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#

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y
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# #


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somando o vetor j quatro


vezes consecutivas, temos
o vetor 4 j

Somando os vetores
3 i + 4 j obtemos
o vetor v

4j

3i

0
somando o vetor i trs
vezes consecutivas, temos
o vetor 3 i


  

 

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45 N
30 N
35o

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4500 N
30o

X
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A
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0x

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i=1

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i=1

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yi Pi

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r q

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y
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Qy =

4
0

y
1
y dx =
2
2

4
0

3 2
x
8

2

dx

9
45

= 14.400
128
5

xel dA =

Qy =

4
0

3
3
x x2 dx =
8
8


3 44

= 24.000
8
4


x3 dx
0

9>@683S$T'*/0$26L9"A&1

  !


%
     % 

   




x=

24.0
Qy
=
= 3.000
A
8

y=

14.4
Qx
=
= 1.800
A
8

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ky dA = k

 

y 2 dA

Ix = y 2 dA




H neH"






Iy =

x2 dA

' 1 " y ' 1 n K 

 



 

K1$&K
?N87<jE969@N:0A#692L4M<x?Q)-87)EF)-.GE9,/.0)-8 <=DeA#<=AC6B2L4M<=D@/6vD;6 n ,/2N@Q)*<=8;@/69A ?\<=8:G2L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<x@/:08;6B4U)
`:0@  2L4M:GE9<%)-<%,N47:0.0: )-@N<g?Q)-87)%E9)-.0EB,/.V)38m<=D(A#<=AC6B2L4M<=Df@/6?N87:0A#69:G8M)R<-87@/6BAXa 6B2L4M876#)-D
:G2 AC6B8M)-DvOT<=87AC)-Dv?H<=D7D  Y=6B:0D>?\<j@/6 D76*)-@/<34U)-8s)1D;, n 698;:0@Q)(2Q)1)-,/.V) Sj,/)-2/@/<169D;4M[FY-)3AC<=D
E9)-.0EB,/.V)-2N@/<R<=DmAC<=A#692L47<=Dm@/6?N87:0A#69:G8M)<=87@N69A ?\<=8*:02L4M6 n 8M)3IFJ-<g@N:0876l4U)Na 6B.069A+r/8M)-2N@/</d
4769A#<=D
a*D;E9<=. 6 D76>,/AR)O)3:ipN)@/6v.V)-8 n ,/8M) dx du?Q)-87)-.06B.V))-<x6B:ipc< y <=,K,/AR)O)3:ipN)@/6v.V)-8 n ,/8M)
dN?/)-8M)-.G69.0))-<69:ipc< x a
dy
a*D;E9876lY=6 D76+)#6wpc?/876BD7DMJ3<RS5,/6(@/6B/2/6+)[-8;6F)
d/@/)O)-: pN)W69D7EB<=. :0@Q)
dA
a )3.0E9,N.V)-A D;6_<=DA#<=AC6B2L4M<=D@/6(D;6 n ,/2N@Q)C<=8;@/69A I = y dA 6 I = x dA a
6v6
)3AC<=Df,NA6lpc69A#?/.G< # 6
)%E9)-.0EB,/.V)38_<=DfA#<=AC6B2L4M<=Df@/6D;6 n ,/2N@Q)<-87@/6BAh@/6,/AC)gD7,
?H698PO  E9:G6g876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)38W@/6krQ)-D;6 b 6%)-.i4M,/87) h 69A 876B.V)-I9J-<)-<=D6B:ipc<=D x 6 y S5,/6%?Q)-D;DM)-A
8;69D7?H69El4M:iY-)3AC6B25476(?\6B.V)rQ)-D;6K@/)D;69I9J-<R6(?H69.0<rH<=8;@/<AR)-:GD)69D7S5,/6B87@Q)ca


dA=bdy
dy
y
x

: n ,/87) a Y ,/.0) !pc69A#?/.G<


b

)-87)#6BD7D;6+6lpc6BAC?/.G<69D7EB<=. 69876BAC<-D,NAR)O)-:ipN)W?Q)38M)-.G69.V))3<C6B:ipc< x 6(@/61.0)-8 n ,/8M)W: n ,Q)-.)


a )38M)69D;4761E9)-D7<4769A#<=DxSj,N6 dA = bdy d/?\<-8;4U)32547<
dy

Ix =

y 2 dA =

y 2 bdy = b

y 2 dy =

bh3
3

*<-476KS5,/61@/6BYj:G@/<R)O)-: p/)D76B8*?/)-8M)-.G69.0)) x d{<=D.0:0A#:G4769Ds@/61:G2L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<#OT<-8M)-A@N6 0 ) h a


6A#<j@/<g)-2/[-.0< n <R?H<c@/6BAC<-D_<=rN47698 I d D7]kS5,/6) n <-8M)C47<=AR)32/@/<g,/AC)CO)-: pN)R?Q)-87)-.06B.V)R)
6(@/6(.0)-8 n ,N8M) dx d )-8M)69D;D76KEF)-D;<#4769A#<=DS5,/6 dA = hdx dQ6f?\<-8;4U)32547<
y


Iy =

, n 6BD;4MJ-<

x dA =

x hdx = h

b
0

x2 dx =

hb3
3

3) .0E9,N.06<=DvA#<=AC6B2L4M<=D@/6xD;6 n ,/2N@Q)K<-87@/6BA ?Q)-87)K)(A#69D7AC)_D76BIFJ-<1876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)-8Bd


EB<=2/D7:G@/6987)-2/@/<X) n <-8M)k<=D(69: pN<-D x 6 y d8;69D;?\6BEB4M:iY3)-AC6B2L4M6#?Q)-8M)3.069.G<=Df) x 6 y 6?Q)-D;DM)-2N@/<
?H69.G<#EB692L4M8;]=:0@N6K@/)D;69I9J-</a
0/
 K n "k. R.  f` # oBH
<=2ND7:0@N69876BAC<-Df<kAC<=A#692L47<g@/6:02N`987EB:V) I @/6,/AC)RD7,N?\6B8;O  EB:06W@N6[-8769) A 69Ao8769.0)-IFJ3<%)
,/A69: pN< AA d/E9<=2cOT<=87A#6m<A#<=D;478M)-@N<2Q) !: n ,/8M) a dN@/6fA#<c@N<WS5,/6 y `_)W@/:0DP4 2/EB:V)+@N6
,/A69.06BAC6B2L4M< dA )-<69: pN< AA a 69D;D76KAC<j@/<?H<c@N69A#<=D69D;E9876lY=6B8mS5,/6


IAA0 =

y 2 dA

=< 2/D7:G@/698;69A#<L)-D) n <-8M),/A69: pN< BB ?Q)-87)-.06B.0<) AA dH?/)-D7D7)-2/@/<C?\6B.0<#E9692L4787]=:G@/6 C @Q)


D;,/?\6B8;O  E9:063a 6 y `W)R@N:0D;4 2/EB:V)@/6W,/A69.G69A#692L4M< dA )-<C69:ipc< BB ?\<j@/6BAC<=D69D;E98;6BY=6B8
S5,/6 y = y + d dQEB<=2NOT<=8;AC6(`KAC<-D;4M87)-@/<2Q) n ,/87)NdQD76B2/@/< d )#@/:GD;4 2/E9:0)692L4M8;6+<=Dx69: pc<=D
?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-D AA 6 BB

A
y

 C

B
y

!: n ,N8M) a 7 96 <=8;69AC)@N<=Dx69:ipc<=Dx?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-D
A

6K@/69D;6
)-A#<=DxEF)-.GE9,/.0)-8<#AC<=A#692L47<#@N6K:G2/`98;E9:0)@/)#D;,/?\6B8;O  E9:06(6BA8769.0)-IFJ3<C)3<#6B:ipc<

4769A#<=DS5,/6

AA0

IAA0 =

y 2 dA =

(y 0 + d)2 dA =

(y 0 )2 dA + 2d

y 0 dA + d2

 

dA

4M6B87A#< (y ) dA S5,/6t)-?Q)-8;69E96q2Q)vS5,Q)3IFJ-<  a  E9<-87876BD7?H<=2/@/6)-< AC<=A#692L47< @N6


G: 2/`98;E9:V)X@Q)ZD7,/?H698PO  EB:06g6BA 876B.V)-I9J-<)-<Z6B:ipc<S5,/6%?Q)-D;DM)?\6B.0<ZEB692L4M8;]=:0@N6  BB  dv<S5,Q)-.
@/6B2/<-4M)-876BAC<=D#?H69.0<D  AWrH<=.0< I a 4M698;AC< y dA `X<tAC<=A#692L47<q@N6X?/8;:0A#69:G8M)Z<=8;@/69A
@Q)gD;,/?H698;O  E9:G6W69Ao8769.0)-IFJ3<k)-<k69: pc<gS5,/6?Q)-D7D7)g?\6B.0<kEB692L4M8;]=:0@/63d 6E9<-AC<
[gD7)-rH69A#<=D9d 

%a :02Q)-.GAC6B2L4M6-d3<_4M6B87A#< dA E9<=8;8769D;?\<-2/@/6)-<_Y3)-.0<-8!@Q)f[-8;6F)  A dL@/)_D7,/?H698PO  E9:G6-a

<=8;4M)-2L4M</dQ?H<c@N69A#<=D876B69D7EB876lY=698m)vS5,Q)3IFJ-<  a  @/<#D76 n ,/:G25476(AC<j@/<
R

0 2

I = I + Ad2

a 

 S5,Q)-I9J-<  a  `f)1OT<=8;AR)KAR)3:0DEB<=2 6BE9:G@Q)+@/<     !#"$%&%'( '(ldjSj,N6f@/:


S5,/6<gA#<=A#692L4M<R@/6? 2/`B87E9:0)g@/6W,/AC)RD;,/?\6B8;O  E9:06 A 69Ao876B.V)-I9J-<k)R,/A 69: pc<kSj,/)-.0S5,/6B8 x
`W: n ,Q)-.)-<RAC<=A#692L47<R@/6W:G2/`98;E9:0)C@/6BD7DM)gA#69D;AR)CD7,/?H698PO  E9:G6 A 69A 8769.0)-IFJ3<g)R,NAo6B:ipc< x
S5,/6_?/)-D7D7)+?\6B.0<1E9692L4787]=:G@/6m6*`m?Q)-87)-.06B.0<1) x AC)-:0Dv<+?N87<j@/,N4M<+692L4M8;6_)W[-8;6F)K@Q)+D7,N?\6B8;O  EB:06
6(<S5,Q)-@/87)-@/<#@Q)@/:0DP4 2/EB:V)692L47876(<=Dx69: pN<-D x 6 x a
4769<=8;69AC)C@/<=D*69: pN<-Dm?Q)-87)-.06B.0<=DxD;698;Y-6W?Q)-87)R<=rN47698<gA#<=AC6B2L4M<#@/6W:02N`987EB:V)@/6+,NAR)#D76
I9J-<69A8;69.0)-IFJ-<)W,NA69: pc</d/S5,Q)-2/@N<
[WD7)-rH69A#<=D<AC<-AC6B2547<@/6f:02N`987EB:V)+@N69D7D7)#A#69D;AR)
D;69IFJ3<69A 8769.0)-IFJ3<t)<=,N4787<69: pc</ds<-2/@/6
[qD;6XD7)-rH6<Y3)-.G<=8@/<qAC<=A#692L47<@/6X:G2/`98;E9:0)Nd
EB<=A)+EB<=2/@/:GIFJ-<@N6fSj,N6f<=D'@/<=:GD'69: pc<=D'D76
)-A?/)-8M)-.G69.G<=D9a 6>)-AC<-DY=6B8AC6B. <=8>E9<-AC<:GD7D7<
OT,/2NE9:0<-2Q) )+*69A+r/8M)@Q)D7, n 69D;4MJ-<R@N616wpN6B87E  E9:G<Sj,/)-2/@/<C69D;4M[FY-)3AC<=Dx<=rc4M692N@/<RA#<=A#692L4M<

@/61:02/`B87EB:V)C@N6+,/AC)CD;,/?\6B8;O  E9:06K876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)38*?H<=8:02L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<R@N:0876l4U)) 6>)3AC<=D692L4MJ-<gEF)3.


EB,/.V)-8f<%A#<=A#692L4M<k@/6:G2/`9EB:V)g@/6,/AC)kD7,/?H698PO  E9:G6876l4U)-2 n ,/.V)-8m69A8;69.V)3IFJ-<%)k,/A6B:ipc< x
S5,/6#?Q)-D;DM)%?\6B.0<%E96B254787]=:G@/66`#?/)-8M)-.G69.G<%)-<%69:ipc< x S5,/6#E9<-2547`9A)krQ)-D;6C@N<8;6B4 2 n ,/.G</a
DM)-2/@N<R)S5,Q)-IFJ3<  a  ?\<j@/69A#<=D6BD7E98;6BY-698mS5,/6

bh3
h
= Ix + (bh)
3
2

<=8P4U)-2L47</dQD76(S5,/698;69A#<=Dx<=rN47698 I dc4M69A#<=DxS5,/6

!2




H neH

bh3
bh3 bh3

=
Ix =
3
4
12

"  ' 1 " Zy ' 1 n H .



 



 

 H
<=2ND7:0@N698M)3AC<=D>,/AC)1D;,/?\6B8;O  E9:06*E9<=A#?H<=D;4M) dN)-S5,/6B.V)+S5,/6*?\<j@/6*D7698s@/:GYj:G@/:0@Q)(69AY3[-8;:V)-D
D;,/?\6B8;O  E9:06BDCEB<=A#?\<=2N692L4M6BD A d A d_aGaiaid A d A a <=A#<t)q:G25476 n 87)-.S5,/68;69?/8;69D;692L4U)<
A#<=A#692L4M<g@N6W:02/`B87EB:V)C@N6 ?H<c@/6+D7698fD;,/rH@/:GYj:0@N:0@Q)#69A :02L4M6 n 8M)-:GDmE9)-.0EB,/.V)-@/)-D*D;<=r/8;6 A d
d'aGaiaid A d A d<ZAC<-AC6B2547<@/6R:02/`B87E9:0)X@/6 69A^876B.V)-I9J-<Z)X,/A 6B:ipc<Z@Q)3@/</d?H<c@N698M[
A
D;698+E9)-.0EB,/.V)3@/<%D7<=AC)-2/@/< D76#<=DKAC<-AC6B2547<=DK@/6C:G2/`98;E9:0)@Q)3D+D7,N?\6B8;O  EB:06BD A d A daiaGaid A d
6BA8;69.V)3IFJ-<+)-<+A#69D;AC<169:ipc</a *6BAWr/8M)32/@/<W@/6*S5,/6f)-D n ?Q)-8;E969.0)-D>@/6_EF)3@Q)+D7,N?\6B8;O  EB:06
A
2Q)gEB<=A#?\<=D;:0I9J-<R@/<RAC<=A#692L47<g@/6W:G2/`98;E9:V)C@Q)g[-8;6F)R4M<34U)-.@/6BY-6D76B8f<=rN4M:G@Q)C,ND;4M:G. )-2/@/<g<
4769<=8;69AC)@N<=Dx69:ipc<=Dx?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-D9a 6v6
)-A#<=D,/A6wpN6BAC?N.0<D7:GAC?/.G69D
6
)ZEF)-.GE9,/.0)-8+<AC<=A#692L47<Z@/6g:G2/`98;E9:V)X@Q)ZD7,/?H698PO  EB:06g)3?/876BD7692L4M)-@Q)2Q) !: n ,/8M) a 69A
8;69.V)3IFJ-<#)-<=D6B:ipc<=D x 6 y )-?/8;69D76B2L4U)-@/<-D*2Q)A#69D7AC)+ n ,N8M)Na




y
5

20
5
5

20

5
5

15

15

: n ,/87) a Y ,/.0) !pc69A#?/.G<




=< A#<_2Q)*AR)-:G<=87:0)@/<=D?/8;<=r/.G69AC)-D!@/6AC6BE 2/:GEF)6lpc:0DP4M6AC)-:0D@/6',/AC)*OT<=8;AR)@/6'E 6 n )-8)


D;<=.0,/I9J-</dN)-?/876BD76B254M)-876BAC<-D*) n <=8M)W,NAR)14M)-rH69.V)WS5,/6_O)3E9:0.G:G4M)+)W<=8 n )-2/: )-I9J-<W@/<=DE9[-.0EB,/.0<-D9a
!: n ,/8M) 69: pN<
p

2, 0 104

4, 5 104

2, 88 106



2, 0 104

4, 5 104

7, 2 105
3, 2 105

8769) @

1, 28 106





1, 235 106
2, 85 105
3, 50 104
2, 85 105

Ix = 2, 88 106 1, 235 106 3, 50 104 = 1, 61 106 uc4

Iy = 1, 28 106 2, 85 105 2, 85 105 = 7, 10 105 uc4

2/@/6 uc  ,N2/:0@Q)3@/6f@/6(E9<=A#?/8;:0A#692L4M</a n ,/87) `f<876l4 2 n ,/.0<S5,/6K692LY-<=.GY-6(47<c@/)#)


D;,/?\6B8;O  E9:063d5E9<=2/D;:0@/6B8M)-@N<1E 6B:0</dj)-D n ,/8M)-D 6 D7J-<1<-Ds8;6B4 2 n ,/.G<=DE9<=2L47:0@/<=Dv2/<K:02L476987:G<=8
@Q)_ n ,/8M)Nd5EB<=2/D7:G@/6987)-@/<=DEB<=A#<KD;692/@N<KY3) :0<=DBa m)(D7<-AR)_@Q)3D>:G2/`98;E9:0)-D9d5)-S5,/6B.V)-D<-87:0,N2/@Q)-D
@/6K[-8;6F)-DxEB<=2/D7:G@/6987)-@Q)-DY3) :V)-D6B25478M)-AE9<=AD;:02Q)3. 2/6 n )34M:iY=</a

H ne  R ( "  ' 1
AR) :G25476 n 87)-.m@N6 n 8M)-2N@/6:0A#?\<-8;4 2/E9:0)q6BA ?/87<-r/.06BAR)-DC876B.V)347:GY=<-Dk)4M<=8;IFJ-< @N669:ipc<=D
EB:0.  2/@/8;:0E9<-D6(69A?N87<=r/.G69AC)-D876lOT698;692L4M6BDm)87<34U)-I9J-<@/6(?/.V)-E9)-D`(@Q)-@Q)?H<=8




 

a
2/@N6 r `W)R@/:GD;4 )-2/EB:V)C@N<R69.G69A#692L4M<R@/6W[-8;6F) dA )-<R?H<=.G< O d\EB<=2NOT<=8;AC61AC<-D;4M87)-@/<C2Q)
!: n ,/87) a axD7D7)R:02L476 n 87)-.e`+E9<-2 69EB:0@Q)#E9<=A#<RD;692/@N<g<    " ' %   
 1@Q)
D;,/?\6B8;O  E9:06f@N61[3876F) 69A8769.0)-IFJ3<C)3<#?H<=2L4M< O a
A#<=A#692L4M<1?\<=.0)-8>@/6_:02N`987EB:V)(@/6_,/AC)+@Q)3@Q)+D7,N?\6B8;O  EB:06?\<j@/6*D7698EF)-.GE9,/.0)-@/<+6BAOT,/2/IFJ3<
@/6(D;69,/DAC<-AC6B2547<=Dx)upc:V)3:0D'@/6(:G2/`98;E9:V) I 6 I dQ,NAR)+Y-6 Sj,N6 r = x + y d/?\<-8;4U)32547<


J0 =

 


r 2 dA

dA
r

U& r 

JO =
s


r 2 dA =

+'C"J7E4;+b- +c.

(x2 + y 2 )dA =

x2 dA +

y 2 dA = Ix + Iy

9:";

J0 = I x + I y



T U&LW


X  

 

1a

,/6BD;4UJ3< 6B4M6B87A#:02/63d{@/:08;6B4U)3AC6B25476f?\<-8:G2L4M6 n 8M)-I9J-<R)?H<=D7:GIFJ-<@/<#E96B254787]=:G@/6K@Q)#D;,/?H698


O  E9:06 )-E ,/8M)3@Q)C2Q) !: n ,/87) a @/<-476 r = 5cm 6 r = 0, 8 r


ra

rb

x (rad)

!: n ,/8M) a



/, 69DP4UJ-< 6B47698;AC:G2/6-d@/:08;6B4M)-AC6B2L4M6Z?H<=8g:G25476 n 87)-IFJ3< < AC<-AC6B2547< @/6:G2/`98;E9:V)t69A


8;69.V)3IFJ-<q)-<69: pc< x ?Q)-8M))D7,/?H698PO  EB:06 )-E ,/87)-@Q)q2Q) !: n ,N8M) a @/<-476 r = 5cm 6
2a

rb = 0, 8 ra

,/6BD;4MJ-< E9)-878;6B4M6B.x)-?/8;69D76B2L4U)-@/<q2Q) !: n ,/8M) OT<=: n 6987)-@/<q)?Q)-8;47:08W@N< n :G87<@/<


478M)-?H` :0<  69A 4M<-872/<_@N<_69: pN< a D;]=.0:G@/<*`E9<=2/DP4M:i4M,  @/<_@/6'AC)3476987:0)-. <=A#< n  2/69<
EB,
)AC)-D7D7)X69D;?\6BE  QEF)`C: n ,/)-.v) 300g/cm a @NAC:i4M:02N@/<%Sj,N6   E9Ad  E9Ad) 
d r  E  E9A 6 ~g = 10m/s dN@N6B4M6B87A#:02/6*)-Ds876F)3Ij69D2N<=D')-?H<=:G<=D 6 a 6l4M6B87A#:02/6
4M)-AWrH`9A )8;69.V)3IFJ-<.G:02/69)-8W692L47876)-DE9<-2/D;4M)-2L4M69D#69.0[-D;47:0E9)-D@Q)-DA#<=.V)3D 6 ?Q)-8M)
S5,/6X)-D#<=87@/6B2Q)-@Q)3D#@N<=DC?H<=2L4M<-D 6 D;6
)-A : n ,Q)-:GD9dv<=, D76
)Nd?Q)38M)Sj,N6X<q69: pN<
?H698;AR)-2N69IF)2Q) <=8;: <=2L4U)-.a
)

3a



 

 

 

 

 

 

 



        

B
M2

M1
G
y

I
b

!: n ,/8M) a


N@ 6B4M6B87A#:02/6+Sj,/)-2L4M<=DfA#:0.G:0.0:i4M8;<=DEF)-rH69Ao2Q)R4U)3IF)gE9,
)
D;69IFJ3<#478M)-2/DPY=6B87DM)3.6BD;4M[C)-?N8769D;692L4U)3@Q)C2Q) n ,N8M))-rQ)-: pc</a
4a

( )-rH692N@/<%Sj,N6

1 ml = 1 cm3

3 cm

4 cm

f(x)=k.x2 + b

/, 69DP4UJ-< 876B692/E ) EB<=878;6B4U)3AC6B25476)t4M)-r\6B.V) )3rQ)-:ipc</d:G2NOT<=8;AR)-2N@/<)3DgAC6B@/:0@/)-DR@/6


:G2/`98;E9:V)%@Q)-DK n ,/87)-DK:02/@/:GEF)-@/)-D(2Q)XEB<=.0,/2/)X@Q)69D7S5,/6B87@Q)ca @/A#:G4M) t = 1.5 mm 6 h =
a @/A#:G4M)#S5,/6)3DmD76BIj69D_@/)C?H692 .G47:0AC)#61@Q) .i4M:GAR).0:G2 )DMJ-<CE9<=2ND;4M8;,  @/)-D
b = 5 mm
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8;69D7?H69El4M:iY-)3AC6B25476?Q)38M)-.G69.0<-DC)3<=DR6B:ipc<=D x 6 y :02N@/:0E9)-@/<=D#2Q)-D# n ,/87)-DR6?Q)-D;DM)-A ?\6B.0<=D
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(+P y) + (Hb x) = 0 = P y = Hb x

*<-D8;69DP4U)) n <=87) )-E


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BE <=A x a )38M) :0D;D7</d


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x = 2Lsen

y = Lcos

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x = +2L cos


y = L sen

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P L sen = Hb 2L cos

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EB<=2L4M692L4M)-869A )-E
Q)-8+,/AR)X6lpc?/876BD7D7J-<?Q)-8M)ZEB,/8;Y3)Z@/<AC<=A#692L47<Q6B47<=81Y3[-.G:0@Q)X)-?H692Q)-D
?Q)38M)AC6B:0<ZY3J-<q6@N69?H<=:0DAW,/.i4M:G?/.0:GEF)-8K<=D876BD7,/.i4U)-@/<-D#<-rN4M:G@/<=D?H<=8@/<=:0DBds@N69D7D;6A#<c@N</d
?H<c@N69A#<=D6lpc?/8;69D7D7)-8 M 6 M @/<D76 n ,/:02L4M6(A#<c@N<


M =

P
2

x x [0, L2 ]

M =

1
2

x x [0, L2 ]

 a

/, r/DP4M:G47,/:02N@/<<=DKY3)-.0<=8;69D(@/6   a 69A   a d!6#.06BAWr/8M)32/@/<S5,/6C@/6BY-69A#<=D+A+,/.G47:0?/.G:0EF)38


?H<=8@/<=:0Dx<=DY3)-.0<=8;69Dx<=rN47:0@/<-D?H69.0)C:G25476 n 87)-IFJ3</dQ?\<j@/6BAC<=D6lpc?/8;69D;DM)-8_<4M87)-rQ)-.
/<Yc:G8;47,Q)-.
@Q)3DxOT<-87IF)3D:G2L4M698;2Q)-D@/<#D76 n ,/:G25476(AC<j@/<
1 P

x dx
W
=2
  a




interno

EI

L/2

B6 D7<=.iY=6B2/@/<C)CS5,Q)-I9J-<   a E
/6 n )-876BAC<=D*)D76 n ,/:02L476K6wpc?/876BD7DMJ3<g?Q)-87)<4M87)-rQ)-.
/<@Q)-D
OT<=8;IF)-Dx:G2547698;2Q)-D

Winterno =

 a

P L3
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9E <-AC<)kEF)-8 n )gYj:08;47,Q)-.S5,/6?/8;< Y-<cEB<=,< 7 n * 6 7 *  7  TO <=:


: n ,Q)-.) dc4M69A#<=Dx)D76 n ,/:02L476K6wpc?/876BD7DMJ3<R?Q)-87)<478M)-r/)-.
/<Yj:08P4M,Q)3. 6lpj4M6B872/<
W
= P = 1 =
 a
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Q)-8;AC<=DR<Y3)-.G<=8
@/<@/6BD7.0<jEF)3AC6B2547<%2/<%AC6B:0<k@/<%Y3J-</d@/6BD7D76CAC<j@/<g4769A#<=Df?Q)-87)X)gYj: n )k6BD;4M,N@Q)-@Q)%S5,/6C<
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A#69:G<@/<#Y3J-<D;698M[@Q)-@N<#?H<=8




externo



  a

P L3
48EI

=< 8;4M)-2L4M</dcE9<=A#<+Yj:0A#<=D9dj<W?/8;<cEB69D;D7<@/6_E9[-.0EB,/.0<1@/<@/6BD7.0<jEF)3AC6B2547<WD76 n ,/6_6l4U)-?/)-D'@/:GD;4M:G2


4M)-D9dS5,/6E9<-2/D7:GD;4M6BAhrQ)3D7:0E9)-A#692L4M66BAhEF)3.0E9,N.V)-8*<gY-)3.0<=8*@/<k4M8M)3rQ)-.
N<RYj:08;47,Q)-.876F)3.0: 9)-@/<
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@/<g478M)-r/)-.
/<C6lpj4M6B872/<%rQ)3D;4U)325476D7:GAC?/.G69DBa )-87)g<kEF[-.GE9,/.G<R@/6@N69D7.G<cE9)-A#692L4M<=D*69A Yc: n )-D
:GD7<=DP4U[347:0EF)3D9du:02/@/6B?\6B2/@/6B25476'@Q) n 69<=A#6B4787:0)@Q)xYj: n )x6@/<*EF)-8;876 n )-A#692L4M</du2/6BE969D;DM)-8;:V)-A#692L476
4769876BAC<-DS5,/6(?Q)3D7DM)38?H69.0)-DD76 n ,/:G254769D6B4M)-?Q)-D
a )3.0E9,N.V)-8)3D8;6F)-I c6BDx@/6K)-?\<-:0<@/6lYc:G@/<#)-<EF)-8;876 n )-A#692L4M<#8769)-.
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n
Na rN47698x< @/6BYj:G@/<R)3<#E9)-878;6 n )3AC6B2547<Yc:G8;47,Q)-.
ja rN47698x6lpc?/8;69D;D j69D_)32Q)-.i4M:GEF)-Ds:02L4M6 n 8M[FY=6B:0D?Q)38M)<=D 8769)-.6fYc:G8;47,Q)-.
a rN47698):02L4M6 n 8M)3.)-?/8;69D76B2L4U)-@Q)#69A   a )-<.0<=2 n <@/6f4M<j@/<<Y-J3<#@/)Yj: n )Na

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6B2/E9<=2L478M)-A D;64U)-rH69.0)-@/<=DBd'< S5,/6O)-E9:G.0:G4M)AW,/:G47< )q<=rN4M6B2/IFJ3< @/<=DRY3)-.G<=876BDC@N6
MM
@/6BD7.G<cE9)-AC6B2L4M<=Dk6BA Yj: n )-Dk:GD7<=DP4U[347:0E9)-D9a *AC)4U)-rH69.0) Sj,N6t)3r/8M)-2 n 6,/A EB<=2/D7:G@/6987[FY=69.
2/A#698;<C@/6(EB<=AWr/:G2Q)-I j69D6B2L4M876 M 6 M ?H<c@N6fD7698x6B2/E9<=2L478M)-@Q)69A  D7D;65:02/@ 


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@/<-DfE9,/8;D7<=DK@/6 n 87)-@/,Q)-I9J-<k69Ah2/<=D7D;<X?/)%0 DBaWD;47,/@Q)-8;69A#<=Df<=D(E9<=2NE969:i4M<=DfS5,/66B25Y-<=.GY-69A

C) OT<-87AW,/.0)-IFJ3<C@/6+AC<j@/69.G<=DxS5,/6W6lpc?/.G:0E9)-A<gE9<=A#?H<=8;4M)-AC6B2L4M<R@N<=DmD;:0D;4769AC)-DmA#69E 2/:GE9<=D
@/:G2 A#:0EB<=D9a
=[%@/6C:G20EB:0<g47<=872Q) D762/6BE96BD7DM[387:0<@/:0D;E9,N47:08f<Sj,N6CY=6BA)D;698K,/A (  
% % 
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EB<=AC<D;6K@/[C)A#69E 32/:0E9)W@/<=DxD7:GD;4M6BAR)3D@N:02 -A#:0EB<=D9a

R
 B$'&K "     4  
A N.G4M:GAR)#)-2Q[3.0:0D;6-d\,/AhD;:0D;4769AC)R@/:G2 -A#:0E9<C`)-S5,/69.G6-d <-2/@/6,/AC)R@/6l4M698;AC:G2Q)-@Q)C69D;4787,
47,/8M)Nd<=,q69.G69A#692L4M<X69D;4787,N47,/8M)3.>6BD;4M[XD7, ;69:G47<)%EF)387876 n )-A#692L4M<-D1S5,/6Y3)-87:0)-A2/<%4M6BAC?H</a
D;4M)X@/6lQ2/:GIFJ-<X2/<=DK8769A#6B476R)%,/AO)347</d@/<XS5,Q)3. d)34M`C) n <=87)Nde2QJ-<%4M:G2
Q)-A#<=D(2/<=DK?\6B8
EB69r/:G@/</d <=,Z)34M`WA#69D;AC<Nd E9<-25Y-692/:G692L4M6BAC6B2L4M6  OT, n :0@/<  O)34M<g@N6WS5,/6W4M<j@Q)-Df)3DmEF)38 n )-D
Y3)-8;:V)-A2/<4M6BAC?H</a )-D16g) n <-8M) ) S5,/6B8+@/ : 96981S5,/6R4M<j@Q)X)-S5,/69.0)4M6B<=87:0)@/)69DP4U[347:0EF)
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A#<c@N69.0<-D'S5,/6K47:GY-69A#<=D2/<:02GE9:G<W@/<#E9,/8;D7<)
)-DKD7: n )-AC<-D()-@/:V)325476C2/)6wpN?N.0<=87)-IFJ-<@/<XE9<=2/EB69:i4M<@/6CD;:0DP4M69AC)%@/:02 3AC:GE9</a m<?H<=2L4M<
@/6WYj:GD;4U)C?/8M[347:0EB<g2/692
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6BD;4M8;,N4M,N8M)  2Q)3D7E96 ?/8;<=2L4U)Na D_EF)387876 n )-A#692L4M<-DfDMJ-<%)-@N:0E9:G<=2Q)-@N<=D n 87)-@Q)347:GY3)-A#692L4M63d\Y3)
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Q)%Sj,N6#`?H<=D;DGY-69.?Q)38M)k,/Ah?H69@N8769:G87<%69DP4U)-.0)-8_<=D
@/6B@/<=Dx6()-D;D7692L4M)-84M<j@/<<?/:0D;<69A47<c@/<-D<=Dx)-2/@Q)38769D@N6K,NA?/8;`9@/:G< ) *AC)+Y=6 16B2547692
@/:G@/<gS5,/6W6BAo6BD7D 92/EB:V)R4M<j@Q)-Dm)-DmE9)-8 n )-DmD7J-<k@/:0!2 -AC:GEF)-DBdQY-)3AC<=D*) n <-8M)C6B2L4M692N@/698fEB<=AC<
`(S5,/6K)#6BD;4M[34M:GEF)6lpc:0DP4M63a
)-8M)W<)32Q)-.0:GD;4M)169DP4M8;,N4M,/87)-. dc<S5,/6_8769)-.0A#692L476_:02L4M6B876BD7DM)WD7J-<<=D'6lOT69:i4M<=DsSj,N6f<=D'EF)387876 n )
A#692L4M<-D'EF)-,NDM)-A D7<=rN876f)-D69D;4787,N47,/8M)3D9d/6_6B2L4M692N@Q) D;6f?\<-86BOT6B:G47<=D9dc2/<WEF)3D7<@/<=D')-2Q)-.G:0D;4M)-D




6BD;4M8;,N4M,N8M)-:GD9d<=D '(
%  D7<-OT8;:0@/<-D_?\6B.V)-Dm69D;4787,N47,/8M)3D9de?\<-:0Df)g?Q)38;4M:G8m@/<-Df@/69D;.0<jEF)
A#692L4M<-D1D7J-<E9)-.0EB,/.V)-@/)-D()-D(4M692ND j69D+6#@/6lOT<=87AC)-I j69DBd?H<=D;D7:0rN:0.0:i4U)-2N@/<k)-D;D7:0A<X?/87<jE96BD7D;<
@/6(@/:GAC6B2/D7:G<=2Q)-A#692L47<8M)-EB:0<=2Q)3. @/<=Dx6B.069A#692L47<=DxSj,N6KEB<=2/DP4M:G47,/69A)6BD;4787,N47,/8M)Na
{)-IF)-A#<=D_6B2L4UJ-<,/AC))32Q)-.0< n :V)#D7:0A#?/.G69Df?Q)-87)k692L4M6B2/@/6981)k@/:GOT6B876B2/IF)%692L4M8;6,/AR)kE9)-8 n )
 E9<=2/D;:0@/6B8M)-@/) x@/:G2 -A#:0EF)f6*,/AR)(EF)38 n )  E9<-2/D7:G@/6987)-@Q) xS5,Q)3D7: 69DP4U[347:0EF) AC) n :02N69A#<=D692
4MJ-<1,NA 4U)-2/S5,/6@/6*[ n ,Q)(?Q)-87)-@Q)NdLY3)-A#<=DE9<-2/D7:G@/6987)-8)K[ n ,/)(EB<=2L4M:G@Q)K@N692L4M8;<+@/<K4U)-2/S5,/6
EB<=AC<D76B2/@/<Z<2/<=D;D7<Z6B.06BAC6B2547<X6BD;4787,N47,/8M)-.a n <=8M)NdeY3)-A#<=DK)-@/:0EB:0<=2/)-8f,/AC)6BD;OT6987)X@/6
:GD7<=?H<=8D7<-r/8761)D7,/?H698POq0E9:G6(@Q)[ n ,Q)NdQ6fY3)-A#<=DO) 96B8x:0D7D;<@/61@N<=:0DA#<c@N<=D@/:0DP4M:G2547<=D A
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A#69D;AC</a m<W<=,N4787<';6B:G47<1Y3)-A#<=DsD;:0A#?/.06BD7A#692L4M6 ;< n )-8 x)+69DPOT698M)W@N6m,/AC)1EB698;4M))-.G47,/8M) h
6@/6B:ipN)-8*Sj,N6#6B.V)REB<=.0:G@Q)CEB<=A)CD7,/?H698POq0E9:G6W@Q)k[ n ,Q)Na n <-8M)R8;69D;4M) 2N<=D()-2Q)-.G: 9)-8*<kS5,/6
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2/<-D7DM)#)-2Q[3.0:0D;6f) /2/:0E9)WOT<=87I9)6wpj4M698;2Q)E9<=2/D;:0@/6B8M)-@/)#`K)WOT<=87I9)?\6BD7<#@Q)#6BD;OT6B8M)Na
*< ?/87:GAC6B:08;< EF)-D;</d_<jE9<=8;876987J-<@/69D;.0<jEF)-A#692L47<=D%@/6AC<j@/<S5,/6tD;,/8 n :08M[ 2Q)D7,N?\6B8;Oq0EB:06
@  ) n ,/) ,/AC)EF)-.G<-4U)69DPOT`987:GEF)<=2/@/6qD76)-E9<-AC<j@Q)-87[ )69DPOT6987)Na
=[ 2N< D76 n ,/2/@N< EF)3D7</d
D;,/8 n :G8MJ-<R)-S5,/69.0)-D*O)3AC<=D7)-D<=2/@/:G2
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D;698MJ3<gOT<=87AC)-@Q)-D<=2/@/)-Dm@/6+E
/<cS5,/6+E9<=2/EB692L4M8;:0E9)-D_6W:G2547698;EF)-.0)-@Q)-D?\<-8m,/A @/6B47698;AC:G2Q)-@/<
?H69830<j@/</a <=8P4U)-2L47< )A#69D7AC)trH<=.G:02
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. -AC:G2Q)_@  ) n ,Q)K@/69?H692N@/692/@N<W@/<+A#<j@/<(69A S5,/6mD;6*8;69.V)3E9:0<-2Q)fE9<=A )(D7,/?H698POq0E9:G6*@N6m[ n ,Q)Na
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@/6BD7.G<cE9)-AC6B2L4M6kS5,/6  EB<=A <x a <q?/8;:0A#69:08;<E9)-878;6 n )-A#692L47<q@/[ D;6<
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EB<=AC<X`RAC)-:0D(EB<=AW,/A#692L4M6CE9<= 2
/69EB:0@/</a <ZD;6 n ,/2N@/<Z@Q[ D76C<Z2/<=A#6C@N6REF)387876 n )-A#692L4M<
@/:G2 -A#:0EB</a
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EB<=A)-S5,/6B.V)-Dx<=,N478M)-DBa
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Peridicos

Motor desbalanceado
em uma casa de
mquinas

(a)

  




  

Hlice do propulsor
de um navio

(b)

No Peridicos

Violento deslocamento
de ar devido a uma
exploso

(c)




Terremoto sobre
um reservatrio
de gua

(d)

            
           

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@Q)3D+OT<=87I9)-D+:G2/698;E9:0)-:0DKS5,/6gD76R<=? j6g)3DW)-EB69.06B8M)-I c6BDWS5,/6gD;,/8 n 6BA 2/<:02L4M6B87:0<-81@Q)XrQ)-8787)Na
m6BD7D;6CA#<c@N</d <=Df6BD;OT<=8;I9<=D(:02L4769872N<=Df?Q)-D;DM)-Ah)%@N69?H692/@/6B8(@Q)-DK)-E96B.06B8M)-I c6BDfSj,N6#D;,/8 n 69A
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(a)

(b)

!D OT<=87I9)-D:G2/698;E9:V)3:0DSj,N68769D;:0DP4M69A )-D)3E969.G6987)-Ij69D@/)_69D;4787,N47,/8M)cdLDMJ-<f@/6BD;476AC<j@/</d3)_AR)3:0D
:GAC?H<=8;4M)-2L4M6sEF)-87)-EB47698GD;47:0EF)_@N:0D;47:02L4M:iY3)*@/<(?/8;<=r\6B.0AC)m@/:G2-A#:0E9<*69A 8769.0)-IFJ3<()-<f?/87<-r/.06BAR)
6BD;4U[u4M:0EB</a <=8;4M)-2L4M</dc@/6mA#<c@N< n 6B8M)-.d5?\<j@/6 D76*@/: B698>Sj,N6_D76m)-DsOT<=8;IF)-Ds:02/6B87EB:V)-:GD6lpc698;E969A
D;: n 2/:iQEF)325476g?Q)-?H69.s2/<69S5,/:G.Gr/87:G<X@Q)Z6BD;4787,N47,/8M)Ndv6BD;4U)3AC<=D14M8M)u4U)-2/@N<Z@/6k,/A^?/87<-r/.06BAR)
@/:G2 -A#:0EB</dN)3<#?/)-D7D;<CS5,/6(D76K69D;DM)-DA#69D7AC)-DOT<-87IF)3D:G2/698;E9:0)-:0D'?H<j@/69AD7698x2/6 n .0: n 692NE9:V)3@Q)-D
S5,Q)-2N@/<@/) )-2Q[-.G:0D76@/<69S5,/:0.20r/8;:0<t@Q) 69D;4787,N47,/8M)cdm69DP4U)-A#<=Dk@/:0)-2L4M6@/6,/A ?/87<-r/.06BAR)
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87)-DD7,Nr/AC6l4M:G@Q)-D)u4M8M)FY-`9D@/6'A#`B47<c@N<=D!@/:G2 -A#:0EB<=D@N6B4M6B87A#:02GD;47:0E9<-D`'<mEF[-.GE9,/.G<m@/<=D!@/69D;.0<
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OT<=87A+,/.V)-I9J-<g@Q)3DK6BS5,Q)-I j69D(@/<A#< Yj:GAC6B2547<g?Q)-87)k,/AD7:GD;4769AC)%@N:02 -A#:0EB<g`?H<=D7D;:GY=6B.
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47<=872Q)3AoAC)-:0Dm)-@/6BSj,/)-@/<=DK)g69DP4U)k<=,)k)-S5,/6B.V)gD;:G4M,/)-IFJ-<Na <=A#<k2QJ-<k`+2/<=D7D;<%<=rT;6B47:GY-<
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)-<4769A#?\</d>)OT<=87I9))-?/.0:GEF)-@/)Z`k: n ,Q)3.)-<?/87<j@/,N47<@Q)qAC)-D;DM)?\6B.V))-EB69.G698M)3IFJ-</a AR)
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)3@Q)R,/AC)R@Q)-DOT<=87I9)-Dm@N<g.V)-@N<R69D;S5,/69@/<%@Q)RvS5,Q)3IFJ-<  a `1,/AC)#OT,/2/I9J-<g@/<R@/69D;.0<
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*6)-E9<-87@/<CE9<=A<g?/8;:02/E 0?/:G<C@N6   .0)-AWrH698;49dH)COT<=87I9)C:G2/698;E9:V)3.`1<g?/8;<c@/,c4M<R@/)RAR)3D7DM)
?H69.0)#)3E969.G6987)-IFJ-<NdQ)-D7D;:0A










  a

fI (t) = m
u(t)

;D D7,/A#:02/@N<()
/:G?\]34M69D;6@/6xS5,/6x<1)3AC<=8P4M6BE9:0A#692L47<_`Yc:GD7EB<=D7</dj)_OT<=8;IF)f@/6x)-A#<=8;4769EB:0A#692L4M<
`(?/8;<=?\<-87E9:G<=2Q)-. )WY=69.G<cEB:0@Q)3@/6(@/6K)-E9<=8;@/<E9<=A)D;6 n ,N:02L4M6(69S5,Q)3IFJ-<

 a

fD (t) = c u(t)

ZQ2Q)3.0A#692L4M63dL)*OT<=8;IF)m6B.V[-DP4M:0E9)*`': n ,Q)-.j)-<m?/87<j@/,N47<_692L4M8;6'<f@/6BD7.0<jEF)3AC6B2547<m6)*E9<=2/DP4U)-2L476
@/6(A#<=.V)cdN?H<=8;4M)-2L4M<


  a

fS (t) = ku(t)

_,Q)-2N@/<_D7,Nr/D;47:G4M,N:0A#<=D)-DvS5,Q)3Ij69D  a a 2Q)_S5,Q)-IFJ3<  a 4M69A#<=D)*D76 n ,/:02L4M6


6BSj,/)-IFJ-<#@/<#AC<bYj:0A#692L47<


m
u(t) + c u + ku(t) = P (t)

  a



-< 8;4U)32547</dQ)S5,Q)-IFJ3<  a `K)W69S5,Q)3IFJ-<#@/<A#< Yj:GAC6B2547<?Q)-87)W,/AD7:GD;4769AC)W@/:023AC:GE9<


6B.069A#692L4M)-89d/<-rN4M:G@Q))?/)-8;47:08'@Q)#)-?/.G:0E9)-IFJ-<+@/:08;6B4U)@/<?/8;:02/E0?/:G<@/6   .V)3AWr\6B8;49a






  
           
   !  
$" #&%('*)@+)-,+. L0/ 1.324%()65879,+:*2;.=<>5=?@,+A0B9'C5 80Ds0EGF .H<>5I:J58:LK>5I'C'C5I:J5I' F ,+)-B9MN58<>5I: F (2O.
24%(:*2;.!)(.024P9'C,Q2;%-7 F . D R% F %-'C24,+79%4. S85IM+.I'T<95VUW.0'*X653Y E %-2UWBZ79X6[I. <9%\ E )65IP95I]^<9%
%-_HBZ,+M+,QK9'`58'a.J:C,+: F %-2^5 D
Q

b$cQd0e9f`ghIh0iQhIjlkGm&n-fCo(pQo(qVhsrutRe9v+gwhIh
k$mZn-fCo-p+o(cQq x0y&j{z}|;n-o6gI~9cQC|4qVgIf*Cc+o(eZvNgI9qwg89fCn-Cn(~`gI9q ~9g!b$cQd0e9fCg3hIh0iy`n-| `qH>gITgI
g8fCf`g8TcQd0e>gIcQ(n;gIfCqH>gIt}n;d0c+fCgI| vQcQHfCn-|;n-~`nLCn-|g8`f*cQCq9i;agIv+o-e9v+nJqwIg8v+q0f>g
q0f*6gJ~Zn(o(n-CCIfCc+g4>g8f`gJn(e9c+vQc fCgIfqJ*c+*Cn(|;gZi
A

400
F

100

b$cQd0e9f`ghIh0iyHjlkGm&n-fCo(pQo(q^yrutRe9v+gwhIh
75

150

$k m&n(f*o(p+o-c+qJx0&jRn-Cn(f*|;cQ~9nsq09n-CvQq&o(gI|;n-~`q0u0n(f`cQo6gIcQ y ~9q0q0~`q0R9nk&>gIfCgLg
Hc+d0gJo-e*qJn(*HeZn(|;g;n(`f*eZ`e9fCgIvTgI9f*n(Cn-~gI9q4~>g4b$c+dIe9f`gh0hIiZi
I

P
Q
D
E
C
B
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

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5IPZ'C%(:*%(7 F 58<9. 7>5 ?$,+AIB9'`5 80D E :`5IK%(7Z<9. _B9% F .H<>5I:45I:JK>5I'*'`5I:4<9. 2;%-)65I79,Q:C24. F (2 .
24%(:*2;.;)(.024P9'C,Q2;%-7 F . l = 80 cm DQ :C:*B92;5^_B9%{.)-.02;PZ'C,+24%(7 F .;<9.^)65IK.  {,QA0B>5IM
5 L)-2 D


 



P
B

?$,QA0B9'`5 *0D / "G#&%-'C) Q)(. O B9M+5 *








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)(B *.T%(:*_HBZ%(2;5T%-: F '*B F BZ'`5IM % 5:C%(X([I. F '`5879:*SI%('C:C5IM %(: F [I.5IP9'*%(:C%-7 F 5I<9.I:
21.000kgf /mm )
7>5V?$,QA0B9'`5 *0D HD a58M+)(BZM+%L.w2;%-:C24.w<9%(:*M+.H)65I24%(7 F . E )(5I:C.!5 :C%-X6[I. F '`5879:*SI%('C:C5IMUW.0:C:*%^5
5IPZ'C%(:*%(7 F 58<>5;7>5J?$,QA0B9'C5 80D c D








(a)

(b)

800 Kgf
600 kgf/m
1,5m

4,5m

?$,QA0B9'`5 *0D H/ "G#&%-'C) Q)(. O B9M+5 *

Perfil L (30 x 30 x 2,5) cm







(c)
2 perfis L soldados

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