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Mecanic A 2001
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Mecanic A 2001
Mecanic A 2001
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Ricardo Rigo MacedoCopyright:
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0P1>0
~v = x~i + y~j + z~k
`bZ ; 6 x~i y~j 6 z~k VKWP=EUP6O7= 476Vn 6f4m6Ha 4m6HVm6HZ~OJPj JPVta 4m= m6Hcde6V5; =EU 6OK= 4 ~v Vm= G 476= Vt6H< se= V
6 476a6YO7<>U]JPj+6HZ~OK6]1kLJPj+= VA6HZ~OK6Z ; 64-jk68 =P4YH= j+= <>V7Vm=n ZIYH<:=PZ\JneOK<:8><L!HJPZ ; =
x y z
n j6sI6jkaI8:=+G <:; <>jk6Z V7<>= Z\JP8 K= Z Vm<:; 6476Hj+= Vv=kUP6OK=P4bJPa 4m6HVm6HZ~OJP;I= Z =+6se6Hj+a 8:= 0 }n j
UP6OK=P4Sn 6TOK6j = 47<>F 6Hj 6j (0, 0) 6v6s'OK4mjk<>;\JP; 6f6j (3, 4) Y= ZI= 4mjk6f6VmO[@jk=PVmOK47JP; =@Z\J
{<>F n 47J 0 1 B'1
J#4m6.JP8><:;\J]; 6T=#n 6 !H6jk= V= <\V7nIG VmO7<:47nI<:4SJ#476a 476V76ZOKJPc.W]=-; =#UP6O7= 4 ~v a$= 4Nn jkJ@Vm= jkJ
UP6OK=P47<gJ]8 YHn m=@476V7n 82OJP;I= T<>F n\JP8\J ~v 15r5Z~OK6Z ; 6476Hj+= Vjk68 =P4t<:VmV7=@jJP<>V5JP; <:JPZ~OK6fn\JPZI; =
6VmOK<2U 64Qj+= Vf6VmOKnI;\JPZ ; =JV7= jkJ; 6U 6O7= 476VH1
'
#
'
y
4
3
v
2 4j
1
3i
0
{<:F nI4KJ 0 1_^ KN3547= m6cHd'6HVTU 6OK= 4m<gJP<>V6Hj; n JPVT; <:j+6HZ Vmde6V
'
= j+= 7[EYHJP8:Yn 8gJPj+= VJPZ~OK647<:=P47j+6HZ~OK6]~6HV7Vm6U 6OK= 4tO76Hj j '; n 8:=<:F n JP8IJAhv6= 47jkJ 53, 13
Y= j=6H< se= x 1bJ]8:YHnI8gJPZ ;I=k= j '; n 8:=X;\Jka 47= m6c.WP=; 6HVmV76MUP6OK=P4bV7= GI476M=k6H< sI= x JPY \JQ
4m6Hj+= V=-Z9 j+6H4m=X^II6a 47='; 6YH6HZI; =X;\JMj+6HV7jkJ@=P47jkJ#6Hj 4768gJPcHWP=JP=M6H<2se= y J]Y \JP476jk=PV
=Z9 j+6H47=y 1V7Vm<:ja='; 6Hj+= VbY= j+a 8:6OJPj+6HZ~OK6;I6HV7Y476U 6H4#= U 6O7= 4A; =6se6Hj+a 8>="0X; =
Vm6HF n <>Z~OK6Ajk='; = K
'
'
0 1CB
~v = 3~i + 4~j
` Y.JPj+<:Z I=+<>Z~U 6H4mV7=OKJPj-G Hj #a64m6<>OJ]jk6ZO76Aa= VmV7u2U 6H8/}= nVm6 7JI};\JP;I=n joUP6OK=P4 ~v =
a='; 6QV76TYHJP8:Yn 8gJP45=@j e; nI:8 =6vJ@;I<:476c.WP=@; 6V7V76vU 6OK= 41 6V7V76Y.JPVm= '=#j e;In 8:=; =
3~i + 4~j
y
'
UP6OK=P4 TYHJP8:Yn 8gJP;I=YH= j+=AV76HZI; =MJ47JP<L!fn\JP;I4KJP;\J;\JAV7=PjJb; =PVn\J]; 4KJP;I= VN; = VNj '; n 8>= V
;\J]VvaI47= m6cHd'6HVH}= nVm6 7J K
'
'
|v| =
32 + 4 2
`bVvY= V7Vm6HZ =PV; <>476OK= 4m6HVfVKW]=kYHJP8:Yn 8gJP;I= V;\JXV76F n <:Z~O76A=P47jkJ K
J = =
G = =
x
projx
|v|
3
5
projy
|v|
4
5
`bZ ; 6 proj 6 proj VKWP=476V7a$6HYOK<>U]JPj+6HZ~O76 J]Va 47= m6cHd'6HV+; =U 6OK= 4 ~v V7= G 4m6= V6H< sI=PV
6 1 =]OK6Xn 6JV7=PjJ ; = VAn\JP;I4KJP; =PV#; =PV@Y= V7Vm6HZ =PVM; <>476O7= 476VAV76Hj+a 4m6 X<:JPF n\JP8tJ
x y
n ZI<:;\JP;I6P1
x
'
2-, ; .213 4-,;
Vk= a$6H47JPcHd'6HV+YH=Pj U 6O7= 476VV7WP= 6V7V76Z YH<:JP<:V+Z\J"476HVm= 8:nIc.WP="; 6n j<:Z Z <:;\J]; 6; 6 aI47=]Q
G 8>6HjkJPVH56 6j a\J]4mOK<>YHn 8:JP4-J]'nI6H8:6V; 6 <:Z~O76H476V7Vm6; J 6HY PZ <:YHJI1 LN6476jk= VXJ Vm6HF nI<:4JPV
= a$6H47JPcHd'6HV#JP8>F HG 4m<:YHJPVba$= V7Vmu>U 6<:V@; 6+V76H4m6Hj4m6.JP8><L!.J];\JPVYH=PjwU 6OK= 4m6HVM6+V7n JPV#aI47= a 4m<:6;\JQ
; 6VH1
#
! #
4KJ Y.JPj+6HZ~OK6]}V7= jkJP4fU 6OK= 4m6HVbY= Z V7<>VmO76#6jY= 8:='Y.J]4TJk= 4m<:F 6jo; 6MnIjZ\Jk6seO7476jk<>;\JP; 6
; 6= nIOK4m= 6 JPVmV7<>jY= Z V76YHnIO7<>U]JPj+6HZ~OK6]J]O ka= Vm<:Y<:= Z\J]4Qj+= VA= 9 82OK<>jk=U 6OK= 4;\J V7= jkJI1
3= 4mOKJPZ~OK= Vm66HVOJPj+= VVm= jJ]Z ; = A~ + B~ G\JPVOJ-OK47JPZ V7a$= 4OJP4J-= 47<>F 6Hj ; =-UP6OK=P4 B~ a\JP4KJ
J 6s'O7476Hj+<:; JP; 6; = U 6OK= 4 A~ Y= ZI= 4mjk6=<:8>n VmO74KJP;I= Z\J{<:F nI4KJ0 1zy 1 J jk6V7jkJ F n 4KJ
a$=e;I6Hj+= Va$6H4mYH6HG$6H4'nI6AJMV7= jkJ#UP6OK=P47<gJ]8F = !.JM;\J#a 47= aI47<:6;\JP; 6EYH= j-neOJ]O7<>U]JI= n Vm6 7JI =
4m6HV7nI8>OJ]; =X; 6 A~ + B~ @=Xj+6HVmjk=Xn 6A=k;I6 B~ + A~
#
'
y
A
R
B
B
A
x
{<>F n 47J 0 1_y Kie= jkJMU 6O7= 47<:JP8
h
E = a$= Z~OK= ; 6Ue<>VmOKJ JPZ JP8:u2OK<:Y= TV7= jkJP4; = <>V U 6O7= 476VY= Z V7<>VmO76 JPa$6HZ JPV 6j V7= jkJP4JPV
a 4m= m6Hcde6VEYHJP4mO76HV7<:JPZ\JPVTY= 474m6HZ Vma= ZI; 6HZ~OK6VHJPV7Vm<:j}JP=kVm= jkJP4T= VfU 6O7= 476V A~ = 3~i + 2~j 6
~ = 1~i + 4~j = GIO76H476jk=PVf=-U 6O7= 4 R
~ = (3 + 1)~i + (2 + 4)~j \a=P4mOJ]ZO7= A
~+B
~ = 4~i + 5~j
B
`?n 6=P<Ue<>VmO7= a\J]4KJ; n\JPVX; <>jk6Z V7d'6HVkJPa 8><:Y.JQV76<:F n\J]8:j+6HZ~OK6 a\J]4KJOK4 Vk;I<:j+6HZ Vmde6VH
= ZI; 6 7[ #a= VmV7<2U 6H8a647Y6HG$6H4AJF 47JPZ ; 6@U]JPZ~OJPF 6j?;I6MOK47JPG\JP8 \JP4TYH= j?J4m6Ha 4m6HV76Z~OJPcHWP=
JPZ JP8:u2OK<:YHJ+;I= VmUP6OK=P476HV1-3= 4 j V76jkaI476-G$= ja\JP4KJ = 6VmO7n ;\JPZ~OK6X; 6Mjk6Y PZ <>Y.JkJ !H6H4=
6sI647Yu:<:=X; 6 Ue<>V7n\J]8:L< !HJP4 =Xa 4m= G 8:6jJe1
JVm= jJ U 6OK= 4m<gJP8/= V7<>Z\JP8NZ 6HF J]OK<2U = JPa6Z\JPV#'nI6H4M;IL< !H64#n 6= U 6OK= 4#6HVO[ =P47<:6Z~OJP; =
Z =Vm6HZ~OK<>; =YH=PZO74K[P4m<:=J]= YH= Z~UP6HZ Y<:= Z\J]; =YH= j+= a$= V7<2OK<>UP= a\JP47J= V-6<2se= V-Y=e=P47; 6Z\JP; = V
{<:F nI4KJ 0 1CB 1
'
'
# #
! #
ZO76HVT; 6; <>V7YnIOK<>47j+= Va 4m= a 47<:JPj+6HZ~OK6b=aI47='; nIOK=X; 6nIj6HVmY.JP8:JP4fa$= 4n j U 6O7= 4H U]JPj+= V
<>ZO747='; n !<:4A= Y= Z Y6H<>O7=; 6+U 6OK= 4@n Z <2O[P4m<:= K @ .$ &., &\ \&)
J ~} " &$\f 1ie6M6V7V76#U 6O7= 4EnIZ <>OK[P47<>=+6VmOK[V7= GI476M=k6H< sI= x 68:6
Vm6H4K[G\JOKL< !HJP; = ;I6 ~i 5;\J j+6HVmjJ= 4mjJOK6476Hj+= V-=PV-U 6O7= 476V ~j 6 ~k tU 6OK= 4m6HVXn Z <2O[P4m<:= V
Vm= G 476A= VT6<2se= V y 6 z }4m6HV7a$6HYOK<2UPJ]jk6ZO76P1
6Hj-GI4KJ;\J476a 476V76HZ~OKJPc.WP=+Y.J]4mOK6V7<:JPZ\J; 6n jUP6O7= 4 3= <>VfG6j e8g[ 7[XJPa\J]476HY6H47JPj= V
UP6OK=P476HVn Z <2O[P4m<:= V 6OJPj-G Hj=ka 4m=e;InIOK=+; 6@n joU 6OK= 4va=P4vnIjo6HVmY.JP8:JP4H1 JX476.J]8:<:; JP; 6
=Xa 4m=e; neOK=X; 6An jUP6OK=P4va$= 4fn j6HV7YHJP8gJ]4fZ\JP;\JjkJP<:V ;I=kn 6An jkJ-V7= jkJYH= ZIV76HYnIOK<2U]J
; 6En jpj+6HVmjk=@U 6OK= 41`bn Vm6 7JI JP=-<:Z~U HV; 6EV76b6V7YH4m6UP6H4 B~ = A~ + A~ + A~ + A~ + ... + A~
UP6 !H6VH$= aIOKJQVm6a= 4T6V7YH4m6UP6H4 B~ = N A~ 1
N
= j+=TJPVa 4m= m6Hcde6V;I= V U 6OK= 4m6HVV7= GI4765= V6<2se= VYH='= 4m; 6HZ\J]; = VV764KWP=TVm6Hj+a 4765n jj-9 8>O7<:a 8>=
;\JXn Z <>;\JP; 6]\nIOK<>8:"< !.JPj+= V=PVTUP6O7= 476VEn Z <2O[P4m<:= Va\JP4KJX; 6YH= j+a=P4fn joU 6OK= 4Tn\JP8>'nI6H4v6Hj
n jkJV7= jkJ; 6U 6OK= 4m6HVvj-9 8>O7<:a 8>= V;I= VU 6OK= 4m6HVEnIZ <>OK[P47<>= VH1
'
'
'
j
i
{<:FPn 4KJ0P1 h KtLN6OK= 4m6HVvn Z <2O[P4m<:= V
z
L JPj+= VjJP<>VEn jkJkUP6!476YH= 4m4764AJP=U 6OK= 4AJ]a 476V76HZ~OKJP; =Z = 6se6jka 8>= n j?a\JP4KJk<:8:nIVmOK47JP4
JPV+<:; H<gJ]V+;I6UP6OK=P4kn ZI<>O[]47<:=IS; 6a 4m=e; neOK="; 6n j6V7YHJP8gJP4Xa$= 4Xn jU 6OK= 4+6 ;I6 Vm= jJ
UP6OK=P47<gJ]8 1 = 6se6Hj+a 8>= n jO7u:Z \J]jk= VAn jUP6OK=P4 ~v = 3~i + 4~j 1`bnV76 7JI=U 6O7= 4 ~v
<>F n\JP8J+V7= jkJk; =PVvUP6OK=P476HV 3~i 6 4~j 1v3= 4v= nIO747=k8gJP; =+=kUP6O7= 4 3~i Z\JP; JkjkJP<:V @; = n 6-J
Vm= jJk; = VbU 6OK= 4m6HV ~i + ~i + ~i 6-;I= jk6V7j+= jk='; = =kU 6O7= 4 4~j J V7=PjJY= Z Vm6HYHneOK<>U]J ; 6
n\J]O747=XU 6OK= 4m6HV ~j 1
'
somando o vetor j quatro
vezes consecutivas, temos
o vetor 4 j
Somando os vetores
3 i + 4 j obtemos
o vetor v
4j
3i
0
somando o vetor i trs
vezes consecutivas, temos
o vetor 3 i
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n 6 = 4mc.J n jJ F 4KJPZI; 6!HJU 6O7= 47<:JP8 1 JPV-Z WP=U]JPj+= VM6V7n 6HY6H4Xn 6 OJ]8JPVmV7='YH<:JPc.WP=
XJPa$6HZ JPVn jj+=e;I6H8:=kn 6XZ = VnIO7<:8:<"!.JPj+= Vva\JP47Jj+6H8 = 46HZ~OK6Z ; 6H4@J 476HJP8:<>;\JP; 6]1- JP<:V
JP;I<gJPZ~OK66joZ = VmV7=+YHn 4mV7=+U = 82OJP4m6Hj+= VfJJP8gJP4S; 6HVmV76MJPV7Vmn Z~OK= 1
` n 6;I6U 6jk=PV6HZ~O76HZ ; 64a$= 4JPF = 47J n 6vZ = VnIOK<>8:"< !.JPj+= Vt; 6Tn j j+='; 6H8>=@n 6JPVmV7='YH<gJ
=Y= Z Y6H<>O7= u:Vm<:Y= ; 6=P47c.J JP=YH=PZ YH6<>OK= jkJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH=; 6 n j U 6OK= 4a$= 4OJPZ~OK=Ifa\JP4KJ
n 6+n jkJ= 47cHJVm6 7Ja 8:6Z\JPj+6HZ~OK6YHJP4KJPYOK647L< !HJP;\JIaI476HY<:V7JO76H4 K@J b3= Z~OK=; 6+JPa 8><:Y.J]c.WP=
'nI6 XJ = 47<>F 6Hj; = U 6OK= 4 G ZO76HZ Vm<:;\J]; 6 n 6 = j e; nI8:=;I=UP6O7= 4 Y m<:476c.WP= 6
; mie6HZ~O7<:; = 1
'
!
#
v jJ-<>Z \Z <>;\JP; 6b;I6@aI47= G 8>6HjkJPV4m6.JP<>Vfa='; 6jV764T476HVm= 8>U'<>; = VY= jn jV7<:j+a 8>6HVj+='; 6H8>=
n 6k8gJPZ cHJ jWP=; 6kJPa$6HZ\J]V#; =P<:VAYH= ZIYH6H<2OK= VK-Jb=YH= ZIYH6H<2OK=; 6+a= Z~O7=jkJ]OK647<gJ]86+G A=
Y= Z YH6<>O7=+;I6A=P47c.Je1
3JP4KJ-J]VZ = VmVKJPVTJPaI8:<:YHJPcHd'6HV 7[MV7JPG6jk=PV=-n 6 =P47c.JeI6bY= jk=Ma='; 6Hj+= V476a 476V76HZ~OKJQ8:J
jkJ]OK6jJOK<:YHJPj+6HZ~OK6]1tLJPjk=PVf6HZ~OWP=k4768:6HjMG 4KJP4f=XY= Z YH6<>O7=k; 6@a\JP4OKu>YHn 8:JII= n=+; 6#a$= Z~OK=
jkJ]OK647<:JP8 1 bI/%~M 5$. I. '&\ NOJPjMG jn jYH= ZIYH6H<2OK=JPG VOK4KJOK= = 47<>n Z ; =
; =#YH= ZIYH6H<2OK=#jJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH=; 6a=PZO7= 15E6V7Vm6bjk='; = Y= Z V7<>; 6H47JP476jk=PVSa$= Z~OK=@YH= j+=MVm6HZ ;I=
n j 8:nIF~JP4ZI=6HV7a JPcH= I; 6 \ZI<:; =a$= 4nIjYH=PZ mn Z~OK=; 6Y=e=P47; 6Z\JP;\JPV1 n <2OK= VaI47= G 8>6HjkJPV
a$=e;I6HjV7644m6H; n !H<:;I= VEJX6HVmV76#V7<:j+a 8>6HVTjk='; 68:== Z ;I6#Vm= jk6Z~OK6@6se<:VOJPjo= 4mc.JPVJ]O7n\JPZ ; =
6jn ja=PZO7= jkJ]OK647<:JP8 1 LJPj+= VXJPF =P4KJ"JPZ\JP8><:VKJ]4XJP8:F nIZ VX; 6HVmV76HVa 47= GI8:6HjkJPV4m6.JP<>VH6
Y= Z VmO747n <>4EVmn\J476a 476V76ZOKJPc.W]=O76 4m<:YHJJPVmV7='YH<gJ];\Jkn V7JPZ ; =6seYH8>n V7<2UPJ]jk6ZO76M= VYH= ZIYH6H<2OK= V
; 6Aa$= Z~OK=X6= 47cHJI1
% 5 $ '
#
'
'
{<:F n 47J 0 1_| KJPG$=k; 6 n 6H4m4KJ
L JPj+= VJPZ JP8:<>VKJP4#6HV7V7J"Vm<:j+a 8:6V-G 4m<:Z YHJP; 6H<>4KJ ; 6 Y47<:JPZ c.J jJPVM'nI6 7[ = <Sjk=';\JP8><:;\J]; 6
= 8>u:j+a <:YHJv6XOK6Z~OJP4@<:; 6Z~OK< Y.JP4@JPVAU]JP47<:[UP6H<>V@6j m= F = 6+6HZ~OK6Z ; 6H4#=a 4m=eY6HVmV7=;I6+O74KJQ
; nIc.WP= ; 6 nIj aI47= G 8>6HjkJ476.J]8va JP4KJn jj+=e; 68:=u:Vm<:Y=]QjkJ]OK6j[OK<:Y= YH=P47476V7a$= Z ; 6Z~OK6P1
3547<>jk6<:47JPjk6Z~OK6f=Mn 6vOK6jk= VVKW]=M; = <>VO7<:j+6HVN; 6YH47<:JPZ cHJPVSaInesIJPZ ; =-nIjJAjk6V7jkJ#Y= 47;\J
6joV76ZO7<:; =PVv=Pa= VOK= V15LJPjk=PVfYH= Z VOK4mn <:4fn jjk='; 6H8>=; =XV76F n <:Z~O76@j+='; = K
0P1EJ];\JMOK<>jk6 )H$ Vmn\JPV } \) ; 6bj+='; =Mn 6a$=e;I6Hj+= VSVmn a$= 4n 66se<>VmOK<>4K[@n jJ
=P47c.J4m6HV7nI8>OJ]ZO76A; 6AY.JP;\JOK<>jk6]1
B'1vjOK<>jk6Ea nesIJ+a JP4KJXJX6HV7n 647;\J+6A=+=PnIOK4m=+a JP4KJXJ; <:4m6H<2OJI1
^e1E`Z +YH6HZ~O74KJP8;\JXYH=P47;\J An joa$= Z~OK=XjkJ]OK647<gJ]8
yI1vVf= 47cHJPVT476HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6Vv;I6@YHJP;\JOK<>jk6b6VmOKWP=J]a 8:<>Y.JP;\J]VV7= GI476A=XZ kY6HZ~OK47JP8
= j6V7VKJ]V#Vm<:j+a 8:6VbYH= ZIV7<:;I6H4KJ]de6V@a$='; 6Hj+= VbOK47JPZI= 4mjJ]4J 476.J]8:<:; JP; 6JPaI476HVm6HZ~OJ];\J Z\J
{<>F n 47J 0 1C|Z =+j+=e; 68:=MUP6O7= 47<:JP8JPa 4m6HVm6HZ~OJP;I=Z\JX{<>F n 4KJ 0P1C
'
#
'
Ft1
Ft2
{<>F n 4KJ 0P1C KJ]G=+; 6 AnI6H4747JMQjk='; 6H8>=-U 6OK= 4m<gJP8
r se<:VmO76HjpV7<:j+a 8>< \YHJPcHd'6HV6V7<>jka 8>< \YHJPcHd'6HVej+='; 6H8:JPF 6HZIV6bj+=e;I6H8gJ]F 6HZ V1tV7Vm=X'nI6H4T; <L!6H4
n 6+a\JP47Jj+='; 6H8:JP4b6HVmVKJV7<>jka 8>6HVG 4m<:Z YHJP; 6<:4KJ ;I6+Y47<:JPZ c.J a$=e;I6H47u:JPj+= VbZ = VA;\J]4#J]=4m6Q
n <>ZO76b; 6b8>6U]JP46Hj YH= Z~OKJM=J]O747<>O7=M; =MV7= 8>=MYH=Pjp= VSVKJPa J]OK= V;\JPVY47<:JPZ c.J]VHI= PZ F n 8>=M; 6
<>Z YH8><:Z\JPcHWP=;\JXOK6H4m4KJX6MJ]V7V7<>joa$= 4T; <gJPZ~O76P1f3= 4 jZ = VvYH= Z~OK6Z~OJPj+= VvYH= jn jkJXV7<:j+a 8>6HV
Vm= jJ#; 6b= 47cHJPV4m6HV7nI8>OJ]Z ; =-6jn j jk='; 68:= Z\JP8 '= Z ;I6=-n 66se<:VOK6 bnIjpa$= Z~OK=jkJQ
O76H47<:JP8= Z ;I6MVKW]= JPa 8><:YHJP;\JPVT; n\J]V= 4mc.JPV UP6OK=P476HV F~t1 6 F~t2TYH= jJ+jk6V7jkJk; <>476HcHWP=+6
Vm6HZ~OK<>; = V5= a$= VmO7= VH1t3JP47JAV7JPG$6H4tn 6j F~JPZ I= nXG\JPVmOKJbV7= jkJP4t=PVtU 6O7= 476V5= 47cHJb6HZ~U = 82U'<:; = V
Z =+a 4m= G 8:6jJe1
3='; 6#Vm6H4vn 6#a JP4KJXn jkJ+= neOK4KJ \Z\J]8:<:; JP; 6V76 7Jk<>ZO76H4m6HV7V7JPZ~OK6#6@U'<g[.UP6H8<:Z Y8:n <>4jkJP<:VU]JQ
4m<g[.U 6<:VZ JJPZ\[P8><:V76]]<>V7Vm=bUPJ]<e; 6a6Z ; 645; =bY.J]V7=AJEVm6H456HVOKn ; JP; = 13JP47Jbj-n <>O7= VaI47= G 8>6HjkJPV
6j6HZ FP6HZ \J]47<gJe +a$= VmV7u>UP6H85nIO7<:8>L< !.J]4EVKJOK<:VJ]OK=P47<gJ]jk6ZO76M=j+=e; 68:= ;I6+4m6H; n !H<:4b=P47c.J]V#J
n j9 Z <:Y=Xa= Z~O7=+jkJ]O76H47<:JP8 1LJPj+= VU 64J]8:F n ZIV
\ e&\%~&/
LJPj+= VV7n a$= 4n 6-U ='Y 6VmOK[ 6HjwnIjwJP4mjJ ! Hj= Z ;I6-= V= a$6H47[P47<>= VE6jka nI474KJ]j?YHJP<2sIJPV
a 4m<:Vmj[]O7<:YHJPVH1ELN='Y Ma6V7= n O7=e;\J]VJPVbYHJP<2sIJPVb6#U 6H4m< \Y= nn 6a$=e; 6MYH= Z Vm<:; 64K[Q8gJPVvOK=';\JPV
0
#
#
%
#
'
#
a$6HV7JPZ ; =Mq~hP 6 fO7= Z V1JP47Y= nnIj a 8gJPZI=@;I64m66H4 HZ Y<gJ@Z =#<>Z u:Y<:=;\JA4KJ]jka\JA6Tjk6; <:n
JMY=POJJ]= \Z\JP8;\JM47JPjka JM<:F n JP8$J-y~MYH6Z~OKu:j+6O747= V1N 6; <:n =Y= jkaI47<:j+6HZ~O7=M8:<>Z 6.J]4S4m6OK=
;\JX4KJ]jka\J-<>F n\JP8J0P>0j+6O747= V 6A6HV7G$='cH= n=X; 6HVm6HZ =JPa 4m6HV76Z~OJP; =kZ\JX{<:FPn 4KJ 0 120
*#
0m
1,1
0,40 m
{<:F nI4KJ 0 120 K5358:JPZ =XZ YH8><:Z\J]; =
3JP47JEV7<>jka 8>< \YHJP4 Vmn\JU'<:;\JeUP=eY V7nIad'6n 6SZ\WP= [EJ]O747<>O7=6Z~OK476JPVY.JP< s J]V6SJV7nIa64mu:Y<:6
;\J 47JPjka JIT8:6HjMG 476QV76]E=lj+=e; 68:= Vm6Hn 1 6a= VmV76; 6OK=';\JPV6HV7V7JPV<:ZI= 4mjJ]cHd'6HV6
Vmn a=PV7<:cde6V 4m6HVma= ZI;\J K'n JP8 "Jl= 4mc.JlZ 6HY6HVmVK[P4m<gJla\JP4KJl6Hj+a 4mn 4747JP4JYHJP<2sIJl4KJPj+a\J
JPY<:jkJ
#
; 13 IC?F -
TR 6HVma= ZI;\JlJPV a647F nIZOKJPV n 6V76Vm6HF n 6j v6U'<2OJPZ ;I=J !H64 Y a <:JPVHv<:VOK= ]4m6HV7a$= Z ; J
Y= j?Vmn\JPVa 4 a 4m<gJPVa\JP8gJ.U'4KJ]VE6-Y= jkaI476H6Z ; 6Z ; == n 66HVO[ 6V7YH4m6UP6HZ ; =I1ie6 7J= jJ]<:V
= G m6OK<2U =+a=PV7V7u2U 68 = nV76 7JI\6U'<2OK6 \YHJP4 6HZIY 6HZ ;I=8:<>Z F n <>c.J K1
0P1Ebn\J]<:VfVKW]=+=PVv=PG m6O7<>U =PVv; J 6Y PZI<:Y.J a\J]4KJn 6AV76H4U 6 a=P4f'n #6sI<>VmO76
B'13= 4n 6= Vjk='; 6H8>= VSu>V7<>YH=]QjJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH= V 7J]jJP<>VSY= 474m6HVma= ZI; 6H47WP=X<:Z~OK6F 4KJP8>jk6Z~OK6
J4m6.JP8><:;\JP;I6Eu:Vm<:Y.J
^e1E`n 6J !n jj+='; 6H8>=-u:V7<>YH=]QjJOK6Hjk[]O7<:YH=AVm6#J]a 47=.se<:jkJP4=PnVm6@J]JPVmOKJP4f;\J476HJP8:< Q
; JP; 6An 6OK6HZ~OKJ+4m6Ha 4m6HV76Z~OJP4
yI13= 4'nI6a 4m6HYH<>VKJPj+= V; = Vj+=e; 68:= Vu>V7<:Y=]QjkJ]O76Hjk[]OK<>YH= V$a\J JP47JVm<:j-n 8:JP4Jv476.J]8:<:; JP; 6
'
'
'
('
'
'h 1=ka$= Z~OK=X; 6U'<:VOJjk6Y PZI<:YH=I =X'nI6 = 4mc.J
qe1=ka$= Z~OK=X; 6U'<:VOJjJOK6Hjk[]O7<:YH=Ie=+n 6 AUP6O7= 4
x'13= 4Tn 6= 47cHJ An jkJF 4KJ]Z ; 6 !HJXUP6O7= 47<:JP8
|e1Ebn\J]8JlU]JPZ~OKJPF 6Hj ; 6476HaI476HVm6HZ~OJ]4 n jkJ= 47cHJlJ]OK47JU HV; 6V7n\J]V Y= jka$= Z 6Z~OK6HV
YHJP4mO76HVm<gJPZ\J]V
%
!
0 0
e 1Ebn\J]8J+4m6H8:JPc.WP=6Z~OK476@j e; nI8:=-; 6An jpU 6O7= 4T6A<:Z~OK6Z V7<>;\JP; 6A; 6An jkJ-= 47cHJ
0I1fa 476V76ZO76kO74 HV@V7<2OKn\J]cHd'6HV@476.J]<:Vn 6a$='; 6HjVm6H4@476; n !H<>;\JPV#JnIjjk='; 6H8>= = Z ; 6
Vm= j+6HZ~OK6A6se<>VmOJ]j= 47cHJPVvJPa 8><:Y.J];\JPV6jon jo9 ZI<:YH=Xa$= Z~OK=XjkJ]OK647<gJ]8 1
0B
%
2 , ; ?
1=,C 13
5r j n jpVm<:VOK6HjkJM; 6= 47cHJPVn\JP8>n 6H4\J } ').(\$ b= GIO7<:;\J#J-a\JP4mO7<:4;\JMVm= jJ
UP6OK=P47<gJ]8; 6-O7=e;\J]VbJPVb= 4mc.JPVE'nI6<:Z~OK6F 4KJPj= V7<>VmO76HjkJI1@= j+= a$= 4E6'n JPZ~OK= 6HVOJPj+= V
O74KJ]OKJPZ ; = ;I6V7<:VOK6jJPV= Z ; 6-O7=e; JPVbJPV= 47cHJPVbVKW]=JPa 8:<>Y.JP; JPV6jwn j9 Z <>YH= a$= Z~OK= = GeQ
U'<gJ]jk6ZO76#=ka=PZO7=; 6MJPa 8><:Y.J]c.WP=X;\JX= 47cHJk476V7n 82OJPZ~O76Ma\JP47Jk6V7V76VbV7<>VmO76HjkJPV @=j+6HVmjk=
= ZI; 6A6HVmOKWP=kJPa 8:<>Y.JP; JPVfJPVT; 6jJP<>V= 4mc.JPV1
`?n 6 <:j+a=P4mOJ]ZO76JPa 4m6H6HZI; 6H4k; = Y= Z YH6<>O7= ; 6= 4mc.J 4m6HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6 ="V76F n <:Z~O76 K
= 4mc.J 476V7n 82OJPZ~O76"Z Jl4m6.JP8><:;\J]; 6Z\WP=l6HVO[JPa 8><:Y.J];\J 6Hj n j a$= Z~OK= = n Y= 47a$= 6H8gJ
JPa$6HZ JPV#nIjJ V7<>jkaI8:< Y.JPcHWP= n 6+V76XJ !Xa\JP4KJ O7= 47Z\J]4#JJPZ\[]8:<:Vm6-; =V7<>VmOK6jJjkJP<:VE[]YH<:8/1
= ZIYH6H<2OKn\J]8:j+6HZ~OK6TJE= 4mc.J476V7n 82OJPZ~O76 vnIjJE= 4mc.Jn 6 Vmn G VmO7<>O7n < JPV5; 6jJ]<:Vt= 4mc.JPV5; =
Vm<:VmO76HjkJIjkJPZ~OK6Z ; = = VEjk6V7j+= Vb66<>O7= VE= 4m<:n ZI; = Vb;\J]VE= 47cHJPVJPaI8:<:YHJP;\JPVv6Hj?YH= Z mn Z~OK=
= n V76 7JIt6H8:J k=4m6HV7nI8>OJ]; = 6jOK6H4mjk=PV#; 6+66<>O7= V#Vm= G 4m6= V#YH= 4ma= V; = YH= Z mn Z~OK= ; 6
= 4mc.JPVvJPaI8:<:YHJP; = V1
=PVvneOK<:8>L< !HJPjk=PV;I=+Y= Z Y6H<>O7=X; 6= 47cHJ-476HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6Aa$= 4n 6 j-n <2OK=jkJP<:V[PYH<>8 JPZ\J]8:<:V7JP4
= V66<>OK=PVE;\JPVv= 47cHJPVEVm= G 4m6-= VEY= 47a$= V'n JPZ ; = 4m6H; n !<:j+= VTOK='; = n jV7<2OK6jJ+; 6#= 4mc.JPV
J-n jkJM9 ZI<:Y.Je15a\JP4OK<:4;\JJPZ [P8:<>V76E; JM= 47cHJ-476HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6ba$='; 6Hj+= V;IL< !H64V76=Y= 47a$=-U]JP<
a\J]4KJ J 6HVmn 6H4m;\JI= nV76-U]JP<a\JP4KJ J ;I<:476<>OKJI=PnV76XZ\WP= U]JP<J 8:n F~J]4EZ 6Z n j 6-JPV7Vm<:j
a$= 4M;I<gJPZ~OK6]1 LJPj+= VMJ nIj6sI6jkaI8:= KXEZ JP8:<>V76kJ 6HVmOKJPY.JJ]a 476V76HZ~OKJP;\J Z\J{<>F n 47J Be120
= ZI; 6; n JPVMY= 47;\J]VMVKW]= JPjkJP4747JP;\JPVA6+OK4KJ]YH<:=PZ\JP;\JPVAZ\J]VM; <>476Hcde6VM6+V76ZO7<:; =PVM<:ZI; <:YHJP; = V
Z\J \F nI4KJI1
ienIa= ZI; =n 6b=XJ]O747<>O7=MVm6 7JMU 6Z YH<>; =6 7[JP;I=POJPZI; =JP8>F n jkJPVSVm<:j+a 8:< \Y.J]cHd'6HV5OJP<>VY= jk=
Y= Z V7<>; 6H47JP4n 6bJPj-G\JPVJPVY= 47; JPV= 47JPj JPjJ]474KJ];\JPVNV7= GI476b=-j+6HVmjk=#a=PZO7=-; =-6<2se=-; 6
Vm<:j+6OK4m<:YHJ-;\J+6VmOKJPY.JI}6OJ]j-G jJPa 4m=U 6H<2OJPZI; =X6HV7Vm6M6<2se=k;I6@Vm<:j+6O747<gJ-a JP4KJa$= V7<>YH<:=PZ\JP4
#
'
'
'
'
'
0^
Y
45 N
30 N
35o
60o
s
5 - A53i3 - s c;0 5[df 369 5
=5
5 - =V c; 5[9 - 53y . 5J3534\ .;0 40
s@aQKy :; s c5 - 9 A
^c ;3.0 `g
Z[4353. - .; m :5$df
6 5,.a> K >B ;0 5I4l $530 5I =F4l .. - 5I - 5
.0 5$.w> K>B;0 5
-
=F 5`@a:
F~1 = (30cos35)~i + (30sen35)~j = 25, 579~i + 15, 675~j
F~2 = (45cos60)~i + (45sen60)~j = 26, 450~i + 36, 406~j
- c
@as t53.0 :K. - > h;0 ] =A4l .. - ~ ; hdf 369 ~ ;>EpS5
V ]5
0 ] 3. - 697
i
F2
. - _^:
y 1
- K v9 ; 1.0 _ 1
nL =A 1df
69 1
53K - . - br +- ;0
x
m4 - Q;0 m5
=V h> -
K;0 5df
69 :5o.w> K >B; 5e. r535 - =F J5
=F
=F 5. - 7 j 5
df 369 5
F~1
F~2
@B`5
7 Q 5u0Gdf
6 5& .5
;_ :;0 5&=|. 5
53 4
+ K=F
H - . -
-
=F 5`@a:
~ = F~1 + F~2 = (25, 579 26, 450)~i + (15, 675 + 36, 406)~j
R
H - . - J( edf
6 s353K - . - 5
_^s;0 ;0 c4l
~ = 0, 871~i + 52, 081~j
R
z
4
5
. - 67 V
^:0 s; sdf 369 c
5
K - . - Q5 - ^F 4
53. - :;0 F.0 s
s
!B
H ;=A 5, .;0 A9 K K ` V. - .5
;0 ;Qe 5 535
. 5,;
- 35$; Fdf
6 F35
K - :. -
$5
53o=A ; - 3=A 5N@a
R=
- @a
(0, 871)2 + (52, 081)2 = 52, 088N
b, 4l. 5 =FMB;K ; > - df 369 Ja4l - . - Ja= 5
9 :Ky $4l 535
5 - ^
53= @aK A53 - ./0 s==F c@BobQ5_ ; F =F s. - 697: F;> - Gz$ _ s@ae^cdf
R
Fr
{<:F n 47JXBe1CB KN{\= 47cHJX4m6HVmn 8>OKJPZ~OK6AV7= GI476@J6HVmOKJPY.J
YHJP8:Yn 8gJP; J@J@<:Z~OK6Z V7<>;\JP; 6]ea$='; 6Hj+= VNY.JP8>YHn 8:JP45= VYH= VmV76Z = V; <>476OK= 4m6HV; 6EJ]YH= 4m; =#Y= jkJ#JPV
6sIaI476HVmV7d'6HVEJPa 476V76ZOKJP;\JPVZ\JV76c.WP= 0 1 B-;\JXJPnI8gJ 0 1E6HVmV76@jk='; =OK6476jk= VT= VfVm6HF nI<:Z~OK6V
Y= V7Vm6HZ = Vv; <>476O7= 476VTa\JP4KJXJ-= 4mc.J476V7n 82OJPZ~OK6 K
x =
0, 871
= 0, 00167
52, 088
y =
52, 081
= 0, 9999
52, 088
P= O76Mn 6M=+YH=PV7V76Z = ; <>476O7= 4 #ZI6HF~J]O7<>UP= }6MYH=Pjk= 7[+;I<:V7Vm6Hj+= VEZ JJPn 8:J 0 Y= V7Vm6HZ =PV
; <>476OK= 4m6HVZ 6F~J]OK<2U = V<>Z ; <>Y.JPjn 6X= Vj+6HZ = 4m6HV PZIF n 8:=PVb6HZ~OK4m6X= U 6O7= 4A6= 6H< sI= ;I6+4m6Q
64 HZIYH<gJX6HZ~OKWP=Z =kV76ZO7<:; = = 47[P47<>= ; 6V7V76#jk='; = \Vm6M; 6V76 7JPjk=PVV7JPG64T= PZ FPn 8:=Xn 6-J
= 4mc.JX476V7n 82OJPZ~OK6= 4mjJ-6j4768gJPcHWP=+JP=X6H<2se= x j+6H; <>; =XZ =+V76HZ~O7<:; =kJPZ~OK< Q = 47[P47<>=a$= Vm<2Q
O7<>U = fG JPVmOKJkY.J]8:YHnI8gJP4T=kJP47Y=YHn m==+YH= VmV76HZI= M<>F n\JP8JQ I_ I0.q~xe a$= 4mOKJPZ~OK= \O76Hj+= Vn 6
1rY= jk= 7[64KJX6HV7a$6H47JP; =+6HVmV76 PZ F n 8>= AjJP<>= 4n 6 90
= 100, 106
x
'
+
'
'
'
%
Fr
x
X
{<:FPn 4KJXBe1_^ K Z F n 8>= Vf6HZ~OK4m6@JX= 4mc.J476V7n 82OJPZ~O76@6A= Vf6<2se= VTYH='= 4m; 6HZ\J]; =
53 47='YH6; 6HZI; =; = j+6HVmjk= jk='; = a='; 6Hj+= V#Y.JP8>YHn 8:JP4#= PZ F n 8>=n 6 J= 47cHJ476V7n 82OJPZ~OK6
= 4mjJ-Y= jo=X6H< se= y 1
%
0h
% &%
+ 4 2 ,; @B ,C, ; ;H *+
,4132,4
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E<"!QV76v'nI6n j a$= Z~OK=@jkJ]OK647<gJ]8 6HVO[#6j 6Hn <>8:u:GI47<:=E'n JPZ ; =MJ '). \)@}] )
I\ )H} e 1r5VOK6X6Hn <>8:u:GI47<:=a='; 6V764A6HVmOK[]OK<>YH= = nY<:Z 6j[]O7<:Y= 1
ie64K[ 6VmO[OK<:Y= n\JPZ ;I=JkU 68:='YH<:; JP; 6M;I= a=PZO7= = 4EZn 8:JI$6-V764K[ YH<>Z 6Hjk[]O7<:YH=kn\JPZ ; =J
UP6H8:='YH<>;\JP; 6f;I=@a$= Z~OK== 4; <>6476HZ~O76v; JAZn 8:Jb6TYH= Z VOJPZ~O76P1Nr5j Z =PV7V7=@YHnI47V7=@V764K[YH=Pj-n j
Z =PV4766H47<>jk=PVJP=M6Hn <:8>u:G 4m<:=@6HVO[]O7<:YH=IIJPa$6HZ JPVa$6H8:=#n V7=;I=MOK647j+=-6Hn <>8:u:GI47<:=I1t`bVYHJPV7= V
n 6@V76OK47J]OJ]476Hjp; =+6Hn <:8>u:G 4m<:=#YH<:ZI6Hjk[]OK<>YH=V764KWP=+6sea 8><:Y<>OJ]; = V= a$= 4OKn Z\J]jk6ZO76P1
`YH= Z Y6H<2OK=;I66Hn <>8:u>G 47<>= ; 6k= 4mc.JPV@6Hj n j a$= Z~OK= jJ]O76H4m<gJP8tFP6H4KJ]8:j+6HZ~OK6 kneOK<:8>L< !HJP; =
a\J]4KJM; 6OK647j+<:Z\JP4n jkJ@= 4mc.JM<>Z Y PF Z <>OKJI~OJP8$YH=Pjk=#n jJ@476HJPc.WP=M; 6JPa$= <:=#= n n jkJ@=P47c.J
Z 6YH6V7VK[]47<gJAa\JP47J 6Hn <>8:<>G 4KJP4 S6HV7Vm6=PnkJ]'nI6H8:6fVm<:VOK6HjkJ; 6f= 47cHJPVH1LN6 7JPj+= Vtn j 6se6Hj+a 8:=
JPZ JP8:<>VKJPZ ;I==+aI47= G 8>6HjkJ-6sea$= VmO7=kZ\J+{<>F n 4KJXB'1_y
'
4500 N
30o
X
T
1200 cm
A
300 cm
{<>F n 47JXBe1_y KNrNn <>8:u>G 47<>=-; 6= 47cHJPVT6HjonIjoa=PVmOK6
H6 VOK6@a 47=PG 8:6jJI\;I<:F~JPj+= Vfn 6@V76@n 6H<>4KJk;I6OK647j+<:Z\J]4f=+U]JP8>= 4f;\J+O74KJPcHWP=+Z =kYHJPG$=k
YHJPa\J !#; 6 JPZn 8gJ]4=k66<>OK=+;\JX= 47cHJk; 6#yhP J]a 8:<>Y.JP;\JXJ+; <:4m6H<>OKJ; =a$= VmO76P1LJPj+= V
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;\J]Vv= 4mc.JPVJPa 8><:YHJP;\JPVfZ\J]'nI6H8:6Aa$= Z~OK=kV76 7J+Zn 8gJI1iIJPG$6Hj+= VJP<:ZI;\J'nI6#a$=e;I6Hj+= VT476HaI476Q
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3 = 4mOKJPZ~OK= $a\JP47Jk=YHJPV7=k6Hj6HVOKn ;I= = 4mc.JPVYH= aI8gJPZ\J]476HV a='; 6Hj+= Vv476a 476V76HZ~OKJP4J+=P47c.J
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x
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F~ = (4500 cos 30)~i (4500 sen 30)~j
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Ty = 2.319, 18N
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0x
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no altera a distncia entre seus pontos
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683B=,1Dx=_' A&),>@13S\-E45-1#1Dx3&14+l'*^u*6'*68At15s~;68A x 1 y Wn{CAtD6*D14/P$&68At=,1H>L3&5-D 15732'683B=,1D
D 1=,14D ' $&1/, = /,E45l' =,1 G 573&6 =L1 ),D' A&),>@13S\-E45-1 14D 3B1+l'K^Uu*6 ' )LD 145s~;6 :P)_'*+-:P),1439
E468/0$25-=L6 /L6D 1ABD6>,+-'*/,6=,14A&A2'A&)L>143B\ -E45-1KW
G 6832';9*/,68AY3B1AS$T'C=,14A&E6*N,3&57390'C57/P$&1/,AB5-=_'K=,11"6(>@68/0$26m=,1n'*>,+75-EU'K^Uu*6t=,1o),D'm,/,57EU'Q\]6*3&^U'
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&'
P
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P =
Pn
i=1
Pi
Mx = yP =
My = xP =
Pn
i=1
Pn
i=1
yi Pi
W
xi Pi
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D 6;=L6,z
P = dP
R
xP =
W
xdP
yP = ydP
R
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=_'ZAB),>143B\ 7E5-1H>,+l'K/_'LW 6*D6>@6<=,1D 68Am>@13BE14N143('*ACE46;6<=,1/,'*=_'*AQ=,6N_'*3B5-E41/0$23B6=,1
>@1/,=L1D 'K>14/_'*Ao=_' G 1468D 14$23B5l'R=,6>,3&68NL+-1D'L9<5-/,=L1>@1/,=,14/,=,6=,6?$&5->@6?=,1CD'K$2143&5-'*+:P),1
E468/,AB$&57$&),5 '>,+l'*E'LW
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=_' |*3B1U'L9_' $232'UI*%At=_'A&1 G ),5-/0$21#14:<),'*^Uu*6Lz
W
P = t A
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$&68DZ'K=,6#A&68N,3B1C'#>,+l'KEU'LW 68/,A&57=,13&'*/,=,6.' G 683&'H'RXY:P)_'*^UuK6 W `>@6;=,14D6*AO3B114A&E3B14I*13o'*A
XY:P)_'*^4;14A W =,6A&1 G ),5-/0$21RD 6;=,6Lz
P =
xP =
yP =
t dA
W
x t dA
y t dA
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cJdfe@gih[a =_'ZAB),>@13B\7E571?>,+l'K/_'E468/,A&57=,13&'*=_'LW 6*/,A&57=,13&'*/,=,6y6yD'K$2143&5-'*+ ,68D 6 G /L161'
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\]683BDZ';z
P = t
dA
xP = xdA
yP =
W
ydA
k 6*3B$T'K/P$&6,9Y>@6;=,14D6*A?1ABE3&1pI8143:P),1'*AE46;6*3&=,14/_'*=_'*A=L6E1/0$&3&857=,1y=,1),D' A&)L>143B\-E45-1
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^4;14Az
x=
R
R xdA
W
dA
R
R ydA
y=
dA
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=,1#),DMw_6:P)_'K+-:P),13oE468/0$257=,614D ),D >L+l'*/,6L9L=,6 A&1 G ),5-/0$&1RD 6<=,6,z
x=
y=
R
R xdL
W
dL
R
R ydL
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$&5-=,6RA&68NL3&1t6.E6*3&>@6H=,1pw_/,57=,6.>@1+-'RAB),>143B\ 7E5-1K9P>,3&57/,E57>_'*+-D 1/0$&1o/_'*AOA&),>@13S\-E571AqIK'*U'*=,'*AW
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Qx =
ydA
Qy =
W
xdA
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Q
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x
y
x = RQdA
x
y = RQdA
;
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BABABA BABABA BABABA A
BABABABABABA BABABA
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x = P Ai i i
y=
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/_'KA 5 G ),3&'*A W 1 W <W
120 mm
40 mm
80 mm
x
60 mm
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f(x) = k . x2n
P(x,y)
h
yel
x
x el
b
!#"%$&"('*) +*,
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F
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h=6
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xel , y el
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B X/1 k$H"(9;2J+ _BS
Qx =
yel dA
u# '*+9"(7L46i.+C.) 32> 9:"(DE m(72(c*B "O2>= 32( 3+X ) :"(9;"J7L46 BSC 2(3'b&
r q
"
Qy = xel dA
R
% %
Q/P$&1AH=,1Z57/,5-E45l'*349>,3&14E57A2'*D 68AR=_'*AR1:P)_'*^4;14A.=_'*AR+-57/,_'*A#:P),1=,14w_/L1D 6jE468/0$2683B/,6j=_'
AB),>143B\ 7E5-1KW 6REU'KA&6.=,' 5 G ),3&' W 9PN_'KAB$T'#E6*/,,1E413'R14:<),'*^Uu*6H=_'H+75-/,,'#E468/0$257=_'R14/0$23&1
68A#145s~;68A x 1 y 9 1>_'*3&'57A&AB6>L3&1E45-A&'*D6*AR>L3&14I<5-'*D14/0$2168NL$&13#6yIK'*+-683m=_'E468/,AS$T'*/0$21 k W
ABA&6 >6<=,1#A&143n\]1457$&6 =L6 AB1 G )L5-/0$21#D 6;=,6Lz
3
6
= k =
16
8
f (b) = h f (4) = 6 = k42 16k = 6 k =
G 683&'
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>_'K32'657/0$213SIK'*+-6 [0, 4] z
%
3
f (x) = x2
8
(' ('
k'*32'1AS$21(1~L14D>L+-61ABE68+7,13B1D 68A"),D'.\i'*5~,'RI813S$257EU'*+ >_'*3&'*+-14+l'.'K615s~;6 y O=L1(+l'*3 G ),32'
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6E14/0$23&*5-=,1#=_'\i'*5s~L'?14A&E6*+-,57=_'Lz
xel = x
y el =
!
y
2
*| 3&1' dA =_' \i'K5s~L' 57/Lw_/,5s$214A&5-D'*+v1A&E468+-L5-=_' %j=_'K=_' >@683
=,14A&1
&'*D6*AtE'*+-E4),+l'K3o'|*3&1'L9,$214D68Ao:P),1Kz
A=
!
ydx A =
4
0
dA = ydx
3 43
3 2
x dx =
= A = 8
8
8
3
%&
%
0
Qx =
y el dA =
Qx =
Qy =
4
0
y
1
y dx =
2
2
4
0
3 2
x
8
2
dx
9
45
= 14.400
128
5
xel dA =
Qy =
4
0
3
3
x x2 dx =
8
8
3 44
= 24.000
8
4
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` :0@ 2L4M:GE9<%)-<%,N47:0.0: )-@N<g?Q)-87)%E9)-.0EB,/.V)38m<=D(A#<=AC6B2L4M<=Df@/6?N87:0A#69:G8M)R<-87@/6BAXa 6B2L4M876#)-D
:G2 AC6B8M)-DvOT<=87AC)-Dv?H<=D7D Y=6B:0D>?\<j@/6 D76*)-@/<34U)-8s)1D;, n 698;:0@Q)(2Q)1)-,/.V) Sj,/)-2/@/<169D;4M[FY-)3AC<=D
E9)-.0EB,/.V)-2N@/<R<=DmAC<=A#692L47<=Dm@/6?N87:0A#69:G8M) <=87@N69A ?\<=8*:02L4M6 n 8M)3IFJ-<g@N:0876l4U)Na 6B.069A+r/8M)-2N@/</d
4769A#<=D
a*D;E9<=. 6 D76>,/AR)O)3:ipN)@/6v.V)-8 n ,/8M) dx du?Q)-87)-.06B.V))-<x6B:ipc< y <=,K,/AR)O)3:ipN)@/6v.V)-8 n ,/8M)
dN?/)-8M)-.G69.0))-< 69:ipc< x a
dy
a*D;E9876lY=6 D76+)#6wpc?/876BD7DMJ3<RS5,/6(@/6B/2/6+) [-8;6F)
d/@/) O)-: pN)W69D7EB<=. :0@Q)
dA
a )3.0E9,N.V)-A D;6_<=DA#<=AC6B2L4M<=D@/6(D;6 n ,/2N@Q)C<=8;@/69A I = y dA 6 I = x dA a
6v6
)3AC<=Df,NA6lpc69A#?/.G< # 6
)%E9)-.0EB,/.V)38_<=DfA#<=AC6B2L4M<=Df@/6 D;6 n ,/2N@Q)<-87@/6BAh@/6 ,/AC)gD7,
?H698PO E9:G6g876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)38W@/6krQ)-D;6 b 6%)-.i4M,/87) h 69A 876B.V)-I9J-<)-<=D6B:ipc<=D x 6 y S5,/6%?Q)-D;DM)-A
8;69D7?H69El4M:iY-)3AC6B25476(?\6B.V)rQ)-D;6K@/) D;69I9J-<R6(?H69.0<rH<=8;@/< AR)-:GD) 69D7S5,/6B87@Q)ca
dA=bdy
dy
y
x
: n ,/87) a Y ,/.0) !pc69A#?/.G<
b
)-87)#6BD7D;6+6lpc6BAC?/.G< 69D7EB<=. 69876BAC<-D,NAR)O)-:ipN)W?Q)38M)-.G69.V))3<C6B:ipc< x 6(@/61.0)-8 n ,/8M)W: n ,Q)-.)
a )38M) 69D;4761E9)-D7<4769A#<=DxSj,N6 dA = bdy d/?\<-8;4U)32547<
dy
Ix =
y 2 dA =
y 2 bdy = b
y 2 dy =
bh3
3
*<-476KS5,/61@/6BYj:G@/<R)O)-: p/) D76B8*?/)-8M)-.G69.0)) x d{<=D.0:0A#:G4769Ds@/61:G2L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<#OT<-8M)-A@N6 0 ) h a
6A#<j@/<g)-2/[-.0< n <R?H<c@/6BAC<-D_<=rN47698 I d D7]kS5,/6 ) n <-8M)C47<=AR)32/@/<g,/AC)CO)-: pN)R?Q)-87)-.06B.V)R)
6(@/6(.0)-8 n ,N8M) dx d )-8M) 69D;D76KEF)-D;<#4769A#<=DS5,/6 dA = hdx dQ6f?\<-8;4U)32547<
y
Iy =
, n 6BD;4MJ-<
x dA =
x hdx = h
b
0
x2 dx =
hb3
3
3) .0E9,N.06<=DvA#<=AC6B2L4M<=D@/6xD;6 n ,/2N@Q)K<-87@/6BA ?Q)-87)K)(A#69D7AC)_D76BIFJ-<1876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)-8Bd
EB<=2/D7:G@/6987)-2/@/<X) n <-8M)k<=D(69: pN<-D x 6 y d8;69D;?\6BEB4M:iY3)-AC6B2L4M6#?Q)-8M)3.069.G<=Df) x 6 y 6 ?Q)-D;DM)-2N@/<
?H69.G<#EB692L4M8;]=:0@N6K@/) D;69I9J-</a
0/
K n "k. R. f` # oBH
<=2ND7:0@N69876BAC<-Df<kAC<=A#692L47<g@/6:02N`987EB:V) I @/6,/AC)RD7,N?\6B8;O EB:06W@N6 [-8769) A 69Ao8769.0)-IFJ3<%)
,/A69: pN< AA d/E9<=2cOT<=87A#6m<A#<=D;478M)-@N<2Q) !: n ,/8M) a dN@/6fA#<c@N<WS5,/6 y `_)W@/:0DP4 2/EB:V)+@N6
,/A69.06BAC6B2L4M< dA )-< 69: pN< AA a 69D;D76KAC<j@/<?H<c@N69A#<=D69D;E9876lY=6B8mS5,/6
IAA0 =
y 2 dA
=< 2/D7:G@/698;69A#<L)-D) n <-8M) ,/A69: pN< BB ?Q)-87)-.06B.0< ) AA dH?/)-D7D7)-2/@/<C?\6B.0<#E9692L4787]=:G@/6 C @Q)
D;,/?\6B8;O E9:063a 6 y `W)R@N:0D;4 2/EB:V) @/6W,/A69.G69A#692L4M< dA )-<C69:ipc< BB ?\<j@/6BAC<=D69D;E98;6BY=6B8
S5,/6 y = y + d dQEB<=2NOT<=8;AC6(`KAC<-D;4M87)-@/< 2Q) n ,/87)NdQD76B2/@/< d )#@/:GD;4 2/E9:0)692L4M8;6+<=Dx69: pc<=D
?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-D AA 6 BB
A
y
C
B
y
!: n ,N8M) a 7 96 <=8;69AC) @N<=Dx69:ipc<=Dx?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-D
A
6K@/69D;6
)-A#<=DxEF)-.GE9,/.0)-8<#AC<=A#692L47<#@N6K:G2/`98;E9:0) @/)#D;,/?\6B8;O E9:06(6BA8769.0)-IFJ3<C)3<#6B:ipc<
4769A#<=DS5,/6
AA0
IAA0 =
y 2 dA =
(y 0 + d)2 dA =
(y 0 )2 dA + 2d
y 0 dA + d2
dA
4M6B87A#< (y ) dA S5,/6t)-?Q)-8;69E96q2Q)vS5,Q)3IFJ-< a E9<-87876BD7?H<=2/@/6)-< AC<=A#692L47< @N6
G: 2/`98;E9:V)X@Q)ZD7,/?H698PO EB:06g6BA 876B.V)-I9J-<)-<Z6B:ipc<S5,/6%?Q)-D;DM)?\6B.0<ZEB692L4M8;]=:0@N6 BB dv<S5,Q)-.
@/6B2/<-4M)-876BAC<=D#?H69.0<D AWrH<=.0< I a 4M698;AC< y dA `X<tAC<=A#692L47<q@N6X?/8;:0A#69:G8M)Z<=8;@/69A
@Q)gD;,/?H698;O E9:G6W69Ao8769.0)-IFJ3<k)-<k69: pc<gS5,/6 ?Q)-D7D7)g?\6B.0<kEB692L4M8;]=:0@/63d 6E9<-AC<
[gD7)-rH69A#<=D9d
%a :02Q)-.GAC6B2L4M6-d3<_4M6B87A#< dA E9<=8;8769D;?\<-2/@/6)-<_Y3)-.0<-8!@Q)f[-8;6F) A dL@/)_D7,/?H698PO E9:G6-a
<=8;4M)-2L4M</dQ?H<c@N69A#<=D876B69D7EB876lY=698m) vS5,Q)3IFJ-< a @/<#D76 n ,/:G25476(AC<j@/<
R
0 2
I = I + Ad2
a
S5,Q)-I9J-< a `f)1OT<=8;AR)KAR)3:0DEB<=2 6BE9:G@Q)+@/< ! #"$%&%'( '( ldjSj,N6f@/:
S5,/6<gA#<=A#692L4M<R@/6? 2/`B87E9:0)g@/6W,/AC)RD;,/?\6B8;O E9:06 A 69Ao876B.V)-I9J-<k)R,/A 69: pc<kSj,/)-.0S5,/6B8 x
`W: n ,Q)-.)-<RAC<=A#692L47<R@/6W:G2/`98;E9:0)C@/6BD7DM)gA#69D;AR)CD7,/?H698PO E9:G6 A 69A 8769.0)-IFJ3<g)R,NAo6B:ipc< x
S5,/6_?/)-D7D7)+?\6B.0<1E9692L4787]=:G@/6m6*`m?Q)-87)-.06B.0<1) x AC)-:0Dv<+?N87<j@/,N4M<+692L4M8;6_)W[-8;6F)K@Q)+D7,N?\6B8;O EB:06
6(< S5,Q)-@/87)-@/<#@Q)@/:0DP4 2/EB:V)692L47876(<=Dx69: pN<-D x 6 x a
4769<=8;69AC)C@/<=D*69: pN<-Dm?Q)-87)-.06B.0<=DxD;698;Y-6W?Q)-87)R<=rN47698<gA#<=AC6B2L4M<#@/6W:02N`987EB:V) @/6+,NAR)#D76
I9J-< 69A8;69.0)-IFJ-< )W,NA69: pc</d/S5,Q)-2/@N<
[WD7)-rH69A#<=D<AC<-AC6B2547<@/6f:02N`987EB:V)+@N69D7D7)#A#69D;AR)
D;69IFJ3<69A 8769.0)-IFJ3<t)<=,N4787<69: pc</ds<-2/@/6
[qD;6XD7)-rH6<Y3)-.G<=8@/<qAC<=A#692L47<@/6X:G2/`98;E9:0)Nd
EB<=A)+EB<=2/@/:GIFJ-<@N6fSj,N6f<=D'@/<=:GD'69: pc<=D'D76
)-A?/)-8M)-.G69.G<=D9a 6>)-AC<-DY=6B8AC6B. <=8>E9<-AC<:GD7D7<
OT,/2NE9:0<-2Q) )+*69A+r/8M)@Q) D7, n 69D;4MJ-<R@N616wpN6B87E E9:G< Sj,/)-2/@/<C69D;4M[FY-)3AC<=Dx<=rc4M692N@/<RA#<=A#692L4M<
@/61:02/`B87EB:V)C@N6+,/AC)CD;,/?\6B8;O E9:06K876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)38*?H<=8:02L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<R@N:0876l4U)) 6>)3AC<=D692L4MJ-<gEF)3.
EB,/.V)-8f<%A#<=A#692L4M<k@/6 :G2/`9EB:V)g@/6 ,/AC)kD7,/?H698PO E9:G6876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)-8m69A8;69.V)3IFJ-<%)k,/A6B:ipc< x
S5,/6#?Q)-D;DM)%?\6B.0<%E96B254787]=:G@/6 6 `#?/)-8M)-.G69.G<%)-<%69:ipc< x S5,/6#E9<-2547`9A)krQ)-D;6C@N<8;6B4 2 n ,/.G</a
DM)-2/@N<R) S5,Q)-IFJ3< a ?\<j@/69A#<=D6BD7E98;6BY-698mS5,/6
bh3
h
= Ix + (bh)
3
2
<=8P4U)-2L47</dQD76(S5,/698;69A#<=Dx<=rN47698 I dc4M69A#<=DxS5,/6
!2
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bh3
bh3 bh3
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3
4
12
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H
<=2ND7:0@N698M)3AC<=D>,/AC)1D;,/?\6B8;O E9:06*E9<=A#?H<=D;4M) dN)-S5,/6B.V)+S5,/6*?\<j@/6*D7698s@/:GYj:G@/:0@Q)(69AY3[-8;:V)-D
D;,/?\6B8;O E9:06BDCEB<=A#?\<=2N692L4M6BD A d A d_aGaiaid A d A a <=A#<t)q:G25476 n 87)-.S5,/68;69?/8;69D;692L4U)<
A#<=A#692L4M<g@N6W:02/`B87EB:V)C@N6 ?H<c@/6+D7698fD;,/rH@/:GYj:0@N:0@Q)#69A :02L4M6 n 8M)-:GDmE9)-.0EB,/.V)-@/)-D*D;<=r/8;6 A d
d'aGaiaid A d A d<ZAC<-AC6B2547<@/6R:02/`B87E9:0)X@/6 69A^876B.V)-I9J-<Z)X,/A 6B:ipc<Z@Q)3@/</d?H<c@N698M[
A
D;698+E9)-.0EB,/.V)3@/<%D7<=AC)-2/@/< D76#<=DKAC<-AC6B2547<=DK@/6C:G2/`98;E9:0)@Q)3D+D7,N?\6B8;O EB:06BD A d A daiaGaid A d
6BA8;69.V)3IFJ-<+)-<+A#69D;AC<169:ipc</a *6BAWr/8M)32/@/<W@/6*S5,/6f)-D n ?Q)-8;E969.0)-D>@/6_EF)3@Q)+D7,N?\6B8;O EB:06
A
2Q)gEB<=A#?\<=D;:0I9J-<R@/<RAC<=A#692L47<g@/6W:G2/`98;E9:V)C@Q)g[-8;6F)R4M<34U)-.@/6BY-6D76B8f<=rN4M:G@Q)C,ND;4M:G. )-2/@/<g<
4769<=8;69AC) @N<=Dx69:ipc<=Dx?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-D9a 6v6
)-A#<=D,/A6wpN6BAC?N.0< D7:GAC?/.G69D
6
)ZEF)-.GE9,/.0)-8+<AC<=A#692L47<Z@/6g:G2/`98;E9:V)X@Q)ZD7,/?H698PO EB:06g)3?/876BD7692L4M)-@Q)2Q) !: n ,/8M) a 69A
8;69.V)3IFJ-<#)-<=D6B:ipc<=D x 6 y )-?/8;69D76B2L4U)-@/<-D*2Q) A#69D7AC)+ n ,N8M)Na
y
5
20
5
5
20
5
5
15
15
: n ,/87) a Y ,/.0) !pc69A#?/.G<
=< A#<_2Q)*AR)-:G<=87:0)@/<=D?/8;<=r/.G69AC)-D!@/6AC6BE 2/:GEF)6lpc:0DP4M6AC)-:0D@/6',/AC)*OT<=8;AR)@/6'E 6 n )-8)
D;<=.0,/I9J-</dN)-?/876BD76B254M)-876BAC<-D*) n <=8M)W,NAR)14M)-rH69.V)WS5,/6_O)3E9:0.G:G4M)+)W<=8 n )-2/: )-I9J-<W@/<=DE9[-.0EB,/.0<-D9a
!: n ,/8M) 69: pN<
p
2, 0 104
4, 5 104
2, 88 106
2, 0 104
4, 5 104
7, 2 105
3, 2 105
8769) @
1, 28 106
1, 235 106
2, 85 105
3, 50 104
2, 85 105
Ix = 2, 88 106 1, 235 106 3, 50 104 = 1, 61 106 uc4
Iy = 1, 28 106 2, 85 105 2, 85 105 = 7, 10 105 uc4
2/@/6 uc ,N2/:0@Q)3@/6f@/6(E9<=A#?/8;:0A#692L4M</a n ,/87) `f< 876l4 2 n ,/.0<S5,/6K692LY-<=.GY-6(47<c@/)#)
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@Q)_ n ,/8M)Nd5EB<=2/D7:G@/6987)-@/<=DEB<=A#<KD;692/@N<KY3) :0<=DBa m)(D7<-AR)_@Q)3D>:G2/`98;E9:0)-D9d5)-S5,/6B.V)-D<-87:0,N2/@Q)-D
@/6K[-8;6F)-DxEB<=2/D7:G@/6987)-@Q)-DY3) :V)-D6B25478M)-AE9<=AD;:02Q)3. 2/6 n )34M:iY=</a
H n e R ( " ' 1
AR) :G25476 n 87)-.m@N6 n 8M)-2N@/6:0A#?\<-8;4 2/E9:0)q6BA ?/87<-r/.06BAR)-DC876B.V)347:GY=<-Dk)4M<=8;IFJ-< @N669:ipc<=D
EB:0. 2/@/8;:0E9<-D6(69A?N87<=r/.G69AC)-D876lOT698;692L4M6BDm)87<34U)-I9J-< @/6(?/.V)-E9)-D`(@Q)-@Q) ?H<=8
a
2/@N6 r `W)R@/:GD;4 )-2/EB:V)C@N<R69.G69A#692L4M<R@/6W[-8;6F) dA )-<R?H<=.G< O d\EB<=2NOT<=8;AC61AC<-D;4M87)-@/<C2Q)
!: n ,/87) a axD7D7)R:02L476 n 87)-.e`+E9<-2 69EB:0@Q)#E9<=A#<RD;692/@N<g<
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A#<=A#692L4M<1?\<=.0)-8>@/6_:02N`987EB:V)(@/6_,/AC)+@Q)3@Q)+D7,N?\6B8;O EB:06?\<j@/6*D7698EF)-.GE9,/.0)-@/<+6BAOT,/2/IFJ3<
@/6(D;69,/DAC<-AC6B2547<=Dx)upc:V)3:0D'@/6(:G2/`98;E9:V) I 6 I dQ,NAR)+Y-6 Sj,N6 r = x + y d/?\<-8;4U)32547<
J0 =
r 2 dA
dA
r
U& r
JO =
s
r 2 dA =
+ 'C"J7E4;+b- + c.
(x2 + y 2 )dA =
x2 dA +
y 2 dA = Ix + Iy
9:";
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T U&LW
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ra
rb
x (rad)
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8;69.V)3IFJ-<q)-<69: pc< x ?Q)-8M))D7,/?H698PO EB:06 )-E ,/87)-@Q)q2Q) !: n ,N8M) a @/<-476 r = 5cm 6
2a
rb = 0, 8 ra
,/6BD;4MJ-< E9)-878;6B4M6B.x)-?/8;69D76B2L4U)-@/<q2Q) !: n ,/8M) OT<=: n 6987)-@/<q)?Q)-8;47:08W@N< n :G87<@/<
478M)-?H` :0< 69A 4M<-872/<_@N<_69: pN< a D;]=.0:G@/<*`E9<=2/DP4M:i4M, @/<_@/6'AC)3476987:0)-. <=A#< n 2/69<
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d r E E9A 6 ~g = 10m/s dN@N6B4M6B87A#:02/6*)-Ds876F)3Ij69D2N<=D')-?H<=:G<=D 6 a 6l4M6B87A#:02/6
4M)-AWrH`9A )8;69.V)3IFJ-<.G:02/69)-8W692L47876)-DE9<-2/D;4M)-2L4M69D#69.0[-D;47:0E9)-D@Q)-DA#<=.V)3D 6 ?Q)-8M)
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D;69IFJ3<#478M)-2/DPY=6B87DM)3.6BD;4M[C)-?N8769D;692L4U)3@Q)C2Q) n ,N8M) )-rQ)-: pc</a
4a
( )-rH692N@/<%Sj,N6
1 ml = 1 cm3
3 cm
4 cm
f(x)=k.x2 + b
/, 69DP4UJ-< 876B692/E ) EB<=878;6B4U)3AC6B25476)t4M)-r\6B.V) )3rQ)-:ipc</d:G2NOT<=8;AR)-2N@/<)3DgAC6B@/:0@/)-DR@/6
:G2/`98;E9:V)%@Q)-DK n ,/87)-DK:02/@/:GEF)-@/)-D(2Q)XEB<=.0,/2/)X@Q)69D7S5,/6B87@Q)ca @/A#:G4M) t = 1.5 mm 6 h =
a @/A#:G4M)#S5,/6)3DmD76BIj69D_@/)C?H692 .G47:0AC)#61@Q) .i4M:GAR).0:G2 ) DMJ-<CE9<=2ND;4M8;, @/)-D
b = 5 mm
) ?Q)-8P4M:G8g@Q) D7<=.G@Q) n 6BA @/<?H698PQ. d:02N@/:0E9)-@/< 2Q) 4U)3r\6B.V)Na D7D;,/AC)S5,/6 x 6 y DMJ3<
8;69D7?H69El4M:iY-)3AC6B25476?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-DC)3<=DR6B:ipc<=D x 6 y :02N@/:0E9)-@/<=D#2Q)-D# n ,/87)-DR6?Q)-D;DM)-A ?\6B.0<=D
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?Q)38M)AC6B:0<ZY3J-<q6@N69?H<=:0D AW,/.i4M:G?/.0:GEF)-8K<=D 876BD7,/.i4U)-@/<-D#<-rN4M:G@/<=D?H<=8 @/<=:0DBds@N69D7D;6A#<c@N</d
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M =
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a
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?H<=8@/<=:0Dx<=DY3)-.0<=8;69Dx<=rN47:0@/<-D?H69.0)C:G25476 n 87)-IFJ3</dQ?\<j@/6BAC<=D6lpc?/8;69D;DM)-8_< 4M87)-rQ)-.
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@Q)3DxOT<-87IF)3D:G2L4M698;2Q)-D@/<#D76 n ,/:G25476(AC<j@/<
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OT<=8;IF)-Dx:G2547698;2Q)-D
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a
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: n ,Q)-.) dc4M69A#<=Dx) D76 n ,/:02L476K6wpc?/876BD7DMJ3<R?Q)-87)< 478M)-r/)-.
/<Yj:08P4M,Q)3. 6lpj4M6B872/<
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= P = 1 =
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externo
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4M)-D9dS5,/6 E9<-2/D7:GD;4M6BAhrQ)3D7:0E9)-A#692L4M66BAhEF)3.0E9,N.V)-8*<gY-)3.0<=8*@/<k4M8M)3rQ)-.
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a )3.0E9,N.V)-8)3D8;6F)-I c6BDx@/6K)-?\<-:0<@/6lYc:G@/<#)-< EF)-8;876 n )-A#692L4M<#8769)-.
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R
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@/6(@/:GAC6B2/D7:G<=2Q)-A#692L47<8M)-EB:0<=2Q)3. @/<=Dx6B.069A#692L47<=DxSj,N6KEB<=2/DP4M:G47,/69A) 6BD;4787,N47,/8M)Na
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Peridicos
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No Peridicos
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exploso
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P(t)
foras inerciais
!: n ,/87) a m:GOT6B876B2/IF)rQ[-D;:0E9)#6B2547876K) )-2Q[-.G:0D;6f69D;4M[34M:GEF)6K) )-2Q[-.G:0D76m@/:023AC:GEF)
(a)
(b)
!D OT<=87I9)-D:G2/698;E9:V)3:0DSj,N68769D;:0DP4M69A )-D)3E969.G6987)-Ij69D@/)_69D;4787,N47,/8M)cdLDMJ-<f@/6BD;476AC<j@/</d3)_AR)3:0D
:GAC?H<=8;4M)-2L4M6sEF)-87)-EB47698GD;47:0EF)_@N:0D;47:02L4M:iY3)*@/<(?/8;<=r\6B.0AC)m@/:G2-A#:0E9<*69A 8769.0)-IFJ3<()-<f?/87<-r/.06BAR)
6BD;4U[u4M:0EB</a <=8;4M)-2L4M</dc@/6mA#<c@N< n 6B8M)-.d5?\<j@/6 D76*@/: B698>Sj,N6_D76m)-DsOT<=8;IF)-Ds:02/6B87EB:V)-:GD6lpc698;E969A
D;: n 2/:iQEF)325476g?Q)-?H69.s2/<69S5,/:G.Gr/87:G<X@Q)Z6BD;4787,N47,/8M)Ndv6BD;4U)3AC<=D14M8M)u4U)-2/@N<Z@/6k,/A^?/87<-r/.06BAR)
@/:G2 -A#:0EB</dN)3<#?/)-D7D;<CS5,/6(D76K69D;DM)-DA#69D7AC)-DOT<-87IF)3D:G2/698;E9:0)-:0D'?H<j@/69AD7698x2/6 n .0: n 692NE9:V)3@Q)-D
S5,Q)-2N@/<@/) )-2Q[-.G:0D76@/<69S5,/:0.20r/8;:0<t@Q) 69D;4787,N47,/8M)cdm69DP4U)-A#<=Dk@/:0)-2L4M6@/6,/A ?/87<-r/.06BAR)
6BD;4U[u4M:0EB</a
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<=A#<j7[(OT<=:{AC6B2/E9:G<=2Q)-@N<W)-2L4M6B87:G<=87A#692L4M63dc<1?/87:G2/E9:G?Q)-.Q<=rF;6B4M:iY=<W@/)W)-2Q[-.G:0D;6@N6m69DP4M8;,N4M,
87)-DD7,Nr/AC6l4M:G@Q)-D)u4M8M)FY-`9D@/6'A#`B47<c@N<=D!@/:G2 -A#:0EB<=D@N6B4M6B87A#:02GD;47:0E9<-D`'<mEF[-.GE9,/.G<m@/<=D!@/69D;.0<
E9)-AC6B2L4M<=Dx)-<.G<=2 n <+@/<W4M6BAC?H<?Q)-87)W,/AR)1@Q)-@Q)69DP4M8;,N4M,/87)D7,>;6B:G4U))W,NAEF)387876 n )-A#692L4M<
@/:G2-A#:0EB<1?/8;69D;E987:i4M</avA AW,/:i4M<=DvE9)-D7<=DBd/,/AC)+)-2/[-.0:GD76)-?/8;<bpc:GAR)-@/)Nd5E9<=2/D;:0@/6B8M)-2N@/<)-?H6
2Q)3D1)3. n ,/2ND n 8M)3,/Df@/6 .0:Gr\6B87@Q)-@N6W@/:0!2 -AC:GEF)R`D;,NQEB:0692L476#?/)-8M) n 6B8M)-8f8;69D7,N.G4U)3@Q)-@/<=DfEB<=A
,/AC)g?/8;69E9:GDMJ-<%D7)34M:GD;O)347]=87:0)Na m69D;D76#AC<j@/<k<k?/8;<=r/.G69AC)RE9<=2ND7:0DP4M6 2Q)g@/6l4M6B87A#:02Q)-I9J-<k@/<=D
/:GD;47]=87:GE9<=Dx@/6K@/69D;.0<jEF)-A#692L47<C@/61)-. n ,/2/Dx?H<=2L4M<=D69D;?\6BE@G/E9<=D*@Q)C6BD;4M8;,N4M,N8M)Na )3.0E9,N.V)-8<=D
@/6BD7.G<cE9)-AC6B2L4M<=D12/69D;D769D?H<=2L4M<-D+@/:GD7E98;6B47<=D+@Q)X69D;4787,N47,/8M)X`RD7,cQE9:G692L4M6g?/)-8M)@/69D;E9876lY=6B8#<
EB<=AC?H<=8P4U)-A#692L4M< @Q) A#69D7AC) E9<-AC< ,/A47<c@/< @N6BYj:0@/<C)#)-IFJ-<#@Q) EF)-8 n ) @/:02 3AC:GEF)Na D
6wpN?N8769D;D j69DAC)34769AC[34M:GEF)-D S5,/6s@/69D;E98;6BY=6BA <*69S5,/:G.0rN87:0<69A S5,Q)-.GSj,N698?\<=2L47<*@Q)69DP4M87,c4M,/87)
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Q)3AR)-@/)-D*@N6 $ _@Q)C6BD;4M8;,N4M,N8M)NdH61`1)CD;<=.0,NIFJ-<#@/69D;DM)-Dm69S5,/6
I c6BD*S5,/6K2/<=DxOT<=872N69E96K< Y-)3.0<=8@/<-D@N69D7.G<cE9)-A#692L4M<=D )3<#.G<=2 n < @/< 4M6BAC?H< @Q) 69DP4M87,c4M,/87)
2/<-D?H<=2L4M<-D6BD7?H69EB:GQE9)-AC6B2L4M6(69DP4M,/@Q)3@/<=D9a
OT<=87A+,/.V)-I9J-<g@Q)3DK6BS5,Q)-I j69D(@/<A#< Yj:GAC6B2547<g?Q)-87)k,/AD7:GD;4769AC)%@N:02 -A#:0EB<g`?H<=D7D;:GY=6B.
A#692L4M6<+?/)-D7D;<WAR)3:0D:0A#?H<=8;4M)-2L4M6-dL6m)-. n ,/AR)3DY=6 B69DBd/<+AC)-:0D@N:GOq0EB:0./6BA4M<j@/<1<1?/87<jE96BD7D;<
@/6Z)-2Q[-.G:0D76@/:G2 -A#:0EF)ca !pc:0DP4M69A 2Q).G:G47698M)u4M,/87)NdY3[-87:G<=D#AC`l4M<j@/<=DR@N:0D7?H<=2iY=6B:0DR?/)-8M) )
OT<=8;AW,/.0)-IFJ-<@N69D7D7)-DR6BS5,Q)-I j69DBdEF)-@/)q,/A @N69.06BDR)3?/876BD7692L4M)-2/@/< 6BD7?H69EB:GQEB:0@Q)-@N69D#Sj,N6X<=D
47<=872Q)3AoAC)-:0Dm)-@/6BSj,/)-@/<=DK)g69DP4U)k<=,)k)-S5,/6B.V)gD;:G4M,/)-IFJ-<Na <=A#<k2QJ-<k`+2/<=D7D;<%<=rT;6B47:GY-<
6B25Y-698;69@Q)-8f6BA,/AE9,/8;D7<g@/6+)-2Q[-.G:0D;6K@N:02 -A#:0E9) )-2Q)-.G:0DM)38769A#<=D<CAR)-:GDxE9.V[3D7D7:GE9<C@/69.G69D )
<=rc4M692NIFJ-<#@/:08;6B4M) @/)-Dx69S5,Q)-I c6BD@N<CA#<bYc:GAC6B2L4M<,/D7)-2/@/<#< ?/87:G2/E@G?/:0<@/6 .0)-AWrH698P4Fa
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@Q)#D76 n ,/2/@Q)C.069:e@/<CAC<bYj:06BA+4M< @/6z*6 4M<=2 dHS5,/6+@N: KSj,N6W)4U)upN)C@N61Y3)-87:0)-IFJ3<#@/)CS5,Q)-2
47:0@Q)-@N6#@N6#A#<bYj:0A#692L4M<%@/6#S5,Q)-.0S5,/6B8(?Q)-8;40EB,/.V)g@/6#AC)-D7D7) m `C: n ,Q)-.!)%OT<=8;IF)%S5,/6C6BD;4M[
) n :02/@/<fD;<=r/8;6*6BD7DM)(?Q)-8P4)GE9,/.0)Na!DP4U)(8769.0)-IFJ3<K?H<j@/6D76B8sAC)34M6BAR)u4M:0E9)-A#692L4M6s6lpc?/876BD7D7)1?H69.V)
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a !
d
du
P (t) =
m
dt
dt
2/@/6 P (t) `(<Y=6B47<=8OT<=87I9) )-?/.0:GEF)-@/)W6 u(t) `(< Y-6B47<=8x?\<=D;:0I9J-< @Q)?Q)-8;40EB,/.V)W@/6(AC)-D7D7)
a Q69.G: BAC6B25476-d ?/)-8M)k) n 87)-2/@/6 AC)-:0<=8;:V) @/<=D(?/8;<=r/.06BAR)3D_@/6 2/<=D;D7<%:02L4M6B876BD7D76C)kAR)3D7DM)
m
@/<CD7:GD;4M6BAR) ?H6987AC)-2/6BE96KE9<=2ND;4U)325476-dH<CS5,/612/<=D.06lY-) )#87696BD7EB876BY-698f)CSj,/)-IFJ-< a ! @/<
D;6 n ,/:G2L4M6(AC<j@/<
P (t) = m
a
d2 u
m
u(t)
dt2
2N@/6t<-DX@/<-:0D%?\<-2547<=DD7: n 2/:GQE9)-A )@/698;:GY3)-@Q)D76 n ,/2/@/)69A 8;69.V)3IFJ-< )-<4M6BAC?H</a
S5,Q)-I9J-< a :02N@/:0E9)#S5,/6W?/)-8M)#<=DmD;:0D;4769AC)-Dm<-2/@/6W)CAR)-D;DM)#`+E9<-2/D;4M)-2L4M6W6BAo8;69.V)3IFJ-<
)-<4769A#?\</d>)OT<=87I9))-?/.0:GEF)-@/)Z`k: n ,Q)3.)-<?/87<j@/,N47<@Q)qAC)-D;DM)?\6B.V))-EB69.G698M)3IFJ-</a AR)
<=,c4M8M)WOT<=8;AR)+4M)-AWrH`9A,/DM)-@/)#?Q)38M) )#A#69D;AR)W6BS5,Q)-IFJ3<R`() D76 n ,/:02L4M6
P (t) m
u(t) = 0
a
2/@N6 mu(t) `+E
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%'/@N6+876BD7:GD;4 B2/E9:0)R)C)-E96B.06987)-IFJ3<R@Q)RAC)-D;DM)Na
EB<=2/E96B:G47<#@N6fSj,N6+))-EB69.G698M)3IFJ-< @Q)AC)-D7D7) @N6f,/AD7:GD;4769AC) n 6987) < D;,/8 n :GAC6B2L4M<@/6_OT<=8;IF)-D
:G6987EB:V)-:GD1?N87<=?H<=87EB:0<=2/)-:0D+))-E96B.06987)-IFJ3<Z@/<=DD;:0D;4769AC)Z`gE9<-2
/69EB:0@/<EB<=A#<< 8;:02/E 0?/:G<@/6
.0)-AWrH698P4Fa ,/AC)+)-rH<=8;@Q) n 6BArQ)-D;4M)-2L4M6*E9<=2LY=6B2/:06B2L4M6f69A ?/8;<=r/.G69AC)-Ds@N6_)-2Q[3.0:0D;6x69D
4787,N47,/8M)-.@/:G2 -A#:0EF) ?H<=87S5,/6W?H698;AC:i4M6KS5,/6)-D*69S5,Q)-I c6BDf@/<gA#< Yj:GAC6B2547<RD;67)-A 6lpc?/8;69D7D7)
2Q)OT<-87AC)-D1@N6g69S5,Q)-I c6BD@/6g6BSj,N:0.Gr/87:G<X@N:02 -A#:0EB</a <j@/69A 6lpc:0DP4M:08K?Q)-87))XOT<=8;IF) P (t)
@/:iY=6B87DM)3D(OT,N2/I j69D(S5,/6 6lpc?/8;69D7D;69A^)-D(AC)-:0DY-)387:V)3@Q)-DmOT<=8;AR)3D_@/6 EF)-8;876 n )-A#692L4M<) n :G2/@/<
6BA ,NA D;:0DP4M69AC)(<=2/@/6m)1AC)-D7D7)1?H<c@/6D76B8EB<=2/E96B2L4M8M)3@Q)Na OT<-87IF)3Ds6B.V[-DP4M:0E9)-D>Sj,N6mD76*<=? c6
)-<-D@/6BD7.0<jEF)3AC6B2547<=D')3D7D7:GA E9<=A#<+4U)3AWr\`BA )-DsOT<=8;IF)-D>Yj:0D7EB<=DM)3D'S5,/6_D76m<=? j6_)3DsY=6B.0<jE9:G@Q)
@/6BDx?\<j@/69AD76B8'O)-E9:G.0A#692L4M6_:G2/E9.G,0@/)-D2/6BD7D7) OT<=8;AW,/.0)-IFJ-<+@Q)-D69S5,Q)3I j69Dx@/< AC<bYj:0A#692L47</d
?H698;AC:i4M:02N@/<.G6BY3)-8R6BA EB<=2/D;:0@/6B8M)-I9J-<)69.0)-D;47:0EB:0@Q)-@N6@/<=DRE9<=8;?\<=DR6Z< )-A#<=8;4769EB:0A#692L4M<
@/<A#< Yj:GAC6B2547</a )38M)%<=D(?/87<=rN.069AC)-DfS5,/6#69DP4M,/@Q)38769A#<=DBd6BD;4U))-rH<=87@/) n 69Ah?Q)-8M)%)%<=r
47692/I9J-<g@Q)-D*69S5,Q)-I c6BD_@/<CAC<bYj:0A#692L4M<CD761AC<=DP4M87)-8M[ rQ)-DP4U)-2L4M6+E9<=2LY=6B2/:06B2L4M6-d ?\<=8;`9A2QJ-<
@/6lY=6BAC<=D69D;S5,/69EB698mS5,/6(6wpN:GD;4769A<=,N478M)-Dx)3r\<=8;@Q) n 6B2/DxAR)3:0D'EB<=2LY=692N:0692L4769Dm6BA<=,N478M)-DD;:
47,Q)-I j69DBd\EB<=A#<C?/8;<R6wpN6BAC?N.0</dH<C?N87:02NE@0?N:0< @/<=D4M8M)3rQ)-.
N<=DYc:G8;47,Q)-:0DBd{Sj,N614U)3AWr\`BA?\<j@/6
D;698 ,N4M:G.0 : F)-@/<2/)OT<-87AW,/.0)-IFJ3<@Q)-D 69S5,Q)-I c6BDC@N<qA#<bYj:0A#692L4M<69A D7:0DP4M6BAR)-D@N:02 -A#:0EB<=D
AC)-:0DE9<=A#?/.06wpc<=D9dQ6B25Y-<=.GY-692/@N<R,/A n 8M)-2/@N6f2 NAC6B87<#@/6 n 8M)-,ND@/6(.0:0rH698;@Q)-@/6f@N:02 -A#:0E9)Na
R
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s (
Dk?/87<=?N87:06B@Q)-@/6BDgOq0D;:0EF)3DR69D;D76B2/E9:0)-:0Dk@/6S5,Q)3.0S5,/698RD7:0DP4M6BAR) @/:G2 -A#:0EB<.0:G2/6F)38R69.0[-D;47:0EB</d
<=,D;:0DP4M69AC)CA#69E -2/:GE9<gD;,>;69:i4M<k)g,/AC)C6wpcE9:G4M)-IFJ3<k6lpj4M6B872Q)g<=,E9)-878;6 n )3AC6B2547<g@/:G2 -A#:0E9<Nd
S5,/6f.G6BY3)W69AE9<=2/D;:0@/6B8M)-I9J-< )AR)3D7DM)W6_)-D692/6B8 n :0)-D'@/:GD7D;:0?Q)347:GY3)-Ds@/< D7:0DP4M6BAR)+?H<j@/69AD7698
@/6lQ2/:G@Q)-D()g?Q)-8P4M:G8_@/<kA#<c@/6B.0<gD;:0A#?/.0:iQEF)3@/<g)-?N8769D;692L4U)3@/<%2Q) !: n ,N8M) a d Sj,N6@/6BQ2N6
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Q)-A#69876BAC<-Dm@/6 :0DP4M69AC) *:02 -A#:0EB<R.G69A#692L4U)-8Bd\S5,/6+`+<gD;:0D;4769AC)C@/:G2 -A#:0EB<C@/6
,/A n M8 )-,%@/6(.G:0rH6987@/)-@/6fAC)-:0D'D;:0A#?/.06BD'S5,/6K?\<j@/6f6lpc:GD;4M:G89a
u(t)
C
m
k
u(t)
fS(t)
P(t)
P(t)
fI
fD(t)
(a)
(b)
: n ,/87) a G: D;4769AC) *:02-A#:0EB<.06BAC6B254M)-8
<c@/)f)mAR)3D7DM)_@N<fD7:0DP4M6BAR)m`:02/EB.0,G@Q)*6BA ,/A r/.0<jE9<*8 n :0@/<*S5,/669DP4U[f)-?H<=:V)3@/<mD;<=r/876@N<=:0D
8;<=.06l4M69D@/6m4U)3. A#<c@/<1S5,/6fD7<=A#692L476f?\<=D;DM)W6wpN:GD;47:08,NA /2N:0E9<A#<bYj:0A#692L4M<1@/6m4M87)-2/D;.V)-I9J-</d
EB<=2L4M87<-.V)-@/<X?\6B.0<X@/69D;.0<jEF)-A#692L4M< u(t)dS5,/6g@/6lQ2/6k)?H<=D;:0IFJ3<@/<ZrN.0<jE9<?/)-8M)Sj,/)-.0S5,/6B8
:G2/D;4M)-2L4M6@/64769A#?\< t a 876BD7:0DP4 B2/E9:0)_69.V[3D;4M:GEF)_)3<=D@/69D;.0<jEF)-A#692L47<=D`?/8;<=?\<-87E9:G<=2Q)-@/)*?H69.V)
A#<=.V)g@N6#AC)-D;DM)k@/69D;?/876BD iY=69.>6 @/6 E9<=2ND;4U)325476 k de69S5,Q)-2L4M<X<%AC6BEF)-2/:GD7A#<k@/6 @/:0D;D7:G?Q)-IFJ3<
@/61692/6B8 n :0) )3AC<=8P4M6BE9:0A#692L47< `W876B?/876BD76B254M)-@/<k?H69.G<g)-A#<=8;4769EB69@/<=8 C a EF)387876 n )-A#692L4M<
@/:G2-A#:0EB<6lpj4M6B872/<*Sj,N6>D;<=.0:GE9:i4U)'<D7:0DP4M6BAR)`v876B?/876BD7692L4M)-@/<_?H69.0)OT,N2/IFJ-<x@/6>EF)387876 n )-A#692L4M<
a
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69S5,Q)-I9J-<g@/<RAC<bYj:0A#692L4M<#?Q)-87)#,NA D;:0DP4M69AC)C@N:02 -A#:0EB< 69.06BAC6B2L4U)-8`1AC)-:GDxO)3E9:0.GAC6B2L4M6
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2. 0r/8;:0<f@/64M<j@Q)-Ds)-D>OT<-87IF)3DsS5,/6m)34M,Q)3A2/<+D;:0D;4769AC)Na D7D;:0A E9<=A#<K`*A#<=D;478M)-@N<12Q) !: n ,/8M)
a b DMJ-<(S5,Q)34787<1)-DOT<=87I9)-DvSj,N6*)u4M,Q)-A2Q)f@/:08;69IFJ3<1@/< n 87)-, @/6.0:0rH698;@Q)-@/6@/:023AC:GEF) q!
D;<=.0:GE9:G4M)-IFJ3<m6lpj4769872/) P (t) d [ DOT<=8;IF)-D:G2/698;E9:V)3:0D f d k DOT<-87IF)3D@/6x)-A#<=8;4769EB:0A#692L4M<
6 D!OT<=8;IF)-D@/6'A#<=.V) f a 69S5,Q)3IFJ-<f@/<fA#<bYj:0A#692L4M<*`D7:GAC?N.069D;AC6B2L4M6')*6lpc?/876BD7D7J-<
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@/<#69S5,/:G. Gr/87:G<+@/6BD7DM)3DmS5,Q)34787<OT<=87I9)-D9dQD;692/@N<C6BD7E98;:G4M)#@/< D;6 n ,/:G2L4M6(AC<j@/<
f (t) + f (t) + f (t) = P (t)
a
)3@Q)R,/AC)R@Q)-DOT<=87I9)-Dm@N<g.V)-@N<R69D;S5,/69@/<%@Q)RvS5,Q)3IFJ-< a `1,/AC)#OT,/2/I9J-<g@/<R@/69D;.0<
E9)-AC6B2L4M< u(t) dN<=,%@/6K)-. n ,NAR)W@/6(D;,Q)-Dx@/698;:GY3)-@Q)3D9a
*6)-E9<-87@/<CE9<=A<g?/8;:02/ E 0?/:G<C@N6 .0)-AWrH698;49dH)COT<=87I9)C:G2/698;E9:V)3.`1<g?/8;<c@/,c4M<R@/)RAR)3D7DM)
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a
fI (t) = m
u(t)
;D D7,/A#:02/@N<()
/:G?\]34M69D;6@/6xS5,/6x<1)3AC<=8P4M6BE9:0A#692L47<_`Yc:GD7EB<=D7</dj)_OT<=8;IF)f@/6x)-A#<=8;4769EB:0A#692L4M<
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a
fD (t) = c u(t)
ZQ2Q)3.0A#692L4M63dL)*OT<=8;IF)m6B.V[-DP4M:0E9)*`': n ,Q)-.j)-<m?/87<j@/,N47<_692L4M8;6'<f@/6BD7.0<jEF)3AC6B2547<m6)*E9<=2/DP4U)-2L476
@/6(A#<=.V)cdN?H<=8;4M)-2L4M<
a
fS (t) = ku(t)
_,Q)-2N@/<_D7,Nr/D;47:G4M,N:0A#<=D)-DvS5,Q)3Ij69D a a 2Q)_S5,Q)-IFJ3< a 4M69A#<=D)*D76 n ,/:02L4M6
6BSj,/)-IFJ-<#@/<#AC<bYj:0A#692L47<
m
u(t) + c u + ku(t) = P (t)
a
-< 8;4U)32547</dQ) S5,Q)-IFJ3< a `K)W69S5,Q)3IFJ-<#@/<A#< Yj:GAC6B2547<?Q)-87)W,/AD7:GD;4769AC)W@/:023AC:GE9<
6B.069A#692L4M)-89d/<-rN4M:G@Q) ) ?/)-8;47:08'@Q)#)-?/.G:0E9)-IFJ-<+@/:08;6B4U)@/< ?/8;:02/E 0?/:G<@/6 .V)3AWr\6B8;49a
!
$" #&%('*)@+)-,+. L0/ 1.324%()65879,+:*2;.=<>5=?@,+A0B9'C5 80Ds0EGF .H<>5I:J58:LK>5I'C'C5I:J5I' F ,+)-B9MN58<>5I: F (2O.
24%(:*2;.!)(.024P9'C,Q2;%-7 F . D R% F %-'C24,+79%4. S85IM+.I'T<95VUW.0'*X653Y E %-2UWBZ79X6[I. <9%\ E )65IP95I]^<9%
%-_HBZ,+M+,QK9'`58'a.J:C,+: F %-2^5 D
Q
b$cQd0e9f`ghIh0iQhIjlkGm&n-fCo(pQo(qVhsrutRe9v+gwhIh
k$mZn-fCo-p+o(cQq x0y&j{z}|;n-o6gI~9cQC|4qVgIf*Cc+o(eZvNgI9qwg89fCn-Cn(~`gI9q ~9g!b$cQd0e9fCg3hIh0iy`n-| `qH>gITgI
g8fCf`g8TcQd0e>gIcQ(n;gIfCqH>gIt}n;d0c+fCgI| vQcQHfCn-|;n-~`nLCn-|g8`f*cQCq9i;agIv+o-e9v+nJqwIg8v+q0f>g
q0f*6gJ~Zn(o(n-CCIfCc+g4>g8f`gJn(e9c+vQc fCgIfqJ*c+*Cn(|;gZi
A
400
F
100
b$cQd0e9f`ghIh0iyHjlkGm&n-fCo(pQo(q^yrutRe9v+gwhIh
75
150
$k m&n(f*o(p+o-c+qJx0&jRn-Cn(f*|;cQ~9nsq09n-CvQq&o(gI|;n-~`q0u0n(f`cQo6gIcQ y ~9q0q0~`q0R9nk&>gIfCgLg
Hc+d0gJo-e*qJn(*HeZn(|;g;n(`f*eZ`e9fCgIvTgI9f*n(Cn-~gI9q4~>g4b$c+dIe9f`gh0hIiZi
I
P
Q
D
E
C
B
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
?$,QA0B9'`5 *0D &/ "G#&%-'C) Q)(. O B9M+5 *
"G#&%-'C) Q)(,Q. / 1% F %-'C24,+79% 5 F '`58X6[I. 79.R)(5IK. _B9% %(_B9,QM+,+KZ'`5.124%()(5I79,Q:C24.158' F ,Q)(B9M+5I<9.
5IPZ'C%(:*%(7 F 58<9. 7>5 ?$,+AIB9'`5 80D E :`5IK%(7Z<9. _B9% F .H<>5I:45I:JK>5I'*'`5I:4<9. 2;%-)65I79,Q:C24. F (2 .
24%(:*2;.;)(.024P9'C,Q2;%-7 F . l = 80 cm DQ :C:*B92;5^_B9%{.)-.02;PZ'C,+24%(7 F .;<9.^)65IK. {,QA0B>5IM
5 L)-2 D
P
B
?$,QA0B9'`5 *0D / "G#&%-'C) Q)(. O B9M+5 *
"$#&%('C) +)-,+. &/ a5IM+)-B9M+%a.<9%-:CMQ.&)(5I2;%-7 F . y 7Z.T24%(,Q.<9.S8[I.P>5I'`5B92;5RSH,+A5s<Z%158X(. (E =
)(B *.T%(:*_HBZ%(2;5T%-: F '*B F BZ'`5IM % 5:C%(X([I. F '`5879:*SI%('C:C5IM %(: F [I.5IP9'*%(:C%-7 F 5I<9.I:
21.000kgf /mm )
7>5V?$,QA0B9'`5 *0D HD a58M+)(BZM+%L.w2;%-:C24.w<9%(:*M+.H)65I24%(7 F . E )(5I:C.!5 :C%-X6[I. F '`5879:*SI%('C:C5IMUW.0:C:*%^5
5IPZ'C%(:*%(7 F 58<>5;7>5J?$,QA0B9'C5 80D c D
(a)
(b)
800 Kgf
600 kgf/m
1,5m
4,5m
?$,QA0B9'`5 *0D H/ "G#&%-'C) Q)(. O B9M+5 *
Perfil L (30 x 30 x 2,5) cm
(c)
2 perfis L soldados
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