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3 Bailey Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity, by Douglass W. Bailey (August
2000) Excerpt from Back Matter: "... An interim report on excavations at Yarimburgaz and Toptepe in
eastern Thrace', Anatolica 17: 59-121. Panayotov, I. (1980) Metal types and the ..."
4
., .
, 14 (20042005), 205214.

,
.
.
.
5 ,

, 6,
.
, Thracians Wikipedia. 3000 BC - Proto-Thracian tombs
can be found dating back to 3000 BC [2], when what can be termed as
'proto-Thracian' culture began to form.

,
,
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, 7
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5

From the lower Aegean came copper, olive oil, wine, and pottery; from the Danube and Thrace came
pottery, amber, horses, and swords; THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION (tm) Ver. 4.8 2: The Life of
Greece Durant, Will.
6
(Thracians). . . .
,
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. (FGrH 1 F 170), ( 49) (
V. 12).
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8

Evelyne Patlagean. Albin Michel. UN MOYEN AGE GREC. Byzance, IXe-XVe sicle. Editions
Albin Michel, 2007. Marie Comnene soeur ainee dAlexis et de Michel Taronites, present au synode de
1094, est en 1102 recenseur de Thrace, Macedoine, Boleron, Strymon et Thessalonique. Cette meme
fonction est exercee vers 1118 par Constantin Doukas, fils de Michel frere de limperatrice (Lavra, 64).
9
'Besides, in order to obtain the pure or nearly pure gold found in the immense alluvial lands situated
between the Hindu-kush chains and the Himalaya, only a simple washing operation was required. In
those times the population in these countries of Asia was abundant, and hence labour was cheap. Silver
was relatively more expensive owing to the (technical) difficulties of obtaining it. The opposite
tendency set in in Asia and in Greece after the death of Alexander. The gold-bearing sands became
exhausted; the price of slaves and of manpower rose; and, since mechanics and geometry had made
immense progress from Euclid to Archimedes, it was possible to exploit with profit the rich veins of
silver mined in Asia, in Thrace and in Spain; and, silver being 52 times more abundant than gold, the
value ratio between them necessarily changed, so that the livre of gold, which at the time of Xenophon,
350 B.C., was exchanged for 10 livres of silver, came to be worth 18 livres of the latter metal in the
year A.D. 422. [49] Thus, it rose from 10:1 to 18:1. Karl Marx's. Grundrisse: NOTEBOOK I. October
1857. The Chapter on Money.

11

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10

History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Edward Gibbon, Esq.With notes by the
Rev. H. H. Milman. Vol. 1 1782 (Written), 1845 (Revised..but they deserve to be more particularly
considered under the names of Rhaetia, Noricum, Pannonia, Dalmatia, Dacia, Maesia, Thrace,
Macedonia, and Greece. [Footnote 78: Tournefort, Voyages en Grece et Asie Mineure,lettre xviii.].
11
10.000-7.000 B.C. Mesolithic. Because of the absence of finds in Thrace it is not possible (for the
time being) to link the early human presence with the systematic settlement of the neolithic era. Finds
from these periods exist in several parts of Greece and the Balkans. A rise in the sea level joins the
Aegean with the Sea of Marmara, creating the Dardanelles. The Propontis (Sea of Marmara) is
transformed from a lake into a sea. Dramatic change in the ecosystem (8th millennium). Union of the
Black Sea with the Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara. Bosphoros strait created (8.000-7.000 B.C.)
12 . . .
13
1667 PARADISE LOST by John Milton Paradise Lost Book I .But drive farr off the barbarous
dissonance Of Bacchus and his Revellers, the Race Of that wilde Rout that tore the Thracian Bard In
Rhodope, where Woods and Rocks had Eares To rapture, till the savage clamor dround Both Harp and
Voice; nor could the Muse defend Her Son. So fail not thou, who thee implores: For thou art Heav'nlie,
shee an empty dreame. Say Goddess, what ensu'd when Raphael, The affable Arch-angel, had
forewarn'd Adam by dire example to beware Apostasie, by what befell in Heaven To those Apostates,
least the like befall In Paradise to Adam or his Race, Charg'd not to touch the interdicted Tree, If they
trangress, and slight that sole command, So easily obeyd amid the choice Of all tasts else to please thir
appetite.

12

, 14
.
.
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10 .
.
Elle-meme commande en outre un espace qui lui est propre : lentree de
la mer Noire et les rives de la mer de Marmara, ou la route cotiere venue
de Thessalonique fait jonction avec la route de Thrace venue
dAndrinople, et un arrierepays dAsie jusque vers Nicee. Ainsi lhistoire
de lespace imperial est-elle une et triple. Theatres simultanes dune
histoire unique qui confere a lun ou a lautre son importance du moment,
les trios espaces de Byzance et Constantinople leur capitale sont du meme
coup les lieux ou cette histoire produit ses sources, quune autre
histoire encore dans lavenir, celle de lOccident moderne, choisira
ou non de conserver.15

8 ..
. : . .. .
. ,
32.
14

The Bacchus of Titian has none of this Oriental languor, no memories of perfumed places where "the
throne of Indian Cama slowly sails." One cannot help admiring the fancy which saw the conquering
god still steeped in Asiatic ease, still unawakened to more vigorous passion by the fresh wind blowing
from Thrace. Of all the Olympians, Diana has been most often hymned by M. De Banville: his
imagination is haunted by the figure of the goddess. Now she is manifest in her Hellenic aspect, as

. er beheld her, "taking her pastime in the chase of boars and swift deer; and with her the
wild wood-nymphs are sporting the daughters of Zeus; and Leto is glad at heart, for her child towers
over them all, and is easy to be known where all are fair" (Odyssey, vi.). ..M. De Banville has written
his hymn in the characteristic form of the old French ballade. The translator may borrow Chaucer's
apology -Essays in Little by Andrew Lang.
15
Evelyne Patlagean. Albin Michel. UN MOYEN AGE GREC. Byzance, IXe-XVe sicle. Editions
Albin Michel, 2007.

13

16
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519, 227 ..
, , . , . THRACIA, ,
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, 230. 845, 227, 5, 361
Index in Eustathii commentarios in Homeri Iliadem et Odysseam. Lipsiae,
MDCCCXXVIII, . 437 , ,358 24, , 358 34
17

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19

Evelyne Patlagean. Albin Michel. UN MOYEN AGE GREC. Byzance, IXe-XVe sicle. Editions
Albin Michel, 2007. Attaleiates montre Romain IV en campagne, decouvrant la devastation cause par
les soldats, et par les mercenaires etrangers plus particulierement. Jean dAntioche souligne apres
1092-1093 que larmee dAlexis Ier comprend tant des etrangers que ses propres sujets .Et lorsque
Zonaras decrit lentree violente dIsaac et Alexis Comnene a Constantinople en 1081, il montre leur
armee compose de Thraces, de Macedoniens, dautres Romains et de barbares (Zonar., XVIII, 20,
14s.). Les listes dimmunites attestent la persistance dun recrutement interieur a lEmpire. Les
officiers des forces centrales (tagmata) et territoriales (themata) continuent leurs fonctions. Des
dispenses du droit de gite qui enumerent des contingents nationaux, Varegues Anglais , Allemands
designes par leur nom slave ( Nemtzoi ), terminent leur liste par les autres etrangers (ethnikoi) et les
Romains . Tel est le cas en 1060 (Lavra, 33), 1073 (Patm., 1), 1080 (Vatop., 10), 1082 (Lavra, 44),
et plus nettement encore en 1086 (Lavra, 48), 1088 (Patm., I, 6). Comme dans la fiscalite romaine
tardive, lexigence militaire, confiee a un fonctionnaire particulier, le strateutes, comporte deux
volets, la levee des hommes (ekbole) et la fourniture des armes et des equipements (exoplisis). Les
immunites portent a la verite plus frequemment sur larmement. La variete de la panoplie apparait
dans une serie de documents dimmunite delivres entre 1077 (Gautier, 1981 / 1443s.) et 1088 (Patm., 6
/ 54) : piquiers, porteurs de massue, archers a pied et a cheval. Limmunite accordee a Saint-Jean-dePatmos en 1088 inclut logiquement des combatants sur mer (ploimoi) et des embarcations (Patm., 6
/57). Il nest pas fait mention en revanche des cavaliers et fantassins cuirasses, mais de leurs officiers
seulement, dans le privilege pour Attaleiates (Gautier, 1981 / 1448, 1673). Limportance de

21

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47

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Andronic (III) recoit demblee le soutien de trois aristocrates apparentes
aux Paleologue (Cantac., I, 2). Syrgiannis Paleologue, en partance pour la
Thrace dont il vient detre nomme gouverneur, est un petit-fils dIrene,
soeur de Michel VIII. Le grand domestikos Jean Cantacuzene est le fils
de Michel Cantacuzene, gouverneur du Peloponnese, et de Theodora
Palaiologina, et lepoux dIrene Asenina, petite-fille du tsar bulgare
detrone Ivan III Asen et dIrene fille de Michel VIII ; mais les
Cantacuzene sont entres dans la parentele imperiale des Jean II
Comnene36
massacre of Greeks, Bulgars, Serbs, and Albanians since about 1899 ;
and after the Balkan Wars the plague of racial warfare spread with the
streams of Moslem refugees from Macedonia to Thrace and Western
Anatolia. In the latter country, a Greek and a Turkish population which
had lived there side by side, on the whole peaceably, for at least five
centuries even during the wars between Greece and Turkey in 1821-9
35

. () *+ ,
. . .
36
Evelyne Patlagean. Albin Michel. UN MOYEN AGE GREC. Byzance, IXe-XVe sicle. Editions
Albin Michel, 2007.

130

2 and in 1897 have both been seized by fits of homicidal national

hatred. It broke out among the local Turks in 1914 and 1916 ; among the
local Greeks at the landing of the Greek Army in May 1919 and, since
April 1921 , all over the interior of the occupied territory, in parts of
which my wife and I had personal experience of it during the May and
June of that year. 3 Such massacres are only the extreme form of a
national struggle between mutually indispensable neighbours, instigated
by this fatal37

37

Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 1889-1975. Subject: Eastern question (Balkan); World War, 1914-1918
Territorial questions Turkey; Greeks -- Turkey; World War, 1914-1918 Atrocities; Turkey History
20th century. THE WESTERN QUESTION. Publisher: London, Constable and company, ltd. 1922

131

Andronic, 129
Cantacuzene, 129
Thrace, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 129
Thracian, 9, 11
Toynbee, 130
, 106
, 65, 106
, 40, 83, 113, 121, 125, 127, 129
, 107
, 123
, 105
, 123
, 117
, 102, 104
, 46, 48, 77, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 107, 108, 110,
113
, 11
, 86, 118
, 122, 123
, 106
, 29, 88, 94, 111
, 40, 83, 113, 121, 127, 129
, 29, 47, 48, 55, 69, 74, 119
, 29, 47, 53, 55, 69, 74, 111
, 23
, 13
, 44, 91, 100, 113
, 97
, 53
, 46, 70, 86
, 9, 10, 13, 14, 66, 106, 129
, 67, 69, 70, 86, 87, 88, 105,
107, 109, 110, 116, 123, 128
, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 30, 53, 66, 71,
84
, 29, 40, 47, 55, 69, 74, 83, 112,
121
, 8
, 8, 42, 43, 72, 73, 81, 105,
106, 109
, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 29, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 66, 73, 79, 80, 81,
83, 84, 90, 102, 103, 108, 109, 111,
113, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129
, 40, 42, 72, 83, 113, 121, 125,
127, 129

, 53
, 29, 47, 55, 69, 71, 72, 73,
74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
, 40, 113, 121, 125, 127, 129
, 9
, 114
, 53
, 40, 83, 113, 121, 125, 127,
129
, 40, 60, 83, 100, 113, 121,
125, 127, 129
, 126, 127, 128
, 40, 113, 121, 125, 126, 127,
129
, 53
, 53
, 53
, 121, 125, 127, 129
, 9, 10, 106
, 31, 38, 46, 87, 88, 89, 93,
94, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 121,
125, 127, 129
, 53
, 15, 29, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47,
48, 50, 55, 69, 74, 79, 83, 84, 86, 87,
88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107,
108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
119, 121, 125, 127, 129
, 84
, 81, 85, 86, 88, 90, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
110
, 127
., 102, 106
, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 104, 105,
107, 109
, 87, 108
, 53
, 53
, 29, 40, 83, 84, 111, 112, 113,
114, 115, 121, 125, 127, 129
, 115, 116
, 116
, 115, 116
, 113
, 53

132
, 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27,
29, 31, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 55, 69,
74, 82, 83, 111, 113, 121, 125, 127,
129
, 23
, 18, 28, 31, 37
, 16, 20, 22, 32, 33, 35, 36,
39, 41, 45
, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24,
26, 27, 30, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 54
, 23, 26, 37, 46
, 16
, 17, 19, 22, 25, 29, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 46
, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30,
31, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45
, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27
, 53
, 40, 83, 113, 121, 125, 127,
129
, 124, 125
, 40, 113, 121, 125, 127, 129
, 47, 50, 60, 61, 69, 119
, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
, 29, 47, 55, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69,
70, 71, 74
, 62, 63
, 117, 123
, 40, 83, 113, 117, 118, 120,
121, 123, 125, 127, 129
, 47, 62, 69, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124
, 59
, 53
, 20, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57
, 58, 59

, 55, 56, 59, 67

, 57, 59
, 60
, 122, 123
, 113
, 57
, 53
, 13, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 60,
61, 62, 70, 77, 83, 117, 121, 122,
123, 124, 127
, 31, 64, 104, 106, 109, 118
, 90, 93, 104
, 114
, 65, 66, 106
, 97, 122, 123
, 12, 46, 48, 60, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99, 100, 101, 117
, 106
, 79, 100, 115
, 31, 37, 46, 102, 115
, 90
, 90
, 87
, 19, 23, 24, 29, 40, 80, 81, 82,
83
, 61, 71, 107
, 103
, 87, 88, 90
, 109
, 107
, 44, 112
, 70, 107
, 44, 50, 73, 123
, 109
, 51, 77, 86, 87, 108