - h s p lc hng; B = b+2htg(45
o
-(/2);
- trng lng th tch ca .
Theo Terzaghi p lc ln v chng ch c hnh thnh trong iu kin:

>
C
B
2

2.3.1.2 Phng php Protodjakonov.
Protodjakonov tnh ton cho mi trng ri, c ma st trong nhng khng c lc
lin kt. Gi s ti chiu su H c mt hm hnh ch nht chiu rng bng b,
chiu cao l h. Trn nh hm, theo gi thuyt, s hnh thnh mt vm cn bng
t nhin AOC c chiu cao h
H
(hnh 2.11). Theo Protodjakonov, chiu cao vm
cn bng c xc nh bi cng thc:

Hnh 2.11. S tnh ton p lc t ln nc hm theo Protodjakonov


70

f
hctg
b
f
b
h
o
H
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
= =
2
45
2
2

(2.28)
- gc ni ma st ca t ,
f = o
n
/100 h s kin c/bn vng ca t ,
o
n
bn nn mt trc ca t , tnh bng kg/cm
2
.
p lc ln nc hm c xc nh theo cng thc:

(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

=
2
45
2 3
2
3
o
n
hctg
b
f f
B
p (2.29)
2.3.1.3 p lc trong thnh ging
Theo phng nm ngang p lc c xc nh theo mt s phng php sau:
1. Phng php Protodjakonov (hnh 2.12a) :
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
45
2
*
Htg p
o
(2.30)
trong : * = arctgf - gc ni ma st biu kin; f- h s bn vng; H- chiu su
ca im ang xt.
Trong mi trng ri cng thc ny c dng sau:
p =(H (2.31)
trong : |
.
|

\
|
=
+

=
|
=
2
45
1
1 1
2 o
tg
sin
sin

2. Phng php Berezantshev (hnh 2.12b):


71


Hnh 2.12. S tnh ton p lc t ln thnh ging ng.
a) theo Protodjakonov, b) theo Berazantshev, c) theo Bulyshev


(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

q

=
q q q
Cctg
r
r
r
r
q
r
r
r p
c
o
c
o
c
o
o
1 1
1
1
(2.32)
trong : |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = q
2
45
2
45
2
45 2
2 o o
o c
o
tg ; Htg r r ; tg tg
Khi khng c ti trng q v C=0, p lc c xc nh theo cng thc:

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

q

=
q 1
1
1
c
o
o
r
r
r p (2.33)
Khi H ln v cng, p lc khng ph thuc vo su, n c tnh
theo cng thc sau:

1 q

=
o
r p (2.34)
( )
( )
(
(

o
o =
2
2
1
2 cos B
B
tg r p
o
(2.35)
trong : ; cos
r
H
) ( sin sin B ; cos tg
r
H
cos arctg
o o
sh
o o + o =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = o
2
1
4 2 2 2 1
); ( cos cos sin
r
H
B
o
sh
o + o + o = 2 2 2 2
2
H
sh
- ton b su ca ging.

72
2.3.1.4.Phn tch p lc t theo quan h tng tc h chng
p lc cng nh mi quan h tng tc gia v h chng c
ngha quyt nh n vic la chn cng ca h chng v thi gian thch
hp lp t chng. Mi quan h ny c th hin hnh 2.13. Trn hnh
2.13 ng ABF th hin bin dng ca nc hm, ng ACF th hin bin dng
ca sn hm, ng DEF l ng c trng cho h chng . Trng thi ng
sut bin v cc vng bin dng xung quanh hm c th hin hnh 2.14.
Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy, khi nh gi h chng , cn quan tm
thch ng n nhng vn sau:
- Thi im lp t h chng k t khi m cng trnh v khong cch
t im ang xt ti gng hm;
- S nh hng ca phng php khai o (nh n mn khi, n to rnh
ct trc,...) n cng, bn ca khi ;
- nh hng ca kt cu, th loi h chng (nh kch thc cc phn
t, khu gia cc khung, b dy ca cc khung, iu kin chn khung ...) n
cng v bn ca h chng .



Hnh 2.13. Phn tch p lc t theo mi tng tc gia t v v chng


73


Hnh 2.14. Phn b ng sut v cc vng bin dng quanh hm
Trn hnh 2.14, trong vng n hi trng thi ng sut - bin dng ca t
quanh ng hm c xc nh bi cng thc sau:
0
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
1
1
P
r
R
r
R
P
r
R
r
R
r
r r

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o o
o o
u
(2.35)
ng sut ln vch hm l:
0 0
0
2
r
r r
P o o
o o
u
=
=
(2.36)
Dchchuyn n hi xung quanh hm l:
( )
(
(

)
`

=
0
2
0
0
2
0
2 1
1
r
r
R
P
r
R
r
E
U o

(2.37)
Dch chuyn vch hm l:
( ) { } ( )( ) o

+
= 1 2 1 1 2
1
0 0
0 0 0 0
E
P R
R P
E
U
r R
(2.38)
Bn knh ng tip gip gia trng thi do v trng thi n hi R
c tnh nh sau:
( )
( )
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
'

+
+

+
=
p
u p r
u p
p
q
q P
R R

o

(2.39)
ng sut vng do l:

74
1 1
1 1
0
1
0
1

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ |
.
|

\
|
=

p
u
p
u
r p p
p
u
p
u
r rp
q q
R
r
q q
R
r
p
p

o o

o o

(2.40)

ng sut ti ranh gii tip gip gia vng n hi v vng do l:
1
2
1
2
0
'
0
'
+
+
=
+

p
u
R
p
u
rR
q P
q P
p

u
(2.4.1)
dch chuyn ti ranh gii tip gip gia vng n hi v vng do l:
( ) { }
' 0 '
1 2 '
1
rR R
P R
E
U o

+
= (2.4.2)
dch chuyn ti vch hm:
( )
( )( )

o
o
o

o
+

(
(

+
+
)
`

+ =
1 2 1
1
2 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
0 0
0
0
0
0
E
P R
q
R
q
E
C
R
U
p
p
u
r
p
p
u
st R
(2.43)
( )
(
(

+
+
)
`

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

+

o
o
o

o o
1
2 1
1
1
1 1
'
'
1
1
'
0
1
0
1
2
'
p
p
u
r
p
p
u
R st
q R
R
R
q
E
U R C
p
(2.44)
trong 1 >

=
pl
rpl
u
c
c
o
2.3.2 H chng
2.3.2.1 Khi qut
H thng chng ng hm c thit k gi n nh ngay sau khi
khai o xong do to ra mt kt cu vng chc kt hp vi t xung quanh.
Ni no s dch chuyn ca t c th gy ra tc ng n t mt hoc cc
kt cu xung quanh th phi p dng h thng chng ng hm ph hp
khng c bt k tc ng bt li no n t mt hoc cc kt cu xung quanh.

75
H thng chng ng hm c thit k bo m thc hin an ton v c
hiu qu tt c cc hot ng trong ng hm.
thit k h thng chng hiu dng cn phi nh gi tt c cc iu
kin t nh a l, a cht, cc c im vt l, chiu su tng t ph,
kh nng c dng nc chy vo, cc mt ct khai o ng hm, hn ch v
ln b mt, phng php o ng hm, v..v..V vy, cc h phn loi t
theo cc ch s a cht ph hp l nhng yu t quan trng thit k h thng
chng ng hm. Trc khi khai o ng hm, cn phi xc nh cc m
hnh h thng chng ng hm l nhng cch phi hp ca b tng phun,
neo hoc h thng chng bng thp i vi mi h phn loi t . Dng
nhng m hnh h thng chng ng hm nh trn lm thit k s b ca h
thng chng ng hm.
Trong qu trnh o ng hm s tin hnh thm nh thit k s b ny
thng qua quan trc v theo di, nu cn th thay i, v s c mt thit k ph
hp ca h thng chng ng hm i vi iu kin t .
Bng 2.14 gii thiu nhng hng mc chn cc thnh phn ca h
thng chng . Thng thit k h thng chng theo cch sau:
1) p dng thit k tiu chun,
2) p dng thit k theo cc iu kin t tng t,
3) p dng phng php gii tch.
1. p dng thit k tiu chun
Cn phi c k nng v kinh nghim cng vi s liu xy dng ng
hm xc nh cc m hnh ca h thng chng ng hm. S l thun li
v thit thc quyt nh nhng m hnh ca h thng chng ng hm
da trn cc m hnh tiu chun ca h thng chng c xc nh bng cc
s liu ca ng hm xy dng.
2. p dng thit k theo cc iu kin t tng t
Khi cc iu kin thit k nh iu kin t hoc mt ct ng hm tng t
nhau th c th thit k h thng chng ng hm theo v d tng t .
Trng hp ny yu cu nhng ni dung sau:
i) thu thp mi thng tin v ng hm xy dng nh iu kin a
cht, phng php o ng hm trong thi gian xy dng, v o c
v quan trc theo di, v..v..

76
ii) phn tch v nh gi nhng thng tin trn y, i chiu vi tt c kt
qu kho st.
iii) thm nhng phn tch mi vo cc m hnh ca h thng chng ca
v d dng, xc nh cc m hnh ph hp ca cc h thng chng
ng hm.
Theo cch ny, c th s dng h phn loi Q la chn h chng
(hnh 2.15)



Hinh 2.15 Phng php la chn h chng bng h phn loi Q

Bng 2.14. Nhng hng mc chn cc thnh phn ca h thng chng
(mt ct khai o 20 100 m2)

L
o

c im


Thnh phn ca h thng chng

Phng php
ph
Ghi ch

77
Mc
ch
ca
h thng
chng

B

n
g

p
h
u
n



N
e
o

t
h

p


B tng
v hm
C

p

b

n
g

t
h

h
a
i

B

n
g

v

m

n
g

n
g

t gy
nh
- ri
A A
Khng c ng sut khi tc
ng ln b tng v hm
t gy
nh
(khng c
khong vt
st)
- ri
- p lc
t b
ti

A

O

A
C th dng v thp cho
mt gng phn vm
Thng c
nt n
- ri
- p lc
t b
ti
- p lc
ca t


O


O


O


A
n nh mt
gng (Mt
gng v
vm hm)
Bo m cc iu kin tt
cho b mt bn di, b
tng vm ngc c a
chung

m

t ln
Yu t tin
cy
- ri
A

A

O
Bo m cc iu kin tt
cho b mt bn di, cn
c b tng vm ngc cho
trng hp bn kt
t nh
Yu t tin
cy
- p lc
t b
ti
- p lc
ca t

O

O

O



O
B tng vm ngc cn
thit lp sm
t rt
nh
Yu t tin
cy
- p lc
t b
ti
- p lc
ca t


O


O


O


A


O
n nh
gng (mt
gng)
- Thit lp sm cc mt ct
kn
- B tng phun tnh nng
cao
- Quan trc bin dng ln
- Gii hn cho php
chuyn dch cui cng
t b p vt - p lc
t b
ti
- p lc
ca t
- p lc p
vt




O




O




O




O




O
n nh mt
gng (n
nh mt
gng v gia
c chn
tng hm)
- Thit lp sm cc mt ct
kn
- B tng phun tnh nng
cao
- Lp b tng v hm th
hai l thnh phn ca h
thng chng
- Theo di ln do bin
dng
- Gii hn cho php
chuyn dch cui cng

78
t khng bn
vng (t ph
t)
- p lc
t b
ti
- Ln b
mt



O


A


O


O


O
n nh mt
gng, bo
v ln b mt
v kt cu k
bn
- Thit lp sm cc mt ct
kn
- Lp b tng v hm th
hai l thnh phn ca h
thng chng


3. p dng phng php tnh ton
Phng php tnh ton c thc hin bng li gii gii tch hoc phng
php s. Trong tnh ton, cn xt ti cc yu t nh hng n h chng , nh:
Tnh cht ca t nh p lc t, bin dng ca t , s n nh ca gng
v dng nc chy vo ng hm thit k, tc ng ca nhng cng trnh ln
cn (c bit quan trng khi xy dng trong khu th, khu vc c cng
trnh), nh hng ca ng t
3.2.2.2 Phn tch h chng
Nh nu hnh 2.15, h chng thng c lp t sau khi chu
tuyn ng hm chuyn dch mt gi tr ban u u
i0
no . cng ca h
chng c c trng bi hng s cng K. p lc chng hng tm p
i

ca h chng c xc nh theo cng thc:

i
ie
i
r
u
K p = (2.45) hoc:
K
r p
u u
i i
io i
+ = (2.46)
trong : u
ie
phn bin dng n hi ca tng bin dng u
i
; u
i0
- xem hnh 2.16.
Phng trnh (2.46) c p dng cho v chng btng hoc btng
phun, cho khung thp hoc bulng hoc neo cp pht va. p lc ln nht ca
h chng c xc nh bi gi tr p
smax
(hnh 2.16).


79

Hnh 2.16. Quan h p
i
u
i
ca h chng

- V chng btng, btng phun (hnh 2.17 ). V chng vi b dy tc c
t bn trong bn knh ri. p lc chng to nn bi v chng ny phn ng
li vi s hi t ca hm c nu bi cng thc (2.17), khi:

( )
] ) t r ( r ) [( ) (
] t r r [ E
K
c i i c c
c i i c
c
2 2
2 2
2 1 1 + + v v +

= (2.47)
trong : E
c
, v
c
- mun n hi v h s Poisson ca btng; t
c
- b dy ca lp
v o btng; ri - bn knh ca ng hm.

Hnh 2.17. Dng hnh hc ca h chng bng btng hoc btng phun

Trong cng thc ny cha xt n s nh hng ca ct hoc li thp
trong h chng . Ct thp trong v chng v li thp trong o btng phun c
vai tr rt quan trng i vi s phn b ng sut v kh nng gy nt n v
chng, nhng n khng tng ng k cng. Khi v chng c ct thp dy, th

80
d nh khi btng trn khung thp, cn xt n s lm vic ng thi ca c
hai h.
Khi gi thit l v chng btng v btng phun c th b thm nc, th
p lc nc bn trong cng nh bn ngoi khng nh hng n p lc chng
p
i
. Trong cc ng hm thy cng, khi v chng c coi l khng thm th
cn xt n ng sut ph do p lc nc gy nn.
p lc chng ln nht do v chng btng v btng phun to ra c
xc nh nh sau:

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
o =
2
1
2
1
c i
i
conc c max s
t r
r
p (2.48)
trong : o
cconc
- bn nn n trc ca btng.
Cng thc (2.48) ch p dng c khi ng hm c tit din trn v vng ph
hy khng qu ln.
Trong tnh ton cc h chng cho ng hm o Hi Vn, nh t vn
thit k s dng cc php tnh sau:
a. Neo : kh nng chng ca neo c tnh theo phng trnh
sau:
i vi mt neo:
B B B B
S l R C = t 2 (2.49)

Tng kh nng chu ti cho s neo lp t dc theo ung knh hm >
B
B
iB
L R
C n
P

=
0
2t
(2.50)
Trong :
C
B
- kh nng chng mt n v ca neo (mt neo )
R
B
- bn knh ca neo
l
B
- Chiu di ca neo
S
B
- Cng ca neo
P
iB
- Tng kh nng chng ca neo
L
B
- Khong cch gia cc neo dc theo trc hm
Loi neo dng thanh chu bin dng c s dng trong thit k.

Bng 2.15. Kh nng chng ca neo

81
Neo trong tnh ton thit k
Kh nng chng ca neo
Loi Vt liu ng
knh
Kh nng ti
hn
Trng
lng/m
D2 SD45 25mm 121kN 3.98kg
bn ca vt liu neo
Loi bn ca inh c (kN) bn ca neo (kN)
Un cong Gy Un cong Gy
D25 120.5 172.5 173.5 247.9

b. V hm btng phun: kh nng chng ca btng phun v s chuyn
dch ca v hm c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C
c C
is
R
t
P

=
o
,
( )
c SC
sc is
SC
t E
P
U

=
2
1 v
(2.51)

trong :
P
is
- Kh nng chng ca btng phun

c
- Cng n trc ca btng phun
t
c
- dy ca lp btng phun
R
c
- Bn knh ca v btng phun
U
sc
- S chuyn dch ca btng phun
E
sc
- Moun n hi ca btng phun
v
sc
- H s Poisson ca btng phun (gi s v
sc
=0.2)
Moun n hi c th c xc inh theo Phng trnh Paw nh sau:
C SC
E o =
5 . 1
4300 (2.52)
- Trng lng ring ca btng phun
Gi s =25 kN/m3, cng ch nn mt truc v moun n hi ca
btng phun th hin nh bng 2.16.
Bng 2.16. Quan h gia cng chu nn v module n hi ca b tng phun

Ngy
Cng chu nn n
trc (MPa)
Moun n hi ca
btng phun (x 104
MPa)
1 10 1.7
3 20 2.4
7 30 2.94


82
c. Khung thp: Phng trnh i vi v ng hnh tr mng c s dng
nh gi kh nng chng ca khung thp.
S S
S S
iSR
l R
A
P

=
o
(2.53)
trong :
P
iSR
- kh nng chng ca khung thp

s
- bn ca khung thp
A
s
- din tch tit din ca khung thp
R
s
- bn knh ca khung thp (tm)
l
s
- khong cch ca khung thp dc theo trc hm
Cc tnh cht ca khung thp H-150 c th hin bng 2.17.


Bng 2.17. Cc tnh cht vt liu ca khung thp
Cc tnh cht vt liu ca khung thp
Loi Vt liu Kch thc (mm) Din tch
tit din
bn un
Thp H SS41 H-150x150x7x10 40.14 cm2

180MPa

d. V hm: Kh nng chng ca v hm bng btng hnh tr c lp v
dy v v hm bng btng phun gia c bng si thp (SFRS) s c tnh ton
trong iu kin ng sut tc ng ln mt trong v mt ngoi l khc nhau theo
cng thc sau:
C i
a b
a b
P o
+

=
2 2
2 2
(2.54)
trong :
a - bn knh bn trong ca hnh tr
b - bn knh bn ngoi ca hnh tr

c
- cng nn mt trc ca btng.
Cng chu nn ca SFRS, lp v btng c tnh l 40 MPa v 25 MPa
tng ng.