4.

5 Objectives: Distinguish between functions written in implicit and explicit form Use Implicit differentiation to find the derivative of a function Explicit Form y = 1/x the variable y is explicitly written as a function of x

Implicit Form xy = 1

To understand how to find dy/dx implicitly, you must realize that the differentiation is taking place with respect to x This means when you differentiate x alone, you can differentiate as usual. However, when you differentiate terms involving y, you must apply the Chain Rule, because you are assuming that y is defined implicitly as a differentiable function of x.

Example 1: Differentiating with Respect to x

I

d/dx [x3] = 3x2

Variables Agree: Power Rule

d/dx [y3] = 3y2 dy/dx

Variables Disagree: Chain Rule

d/dx [x + 3y] =

d/dx [ xy2] =

Guidelines for Implicit Differentiation 1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x. 2. Collect all terms involving dy/dx on the left side and move all other terms to the right side 3. Factor dy/dx out of the left side 4. Solve for dy/dx

Example 2: Implicit Differentiation Find dy/dx given that: y3 + y2 - 5y - x2 = -4

Example 3: Representing a Graph by a Differentiable Functions If possible, represent y as a differentiable function of x x2 + y2 = 0

x2 + y2 = 1

x + y2 = 1

Example 4: Finding the Slope of a Graph Implicitly Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of x2 + 4y2 = 4 at the point (2, -1/2)

Example 5: Finding the slope of a Graph Implicitly Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of: 3(x2 + y2)2 = 100xy at the point (3, 1)

Example 6: Finding a Differentiable Function Find dy/dx implicitly for the equation 4x - y3 + 12y = 0

Example 7: Finding the Second Derivative Implicitly Given x2 + y2 = 25 Find d2y/dx2