TS.

PHM NGC SN









Phng php gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim

L U Y N T H I I H C
























Nh xut bn gio dc







Li ni u

Cun Phng php gii bi tp trc nghim ho hc - Luyn thi
i hc cung cp cho cc em h thng cc phng php mi gii cc
bi tp trc nghim ho hc trong chng trnh THPT mt cch ngn
gn, khoa hc v chnh xc.
Ni dung cun sch gm 10 phng php gii nhanh vi h thng
cc v v minh ha cng hng dn gii chi tit. Ni dung cc bi tp ho hc
phong ph, a dng, cp nht. Tc gi hi vng rng cun sch ny s gip cho
bn c hiu c bn cht cc phng php gii ton, c th x l linh
hot v chnh xc cc bi ton ho hc, nhm t kt qu cao trong cc k thi.
Qu trnh bin son khng trnh khi thiu st, tc gi rt mong nhn
c nhng gp xy dng ca bn c cun sch c hon thin hn
trong ln xut bn sau.
Xin trn trng cm n !
TC GI

1. PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG
1. Nguyn tc
Xt phn ng A + B C + D
ta c ; m
A
+ m
B
= m
C
+ m
D
Mt s dng thng gp :
- Hn hp oxit tc dng vi axit to mui: MO + HCl, H
2
SO
4
long
m
oxit
+ m
axit
= m
mui
+ m
nc
Trong s mol nc c tnh theo axit.
- Hn hp oxit tc dng CO, C hoc H
2
:

2 2 2
oxit CO,C, H ran CO , H O
m m m m + = +
Trong s mol CO
2
, H
2
O c tnh theo CO, C v H
2

- Hn hp kim loi tc dng vi axit gii phng H
2
.
m
kim loi
+ m
axit
= m
mui
+ m
H2

s mol H
2
= 2HCl = H
2
SO
4

- Hn hp mui cacbonat tc dng vi axit
m
mui (1)
+ m
axit
= m
mui
+ m
H2O
+ m
CO2

2. Cc v d minh ho
V d 1: (2007 - Khi A) Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO,
ZnO trong 500 ml axit H
2
SO
4
0,1M (va ). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat
khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l
A. 6,81 gam. B. 4,81 gam. C. 3,81 gam. D. 5,81 gam.
Hng dn
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (1)
MgO + H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2
O (2)
ZnO + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
O (3)
Theo cc pt ho hc (1, 2, 3):
2
H O
n =
2 4
H SO
n = 0,5 0,1 = 0,05 (mol)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m
hh mui khan
= 2,81 + 98 0,05 18 0,05 = 6,81 (g).
V d 2: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO v Fe
2
O
3
. Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s
ng m gam hn hp X nung nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 64 gam cht
A trong ng s v 11,2 lt kh B (ktc) c t khi so vi H
2
l 20,4. Gi tr ca m l
A. 105,6. B. 35,2. C. 52,8. D. 70,4.
Hng dn
Cc phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng kh oxit st c th c:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
0
t
2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2
(1)
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
0
t
3FeO + CO
2
(2)
FeO + CO
0
t
Fe + CO
2
(3)
Nhn xt: Cht rn A c th gm 3 cht Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
hoc t hn, iu quan trng
l s mol CO phn ng bao gi cng bng s mol CO
2
to thnh
Gi x l s mol CO
2
to thnh

B
n =
11, 2
22, 4
= 0,5 (mol)
44x + 28(0,5 x) = 0,5 20,4 2 = 20,4 x = 0,4 (mol)
Do
CO
n
phn ng
= 0,4 (mol)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m =
A
m +
2
CO
m
CO
m
= 64 + 44 0,4 28 0,4 = 70,4 (g).
V d 3: Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng dung dch HCl thu c
dung dch A v kh B. C cn dung dch A th c 5,71 gam mui khan. Tnh th tch
kh B (o ktc).
Hng dn
Gi 2 kim loi cho l X v Y
2X + 2m HCl 2XCl
m
+ m H
2
| (1)
2Y + 2n HCl 2YCl
n
+ n H
2
| (2)
Theo (1, 2):
HCl
n = 2
2
H
n
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
5 + 36,5 2
2
H
n = 5,71 + 2
2
H
n
2
H
n = 0,01 (mol)
Vy
2
H
V
(ktc)
= 0,01 22,4 = 0,224 (l).
V d 4: (2009 - Khi A)Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng
va dung dch H
2
SO
4
10%, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Khi lng dung dch
thu c sau phn ng l
A. 101,68 gam. B. 88,20 gam. C. 101,48 gam. D. 97,80 gam.

Hng dn
2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2 |
(1)
Zn + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2 |
(2)
T (1, 2):
2 4
H SO
n =
2
H
n =
2, 24
22, 4
= 0,1 (mol)

2 4
dd H SO
m =
98 0,1 100
10

= 98 (g)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
dd
m
sau phn ng
=
hh
m +
2 4
dd H SO
m
2
H
m
|
= 3,68 + 98 2 0,1 = 101,48 (g).
V d 5. Cho t t mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm Fe,
FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
nung nng, kt thc phn ng thu c 64g st, kh i ra gm CO
v CO
2
cho sc qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d c 40g kt ta. Vy m c gi tr l
A. 70,4g B. 74g C. 47g D. 104g
Li gii : Kh i ra sau phn ng gm CO
2
v CO d cho i qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2

d :
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O
0,4 (mol) 4 , 0
100
40
= (mol)
S phn ng:
FeO
Fe
2
O
3
+ CO Fe + CO
2


Fe
3
O
4

28.0,4 + m = 64 + 44.0,4 m = 70,4g
V d 6. Ngi ta cho t t lung kh H
2
i qua mt ng s ng 5,44 gam hn hp
gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
, CuO nung nng, kt thc phn ng thu c m gam hn hp
cht rn A v 1,62 gam H
2
O. Vy m c gi tr l
A. 4g B. 5g C. 4,5g D. 3,4g
Li gii : = =
2 2
H H O
n n 0, 09 (mol)
S phn ng:
FeO

H
2
+

Fe
2
O
3
A + H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4

CuO
0,09.2 + 5,44 = m + 1,62 m = 4g
V d 7. Cho 35g hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl
2
. Sau
phn ng thu c 59,1g kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dd thu c m(g) mui
clorua. Vy m c gi tr l
A. 38,3g B. 22,6g C. 26,6g D. 6,26g
Li gii : S phn ng:

2 3
2 3
Na CO
K CO
+ BaCl
2
BaCO
3
+
NaCl
KCl

= =
2 3
BaCl BaCO
n n 0, 3(mol)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: + = + +
2
hh BaCl
m m m m
dd

m = 35 + 0,3.208 59,1 = 38,3 (g)
V d 8. Cho 4,48g hn hp Na
2
SO
4
, K
2
SO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
tc dng va vi 300 ml
dung dch Ba(NO
3
)
2
0,1M

. Kt thc phn ng thu c kt ta A v dung dch B. Lc
tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m(g) mui nitrat. Vy m c gi tr l
A. 5,32g B. 5,23g C. 5,26g D. 6,25g
Li gii : S phn ng:
Na
2
SO
4
NaNO
3
K
2
SO
4
+ Ba(NO
3
)
2
BaSO
4
+ KNO
3

(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
NH
4
NO
3
= =
3 2 4
Ba(NO ) BaSO
n n 0, 03(mol) ;
+ = + =
B B
4, 48 7, 83 6, 99 m m 5, 32 (g)

V d 9. Ho tan 2,57g hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4

long thu c 1,456 lt kh X (ktc), 1,28g cht rn Y v dung dch Z. C cn Z thu
c m gam mui khan, m c gi tr l
A. 7,53g B. 3,25g C. 5,79g D. 5,58g
Li gii: S phn ng :
Cu
Mg
Al

+ H
2
SO
4

4
2 4 3
MgSO
Al (SO )
+ Cu + H
2


+
= + = + =
2
4
(Al Mg)
SO
m m m (2, 57 1, 28) 0, 065.96 7, 53(g)
V d 9. Ho tan hon ton 3,72g hn hp 2 kim loi A, B trong dung dch HCl d
thy to ra 1,344 lt kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c mui khan
c khi lng l
A. 7,12g B. 7,98g C. 3,42g D. 6,12g
Li gii : Theo phng trnh in li :

+
= = =
H Cl
1, 344
n n 2. 0,12(mol)
22, 4

m
mui
= m
KL
+

Cl
m = 3,72 + 0,12.35,5 = 7,98 (g)
V d 10. Nung m gam hn hp A gm 2 mui MgCO
3
v CaCO
3
cho n khi khng
cn kh thot ra thu c 3,52g cht rn B v kh C. Cho ton b kh C hp th ht bi
2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
thu c 7,88g kt ta. un nng dung dch li thy to thnh
thm 3,94g kt ta na. Nu cc phn ng xy ra hon ton th m c gi tr l
A. 7,44g B. 7,40g C. 7,04g D. 4,74g
Li gii: m =m
B
+
2
CO
m
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O
2CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
Ba(HCO
3
)
2

m = 3,52 + (
7,88 3, 94
2. ).44 7, 04
197 197
+ = (g)
2. PHNG PHP BO TON MOL NGUYN T

1. Nguyn tc
Tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t trc v sau phn ng lun bng nhau.
Tnh s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t :
n
nguyn t A
= x.n
X
= (s nguyn t A trong X).s mol X
v d : n
O
= 4.n
H2SO4
2. Cc v d minh ho
V d 1: (2007 - Khi A) Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol
Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ), thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v
kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,04. B. 0,075. C. 0,12. D. 0,06.
Hng dn
S phn ng:
3
HNO 2 4 3 2
2
2 4
Fe (SO ) FeS
NO H O
Cu S CuSO
+

+ | +



2FeS
2
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

0,12 0,06
Cu
2
S 2CuSO
4

a 2a
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi S, ta c:
2 0,12 + a = 3 0,06 + 2a a = 0,06 (mol).
V d 2: Dn t t V lt kh CO ( ktc) i qua mt ng s ng lng d hn hp
rn gm CuO, Fe
2
O
3
( nhit cao). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu
c kh X. Dn ton b kh X trn vo lng d dung dch Ca(OH)
2
th to thnh
4 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,120. B. 0,896. C. 0,448. D. 0,224.
(Trch thi TSC nm 2008 - Khi A, B)
Hng dn
S phn ng:
2 3
CuO
Fe O

+ CO
0
t
CO
2 |
(X) + hn hp rn
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

d
CaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O
p dng s bo ton s mol i vi nguyn t C:

C
n
trong CO
=
C
n
2
trong CO
=
C
n
3
trong CaCO


C
n
trong CO
=
3
CaCO
n
+
=
4
100
= 0,04 (mol)
Vy V = 0,04 22,4 = 0,896 (l).
V d 3: Ho tan hn hp X gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HCl d
c dung dch Y. Cho dung dch Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt
ta. Lc kt ta, ra sch em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu
c m gam cht rn Z. Gi tr ca m l
A. 16,0. B. 24,0. C. 28,8. D. 32,0.
Hng dn
S cc phn ng:

2 3
Fe
X
Fe O

HCl +

2
3
FeCl
Y
FeCl

NaOH +
+
2
3
Fe(OH)
Fe(OH)

0
t
Z (Fe
2
O
3
)
p dng s bo ton s mol i vi nguyn t Fe:

Fe
n
trong Z
=
Fe
n
trong X
=
2 3
Fe Fe O
n 2n + = 0,2 + 2.0,1 = 0,4 (mol)

2 3
Fe O
n
trong Z
=
1
2

Fe
n
trong Z
= 0,2 (mol) Vy m = 0,2 160 = 32,0 (g).
V d 4: Cho 2,13 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Mg, Cu v Al dng bt tc
dng hon ton vi oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng 3,33 gam.
Th tch dung dch HCl 2M va phn ng ht vi Y l
A. 57 ml. B. 50 ml. C. 75 ml. D. 90 ml.
(Trch thi TSH nm 2008 - Khi A)
Hng dn

Mg
X Cu
Al

2
O +

2 3
MgO
Y CuO
Al O

MgO + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O (1)
CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O (3)
Ta c
O
m
/ hhY
= 3,33 2,13 = 1,2 (g) hay
O
n
/ hhY
=
1, 2
16
= 0,075 (mol)
Theo (1, 2, 3):
HCl
n = 2
O
n
/ hhY
= 2 0,075 = 0,15 (mol) Vy
dd HCl
V =
0,15
2
= 0,075
(l) = 75 (ml).
V d 5: Cho mt mu Na lu trong khng kh, b chuyn ho thnh hn hp rn X
gm Na, Na
2
O, NaOH, Na
2
CO
3
. Ho tan hon ton hn hp X bng H
2
SO
4
long, sau
phn ng thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi nc t t thu c 8,05 gam tinh th
Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O. Khi lng mu Na l
A. 0,575 gam. B. 1,15 gam. C. 2,3 gam. D. 1,725 gam.
Hng dn
Na
kk

2
2 3
Na O
NaOH
X
Na CO
Na

2 4
H SO
dd Y (dd Na
2
SO
4
) Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O
Ta c
2 4 2
Na SO .10H O
n =
8, 05
322
= 0,025 (mol)
Na
n
ca mu Na
=
Na
n
trong tinh th
=
2
2 4 2
Na SO .10H O
n = 0,05 (mol). Vy khi lng mu Na l: 0,05 23 = 1,15 (g).
V d 6: Cho hn hp A gm ba kim loi X, Y, Z c ho tr ln lt l 3, 2, 1 v t l
s mol ln lt l 1 : 2 : 3, trong s mol ca X bng x mol. Ho tan hon ton A
bng dung dch c cha y mol HNO
3
. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch B khng cha
NH
4
NO
3
v V lt hn hp kh E ( ktc) gm NO
2
v NO. Biu thc tnh y theo x v
V l
A. 8x +
V
22, 4
. B. 6x +
V
22, 4
. C. 5x +
V
22, 4
. D. 10x +
V
22, 4
.
Hng dn
Ta c
hh E
n =
V
22, 4
(mol)
Theo bi
X Y Z
n : n : n = 1 : 2 : 3
M
X
n = x (mol) nn

Y
n
= 2x (mol),
Z
n = 3x (mol)
S phn ng:
X , Y , Z + HNO
3
X(NO
3
)
3
, Y(NO
3
)
2
, ZNO
3
+ NO
2 |
, NO| + H
2
O
x 2x 3x x 2x 3x
S mol mi mui bng s mol mi kim loi tng ng
Da vo s bo ton s mol i vi nguyn t N:

3
HNO
n =
N
n = 3
3 3
X(NO )
n + 2
3 2
Y(NO )
n +
3
ZNO
n +
2
NO
n +
NO
n
= 3. x + 2. 2x + 3x +
V
22, 4
= 10x +
V
22, 4
(mol).
V d 7. Cho hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Cu, 0,2 mol Ag tan va ht trong V lt dung dch
HNO
3
1M thu c dung dch X v hn hp Y gm 2 kh NO, NO
2

(
2
NO NO
n n 0,1mol = = ). V c gi tr l
A. 1 lt B. 0,6 lt C. 1,5 lt D. 2 lt
Li gii S phn ng:

Cu
Ag
+ HNO
3

3 2
3
Cu(NO )
AgNO
+
2
NO
NO
+ H
2
O
p dng s bo ton nguyn t Cu, Ag ta c : n
Cu
=
3 2
Cu(NO )
n = 0,1 mol v n
Ag
=
n
3
AgNO
= 0,2 mol
p dng cho nguyn t N :

3
N (HNO )
n =
3 2 3 2
N(Cu(NO ) AgNO NO NO )
n
+ + +


3
(HNO )
n =
3 2 3 2
Cu(NO ) AgNO NO NO
2n n n n + + +

3
(HNO )
n = 2.0,1 + 0,2 + 0,1 + 0,1 = 0,6 mol

3
HNO
0,6
V 0,6(lit)
1
= =
V d 8: Cho hn hp gm : FeO (0,01 mol), Fe
2
O
3
(0,02 mol), Fe
3
O
4
(0,03 mol) tan
va ht trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c mt mui duy nht v 0,448 lt kh N
2
O
4

(ktc). Khi lng mui v s mol HNO
3
tham gia phn ng l
A. 32,8 g ; 0,4 mol B. 33,88 g ; 0,46 mol
C. 33,88 g ; 0,06 mol D. 33,28 g ; 0,46 mol
Li gii S phn ng :
FeO
Fe
2
O
3
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4

p dng s bo ton nguyn t Fe :

3 3 2 3 3 4
Fe [Fe(NO ) ] Fe [FeO,Fe O ,Fe O ]
n n =

3 3
Fe [Fe(NO ) ]
n =
2 3 3 4
FeO Fe O Fe O
n 2n 3n + +
= 0, 01 2.0, 02 3.0, 03 0,14 (mol) + + =

3 3
Fe(NO )
m 0,14.242 33, 88(g) = =
p dng s bo ton nguyn t N :

+
=
= + = + =
3 3 3 2 4
3 3 3 2 4
N[HNO ] N[Fe(NO ) N O ]
HNO Fe(NO ) N O
n n
n 3n n 3.0,14 2.0, 02 0, 46 (mol)

V d 9: Cho 1,1 gam hn hp Fe, Al phn ng vi dung dch HCl thu c dung
dch X, cht rn Y v kh Z, ho tan ht Y cn s mol H
2
SO
4
(long) bng 1/2 s
mol HCl trn thu c dung dch T v kh Z. Tng th tch kh Z (ktc) l 0,896
lt. Tng khi lng mui sinh ra trong hai trng hp trn l
A. 2,54 gam B. 2,77 gam C. 3,36 gam D. 1,06 gam
Li gii :
S phn ng :

Fe
Al
+
2 4
HCl
H SO
hn hp mui ( X+T ) + H
2

t x= n
HCl
;
2 4
H SO
n = y (mol)

p dng s bo ton nguyn t H:

2 4 2
2 4 2
H[HCl H SO ] H[H ]
HCl H SO H
n n
n 2n 2n 0, 04 (mol)
+
=
+ = =

x + 2y = 0,04
y =
x
2
x = 0,02 ; y = 0,01
m
mui
= m
(Al,Fe)
+
2
Cl SO
4
m m

+ = 1,1 + 0,02.35,5 + 0,01.96 = 2,77 (gam)
V d 10. Cho 1,48 g hn hp 3 kim loi Fe, Al, Zn tan hon ton trong dung dch
H
2
SO
4
long, ta thu c 0,784 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Khi c cn dung dch khi lng
mui khan thu c l
A. 4,84 g B. 5,65 g C. 5,56 g D. 4,56 g

Li gii : S phn ng :
Fe FeSO
4

Al + H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2

Zn ZnSO
4

p dng s bo ton nguyn t H:
n
2 4
H SO
= n
2
H
=
0, 784
22, 4
= 0,035 (mol)
p dng s bo ton nguyn t S:

2 2
4 2 4 4
SO [H SO ] SO [mui]
n n

= = 0,035 (mol)
m
mui
= m
(Fe, Al, Zn)
+ m
gc axit
= 1,48 + 0,055.96 = 4,84 (gam)
3. PHNG PHP TNG HOC GIM KHI LNG


1. Nguyn tc
Khi chuyn t cht X (thng tnh cho 1 mol) thnh cht Y (khng nht thit trc
tip, c th b qua nhiu giai on trung gian), khi lng tng hay gim bao nhiu
gam. Da vo khi lng thay i ta tnh c s mol cc cht cn thit hoc
ngc li.
Ghi nh: Trng hp kim loi A y kim loi B trong dung dch mui thnh kim
loi B t do. Ta c:
Khi lng A tng =
B
m
bm vo

A
m
tan ra

Khi lng A gim =
A
m
tan ra

B
m
bm vo
.
Mt s dng thng gp :
+ 1 mol kim loi
HCl
mui Cl
-
th khi lng tng 35,5n gam (n l s oxi ha
ca kl)
+ 1 mol mui CO
3
2-
2 mol Cl
-
khi lng tng 35,5.2 - 60 = 11 gam
+ 1 mol O (trong oxit) 1 mol SO
4
2-
(trong mui) th khi lng tng 96 - 16 =
80 gam.
+ 1 mol O (trong oxit) 2 mol Cl
-
(trong mui) th khi lng tng 35,5.2 - 16
= 55 gam.

2. Cc v d minh ho

V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng dung dch HCl ta thu c
dung dch A v kh B. C cn dung dch A th c 5,71 gam mui khan. Th tch kh
B (o ktc) l
A. 0,224 lt B. 0,448 lt C. 0,112 lt D. 0,336 lt
Hng dn
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi l M v c ho tr l n
M + n HCl
n
MCl +
n
2
H
2 |

M g (M + 35,5n) g
Theo pt ho hc, c 1 mol kim loi to thnh 1 mol mui th khi lng tng 35,5n
gam v c
n
2

mol H
2
bay ra.
Theo bi, khi lng tng 5,71 5 = 0,71 gam th s mol H
2
bay ra l:

n
0, 71
2
35, 5n

= 0,01 (mol); Vy
2
H
V = 22,4 0,01 = 0,224 (l).
V d 2: Tm cng thc mui amoni photphat. Bit rng mun iu ch 100 gam mui
trn phi cn 200 gam dung dch axit photphoric 37,11%.
Hng dn
Khi lng axit H
3
PO
4
=
37,11 200
100

= 74,22 (g)
H
3
PO
4
+ nNH
3
(NH
4
)
n
H
3 - n
PO
4
(n = 1, 2, 3)
98 g (17n + 98) g
74,22 g 100 g
Theo pt ho hc, c 1 mol H
3
PO
4
bin thnh mui amoni photphat th khi lng
tng: (17n + 98) 98 = 17n (g)
Theo bi, khi lng mui tng: 100 74 ,22 = 25,78 (g)
Do
98
74, 22
=
17n
25, 78
n =
98 25, 78
17 74, 22

= 2
Vy mui cn tm c cng thc l: (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
.
V d 3: Ngm mt l km trong dung dch c ho tan 8,32 gam CdSO
4
. Phn ng
xong, ly l km ra khi dung dch ra nh, lm kh, nhn thy khi lng l km
tng ln 2,35% so vi l km trc phn ng. Khi lng l km trc khi tham gia
phn ng l
A. 1,88 gam. B. 18,8 gam. C. 0,8 gam. D. 80 gam.
Hng dn
Zn + CdSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cd+
0,04 0,04 0,04
Ta c
4
CdSO
n =
8, 32
208
= 0,04 (mol)
Khi lng l km tng = 112 0,04

65 0,04 = 1,88 (g)
.

Vy khi lng l km trc phn ng l:
1,88 100
2,35

= 80 (g).
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 104,25 gam hn hp Z gm NaCl v NaI vo nc c
dung dch E. Sc kh Cl
2
d vo dung dch E. Kt thc th nghim, c cn dung dch
thu c 58,5 gam mui khan. Khi lng NaCl c trong hn hp Z l
A. 32,175 gam. B. 29,25 gam. C. 26,325 gam. D. 23,40 gam.
Hng dn
Kh Cl
2
d ch oxi ho c mui NaI:
2NaI + Cl
2
2NaCl + I
2

150 g 58,5 g
C 1 mol NaI to thnh 1 mol NaCl khi lng gim: 91,5 (g)
Vy x mol NaI th khi lng gim: 104,25 58,5 = 45,75 (g)
x =
1 45, 75
91,5

= 0,5 (mol)
Vy
NaCl
m
trong Z
= 104,25 150 0,5= 29,25 (g).
V d 5: C 500 ml dung dch hn hp Na
2
CO
3
0,2M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,5M. Cho 43
gam hn hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo dung dch . Sau cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c
39,7 gam kt ta A v dung dch B. Khi lng cc cht trong A l
A. 19,7 gam BaCO
3
v 20 gam CaCO
3
.
B. 9,7 gam BaCO
3
v 30 gam CaCO
3
.
C. 29,7 gam BaCO
3
v 10 gam CaCO
3
.
D. 9,85 gam BaCO
3
v 29,85 gam CaCO
3
.

Hng dn
Trong dung dch:
Na
2
CO
3
2 Na
+
+
2
3
CO

BaCl
2

2
Ba
+

+ 2Cl

0,1 0,1
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2
4
NH
+

+
2
3
CO

CaCl
2

2
Ca
+
+ 2Cl

0,25 0,25
Cc phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng dng ion:

2
Ba
+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3 +
(1)
x x

2
Ca
+
+
2
3
CO

CaCO
3 +

(2)
y y
Ta c
2 3
Na CO
n = 0,5 0,2 = 0,1 (mol) ;
4 2 3
(NH ) CO
n = 0,5 0,5 = 0,25 (mol)
Theo (1, 2), c 1 mol BaCl
2
hoc 1 mol CaCl
2
bin thnh BaCO
3

hoc CaCO
3

th khi
lng mui gim: 71 60 = 11 (g)
Nh vy, theo bi khi lng hai mui gim: 43 39,7 = 3,3 (g)
Do tng s mol hai mui BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
l:
3,3 1
11

= 0,3 (mol)
Tng s mol
2
3
CO

= 0,1 + 0,25 = 0,35 mol
iu chng t phn ng cn d
2
3
CO

= 0,35 0,3 = 0,05 (mol)
Gi x, y l s mol BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
c trong A
Ta c
x y 0,3
197x 100y 39, 7
+ =

+ =

x 0,1
y 0, 2
=

Vy
3
BaCO
m 19, 7gam =
3
CaCO
m 20gam =
V d 6 : Cho 84,6 gam hn hp A gm BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo 1 lt hn hp Na
2
CO
3

0,3M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,8 M. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c 79,1 gam kt
ta A v dung dch B. Phn trm khi lng BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
trong A ln lt l
A. 70,15 ; 29,25 B. 60,25 ; 39,75 C. 73,75 ; 26,25 D. 75,50 ; 24,50
Li gii : t
2 2
BaCl CaCl
n x(mol); n y(mol) = =

2
2
BaCl
CaCl
+

2 3
4 2 3
Na CO
(NH ) CO

3
3
BaCO
CaCO
+

4
NaCl
NH Cl

C 2 mol Cl

mt i (71 gam) c 1 mol mui

2
3
CO

thm vo (60 gam)
chnh lch (gim) khi lng ca 1 mol mui l :
M A = 71 60 =11 (g)
gim khi lng mui : m A = 84,6 79,1 = 5,5 (g)
Vy s mol mui phn ng : =
5, 5
0, 5 (mol)
11

S mol CO
3
2
= 0,3 + 0,8 = 1,1 (mol) > 0,5 mol.
Vy mui cacbonat d.
x + y = 0,5 (1)
208x + 111y = 84,6 (2)

x 0, 3
y 0, 2
=

2
2
BaCl
CaCl
0,3.208
%m .100% 73, 75%
84.6
%m 100 73, 75 26, 25(%)

= =

= =

V d 7: Hn hp A gm 10 gam MgCO
3
,CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
c ho tan bng HCl
d thu c dung dch B v kh C. C cn dung dch B c 14,4 gam mui khan. Sc
kh C vo dung dch c cha 0,3 mol Ca(OH)
2
thu c s gam kt ta l
A. 10g B. 20g C. 30g D. 40g

Li gii
CO
3
2
+ 2H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
S mol A =

= = =
2
2
3
CO
CO
14, 4 10
n n 0, 4 (mol)
11

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O
0,4 0,3 0,3 (mol)
CO
2
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0,1 0,1 (mol)
= =
3
CaCO
m 0, 2.100 20 (g)
V d 8: Cho 68g hn hp 2 mui CuSO
4
v MgSO
4
tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch
cha NaOH 2M v KOH 0,8M. Sau phn ng thu c 37g kt ta v dung dch B.
Vy % khi lng CuSO
4
v MgSO
4
trong hn hp ban u l
A. 47,05% ; 52,95%. B. 47,05 % ; 52,95%. C. 46,41% ; 53,59%.
D. 46,50% ; 53,50%.
Li gii : t = =
4 4
CuSO MgSO
n x mol ; n ymol

4
4
CuSO
MgSO
+

NaOH
KOH

2
2
Cu(OH)
Mg(OH)
+

2 4
2 4
Na SO
K SO

T chnh lch khi lng ta tnh c tng s mol hai mui sunfat:

68-37
x + y = = 0,5 (1)
96-34
160x + 120y = 68(2)

x 0, 2
y 0, 3
=

= =

= =

4
4
CuSO
MgSO
0, 2.160
%m .100% 47, 05%
68
%m 100 47, 05 52, 95%

V d 9: Nhng mt thanh kim loi X (ho tr II) vo dung dch CuSO
4
d. Sau phn
ng khi lng thanh kim loi gim 0,12g. Mt khc cng thanh kim loi X c
nhng vo dung dch AgNO
3
d th kt thc phn ng khi lng thanh tng 0,26g.
Nguyn t X l
A. Zn B. Mg C. Cd D.
Fe
Li gii : Phng trnh phn ng :
X + CuSO
4
d XSO
4
+ Cu
a a
X + 2AgNO
3
d X(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
a 2a
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng = m
A
m
Cu
= 0,12g
a.M
X
64a = 0,12 M
X
.a = 64a + 0,12 (1)
Mt khc khi lng thanh kim loi gim = m
Ag
+ m
X
= 0,26 g
2a.108 M
X
.a = 0,26 M
X
.a = 2a.108 0,26 (2)
x = 2,5.10
3
mol M
X
=
3
3
64.2, 5.10 0,12
112
2, 5.10

+
= (g/mol)
Cht X l Cd.
V d 10. Cho 2 dung dch FeCl
2
v CuSO
4
c cng nng mol.
Nhng thanh kim loi vo M ho tr II vo 1 lt dd FeCl
2
sau phn ng khi lng
thanh kim loi tng 16g.
Nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo 1 lt dung dch CuSO
4
sau phn ng khi lng
thanh kim tng 20g. Gi thit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v thanh kim loi M cha
b tan ht.
Kim loi M l
A. Zn B. Mg C. Cd D. Fe
Li gii :
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra :
M + FeCl
2
MCl
2
+ Fe
x x x
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu
Theo gi thit th : n
Cu
= n
Fe
= x mol
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng (1) l : m = m
Fe
m
M
= 16g
56x M
M
.x = 16 M.x = 56x 16
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng (2) l : m = m
Cu
m
M
= 20 g
64x M.x = 20 M.x = 64x 20
M = 24. Vy kim loi M l Mg.
4. PHNG PHP S DNG S NG CHO

1. Nguyn tc
i vi nng % v khi lng
m
1

C
1

2
C C

2 1
2 1
C C m
m C C

(1)
C C
m
2
C
2

1
C C
i vi nng mol/l
V
1
C
1

2
C C

2 1
2 1
C C V
V C C

(2)
C C
V
2
C
2

1
C C
i vi khi lng ring
V
1
D
1

2
D D

2 1
2 1
D D V
V D D

(3)
D D
V
2
D
2

1
D D
Ch :
- Cht rn coi nh dung dch c C = 100%
- Dung mi coi nh dung dch c C = 0%
- Khi lng ring ca H
2
O l D = 1 g/ml.
2. Cc v d minh ho
V d 1: thu c dung dch HCl 25% cn ly m
1
gam dung dch HCl 45% pha vi
m
2
gam dung dch HCl 15%. T l m
1
/m
2
l
A. 2 : 1. B. 3 : 1. C. 1 : 2. D. 1 : 3.
Hng dn
Ta c s ng cho:
m
1
(HCl) 45 15 25

1
2
15 25 m 10 1
m 45 25 20 2

= = =

25
m
2
(HCl) 15 45 25

V d 2: pha c 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l nng 0,9% cn ly V ml
dung dch NaCl 3%. Gi tr ca V l
A. 150. B. 214,3. C. 350. D. 285,7.
Hng dn
S ng cho:
V
1
(NaCl) 3 0 0,9

1
2
0 0,9 V 0,9
V 3 0,9 2,1

= =

0,9
V
2
(H
2
O) 0 3 0,9
V =
1
0,9
V
0,9 2,1
=
+
500 = 150 (ml).
V d 3: Cn ly m
1
gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v m
2
gam dung dch CuSO
4
8%
pha thnh 280 gam dung dch CuSO
4
16%. Gi tr ca m
1
, m
2
ln lt l
A. 40 v 240. B. 180 v 100. C. 60 v 220. D. 220 v 60.
Hng dn
Ta xem tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O nh l dung dch CuSO
4
c
C% =
160
100%
250
= 64%
Gi m
1
l khi lng ca CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v m
2
l khi lng ca dung dch CuSO
4

8%
S ng cho:
m
1
64 8 16

1
2
8 16 m 8 1
m 64 16 48 6

= = =

16
m
2
8 64 16
Hay 6m
1
m
2
= 0 (1)
Mt khc m
1
+ m
2
= 280 (2)
Gii h hai pt (1, 2), ta c m
1
= 40, m
2
= 240.
V d 4: Trong t nhin, nguyn t ng c hai ng v l
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu . Nguyn t
khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. Thnh phn phn trm tng s nguyn t ca ng
v
63
29
Cu l
A. 27%. B. 50%. C. 54%. D. 73%.
(Trch thi TSC nm 2007 - Khi A, B)
Hng dn
S ng cho:
%
65
29
Cu A
1
= 65 63 63,54
A= 63,54
%
63
29
Cu A
2
= 63 65 63,54

65
29
63
29
63 63,54 % Cu 0,54
65 63,54 1, 46
% Cu

= =

Vy %
63
29
Cu =
1, 46
100%
0,54 1, 46

+
= 73%.
V d 5: Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
( ktc) c t khi so vi hiro l 18. Thnh phn %
v th tch ca O
2
trong hn hp l
A. 25%. B. 75%. C. 45%. D. 55%.
Hng dn
Ta c hh M = 18 2 = 36
S ng cho:

3
O
V 48 32 36

3
2
O
O
V
32 36
4 1
V 48 36 12 3

= = =

36

2
O
V 32 48 36
Vy
2
O
%V =
3
100%
1 3

+
= 75%.
V d 6: Ho tan Cu trong dung dch HNO
3
, thu c hn hp kh gm NO v NO
2
c
t khi hi so vi hiro l 16,6. H s t lng (s nguyn, n gin nht) ca kim loi
Cu trong phng trnh ho hc chung l
A. 4. B. 10. C. 13. D. 7.
Hng dn

0
Cu + H
5
N
+
O
3

2
Cu
+
(NO
3
)
2
+
2
N
+
O +
4
N
+
O
2
+ H
2
O
t
NO
n = a (mol) v
2
NO
n = b (mol)
Ta c
hh M = 16,6 2 = 33,2
a

(NO) 30 46 33, 2

46 33, 2
a 12,8 4
b 30 33, 2 3, 2 1

= = =

33,2
b (NO
2
) 46
30 33, 2

13
0
Cu
2
Cu
+
+ 2e
2 5
5
N
+
+ 13e 4
2
N
+
+
4
N
+

13Cu + 36HNO
3
13Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 8NO + 2NO
2
+ 18H
2
O
V d 7: Ho tan 4,59 gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
, thu c V lt hn hp kh
(ktc) gm NO v N
2
O c t khi hi i vi hiro l 16,75. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,792. B. 2,688. C. 2,016. D. 3,584.
Hng dn
Ta c
hh M = 16,75 2 = 33,5

Al
n =
4, 59
27
= 0,17 (mol)
S ng cho:
a

(NO) 30 10,5

a 10,5 3
b 3,5 1
= =
33,5
b (N
2
O) 44 3,5
Hay a 3b

= 0 (1)
Cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra:

0
Al
3
Al
+
+ 3e
5
N
+
+ 3e
2
N
+

0,17 0,51 3a a
2
5
N
+
+ 8e
1
2
N
+

8b b
Do 3a + 8b = 0,51 (2)
Gii h hai pt (1, 2), ta c: a = 0,09, b = 0,03
Vy V = (0,09 + 0,03) 22,4 = 2,688 (l).
V d 8: S gam H
2
O cho vo 100 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
80% c dung dch
H
2
SO
4
50% l
A. 40 g B. 50 g C. 60 g D.
70 g
Li gii


= =
m 30
m 60 (g)
100 50


m 0 30

50

100 80 50



V d 9. Lm bay hi 500 ml dung dch cht A 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml) ch cn
300 gam dung dch. Nng % ca dung dch ny l
A. 30% B. 40% C. 50% D. 60%
Li gii
m
dd
= 500.1,2 = 600 (g)
y l bi ton c cn nn c s :




600 x
x 40%
300 x 20
= =

V d 10. T 100g dung dch KOH 30% c dung dch 50% cn thm vo s gam
KOH nguyn cht l
A. 40 gam B. 50 gam
C. 60 gam D. 70 gam
Li gii


= =
m 20
m 40 g
100 50


V d 11. Mt dung dch HNO
3
nng 60% v mt dung dch HNO
3
khc c nng
20%. c 100gam dung dch mi c nng 45% th cn phi pha ch v
khi lng gia 2 dung dch HNO
3
60%, 20% ln lt l
A. 37,5g ; 62,5g. B. 62,5g ; 37,5g.
C. 40g ; 60g. D. 53g ; 47g.
Li gii





1
2
1 2
m 15 3
m 25 5
m m 100
= =
+ =

1
2
m 37, 5g
m 62, 5g
=

V d 12. Mt hn hp 52 lt (ktc) gm H
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan bng
1,5 th
2
H
V v V
CO
trong hn hp l
A. 8 lt v 44 lt. B. 44 lt v 8 lt.
C. 4 lt v 48 lt. D. 10 lt v 42 lt.

dd A : 600 20 x

x

H
2
O: 300 x 20



m 100 20
50

100 30 50



m
1
20 15

45

m
2
60 25




Li gii







1
2
V 2
V 11
=
=

1
2
V 8lt
V 44lt


V d 13. Cho 6,12g Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch X ch c
mt mui v hn hp kh Y gm NO v N
2
O c t khi hi i vi hiro bng
16,75. Th tch NO v N
2
O ( ktc) thu c ln lt l
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. B. 2,016 lt v 0,672 lt.
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt. D. 1,972 lt v 0,448 lt.
Li gii
Qu trnh cho electron : Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
Qu trnh nhn electron : N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
3x x
N
+5
+ 4e N
+1
(N
2
O)
8y 2y y
= =
2
N O
NO
V
1 x
V 3 y



3x 8y 0, 51 x 0, 09
3x y 0 y 0, 03
+ = =

= =


V d 14. T 1 tn qung hematit (A) iu ch c 420kg st. T 1 tn qung
manhetit (B) iu ch c 504kg st. c 1 tn qung hn hp m t
1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480kg st th phi trn 2 qung A, B vi
t l v khi lng l
A. 2 : 5 B. 3 : 5
C. 3 : 4 D. 1 : 3
Li gii


= =
A
B
m 24 2
m 60 5






V
1
H
2
2 4

24
V
2
CO 28 22



V
1
NO 30 10,5

33,5
V
2
N
2
O 44 3,5



m
A
420 24
480

m
B
504 60


5. PHNG PHP BO TON MOL ELECTRON

1. Nguyn tc
Tng s mol electron cht kh nhng bng tng s mol electron cht oxi ho nhn

e X
n x.n =

Dng 1 : Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch axit : HNO
3
; H
2
SO
4
c
- Tnh khi lng mui to thnh:
- Tnh s mol HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
phn ng (kt hp pp bo ton mol nguyn t).
- So snh s mol e nhn v nhng bit c mui to thnh do s kh hay
khng.
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 9,62 gam hn hp X gm Mg, Fe, Al trong lng d dung
dch HNO
3
long, thu c 0,12 mol NO v 0,04 mol N
2
O. Tng khi lng mui
khan to thnh l
A. 41,86 gam. B. 51,78 gam. C. 14,86 gam. D. 64,18 gam.
Hng dn
n
e
= 3NO + 8N
2
O = 0,36 + 0,32 = 0,68.

3
NO
n
/ mui
= n
electron nhng
= 0,68 (mol)
Vy m
mui khan
= m
hhX
+
3
NO
m
/ mui
= 9,62 + 62 0,68 = 51,78 (g).
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
long (d), thu c
dung dch X v 1,344 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N
2
O v N
2
. T khi
ca hn hp kh Y so vi kh H
2
l 18. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam cht rn
khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 38,34. B. 34,08. C. 106,38. D. 97,98.
(Trch thi TSH nm 2009 - Khi A)
Hng dn
Ta c
Al
n =
12, 42
27
= 0,46 (mol); n
e
= 0,46.3 = 1,38

hh Y
n =
1, 344
22, 4
= 0,06 (mol) ;
Y M = 18 2 = 36

2
N O
n : 44 8
36
2
N O
n :
2
N
n = 8 : 8 = 1 : 1

2
N
n : 28 8
2
N O
n =
2
N
n = 0,06 : 2 = 0,03 (mol)
T (1,2): s mol e nhn = 0,24 + 0,3 = 0,54 < s mol e nhng = 1,38
Do sn phm kh cn c
3
N

(NH
4
NO
3
), khi xy ra thm (3)
s mol e nhn (3) = 1,38 0,27 = 0,84 (mol)
Cht rn khan thu c gm
3 3
4 3
Al(NO ) : 0, 46 (mol)
NH NO : 0,105 (mol)

Vy m = 213 0,46 + 80 0,105 = 106,38 (g).
V d 3: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi Al v Cu. Ho tan hon ton 18,2 gam X vo
100 ml dung dch B cha ng thi H
2
SO
4
12M v HNO
3
2M, un nng. Sau
phn ng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt hn hp kh (ktc) T gm NO v SO
2
.
T khi ca T so vi H
2
l 23,5. Khi lng ca mui trong dung dch Y l
A. 34,2 gam. B. 32,0 gam. C. 66,2 gam gam. D. 33,1
gam.
Li gii
D dng tm c: n
NO
= 0,2 mol ;
2
SO
n 0, 2(mol) =
Dung dch B gm: H
+
= 2,6 mol ; SO
2
4
= 1,2 mol ; NO

3
= 0,2 mol.
Cc qu trnh nhng v nhn electron:
Al Al
3+
+ 3e

SO
2
4
+ 2e + 4H
+
SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
x 3x 0,2 0,4 0,8 0,2
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e

NO

3
+ 3e + 4H
+
NO + 2H
2
O
y 2y 0,2 0,6 0,8 0,2
p dng s bo ton electron, ta c: 3x + 2y = 1 (1)
Phng trnh khi lng : 27x + 64y =18,2 (2)
Gii h (1) v (2), ta c : n
Al
= 0,2 mol ; n
Cu
= 0,2 mol.
Dung dch Y gm: Al
3+
= 0,2 mol ; Cu
2+
= 0,2 mol; H
+
=1 mol ; SO
4
2
= 1 mol
(
3
NO

b oxi ho ht).
Y gm cc mui sunfat :
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
= 0,1.342 = 34,2 (g)
CuSO
4
= 0,2. 160 = 32 (g)
m = 66,2 gam.
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1 : 1) bng axit HNO
3
,
thu c V lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai
mui v axit d). T khi ca X i vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24. B. 4,48. C. 5,60. D. 3,36.
(Trch thi TSH nm 2007 - Khi A)
Hng dn
t
NO
n = a (mol) v
2
NO
n = b (mol)
Ta c
X
30a 46b
M 19 2 38
a b
+
= = =
+
a = b
Gi s mol ca Fe hoc Cu trong hn hp l x mol
56x + 64x = 12 (g) x = 0,1 (mol)
Cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra:

0
Fe
3
Fe
+
+ 3e
5
N
+
+ 3e
2
N
+

0,1 0,3 3a a

0
Cu
2
Cu
+
+ 2e
5
N
+
+ e
4
N
+

0,1 0,2 a a
Do 0,3 + 0,2 = 3a + a a = 0,125 (mol)
Vy V = 22,4 (a + b) = 22,4 2 0,125 = 5,60 (l).
V d 5: Cho 1,35 g hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu
c hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO vo 0,04 mol NO
2
. Khi lng mui nitrat
to ra trong dung dch l
A. 5,69g B. 6,59g C. 4,59g D. 4,69g

Li gii
t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al.
Cu Cu(NO
3
)
2
NO
Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ + H
2
O
Al Al(NO
3
)
3
NO
2
m
mui
= m
3KL
+
3
NO
m

Ta c: 2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (1)
Nhng 0,07 cng chnh l s mol
3
NO

to mui vi ion kim loi.

Khi lng mui nitrat l : 1,35 + 62.0,07 = 5,69 (g)

Dng 2: Tm cng thc ca sn phm kh N
+5
v S
+6
.

V d 1: Ho tan 9,28 gam hn hp X gm Mg, Al, Zn vi s mol bng nhau trong
mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c dung dch Y v 0,07 mol mt
sn phm Z duy nht cha lu hunh. Sn phm Z l
A. S. B. H
2
S. C. SO
2
. D. SO
3
.
Hng dn
Gi x l s oxi ho ca S trong sn phm Z ;
a l s mol ca mi kim loi trong hn hp X
Ta c 24a + 27a + 65a = 9,28 (g) a =
9, 28
116
= 0,08 (mol)
Cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra:
Qu trnh nhng electron Qu trnh nhn electron

0
Mg
2
Mg
+
+ 2e
6
S
+
+ (6 x)e
x
S
a 2a (6 x)0,07 0,07

0
Al
3
Al
+
+ 3e
a 3a

0
Zn
2
Zn
+
+ 2e
a 2a

n
e
= 0,08.7 = 0,56. S e nhn = 0,56/0,07 = 8 : H
2
S.
V d 2: Thi lung khng kh i qua 25,2 gam bt st sau mt thi gian bin thnh
hn hp X c khi lng 30 gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
. Cho X phn ng
hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
thy gii phng ra 5,6 lt kh Y duy nht (ktc).
Kh Y l
A. NO B. NO
2
C. NH
3
D. N
2

Li gii
- S mol e nhng :
e Fe
25, 2
n 3.n 3. 1, 35 mol
56
= = =
- S mol e m O
2
nhn :
2
e O
30 25, 2
n 4.n 4. 0, 6 mol
32

= = =
S mol e m N
+5
nhn to Y : n
e
= 1,35 - 0,6 = 0,75
S e m N
+5
nhn to Y l 0,75/0,25 = 3 : NO

V d 3: Ho tan hon ton 13,92 gam Fe
3
O
4
bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 448 ml
kh X (ktc). Kh X l
A. NO B. N
2
O C. NO
2
D. N
2
HD. n
e
= 0,06 mol. S e nhn = 0,06/0,02 = 3 : NO

V d 4: Cho 4,05 gam Al tan hon ton vo dung dch cha 0,54 mol HNO
3
thu c
dung dch cha mt mui duy nht v mt cht kh X. Cht kh X l
A. NO B. N
2
C. N
2
O D. NO
2

n
e
= 3.n
Al
= 0,45 mol.
Bo ton nguyn t : n
N(trong X)
= 0,54 - 0,45 = 0,09 mol
S e m N
+5
nhn = 0,45/0,09 = 5. Mt nguyn t N nhn 5e: N
2


Dng 3 : Tm cng thc ca oxit st
- Khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha, cc oxit ca st (FeO v Fe
3
O
4
) u ch nhng 1e.
- Khi tc dng vi cc cht kh, 1 mol Fe
2
O
3
nhn 6 mol e; 1 mol Fe
3
O
4
nhn 8 mol e
v 1 mol FeO nhn 2 mol e.

V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 46,4 gam mt st oxit bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng
(va ), thu c 2,24 lt kh SO
2
(ktc). Cng thc ca st oxit l
A. FeO. B. Fe
3
O
4
. C. Fe
2
O
3
. D. FeO hoc Fe
3
O
4
.
Hng dn
Ta c
2
SO
n
|
=
2, 24
22, 4
= 0,1 (mol)
n
e
= 2.0,1 = 0,2 mol.
M
oxit
46,4/0,2 = 232 : Fe
3
O
4


V d 2 : Ho tan hon ton 20,88 gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng
thu c dung dch X v 3,248 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). C cn
dung dch X, thu c m gam mui sunfat khan. Gi tr ca m v cng thc ca oxit
st l
A. 58,0 v FeO. B. 36,0 v Fe
3
O
4
. C. 36,0 v FeO. D. 58,0 v Fe
3
O
4
.

HD. n
e
= 2.0,145 = 0,29. M
oxit
= 20,88/0,29 = 72 : FeO
s mol Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
= 0,145. m = 0,145.400 = 58.

Dng 4 : Hn hp kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui

V d 1 : Cho 13g bt Zn phn ng hon ton vi 400 ml dung dch cha AgNO
3

0,5M v CuSO
4
0,5M. Kt thc phn ng khi lng kim loi thu c l
A. 25g B. 26g C. 27g D. 28g
Hng dn
2
Zn
Ag Cu
13
n 0, 2(mol) ; n 0, 4.0, 5 0, 2(mol) ; n 0, 4.0, 5 0, 2(mol)
65
+ +
= = = = = =
Th t u tin phn ng xy ra :

2
2 2
Zn 2Ag Zn 2Ag (1)
0,1 0, 2 0, 2
Zn Cu Zn Cu (2)
0,1 0,1
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +

Kt thc phn ng Zn ht. Kim loi c gii phng l Ag, Cu.
m
KL
= 0,2.108 + 0,1.64 = 28 (g)
V d 2: Cho 0,03 mol Al v 0,05 mol Fe tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch X cha
Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
, sau phn ng thu c dung dch Y v 8,12 gam cht rn Z gm
ba kim loi. Cho Z tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 672 ml kh H
2
( ktc).
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Nng mol ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
trong dung
dch X ln lt l
A. 0,25M v 0,15M B. 0,125M v 0,075M
C. 0,5M v 0,3M D. 0,15M v 0,25M
Hng dn
Gi a, b l s mol ca AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
c trong dung dch A
Theo (5):
Fe
n
d

2
H
0, 672
n 0, 03
22, 4
|
= = = (mol)

Fe
n
p
= 0,05 0,03 = 0,02 (mol)
Khi lng cht rn B: 108a + 64b + 56.0,03 = 8,12 (g)
Hay 108a + 64b = 6,44 (I)
Cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra:
3
Al Al
+
+ 3e Ag 1e Ag
+
+ +
0,03 0,09 a a
2
Fe Fe
+
+ 2e
2
Cu 2e Cu
+
+ +
0,02 0,04 b 2b
Do 0,09 + 0,04 = a + 2b hay a + 2b = 0,13 (II)
Gii h hai pt (I, II) ta c: a = 0,03, b = 0,05
Vy [Cu(NO
3
)
2
] =
0, 05
0, 25
0, 2
= M ; [AgNO
3
] =
0, 03
0,15
0, 2
= M.

Dng 5 : Mt s bi ton v st v oxit st

V d 1: t m gam Fe trong oxi thu c 48,8 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
,
Fe
2
O
3
v Fe. Ho tan hon ton A trong H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c 10,08 lt SO
2
duy
nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 39,2. B. 32,9. C. 39,8. D. 35,5.
Hng dn
Ta c
2
SO
n =
10, 08
22, 4
= 0,45 (mol)

2
O
m 48,8 m (g) =
2
O
48,8 m
n (mol)
32

=
S phn ng:
0
2 2 4
0 3
O H SO , t 3 4
2
4 3 2 2
2 3
FeO
Fe O
Fe A Fe (SO ) SO H O
Fe O
Fe
+
+ +

+ | +

Cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra:

0
Fe
3
Fe
+
+ 3e
0
2
O + 4e 2
2
O

m
56

3m
56

48,8 m
32

48,8 m
8

6
S
+
+ 2e
4
S
+

0,9 0,45
Do
3m 48,8 m
0,9
56 8

= +
d
Gii ra ta c m = 39,2 (g).
V d 2: Thi lung khng kh i qua m(g) bt st sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn
hp A c khi lng 30g gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
. Cho A phn ng hon ton
vi dung dch HNO
3
thy gii phng ra 5,6 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Khi
lng ca m l
A. 27,5g B. 22,5g C. 26,2g D. 25,2g
Li gii
S :

+ + +

2 2 3 3 3 3 2
3 4
Fe, FeO
Fe + O Fe O HNO Fe(NO ) NO H O
Fe O

Cht cho electron : Fe, s mol l
m
.
56

Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e

m
56
3
m
56
=
e cho
m
n 3.
56

Cht nhn electron : O
2
, s mol l
30 m
32
v HNO
3
.
O + 2e O
2


30 m
16

2
30 m
16

N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

(NO)
0,25 0,25 0,25

= +
e nhn
30 m
n 2. 0, 75
16

p dng s bo ton electron :

+ = =
30 m m
2. 0, 75 3. m 25, 2 (g)
16 56

V d 3: Nung nng 5,6 gam bt st trong bnh ng O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X
gm Fe, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
. Cho X tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c V
lt (ktc) hn hp kh Y gm NO v N
2
O
4
, t khi hi ca Y so vi H
2
l 25,33. V
c gi tr l
A. 22,4 lt B. 0,672 lt C. 0,372 lt D. 1,12 lt
Li gii
Gi
2 4
NO N O
n x(mol); n y(mol) = =
2
Y/H
30x 92y
d 25, 33
(x y).2
+
= =
+
(1)

+ + +

2 2 3 3 3 3 2
2 4
3 4
Fe
NO
Fe + O Fe O HNO Fe(NO ) H O
N O
Fe O


Cht cho electron : Fe (0,1 mol)

+
+
3
Fe Fe 3e
0,1 0, 3
=
e cho
n 0, 3 mol e
Cht nhn electron : O

=
7, 36 5, 6
0,11 (mol)
16
; HNO
3
.

2
5 2
5 4
2 4
O 2e O
0,11 0, 22
N 3e N (NO)
3x x x
N e N (N O )
2y 2y y

+ +
+ +
+
+
+
= + +
e nhn
n 3x 2y 0, 22 (mol e)
0,3 3x 2y 0, 22 = + + (2)
T (1), (2) x = 0,02 mol ; y = 0,01 mol. Vy V = 0,672 lt.
V d 4: Cho 6,64 gam hn hp A gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
vo dung dch HNO
3

long, d thu c V lt hn hp kh B ( 27
o
C, 1 atm) gm NO, NO
2
(vi
=
2
NO NO
n : n 2 ). Mt khc khi cho lung kh H
2
d i qua hn hp A nung nng,
sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 5,04 gam Fe. Th tch hn hp kh B l
A. 0,464 lt B. 0,672 lt C. 0,242 lt D. 0,738
lt
Li gii
Fe
FeO + H
2
Fe + H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3

Fe
3
O
4

O(A) O
m 6, 64 5, 04 1, 6(gam) n 0,1(mol) = = =
Fe
FeO NO

Fe + O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ +
H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
NO
2
Cht cho electron l Fe:
Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e
0,09 0,27
Cht nhn electron l :
O + 2e O
2


0,1 0,2
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
6x 2x
N
+5
+ e N
+4
(NO
2
)
x x
0,2 + 6x + x = 0,27 x 0, 01 = tng s mol 2 kh = 3x = 0,03 mol.
Gii h tm c
0, 03.0, 082.300
V 0, 738
1
= = lt.
V d 5: Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam oxit Fe
2
O
3
nhit cao
mt thi gian, ngi ta thu c 6,72 gam hn hp A gm 4 cht rn khc
nhau. em ho tan hon ton hn hp ny vo dung dch HNO
3
d thy to
thnh 0,448 lt kh B ktc (duy nht) c t khi so vi hiro l 15 th m c
gi tr l
A. 7,5 g B. 7,2 g C. 8,0 g D. 8,4 g

Li gii
S : Fe
2
O
3

CO +
A
3
HNO +
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
Xt c qu trnh ny th : Fe
+3
Fe
+3

(coi nh khng cho, khng nhn).
Cht cho electron : CO
m 6, 72
(mol)
16

C
+2
C
+4
+ 2e

m 6, 72
16

2
m 6, 72
16

=
e cho
n
Cht nhn electron : HNO
3
, kh B l NO.
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO )
0,06 0,02 0,02 =
e nhn
n 0, 06

= =
m 6, 72
0, 06 m 7, 2 g
8


V d 6: Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (trong iu kin khng
c khng kh) thu c cht rn X. Ho tan X bng dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
long,
d c dung dch B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O
2
(ktc). Cc phn ng xy
ra hon ton th V c gi tr l

A. 39,2 lt B. 32,928 lt C. 32,29 lt D. 38,292
lt

Li gii
S :




o
2 4 2
H SO + O t 2 2
4
2 2
H H O Fe Fe
FeSO +
S FeS H S SO

Xt c qu trnh phn ng th Fe v S cho electron, cn O
2
nhn electron.
Cht cho electron Fe :
60
(mol)
56
; S :
30
(mol)
32

Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e

60
56
2
60
56

S S
+4
(SO
2
) + 4e

30
32
4
30
32

Cht nhn electron : gi s mol O
2
l x mol.
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2

x 4x
p dng s bo ton electron : 4 .
32
30
2 .
56
60
4 + = x Gii ra x = 1,47 mol ;
2
O
V 22,4.1,47 32,928 = = (lt)

6. PHNG PHP S DNG CC GI TR TRUNG BNH

1. Nguyn tc
y l phng php kh hay, cho php gii nhanh chng v n gin nhiu loi bi
ton ho hc, c bit l hn hp cc cht bng cch c th coi hn hp nhiu cht l
mt cht (gi tr trung bnh).
Ghi nh: Cn nm cc cng thc c bn ca phng php.
Phn t khi trung bnh hoc nguyn t khi trung bnh (k hiu M) l khi lng
ca 1 mol hn hp. Ni cch khc, M chnh l khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn
hp, c tnh theo cng thc:
M =
hh
hh
m
n

Hay M =
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
M .n M .n M .n ...
n n n ...
+ + +
+ + +
(1)
Trong M
1
, M
2
, M
3
, l khi lng phn t (hay khi lng nguyn t) ca cc
cht trong hn hp ;
1
n ,
2
n ,
3
n , l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
Cng thc (1) c th vit thnh:
M = M
1
.x
1
+ M
2
.x
2
+ M
3
.x
3
+ (2)
Trong x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, l % s mol tng ng (ring i vi cht kh th x
1
, x
2
, x
3
,
l % th tch)
i vi cht kh th t l s mol bng t l th tch, nn cng thc (1) c th vit
thnh:
M =
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
M .V M .V M .V ...
V V V ...
+ + +
+ + +
(3)
i vi trng hp thng gp, hn hp ch c 2 cht:
M =
1 1 2 1
M .n M .(n n )
n
+

Trong n l tng s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp
Hoc M = M
1
.x
1
+ M
2
.(1 x
1
) (1 ng vi 100% v 0 < x
1
< 1)
Di y l mt s phng php trung bnh quan trng nht.

2. Cc v d minh ho
* Phng php khi lng phn t (hoc nguyn t) trung bnh
V d 1: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi kim th thuc hai chu
k lin tip trong bng tun hon bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 672 ml kh CO
2

(ktc). Hai kim loi l
A. Be v Mg. B. Mg v Ca. C. Sr v Ba. D. Ca v Sr.
Hng dn
t cng thc chung ca hai mui cacbonat l:
3
MCO

3
MCO + 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2 |
+ H
2
O
0,03 0,03
Ta c
2
CO
n =
0, 672
22, 4
= 0,03 (mol)
Do M
hh
= M + 60 =
2,84
0, 03
94,67
M = 94,67 60 = 34,67. V thuc hai chu k lin tip nn hai kim loi
l: Mg (24) v Ca (40).

V d 2: Cho 4,6 gam hn hp Rb vi mt kim loi kim khc tc dng vi H
2
O thu
c 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc). Hy tm kim loi kim cha bit.
Hng dn
Gi kim loi kim cn tm l M
Rb + H
2
O RbOH +
1
2
H
2 |
(1)
M + H
2
O MOH +
1
2
H
2 |
(2)
Theo (1, 2): n
hn hp
= 2
2
H
n = 2
2, 24
22, 4
= 0,2 (mol)
M =
4, 6
0, 2
= 23
V M < M
Rb
= 85,5 nn M < M= 23 Ch c Li (M
Li
= 7) thch hp
Vy kim loi kim cn tm l Li.

V d 3: Hn hp vi SO
2
v O
2
c t khi hi i vi metan bng 3. Cn thm V lt
O
2
vo 20 lt hn hp cho t khi gim i
1
6
(tc bng 2,5). Cc hn hp kh o
cng iu kin nhit v p sut.
Gi tr ca V l
A. 20 B. 25 C. 30 D. 15
Hng dn
Cch 1: Phng php trung bnh
Gi x l th tch SO
2
trong hn hp u
M
u
= 64x + 32(1 x) = 3 16 = 48
x = 0,5, tc chim 50%
Do trong hn hp u c 10 lt SO
2
v 10 lt O
2

Gi V l s lt O
2
cn thm vo
Nh vy hn hp sau c 10 lt SO
2
v (10 + V) lt O
2

Ta c M
sau
=
64 10 32 (10 V)
20 V
+ +
+
= 2,5 16 = 40 V = 20
Vy cn thm 20 lt O
2
vo hn hp.
Cch 2: Kt hp vi phng php quy i
Ta c th xem hn hp u nh mt cht kh c th tch bng 20 lt v c
1 M = 48
v xem V lt O
2
thm vo l kh th hai
Ta c M =
48 20 32 V
20 V
+
+
= 40 V = 20
Vy cn thm 20 lt O
2
vo hn hp.
V d 4: Cho 12,4 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim A, B ( 2 chu k k tip
nhau) vo nc thu c 2,24 lt hiro ( ktc). A, B l hai kim loi no sau y
?
A. Li, Na B. Na, K C. K, Rb D. Rb, Cs
Li gii
t cng thc chung ca A v B l R.
R + HOH ROH +
1
2
H
2

0,4 mol 0,2 mol
A
B
M 23 (Na)
12, 4
M 31(g / mol)
0, 4 M 39 (K)
=
= =

=

V d 5 :Ho tan hon ton 4,52g hn hp (bt mn) A gm hai mui cacbonat ca hai
kim loi kim th (thuc hai chu k lin tip) trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, Cho
ton b kh B hp th ht bi 3 lt dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,015M, thu c 4g kt ta v
dung dch mui. Cng thc ca hai mui cacbonat l
A. Be, Mg. B. Mg, Ca. C. Ca, Sr. C. Sr, Ba.
Li gii
t phn ng chung l :

3
ACO + 2HCl ACl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

CO
2
tham gia hai qu trnh:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,04 0,04 0,04
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0,01 0,005
X
A
Y
M 24 (Mg)
4, 52
M 90, 4 M 60 90, 4 A 30, 4
0, 05 M 40 (Ca)
=
= = + = =

=

V d 6. Ho tan 5,94g hn hp hai mui clorua ca hai kim loi A v B, A v B l hai
kim loi thuc nhm IIA vo nc c 100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht
ion Cl

trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch
AgNO
3
thu c 17,22g kt ta. Cng thc ca hai mui clorua l
A. BeCl
2
, MgCl
2
B. MgCl
2
, CaCl
2

C. CaCl
2
, SrCl
2
D. S

rCl
2
, BaCl
2

Li gii
t cng thc chung ca hai mui l
2
RCl .
Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl
0,12 0,12
2
RCl R
5, 94
n 0, 06 M 99 M 28
0, 06
= = = =
Vy hai kim loi l Mg v Ca, hai mui c cng thc l MgCl
2
v CaCl
2
.

V d 7. Ho tan 46g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k lin
tip vo nc th c dung dch D v 11,2 lt kh o ktc. Nu thm 0,18 mol
Na
2
SO
4
vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng vn cha kt ta ht Ba.
Nu thm 0,21 mol Na
2
SO
4
vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d
Na
2
SO
4
. Hai kim loi kim dng l
A. Li, Na. B. Na, K. C. K, Rb. D. Rb, Cs.
Hng dn

Gi cng thc trung bnh ca hai kim loi kim l A ;
Ba A
n x mol ; n y mol = = .
S phn ng :
2
2 2
Ba Ba(OH)
H O H
A AOH
+ +

2 2
4 4
Ba SO BaSO
+
+ +
Theo gi thit : 0,18 < x < 0,21 (1)
2
hh
H
m 137x yM 46(2)
46 M
x (4)
y
137 2M
n x 0, 5 (3)
2

= + =

=

= + =

thay vo (1) ta c:
29,7 < M < 33,3 Vy hai kim loi kim k tip l Na, K.

7. PHNG PHP QUY I

1. Nguyn tc
Khi quy i hn hp nhiu cht v hn hp t cht hn hoc ch cn mt cht hoc
v cc nguyn t tng ng, phi bo ton s mol nguyn t, bo ton s oxi ho v
bo ton khi lng hn hp.
Mt s trng hp quy i :
- Hn hp gm cc oxit ca st :
+ Quy v FeO v Fe
2
O
3
+ Qui v Fe
3
O
4
(nu s
mol FeO = Fe
2
O
3
)
+ Qui v Fe v O
2
.
- Hn hp gm st v cc oxit ca st : qui v Fe v O
2
.
- Hn hp gm : Fe, FeS, FeS
2
: qui v Fe v S.
Sau khi qui i, thng s dng cc phng php bo ton mol electron, bo ton
nguyn t tm kt qu.
2. Cc v d minh ho
V d 1: (2008 - Khi A) ho tan hon ton 2,32 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
(trong s mol FeO bng s mol Fe
2
O
3
), cn dng va V lt dung dch
HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,23. B. 0,18. C. 0,08. D. 0,16.
Hng dn
Quy i hn hp 3 oxit v 1 oxit Fe
3
O
4
(v Fe
3
O
4
FeO.Fe
2
O
3
)
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl FeCl
2
+ 2FeCl
3
+ 4H
2
O
0,01 0,08

3 4
Fe O
n =
2, 32
232
= 0,01 (mol); Vy V =
0, 08
1
= 0,08 (l).
V d 2: Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch
HCl (d). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y; c cn Y
c 7,62 gam FeCl
2
v m gam FeCl
3
. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,75. B. 8,75. C. 7,80. D. 6,50.
Hng dn
Quy hn hp v hai oxit FeO v Fe
2
O
3

FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O (1)
0,06 0,06
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0,03 0,06
Ta c
2
FeCl
n =
7, 62
127
= 0,06 (mol);
2 3
Fe O
n =
9,12 72 0, 06
160

= 0,03 (mol). Vy m =
162,5 0,06 = 9,75
V d 3: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng HNO
3
c nng
thu c 4,48 lt kh NO
2
( ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2
gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 92,8. B. 78,4. C. 46,4. D. 47,2.
Hng dn
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3

FeO + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2 |
+ 2H
2
O (1)
0,2 0,2 0,2
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0,2 0,4
Ta c
2
NO
n =
4, 48
22, 4
= 0,2 (mol) ;
3 3
Fe(NO )
n =
145, 2
242
= 0,6 (mol)

3 3
Fe(NO )
n
(2)
= 0,6 0,2 = 0,4 (mol) Vy m = (72 +160) 0,2
= 46,4 (g).
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
bng
H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht
ktc). Phn trm khi lng oxi trong hn hp X l
A. 20,97. B. 71,77. C. 79,03. D. 28,23.
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO, Fe
2
O
3

2FeO + 4H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2 |
+ 4H
2
O (1)
0,8 0,4
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0, 05
Ta c
2
SO
n =
8, 96
22, 4
= 0,4 (mol);
2 3
Fe O
n =
49, 6 72 0,8
160

= 0, 05 (mol)

O
n trong hh X = 0,8 + 3 ( 0, 05 ) = 0,65 (mol). Vy
O
% m =
16 0, 65
49, 6

100%
20,97%.
* Quy hn hp X v hai cht Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3

2Fe
3
O
4
+ 10H
2
SO
4
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2 |
+ 10H
2
O (1)
0,8 0,4
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0,85

2 3
Fe O
n =
49, 6 232 0,8
160

= 0,85 (mol);
O
n
trong hh X
= 4 0,8 + 3 ( 0,85 ) = 0,65 (mol)
Vy %
O
m =
16 0, 65
49, 6

100% 20,97%.



V d 5: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng ht vi
dung dch HNO
3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m
l
A. 38,72. B. 35,50. C. 49,09. D. 34,36.
* Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO, Fe
2
O
3

3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO| + 5H
2
O (1)
0,18 0,18 0,06
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0, 01 0, 02

NO
n =
1, 344
22, 4
= 0,06 (mol);
2 3
Fe O
n =
11,36 72 0,18
160

= 0, 01 (mol)

3 3
Fe(NO )
n = 0,18 + ( 0, 02 ) = 0,16 (mol); Vy m = 242 0,16 = 38,72 (g).
* Quy hn hp X v hai cht Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3

3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO| + 14H
2
O (1)
0,18 0,54 0,06
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0,19 0,38

2 3
Fe O
n =
11,36 232 0,18
160

= 0,19 (mol)
3 3
Fe(NO )
n = 0,54 + ( 0,38 ) = 0,16 (mol)
Vy m = 242 0,16 = 38,72 (g).
V d 6: (C nm 2008 - Khi A, B) Trn 5,6 gam bt st vi 2,4 gam bt lu
hunh ri nung nng (trong iu kin khng c khng kh), thu c hn hp rn
M. Cho M tc dng vi lng d dung dch HCl, gii phng hn hp kh X v cn
li mt phn khng tan G. t chy hon ton X v G cn va V lt kh O
2
(
ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,80. B. 3,36. C. 3,08. D. 4,48.
Ta c
Fe
n =
5,6
56
= 0,1 (mol) ;
S
n =
2,4
32
= 0,075 (mol)
Ta nhn thy hn hp kh X gm H
2
v H
2
S ; phn khng tan G l S.
Quy i hn hp X thnh H
2
v S, nh vy t chy X v G coi nh t chy H
2
v
S:
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O (1)
0,1 0,05
S + O
2
SO
2
(2)
0,075 0,075
Vy V = 22,4 (0,05 + 0,075) = 2,8 (l).
V d 7: m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp A
c khi lng 12g gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho A tc dng ht vi dung dch
HNO
3
long d thy sinh ra 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht ktc. m c gi tr l
A. 12,08 gam B. 10,08 gam C. 11,58 gam D. 9,05 gam
Li gii
Ta c th quy i nh sau:
4FeO Fe.Fe
3
O
4
; 3FeO Fe.Fe
2
O
3

3Fe
3
O
4
Fe.4Fe
2
O
3
; Fe
3
O
4
FeO.Fe
2
O
3

V vy hn hp A c th quy i v hn hp gm :
3 cht: Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
; Fe, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
; FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
.
2 cht: Fe, FeO; Fe, Fe
3
O
4
; Fe, Fe
2
O
3
;
FeO, Fe
3
O
4
; FeO, Fe
2
O
3
; Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3

1 cht: Fe
x
O
y
hoc FeO
a
.
ng vi mi cch quy i l c mt cch gii bi ton, sau p dng s bo
ton nguyn t Fe v nh lut bo ton khi lng. m
Fe
+ m
oxi phn ng
= m
oxit

V d 8: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp 3 kim loi tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
long, d
thu c 1,12 lt (ktc) hn hp 2 kh NO v NO
2
c t khi so vi H
2
l 21,4.
Khi lng mui nitrat to ra l
A. 5,69 g B. 6,59 g C. 5,00 g D. 6,5 g
Li gii Gi = =
2
NO NO
n x (mol) ; n y (mol) . Ta c h phng trnh:
=

=

x + y = 0,05 x 0, 01
30x + 46y = 2,14 y 0, 04

Coi hn hp 3 kim loi ch l mt kim loi M, ho tr n, s mol l a (mol)
Bo ton electron ta c cc qu trnh cho v nhn electron :
M M
n+
+ ne
a na
N
+5
+3e N
+2
N
+5
+1e N
+4

na = 3x+ y = 0,07 m
mui
= m
KL
+
3
NO
m

= 1,35 + n.a.62 = 1,35 + 0,07.
62 = 5,69 (g)

V d 9: Cho 4,64 gam hn hp A gm (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
) trong s mol ca FeO
bng s mol ca Fe
2
O
3
tan va trong V lt dung dch hn hp gm: H
2
SO
4

0,2M v HCl 0,6 M. V c gi tr l
A. 0,16 B. 0,32 C. 0,11 D. 0,1
Li gii
Do =
2 3
FeO Fe O
n n nn coi hn hp ch l Fe
3
O
4
.
= =
3 4
Fe O
4, 64
n 0, 02 (mol)
232


+
=

H
n 0,4V + 0,6V = V (mol)
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
2Fe
3+
+ Fe
2+
+ 4H
2
O

+
=
H
n 8. 0,02 = 0,16 V = 0,16 (lt)
V d 10: Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
) va ht vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c dung dch A. Chia A lm 2 phn bng nhau:
Phn 1 cho tc dng dd NaOH d thu kt ta ri nung trong khng kh n
khi lng khng i c 8,8 gam cht rn.
Phn 2 lm mt mu va 100 ml dung dch KMnO
4
0,1M trong mi trng
H
2
SO
4
long d.
Vy m c gi tr l
A. 8,4 g B. 16,8 g C. 20,2 g D. 22 g
Li gii
Cch 1. Quy Fe
3
O
4
v FeO v Fe
2
O
3

Nn hn hp u quy v hn hp FeO v Fe
2
O
3
.
Gi = =
2 3
FeO Fe O
n x(mol) ; n y(mol) trong 1/2 hn hp.
= =
2 3
Fe O
8, 8
n 0, 055 (mol)
160

S n gin:
FeO Fe
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3

Bo ton nguyn t Fe: x + 2y = 0,11 (mol)
=
4
KMnO
n 0, 01(mol) . Vi KMnO
4
th:
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e Mn
+7
+ 5e Mn
+2
x x 0,01 0,05

=
= + =

x 0, 05 (mol)
m 2(0, 05.72 0, 03.160) 16, 8 (g)
y 0, 03 (mol)

Cch 2. Quy hn hp v mt cht c cng thc quy i l FeO
a
.
FeO
a
Fe
2
O
3
0,11 0,055
Fe
+2a
Fe
+3
+ (3 2a)e Mn
+7
+ 5e Mn
+2
0,11 (3 2a).0,11 0,01 0,05
0,11(3 2a) = 0,05
0, 28 14
a
0, 22 11
= =
m = 2.[0,11(56 + 16.
14
11
)] = 16,8 (g)


8. PHNG PHP GII BNG PHNG TRNH ION

1. Nguyn tc
C nhiu bi ton ho hc (nht l ton ho v c) cho hn hp nhiu cht tc dng
vi dung dch hn hp nhiu cht khc. Nu ch da vo phng trnh ho hc dng
phn t tnh ton s mol cc cht phn ng v cht to thnh, th rt phc tp v
nhiu khi khng r bn cht. hiu bn cht, tnh ton n gin v nhanh chng,
thay v phi vit nhiu phng trnh ho hc dng phn t ta ch cn vit mt hoc vi
phng trnh ho hc dng ion rt gn.
2. Cc v d minh ho
V d 1: Ho tan ht 7,74 gam hn hp bt Mg, Al bng 500 ml dung dch hn hp
HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,28M thu c dung dch X v 8,736 lt kh H
2
( ktc). C cn
dung dch X thu c lng mui khan l
A. 38,93 gam. B. 103,85 gam. C. 25,95 gam. D. 77,86 gam.
(Trch thi TSC nm 2008 - Khi A, B)
Hng dn
Ta c
2
H
n
|
=
8, 736
22, 4
= 0,39 (mol)

HCl
n = 0,5 1= 0,5 (mol) ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,5 0,28 = 0,14 (mol)
Cc phng trnh in li:
HCl H
+
+ Cl

0,5 0,5 0,5
H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+
2
4
SO


0,14 0,28 0,14

H
n
+ ban u
= 0,5 + 0,28 = 0,78 (mol)
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:
Mg + 2 H
+

2
Mg
+
+ H
2 |
(1)
2Al + 6 H
+

3
Al
+
+ 3H
2 |
(2)
Theo (1, 2):
H
n
+ phn ng
= 2
2
H
n
|
= 0,78 (mol) H
+
phn ng va

Vy
X
m = m
hh kim loi
+ m
gc axit

= 7,74 + 35,5 0,5 + 96 0,14 = 38,93 (g).

V d 2: Thm m gam kali vo 300 ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH
0,1M thu c dung dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200 ml dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,1M thu c kt ta Y. thu c lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tr ca m l
A. 1,59. B. 1,17. C. 1,71. D. 1,95.
Hng dn
Ta c
2
Ba(OH)
n = 0,3 0,1= 0,03 (mol) ;
NaOH
n = 0,3 0,1= 0,03 (mol)

2 4 3
Al (SO )
n = 0,2 0,1= 0,02 (mol)
Ba(OH)
2

2
Ba
+
+ 2OH

Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2
3
Al
+
+ 3
2
4
SO


0,03 0,03 0,06 0,02 0,04 0,06
NaOH Na
+
+ OH

0,03 0,03
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:
2K + 2H
2
O 2K
+
+ 2OH

+ H
2 |
(1)
0,03 0,03

2
Ba
+
+
2
4
SO

BaSO
4 +
(2)
0,03 0,03

3
Al
+
+ 3OH

Al(OH)
3 +
(3)
0,04 0,12
thu c lng kt ta Y ln nht th OH

phn ng va vi
3
Al
+


OH
n
to ra (1)
= 0,12 (0,06 + 0,03) = 0,03 (mol) Vy m = 39 0,03 = 1,17
(g).
V d 3: Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml
dung dch (gm H
2
SO
4
0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH
ca dung dch X l
A. 7. B. 2. C. 1. D. 6.
(Trch thi TSH nm 2007 - Khi B)
Hng dn

2
Ba(OH)
n = 0,1 0,1= 0,01 (mol) ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,4 0,0375 = 0,015 (mol)

NaOH
n = 0,1 0,1= 0,01 (mol) ;
HCl
n = 0,4 0,0125 = 0,005 (mol)
Ba(OH)
2

2
Ba
+
+ 2OH

H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+
2
4
SO


0,01 0,01 0,02 0,015 0,03 0,015
NaOH Na
+
+ OH

HCl H
+

+ Cl

0,01 0,01 0,005 0,005

OH
n

= 0,03 (mol) <
H
n
+
= 0,035 (mol)
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:
H
+
+ OH

H
2
O (1)
0,03 0,03

2
Ba
+
+
2
4
SO

BaSO
4 +
(2)

H
n
+ d
= 0,035 0,03 = 0,005 (mol)
[H
+
]
trong dd X
=
0, 005
0,1 0, 4 +
= 0,01M =
2
10

M
Vy dung dch X c pH = 2.
V d 4: Rt 1 lt dung dch A cha NaCl 0,3M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25M vo 2 lt dung
dch B cha NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M. Sau khi kt thc phn ng, khi lng c
hai dung dch gim l
A. 47,5 gam. B. 47,2 gam. C. 47,9 gam. D. 47,0 gam.
Hng dn
Ta c
NaCl
n = 1 0,3 = 0,3 (mol) ;
NaOH
n = 2 0,1 = 0,2 (mol)

4 2 3
(NH ) CO
n = 1 0,25 = 0,25 (mol) ;
2
Ba(OH)
n = 2 0,1= 0,2 (mol)

NaCl Na
+

+ Cl

NaOH Na
+
+ OH

0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2
4
NH
+
+
2
3
CO

Ba(OH)
2

2
Ba
+
+ 2OH

0,25 0,5 0,25 0,2 0,2 0,4

OH
n

= 0,6 (mol)
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:

2
Ba
+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3 +
(1)
0,2 0,2 0,2

4
NH
+
+ OH

NH
3 |
+ H
2
O (2)
0,5 0,5 0,5
Vy khi lng c hai dung dch gim bng:

3
BaCO
m
+
+
3
NH
m
|
=197 0,2 + 17 0,5= 47,9 (g).
V d 5: Thc hin hai th nghim:
- Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt NO.
- Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M
thot ra V
2
lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h
gia V
1
v V
2
l
A. V
2
= V
1
. B. V
2
= 2,5V
1
. C. V
2
= 2V
1
. D. V
2
= 1,5V
1
.
Hng dn
Ta c
Cu
n =
3,84
64
= 0,06 (mol)

3
HNO
n = 0,08 1= 0,08 (mol) ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,08 0,5= 0,04 (mol)
Th nghim 1:
H
n
+
=
3
HNO
n = 0,08 (mol)
3Cu + 8 H
+
+ 2
3
NO

3
2
Cu
+
+ 2NO| + 4H
2
O (1)
b: 0,06 0,08 0,08
p: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02
sp: 0,03 0 0,06
Th nghim 2:
H
n
+
=
3
HNO
n + 2
2 4
H SO
n = 0,16 (mol)
3Cu + 8 H
+
+ 2
3
NO

3
2
Cu
+
+ 2NO| + 4H
2
O (2)
b: 0,06 0,16 0,08
p: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04
sp: 0 0 0,04
Do
NO
n
(2)
= 2
NO
n
(1)
V
2
= 2V
1
.
V d 6: Dung dch X cha hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
1,5M v KHCO
3
1M. Nh t t
tng git cho n ht 200 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch X, sinh ra V lt
kh ( ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 4,48. B. 3,36. C. 2,24. D. 1,12.
(Trch thi TSH nm 2009 - Khi A)
Hng dn
Ta c
2
3
CO
n

=
2 3
Na CO
n = 0,1 1,5 = 0,15 (mol)

3
HCO
n

=
3
KHCO
n = 0,1 1 = 0,1 (mol) ;
HCl
n = 0,2 1= 0,2 (mol)
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:

2
3
CO

+ H
+

3
HCO

(1)
b: 0,15 0,2
p: 0,15 0,15 0,15
sp: 0 0,05

3
HCO

+ H
+

2
CO | + H
2
O (2)
b: 0,25 0,05
p: 0,05 0,05 0,05
sp: 0,2 0
Vy V = 0,05 22,4 = 1,12 (l).

V d 7: Cho 0,448 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) hp th ht vo 100 ml dung dch cha hn
hp NaOH 0,06M v Ba(OH)
2
0,12M, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,182. B. 3,940. C. 1,970. D. 2,364.
(Trch thi TSH nm 2009 - Khi A)
Hng dn
Ta c
2
CO
n =
0, 448
22, 4
= 0,02 (mol)

NaOH
n = 0,1 0,06 = 0,006 (mol) ;
2
Ba(OH)
n = 0,1 0,12 = 0,012 (mol)

OH
n

= 0,006 + 2 0,012 = 0,03 (mol)
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:
CO
2
+ OH

3
HCO

+ H
2
O (1)
b: 0,02 0,03
p: 0,02 0,02 0,02
sp: 0 0,01

3
HCO

+ OH

2
3
CO

+ H
2
O (2)
b: 0,02 0,01
p: 0,01 0,01 0,01
sp: 0,01 0

2
Ba
+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3 +
(3)
b: 0,012 0,01
p: 0,01 0,01 0,01
sp: 0,002 0
Vy m =
3
BaCO
m
+
= 197 0,01 = 1,97 (g).

9. PHNG PHP BO TON IN TCH

1. Nguyn tc
Trong mt dung dch lun lun c s trung ho v in tch, ngha l tng s in
tch dng bng tng s in tch m.
2. Cc v d minh ho
V d 1: Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol
2
Cu
+
, 0,03 mol K
+
, x mol Cl

v y mol
2
4
SO

. Tng
khi lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l
A. 0,03 v 0,02. B. 0,05 v 0,01. C. 0,01 v 0,03. D. 0,02 v 0,05.
Hng dn
V trong mt dung dch lun trung ho v in tch nn:
2
2
Cu
n
+
+ 1
K
n
+
= 1
Cl
n

+ 2
2
4
SO
n


2 0,02 + 1 0,03 = 1 x + 2 y
x + 2y = 0,07 (1)
Tng khi lng mui bng tng khi lng cc ion:
64 0,02 + 39 0,03 + 35,5 x + 96 y = 5,435 (g)
35,5x + 96y = 2,985 (2)
Gii h hai pt (1, 2) ta c: x = 0,03, y = 0,02.
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo axit
HNO
3
(va ), thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO.
Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,04. B. 0,075. C. 0,12. D. 0,06.
(Trch thi TSH nm 2007 - Khi A)
Hng dn
S phn ng:

3
HNO 2 4 3 2
2
2 4
Fe (SO ) FeS
dd X NO H O
Cu S CuSO
+

+ | +



FeS
2

3
Fe
+
+ 2
2
4
SO


0,12 0,12 0,24
Cu
2
S 2
2
Cu
+
+
2
4
SO


a 2a a
p dng s bo ton in tch trong dung dch X, ta c:
3 0,12 + 2 2a = 2 (0,24 + a) a = 0,06 (mol).
V d 3: Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch
BaCl
2
, thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m gam
mui clorua khan. Gi tr m l
A. 2,66. B. 26,6. C. 6,26. D. 22,6.
Hng dn

2
Ba
+
+
2
3
CO


3
BaCO +
0,2 0,2
Ta c
3
BaCO
n
+
=
39,4
197
= 0,2 (mol)

Na
m
+
+
K
m
+
= 24,4 60 0,2 =12,4 (g)

Na
n
+
+
K
n
+
= 2
2
3
CO
n

= 2 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
p dng s bo ton in tch cho dung dch sau phn ng:

Cl
n

=
Na
n
+
+
K
n
+
= 0,4 (mol)
Vy m =
Na
m
+
+
K
m
+
+
Cl
m

= 12,4 + 35,5 0,4 = 26,6 (g).
V d 4: C hai dung dch l dung dch A v dung dch B. Mi dung dch ch cha 2
cation v 2 anion trong s cc ion sau: K
+
(0,15 mol),
2
Mg
+
(0,1 mol),
4
NH
+
(0,25
mol), H
+
(0,2 mol), Cl

(0,1 mol),
2
4
SO

(0,075 mol),
3
NO

(0,25 mol),
2
3
CO

(0,15
mol). Xc nh dung dch A v dung dch B.
Hng dn
V anion
2
3
CO

khng tn ti ng thi vi cc cation
2
Mg
+
, H
+
nn:
- Dung dch A: K
+
,
4
NH
+
,
2
3
CO

,
y
X


- Dung dch B:
2
Mg
+
, H
+
, * , * .
p dng s bo ton in tch i vi dung dch A, ta c
10,15 + 1 0,25 = 2 0,15 + y
n
X
n


y
n
X
n

= 0,1
y 1 2
n
X
n

0,1 0,5
Ch c cp nghim y = 1,
n
X
n

= 0,1 l thch hp
Vy dung dch A cha: K
+
,
4
NH
+
,
2
3
CO

, Cl

v dung dch B cha:
2
Mg
+
, H
+
,
3
NO

,
2
4
SO

.

V d 5: Dung dch A cha a mol Na
+
, b mol
4
NH
+
, c mol
3
HCO

, d mol
2
3
CO

, e mol
2
4
SO

(khng k cc ion H
+
v OH

ca nc).
a) Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d, e.
b) Thm (c + d + e) mol Ba(OH)
2
vo dung dch A, un nng thu c kt ta B,
dung dch X v kh Y duy nht. Tnh s mol ca mi cht trong kt ta B, kh Y v ca
mi ion trong dung dch X theo a, b, c, d, e.
Hng dn
a) p dng s bo ton in tch trong mt dung dch, ta c
1
Na
n
+
+ 1
4
NH
n
+
= 1
3
HCO
n

+ 2
2
3
CO
n

+ 2
2
4
SO
n


a + b = c + 2d + 2e
b) Ba(OH)
2

2
Ba
+
+ 2OH

c + d + e c + d + e 2(c + d + e)
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:

2
Ba
+
+
2
4
SO

BaSO
4 +
(1)
e e e

2
Ba
+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3 +
(2)
d d d

2
Ba
+
+
3
HCO

+ OH

BaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O (3)
c c c c

4
NH
+
+ OH

NH
3 |
+ H
2
O (4)
b b b
V dung dch X phi cha Na
+
nn OH

d.
Do kt ta thu c gm
4
3
BaSO e mol
BaCO (c d) mol

; kh Y l NH
3
b mol
Dung dch X cha Na
+
(a mol) v OH

d = 2(c + d + e) c b = a (mol)
Hoc da vo s trung ho v in ca dung dch X tnh s mol OH

Na
n
+
= n
OH

= a (mol).
V d 6: Dung dch Z c cha 5 ion:
2
Mg
+
,
2
Ba
+
,
2
Ca
+
v 0,1 mol Cl

, 0,2 mol
3
NO

. Thm dn V ml dung dch K

2
CO
3
0,5M vo Z n khi c lng kt ta ln
nht th gi tr V ti thiu cn dng l
A. 150. B. 200. C. 220. D. 300.
Hng dn
C th quy i cc cation
2
Mg
+
,
2
Ba
+
,
2
Ca
+
thnh
2
M
+


2
M
+
+
2
3
CO


3
MCO +
Khi phn ng kt thc, phn dung dch cha K
+
, Cl

v
3
NO

.
p dng s bo ton in tch, ta c:

K
n
+
=
Cl
n

+
3
NO
n

= 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 (mol)

2 3
K CO
n =
1
2

K
n
+
= 0,15 (mol)
Vy
2 3
dd K CO
V =
0,15
0, 5
= 0,3 (l) = 300 (ml).
V d 7: Dung dch X cha cc ion:
3
Fe
+
,
4
NH
+
,
2
4
SO

, Cl

. Chia dung dch X thnh

hai phn bng nhau. Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng
thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc) v 1,07 gam kt ta ; Phn hai tc dng vi lng d
dung dch BaCl
2
, thu c 4,66 gam kt ta. Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c
khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c nc bay hi)
A. 3,73 gam. B. 7,04 gam. C. 7,46 gam. D. 3,52 gam.

Hng dn
Cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion:
Phn 1:
3
Fe
+
+ 3OH

Fe(OH)
3 +
(1)
0,01 0,01

4
NH
+
+ OH

NH
3 |
+ H
2
O (2)
0,03 0,03
Phn 2:
2
Ba
+
+
2
4
SO

BaSO
4 +
(3)
0,02 0,02
Ta c
3
Fe(OH)
n
+
=
1, 07
107
= 0,01 (mol)

3
NH
n
|
=
0, 672
22, 4
= 0,03 (mol)

4
BaSO
n
+
=
4, 66
233
= 0,02 (mol)
V trong dung dch X lun trung ho v in tch nn:
3 0,01 + 1 0,03 = 2 0,02 + 1
Cl
n



Cl
n

= 0,02 (mol)
Vy tng khi lng ca cc cht tan trong dung dch Z l
2(56.0,01 + 18.0,03 + 96.0,02 + 35,5.0,02) = 7,46 (g).
Bi 8. Cho dung dch A cha ng thi 2 axit H
2
SO
4
1,5M v HCl 2M vo 200ml
dung dch B cha NaOH 1,8M v KOH 1,2M. Khi mi trng dung dch trung
tnh th th tch dung dch A cn l
A. 100 ml B. 120 ml C. 200 ml D. 250 ml
Li gii
+

= + =
= + =

H
OH
n V.(2.1, 5 2) 5V(mol)
n 0, 2.(1, 8 1, 2) 0, 6 (mol)

Khi mi trng trung tnh : 5V = 0,6 V= 120 ml

Bi 9. Cho 200ml dung dch A cha ng thi 2 axit HCl 1M v HNO
3
2M vo 300ml
dung dch B cha NaOH 0,8M v KOH x(M) thu c dung dch C. Bit rng
trung ho 100ml dung dch C cn 60ml dung dch HCl 1M. x c gi tr l
A. 2,2M B. 3,2M C. 2,3M D. 2M
Li gii
H
OH
60.500
n 0, 2(1 2) .1 0, 9(mol)
100.1000
n 0, 3(0, 8 x)(mol)
+

= + + =
= +

Mi trng trung tnh: 0,9 = 0,3(0,8+x) x = 2,2M.

Bi 10. Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp gm mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr
I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch HCl thu c 0,2
mol kh CO
2
. Khi lng mui mi to ra trong dung dch l
A. 16g B. 26g C. 36g D. 46g
Li gii
t cng thc ca cc mui l M
2
CO
3
v RCO
3

2 3
2 2
3 2
M CO MCl
+ HCl + CO + H O
RCO RCl

Phng trnh ion thu gn : 2H
+
+ CO
3
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
0,4 0,2 mol
Theo phng php tng gim khi lng, ta c:
m
mui
= 23,8 + 0,2.11 = 26 (g)
Bi 11. Cho 100ml dung dch A cha NaCl 1,5M v HCl 3M vo 100ml dung dch B
cha AgNO
3
1M v Pb(NO
3
)
2
1M thu c dung dch C v kt ta D. Khi
lng kt ta D l
A. 56,72 g B. 49,13 g
C. 34,48 g D. 50,10 g
Li gii
Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl
+

Pb
2+
+ 2Cl

PbCl
2 +

+ +

+
= + = =
= = = + =
2
( )
Cl
( )
Ag Pb
n 0,1.(1, 5 3) 0, 45 (mol) n
n 0,1 mol ; n 0,1 mol n 0,1 0,1.2 0, 3 (mol)

Ion Cl

d: m
mui
= 108.0,1 + 0,1.207 + 0,3.62 = 50,10 (gam).
Bi 12. Dung dch A cha axit HCl a M v HNO
3
b M. trung ho 100 ml dung dch
A cn dng 200 ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 0,05M v Ba(OH)
2
0,15M. Mt
khc kt ta hon ton ion Cl

c trong 50ml dung dch A cn 100ml dung

dch AgNO
3
0,1M. Cc gi tr a, b ln lt l
A. 0,2M; 0,1M. B. 0,2M; 0,2M.
C. 0,2M; 0,3M. D. 0,1M; 0,2M.
Li gii

+

= +
= +

H
OH
n 0,1.(a b) mol
n 0, 2.(0, 05 0,15) mol
a b 0, 04 + =
Ag Cl AgCl
+
+ +

a 0, 2M
0, 05a 0, 01
b 0,1M
=
=

=

Bi 13. Cho 46,4g hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
( =
2 3
FeO Fe O
n n ) ho tan hon
ton trong V lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,2M v HCl 0,6M ( ly d 20% so vi
lng cn thit). V c gi tr l
A. 1,80 B. 1,92
C. 1,94 D. 1,56
Li gii
=
2 3
FeO Fe O
n : n 1:1, m FeO.Fe
2
O
3
= Fe
3
O
4
, vy A xem nh 1 cht Fe
3
O
4

= = =
3 4
A Fe O
4, 64
n n 0, 02
232
(mol)
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
0,02 0,16
Do ly d 20% 0,16 + 0,16.0,2 = 0,1V V = =
0,192
1, 92
0,1
(lt)
Bi 14. Cho 2 kim loi Fe, Mg tc dng vi 200ml dung dch A gm HCl 0,1M,
H
2
SO
4
0,2M thu c dung dch B v kh C. Cho t t dung dch D gm NaOH
0,3M, KOH 0,1M vo B tc dng va vi cc cht trong B th th tch
dung dch D l
A. 0,15 lt. B. 0,25 lt.
C. 0,35 lt. D. 0,45 lt.
+
+ +
+
+ + +
2
2
2 2
2
2
Fe Fe Fe(OH)
H H H OH H O
Mg Mg Mg(OH)

nh lut bo ton in tch :

+ ( )
n trong B =
+

H
n trong A =

OH
n trong D.
Dung dch trung tnh khi :
+
= + = + =

H OH
n n 0, 2(0,1 0, 2.2) V(0, 3 0,1) V 0, 25(lt)
Bi 15. tc dng va vi 0,96g hiroxit ca 2 kim loi kim hai chu k lin
tip trong bng tun hon, phi dng 20ml dung dch HCl 0,4M v H
2
SO
4
0,3M.
Tn kim loi l
A. Na, K B. Li, Na
C. K, Rb D. Na, Rb

2
ROH H R H O
+ +
+ +
H
n 0, 02(0, 4 0, 3.2) 0, 02(mol)
+
= + =
= = + = =
ROH R R
0, 96
M 48 (g / mol) M 17 48 M 31 Na, K
0, 02

Bi 16. Hn hp cht rn X gm Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v FeO (c s mol bng nhau l 0,1
mol). Ha tan ht X vo dung dch Y gm HCl v H
2
SO
4
long (d), thu c
dung dch Z v 1,12 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo
dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng kh NO thot ra th dng li. Th tch dung dch
Cu(NO
3
)
2
dng l
A. 58,3 ml. B. 40,5 ml.
C. 50,2 ml. D. 60,5 ml.

Ta c: FeO + Fe
2
O
3
Fe
3
O
4

0,1 0,1 0,1
Hn hp X coi nh gm: 0,2 mol Fe
3
O
4
; 0,1 mol Fe + dung dch Y:
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O (1)
0,2 0,2 0,4
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2 |
(2)
0,05 0,05 0,05
Dung dch Z cha Fe
2+
(0,35 mol), Fe
3+
(0,35 mol), H
+
d, Cl

, SO
2
4
.
Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
vo dung dch Z :
Fe + Fe
3+
2Fe
2+

0,05 0,05 0,1
3Fe
2+
+ NO

3
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO| + 2H
2
O (3)
0,35
0,35
3

3
3 2
3 3
3 2
Cu(NO )
NO Fe NO
Cu(NO )
1 0, 35 1
(3) n n (mol) n n 0, 05 mol
3 3 2
V 50 ml
+
= = = =
=


Bi 17. Cho 12,15 gam bt Al vo 112,5 ml dung dch hn hp NaNO
3
1M v NaOH
3M, khuy u cho n khi ngng kh thot ra th dng li. Th tch kh thot ra
ktc l
A. 2,24 lt B. 7,56 lt
C. 15,92 lt D. 10,08 lt

n
Al
= 0,45 (mol) ;
3
3
NaNO
NO
n n 0,11205 mol

= = ;
OH
n

= n
NaOH
= 0,3375 mol
3 2 4 3
8Al 3NO 5OH 18H O 8[Al(OH) ] 3NH (1)
: 0, 45 0,1125 0, 3375
: 0, 3 0,1125 0,1875 0, 3 0,1125
: 0,15 0 0,15

+ + + +
Ban u
Phn ng
D

2 4 2
2Al 2OH 6H O 2 Al(OH) 3H (2)
: 0,15 0,15
Ph : 0,15 0,15 0, 225
D : 0 0
[ ]
Ban u
n ng

+ + +

(1) v (2)

n
Kh
= 0,1125 + 0,225 = 0,3375 (mol) V
kh
= 0,3375.22,4 =
7,56 (lt)
Bi 18. Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO
3
1M v
H
2
SO
4
0,5 M long, thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), phn ng xy ra hon
ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,672 lt B. 0,896 lt
C. 1,344 lt D. 2,24 lt
n
Cu
= 0,1 mol;
3
3
HNO
H NO
n n n 0,12 mol
+
= = = ;
2 4
H SO
H
H
n 2n 0,12.0, 5 0, 06 (mol)
n 0,12 2.0, 06 0, 24 (mol)
+
+
= = =
= + =

3Cu + 2NO

3
+ 8H
+
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO| + 4H
2
O
Ban u : 0,1 0,12 0,24
Phn ng : 0,09 0,06 0,24 0,06
D : 0,01 0,06 0
V
NO
= 0,06.22,4 = 1,344 (lt)
Bi 19. Ha tan hon ton 9,65 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Fe, Al trong dung dch hn
hp HCl v H
2
SO
4
long, kt thc phn ng thu c 7,28 lt H
2
(ktc). Phn
trm khi lng ca nhm trong hn hp ban u l
A. 40,32%. B. 35,53%.
C. 41,19 %. D. 56,48%.
Li gii
2
H
n = 0,325 mol ; t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Al, Fe cha trong hn hp. Ta
c: 27x + 56y = 9,65 (1)
Phng trnh ion rt gn ca cc phn ng
2Al + 6H
+
2Al
3+
+ 3H
2 |
(2)
x 1,5x
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2 |
(3)
y y
T (2) v (3)
2
H
V = 1,5 x + y = 0,325 y = 0,325 1,5x (4)
T (4) v (1) ta tnh c : x = 0,15 mol
%m
Al

=
0,15.27
.100% 41,19%
9, 65
=

10. PHNG PHP T CHN LNG CHT

Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t, phn t hoc mt mol hn hp cc cht phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp chuyn phn s phc tp v s n
gin tnh ton.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh:
Cch 1: CHN 1 MOL CHT HOC HN HP CHT PHN NG
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt lng va dung
dch H
2
SO
4
9,8% ta thu c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. M l kim loi g?
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Chn 1 mol mui M
2
(CO
3
)
n
.
M
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nCO
2
|
+ nH
2
O
C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M + 96n) gam

2 4
dd H SO
98n 100
m 1000n gam
9,8

= =

2 3 n 2 4 2
M (CO ) dd H SO CO
m m m m = +
dd mui

= 2M + 60n + 1000.n 44.n = (2M + 1016.n) gam.

( )
dd mui
2M 96 100
C% 14,18
2M 1016n
+
= =
+

M = 28.n n = 2 ; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe.
(p n B)
V d 2: (Cu 1 - M 231 - Khi A - TSC 2007)
Khi ha tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)
2
bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
20%
thu c dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Mg.
Xt 1 mol M(OH)
2
tham gia phn ng
M(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
C (M + 34) gam 98 gam (M + 96) gam

2 4
dd H SO
98 100
m 490 gam
20

= =
( )
( )
4
dd MSO
M 96 100
m M 34 490
27, 21
+
= + + =
M = 64 M l Cu. (p n A)


Cch 2: Chn theo t l lng cht cho
V d 1: Hn hp X gm N
2
v c H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 3,6. Sau khi tin
hnh phn ng tng hp c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 4. Hiu sut
phn ng tng hp l
A. 10%. B. 15%. C. 20%. D. 25%.
Hng dn
Theo pp ng cho, N
2
: H
2
bng 1 : 4. Chn s mol N
2
v H
2
l 1 mol v 4 mol
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
xt, t
p

2NH
3

Ban u: 1 4
Phn ng: x 3x 2x
Sau phn ng: (1 x) (4 3x) 2x
n
Y
= (5 2x) mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c m
X
= m
Y


1 2
2 1
n M 5 8 0,25
n 0,25 H .100 25%
n M 5 2n 7,2 1
= = = = =

V d 2: Phng in qua O
2
c hn hp kh O
2
, O
3
c M 33 = gam. Hiu sut phn
ng l
A. 7,09%. B. 9,09%. C. 11,09%. D.13,09%.
Hng dn
3O
2

TL
2O
3
Theo ng cho, t l mol O
2
: O
3
= 15 : 1. Chn s mol O
2
v O
3
ln lt l 15 v 1
mol
Tnh theo phn ng c s mol O
2
phn ng l 1,5; ban u l 16,5.
H = 9,09%.
Cch 3: CHN GI TR CHO HN HP
V d 1: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe
3
C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l
96%, hm lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe
3
C l a%. Gi tr a l
A. 10,5. B. 13,5. C. 14,5. D. 16.
Hng dn gii
Xt 100 gam hn hp X ta c m
C
= 3,1 gam,
3
Fe C
m = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l
96 gam.

( )
3
C trong Fe C
12a
m 100 96 3,1
180
= =
a = 13,5. (p n B)
V d 2: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO
3
(phn cn li l tp cht
tr) mt thi gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65 % CaO. Tnh hiu sut phn hy
CaCO
3
.
A. 50%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 70%.
Hng dn gii
Chn m
X
= 100 gam
3
CaCO
m 80 gam = v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
CaCO
3

o
t
CaO + CO
2
(hiu sut = h)
Phng trnh: 100 gam 56 gam 44 gam
Phn ng: 80 gam
56.80
.h
100

44.80
.h
100

Khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung l

2
X CO
44.80.h
m m 100
100
= .

56 80 45, 65 44 80 h
h 100
100 100 100
| |
=
|
\ .

h = 0,75 hiu sut phn ng bng 75%. (p n B)

V d 3. Mt hn hp gm CaCO
3
, Al
2
O
3
v Fe
2
O
3
trong Al
2
O
3
chim 10,2%,
Fe
2
O
3
chim 9,8%. Nung m gam hn hp ny nhit cao thu c cht rn c khi
lng bng
67m
100
khi lng hn hp ban u. Thnh phn % v khi lng cht rn
CaO, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, CaCO
3
(d) th t l
A. 62,6%; 1,22%; 12,62%; 17,4%. B. 62,6%; 1,22%; 14,62%; 7,4%.
C. 66,6%; 1,82%; 14,62%; 7,4%. D. 52,6%; 1,22%; 14,62%; 7,4%.
Li gii
Vi mi m ta u tm c thnh phn % hn hp, n gin ta chn
m = 100g gam th Al
2
O
3
= 10,2 g; Fe
2
O
3
= 9,8 g v CaCO
3
= 80 g.
Khi nung hn hp ch c :
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2

gim lng = 100 67 = 33 g chnh l lng CO
2
= 0,75 mol bay i

3 3
CaCO CaCO
n 0, 75 (mol) m 75 (g) = = , CaCO
3
d l 5 gam.
Hn hp sau khi nung c : 10,2 g Al
2
O
3
= 15,22%
9,8 g Fe
2
O
3
= 14,62%
5 g CaCO
3
d = 7,4% v 62,6% CaO.
V d 4. Cho m gam hn hp Na v Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thu c dung
dch X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch KOH d, lc ly kt ta em nung trong khng
kh n lng khng i thu c cht rn nng m gam. % v khi lng Na, Fe ban
u l
A. 30% ; 70% B. 40% ; 60% C. 35% ; 65%
D. 50% ; 50%
Li gii
S phn ng :
Na

Fe
+ HCl H
2
+
2
NaCl
FeCl

+ KOH Fe(OH)
2

2
o
O
t
+
Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
O

Vi mi m ta u tm c thnh phn % hn hp, n gin chn
m = 160g.

= = =
= =
=
2 3
Fe Fe O
Fe
Na
160
n 2n 2. 2 (mol)
160
2.56
%m 70%
160
%m 30%

V d 4. Cho m gam hn hp hai kim loi Mg, Al tc dng vi mt lng d dung
dch HCl thu c dung dch A v kh B. Lng kh B ny kh va ht
4m
1, 02
gam
CuO thnh Cu kim loi. Thnh phn % v khi lng cc kim loi Mg, Al l
A. 47,06%; 52,94% B. 50,00%; 50,00%
C. 40,00%; 60,00% D. 47,25%; 52,75%
Li gii
S phn ng :
Mg MgCl
2

+ HCl + H
2
+ CuO Cu + H
2
O
Al AlCl
3

Vi mi m u tm c thnh phn hn hp, n gin chn m = 1,02g.
Gi = =
Mg Al
n a (mol); n b (mol)
Ta c: 24a + 27b = 1,02 (1)
Tng s mol e m Mg, Al cho l : 2a + 3b.
S mol e ny c Cu
2+
(CuO :
4
80
= 0,05mol) nhn theo na phn ng sau :
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu

0,05 0,1
Thu c h
= =


=
=


Mg
Al
%m 47, 06%
24a + 27b = 1,02 a 0, 02
2a+3b=0,1 b 0, 02
%m 52, 94%

V d 5. Hn hp A gm cc kim loi Mg, Al, Cu. Oxi ho hon ton m gam A bng
oxi khng kh th thu c 1,72m gam hn hp 3 oxit. Mt khc khi ho tan m gam A
bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,952m lt kh H
2
(ktc). % Khi lng Mg, Al, Cu
trong A l
A. 30%; 50%; 20%. B. 25%; 55%; 20%. C. 30%; 54%; 16%. D. 25%; 50%;
25%.
Li gii
Mg Al Cu
n x(mol) ; n y(mol) ; n z(mol) = = =
S phn ng :
Vi mi m ta u tm c thnh phn hn hp, n gin chn m=100 g.
p dng s bo ton electron, bo ton khi lng ta c :
Trong (1) : = + +
e cho
n 2x 3y 2z
Cht nhn O:

= =
e nhn
172 100
4, 5 (mol) n 9
16

Trong (2) : = +
e cho
n 2x 3y
Cht nhn H
2
: = =
e nhn
0, 952.100
4, 25 (mol) n 8, 5
22, 4

=
+ + = =

+ + = = =


+ = = =


Mg
Al
Cu
%m 30%
24x 2y 64z 100 x 1, 25
2x 3y 2z 9 y 2 %m 54%
2x 3y 8, 5 z 0, 25 %m 16%

V d 6. Cho m gam oxit kim loi tan trong V lt dung dch HCl 7,3% va thu c
dung dch mui c nng 12,5%. CTPT ca oxit kim loi l
A. Fe
2
O
3
B. Al
2
O
3
C. CuO D. MgO
Hng dn
Vi mi m, V ta lun tm c CT oxit. Chn m, V khi lng dung dch HCl l
100g CuO
M
2
O
n
+ 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ n H
2
O

0, 02
2n
0,02
0, 02
n


+
= =
+ +
M
M
M
0, 02
.(M 71n)
12, 5
n
M 64 CuO
0, 02
100
100 .(2M 16n)
2n

V d 4: Hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
c
X
M 12, 4 = . Dn X i qua bnh ng bt Fe ri
nung nng bit rng hiu sut tng hp NH
3
t 40% th thu c hn hp Y.
Y
M c
gi tr l
A. 15,12. B. 18,23. C. 14,76. D. 13,48.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X m
X
= 12,4 gam gm a mol N
2
v (1 a) mol H
2
.
28a + 2(1 a) = 12,4 a = 0,4 mol
2
H
n 0, 6 mol =
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
xt, t
p

2NH
3
(vi hiu sut 40%)
Ban u: 0,4 0,6
Phn ng: 0,08 0,60,4 0,16 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,32 0,36 0,16 mol
Tng: n
Y
= 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: m
X
= m
Y
.

Y
12, 4
M 14, 76 gam
0,84
= = . (p n C)
V d 6: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ha tr n bng dung dch H
2
SO
4

long ri c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng
gp 5 ln khi lng kim loi R ban u em ho tan. Kim loi R l
A. Al. B. Ba. C. Zn. D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R (gam) tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH
2
SO
4
R
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nH
2

C R (gam)
2R 96n
gam mui
2
+ | |
|
\ .

( ) 2R 96n
5R
2
+
= R =
12n tha mn vi n = 2. Vy: R = 24 (Mg). (p n D)
Cc v d phn hu c :
V d 1: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch
NaOH 10% th thu c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Vy x c gi tr no sau
y?
A. 20%. B. 16%. C. 15%. D.13%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol CH
3
COOH:
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
60 gam 40 gam 82 gam

3
dd CH COOH
60 100
m gam
x

=

ddNaOH
40 100
m 400 gam
10

= =

60 100 82 100
m 400
x 10, 25

= + =
dd mui
gam.
x = 15%. (p n C).
V d 2: Hn hp A gm mt Anken v hiro c t khi so vi H
2
bng 6,4. Cho A i
qua niken nung nng c hn hp B c t khi so vi H
2
bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut
phn ng xy ra l 100%). Cng thc phn t ca anken l
A. C
2
H
4
.

B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
.

D. C
5
H
10
.
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol C
n
H
2n
v (1a) mol H
2
)
Ta c: 14.n.a + 2(1 a) = 12,8 (1)
Hn hp B c M 16 14n = < (vi n > 2) trong hn hp B c H
2
d
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2

o
Ni, t
C
n
H
2n+2

Ban u: a mol (1a) mol
Phn ng: a a a mol
Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (1 2a) mol H
2
d v a mol C
n
H
2n+2
. tng n
B
= 1
2a.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c m
A
= m
B


B
B
B
m
n
M
= ( )
12,8
1 2a
16
= a = 0,2 mol.
Thay a = 0,2 vo (1) ta c 140,2n + 2(1 0,2) = 12,8
n = 4 anken l C
4
H
8
. (p n C)
V d 3: Oxi ha C
2
H
5
OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm
CH
3
CHO, C
2
H
5
OH d v H
2
O c M = 40 vC. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ha l
A. 25%. B. 35%. C. 45%. D. 55%.
Xt 1 mol C
2
H
5
OH. t a mol C
2
H
5
OH b oxi ha. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng
oxi ha ru.
C
2
H
5
OH + CuO
o
t
CH
3
CHO + H
2
O + Cu
+

Ban u: 1 mol
Oxi ha: a mol a mol a mol
Sau phn ng: (1 a) mol C
2
H
5
OH d a mol a mol

46(1 a) 44a 18a
M 40
1 a
+ +
= =
+

a = 0,25 hay hiu sut l 25%. (p n A)
V d 4: (Cu 48 - M 182 - khi A - TSH 2007)
Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon
ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, thu c
hn hp kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C
3
H
8
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
3
H
4
.
Hng dn gii
t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm C
x
H
y
(1 mol) v O
2
(10 mol ).
C
x
H
y
+
y
x
4
| |
+
|
\ .
O
2
xCO
2
+
y
2
H
2
O
1 mol
y
x
4
| |
+
|
\ .
mol x mol
y
2
mol
Hn hp kh Z gm x mol CO
2
v
y
10 x
4
(
| |
+
| (
\ .

mol O
2
d.

Z
M 19 2 38 = =


2
2
co
o
n
1
n 1
=
Vy:
y
x 10 x
4
= 8x = 40 y.
x = 4, y = 8 tho mn p n C.
V d 5: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi
B cng nhit p sut theo t l th tch (1:15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo
bnh kn dung tch khng i V. Nhit v p sut trong bnh l t
o
C v p atm. Sau khi
t chy A trong bnh ch c N
2
, CO
2
v hi nc vi
2 2
CO H O
V : V 7: 4 = a bnh v
t
o
C.
p sut trong bnh sau khi t l p
1
c gi tr l
2
2
CO
O
(n ) 44 6
38
(n ) 32 6
A.
1
47
p p.
48
= B. p
1
= p. C.
1
16
p p.
17
= D.
1
3
p p.
5
=
t A: C
x
H
y
+
2
y
x O
4
| |
+
|
\ .
xCO
2
+
2
y
H O
2

V phn ng ch c N
2
, H
2
O, CO
2
cc hirocacbon b chy ht v O
2
va .
Chn
x y
C H
n 1 = n
B
= 15 mol
2
O
y 15
n x 3
4 5
= + = =
p.
mol.

2 2
N O
n 4n 12 mol = =

y
x 3
4
x : y 2 7: 4

+ =

x =
7
3
; y =
8
3

V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:

1
p 7 3 4 3 12 47
p 1 15 48
+ +
= =
+

1
47
p p.
48
= (p n A)
V d 6: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X hai hirocacbon A, B thu c
132.a
41

gam CO
2
v
2
45a
gam H O
41
. Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn
hp X ri t chy hon ton th thu c
2
165a
gam CO
41
v
2
60, 75a
gam H O
41
. Bit A,
B khng lm mt mu nc Br
2
.
a) Cng thc phn t ca A l
A. C
2
H
2
.

B. C
2
H
6
. C. C
6
H
12
. D. C
6
H
14
.
b) Cng thc phn t ca B l
A. C
2
H
2
.

B. C
6
H
6
. C. C
4
H
4
.

D. C
8
H
8
.
c) Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l.
A. 60%; 40%. B. 25%; 75%.
C. 50%; 50%. D. 30%; 70%.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 41 gam.
t X
2
CO
132
n 3 mol
44
= = v
2
H O
45
n 2, 5 mol
18
= = .
t
1
X A
2
| |
+
|
\ .

2
CO
165
n 3, 75 mol
44
= = v
2
H O
60, 75
n 3, 375 mol
18
= = .
t
1
A
2
thu c (3,75 3) = 0,75 mol CO
2
v (3,375 2,5) = 0,875 mol H
2
O.
t chy A thu c
2
CO
n 1, 5 mol = v
2
H O
n 1, 75 mol = .
v
2 2
H O CO
n n > A thuc loi ankan, do :
( )
n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H O nCO n 1 H O
2
+
+
+ + +

2
2
CO
H O
n
n 1, 5
n n 1 1, 75
= =
+
n = 6 A l C
6
H
14
. (p n D)
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO
2
v (2,5 1,75) = 0,75 mol H
2
O
Nh vy
C
H
n 1, 5 1
n 0, 75 2 1
= =

cng thc tng qut ca B l (CH)

n
v X khng lm
mt mu nc Brom nn B thuc aren B l C
6
H
6
. (p n B)
c) V A, B c cng s nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO
2
do A, B to ra bng nhau (1,5
mol) n
A
= n
B
.
%n
A
= %n
B
= 50%. (p n C)
V d 7: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C
6
H
14
v C
6
H
6
theo t l s mol
(1:1) vi m gam mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c
2
275a
gam CO
82
v
94, 5a
82
gam H
2
O.
a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no
A. C
n
H
2n+2
.

B. C
m
H
2m2
. C. C
n
H
2n
.

D. C
n
H
n
.
b) Gi tr m l
A. 2,75 gam. B. 3,75 gam. C. 5 gam. D. 3,5 gam.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 82 gam
t X v m gam D (C
x
H
y
) ta c:

2
2
CO
H O
275
n 6, 25 mol
44
94, 5
n 5, 25 mol
18

= =

= =

C
6
H
14
+
19
2
O
2
6CO
2
+ 7H
2
O
C
6
H
6
+
15
2
O
2
6CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
t D:
x y 2 2 2
y y
C H x O xCO H O
4 2
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

t
6 14 6 6
C H C H
n n b mol = = ta c:
86b + 78b = 82
b = 0,5 mol.
t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:
( )
2
CO
n 0, 5 6 6 6 mol = + =
( )
2
H O
n 0, 5 7 3 5 mol = + =
t chy m gam D thu c:

2
CO
n 6, 25 6 0, 25 mol = =

2
H O
n 5, 25 5 0, 25 mol = =
Do
2 2
CO H O
n n = D thuc C
n
H
2n
. (p n C)
b) m
D
= m
C
+ m
H
= 0,25(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam. (p n D)
V d 8. t chy hon ton m gam cht hu c A cha C, H, O thu c
22m
15
g CO
2

v
3m
5
g H
2
O. Bit rng 3,6g hi A c th tch bng th tch ca 1,76g CO
2
( cng
iu kin). CTPT ca A l
A. C
2
H
6
O
2
B. C
3
H
6
O
3
C. C
3
H
4
O
3
D. C
2
H
4
O
2

Li gii
Vi mi m ta u xc nh c CTPT ca A, chn m = 15 gam.

= =
+
= = = = =
= = = =
2
2
C(A) CO
H(A) H O O
C H O 2 n
3 6 3
n n 0, 5 mol
9 15 0, 5.12 1
n 2n 2. 1(mol) ; n 0, 5 (mol)
18 16
3, 6
n : n : n 1: 2 : 1 (CH O) 90 n 3
0, 04
CTPT ca A l C H O .