Distinguishing Greek Architecture from Roman Architecture

Presented to the: Department of English University of Nueva Caceres Naga City

In Partial Fulfillment Of the requirements In English 2

Submitted to: Sumayo,Romeo

Submitted by: Campos,Jesus III Paglinawan,Kim R. BS Architecture

October 2012

Chapter I I. Intoduction

Architecture is the arts and science of designing and constructing buildings. The architect is responsible for the over all design of a building, in which standards of artistic taste are closely related to the functional requirements of each particular piece of construction. After Egyptian Architecture in Mesopotamia of building Pyramids, Roman Architecture came next to Greek Architecture. These are the early times the first Architects and Engineers occurred. The buildings of Greeks between the 7th and the 4th centuries B.C. were extremely plain but with the extreme stress on ornament and decoration. The Romans never equalled the artistic standards of the Greeks, but the put architecture to a much greater rance of uses. Except for the several things in common, Greek Architecture and Roman Architecture are different in many ways.

Statement of the Problem This study aimed to share the facts and information in regards with the similarities and differences between Greek Arcitecture and Roman Architecture and also to satisfy the students, the teachers, the board examiners, as well as proffesionals with the course field. S/y 2012-2013 Specifically, this study sought to answer the following research questions: 1. How does history of a particular place greatly affect its architecture through out the present times? 2. How does social life affect industrialization and modernation of a country? 3. What are the materials made by Greeks and Romans on their building on those early times? 4. Which is better prefered of the two Architectural eras? The Greek Architerture or the Roman architecture? 5. How Filipino architects do apply the Greek and Roman architecture? Significance of the Study This study will contribute to the improvement of education in architecture not only in this school but also in other universities nationally. I hope that this research will encourage the faculty administration and also the teachers to be drawn to this study a student-centred approach and to adapt its learnings that will benefit the students. The outcomes to be considered consist of the following: the improvement of students knowlegde in early Architecture; development of a positive attitude towards designing considering buildings function like what the early constructors did; increase in students artistic and academic competencies to meet design demands; enhancing students creative thinking including design innovation; and the level of interaction and cooperation that was engendered between students and teachers.

This study was conducted and deemed important to the following entities: 1. Researches Architecture may sound like a 9 to 5 office job, but its not. Its a lot more than that. Even as a student of Architecture, you get to work on real-life problems of designing functional buildings. If you like to hit the road every now and then, youre in for some luck. In this profession, you get to travel a lot. You have to put your feet on the ground, and visit construction sites. 2. Teachers Architecture is a very high paying field. Once you get through the course and pass out with good grades, youd be pursued by large firms looking for fresh talent and new ideas. And compared to most other fields, Architects make a lot more money. 3. Students A course in Architecture is a lot of fun. Unlike traditional colleges where you must slog yourself in study halls and libraries, reading and writing all the time, a course in Architecture gives you the liberty to use the right side of your brain, the creative part. You get a lot of opportunities to showcase your creativity and ingenuity while designing structures. The work of an Architect one of the most challenging and enjoyable imaginable. Every building is different. Every project is different. There is absolutely no monotony in life. The thrill and the challenge of work are exhilarating to say the least. 4. Board examiners It is easy to define Architecture but the word has far deeper meaning than it implies. While you study Architecture, you get

to study various fields of human endeavor, including Art, History, Material Science, Physics, Engineering anything and everything that can help improve the living environment of human beings. It is the most diverse subject you can find. And yet, this field attracts the most creative and romantic minds in the world.

5. Profesionals If youre the kind of guy (or gal) who likes to work with his (or her) hands, then Architecture is the right profession for you. In Architecture study course, you get to work with your hands. Its not just about reading and writing all the time, but you must have a hands-on approach on many assignments. Building scale models, making surveys, talking to people its a very active field. An Architect is a sort of an inventor. Like an inventor who goes about making and designing new gadgets, you go around designing new buildings. Architecture is a very satisfying profession youll get a tremendous sense of delight after your concepts on paper transform into real buildings. Youll know the joy of creation in this field of Architecture. II. Scope and Delimitation

This study is limited to the students, the teachers, the researchers, the board examiners, and also the proffesionals during the academic year 2012-2013 at the Department of Engineering and Architecture of University of Nueva Caceres.

III.

Definition of Terms

Important Terms used in this study are defined both conceptually and operationally for a better clarity and understanding on how these terms were used.

Architect - a professional who is in charge of building planning Atrium an apartment n aroman oseformng an entance halr ct, th f oe to thes Mesopotamia - is the ancient architecture of the region of the tigrs Innovation - the adoption of ideas that is new to the adopting organization Construction -

Chapter II

Review of related studies and literature I. Related literature II. Related studies III. State of the art Chapter III I. II. III. IV. V. A. Research Methodology Analysis and Recommendation Summary Conclusion Recommendation Geographical 1. Greek Architecture Geography A.) It was in Crete where the first great sea power of Mediterranean arose. This AEGEAN culture extended to Greece and her islands, and was founded on trade around the whole Eastern Meditteranean Sea. Geography determined the fortunes of both the Aegen and the Greek cultures, for the rugged mountains of the Greek peninsula rendered internlal communication difficult, which made the sea the inevitable means of intercourse. These separated the inhabitants into groups or clans, and thus arose that rivalry which characterized the Greek states, whether in peace or war. 2. Roman Architecture Geography A.) The central and commanding position of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermidiary in spreading art and civilization over Europe, Western Asia and Southern Africa. The methods adopted by Rome for extending her influence differed from those of Greece. The Romans were not seafaring people like Greeks,

and depended for the extension of their power, not on colonisation, but on conquest. The Roman Empire was not only confined geografically to Italy, bit included all those parts of Europe, North Africa aand Western Asia which constituted the then known-world. B. Climatic 1. Greek Architecture Climate A.) The climate was intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat. The clear atmosphere and intensity of light led to the development of that love of precise and exact forms, which are special attributes of Greek architecture. The administration of justice, dramatic representations, and most public ceremonies took place in the open air, due to the limited variety of public buildings other than temples. The hot summer sun and sudden winter showers, together with the greek love of conversation probably exlain the porticoes and colonnades. 2. Roman Architecture Climate A.) North Italy has the climate of the temperate region of Europe; Central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is almost tropical. This variety of climatic condition is sufficient to account for diversity of architectural features and treatement in the Peninsula itself, while the differing climates of the various Roman provinces produced local modifications in details, though Roman architecture character was as pronounced and assertive as to leave little choice in general design. C. Historical and Social 1. Historical and Social Greek Architecture A.)The title AEGEAN embraces the civilization of Crete and mainland Greece from the earliest times about 1,100 B.C. During the early period 3,000 B.C - 1.800 B.C. The civilization grew and expanded, developing a commercial empire protected by naval power. Craft, pottery

communications and trade coastal towns produced a unity of culture and economic stability. 2. Historical and Social Roman Architecture A.)From its legendary foundation C753 B.C. and throughout the sixth century B.C. Rome was little more than an insignificant hill town in South Ethuria. It was under Etruscan domination and ruled by Etruscan Kings, aided by form of popular assembly. Towards the close of sixth century B.C. Etruscan supremacy began to decline and fall. The declaration and devalo[pment of a constitutional republic and civil service are indicative of Roman characteristics; they were great organizers, thrifty, patient farmers-soldiers, dutiful to authoroty and law and concerned with efficient and justice.

D. E.

Religious Architectural Character A.) Aegean Architecture (Circa 3,000-1,000 B.C.)

As the island (Minoan) people were partly Asiastic in origin, their buildings had the flat roof typical of castern countries. The Mainland (Mycenaean) people, on the other hand, used lowpitched roofs. The characteristics manland domestic unit was megaron.

1. Greek Architecture Religion A.)The religion of the Aegean was a nature worship, which went to a series of priitive stages. Mysteries of masculine force were represented by the sacred Bull, symbolized by the Horns of Consecration, and the shield and the sacrificial double are also had mystical virtues. The supreme diety was the fertility or mother-goddess, Rhea, priestesses, rather than priests, conducted religious rites. Worship centered on sacrificial altars, in open-air

enclosures, caves or small chapel or household shrines. The religious ceremonies of the Aegeans included sacred games and ritual dances. B.)The Greek religion was also a worship of natural phenomena and highly developed. The gods were personifications of particular elements. Or were defined heroes, and each town or district had its own local preferences, ceremonies and traditions. Thre was not regular priesthood. The priest and priestesses were not members of an exclusive class but led the nomal community life. 2. Roman Architecture Religion A.)Since Romans were really a mixed people, their polytheistic religion was the fusion of several cults, but owed most to the Etruscans who involved a scrupolous attention to ritual, to confomity and the will of the gods in a fantastic acceptance of their domination. In the course of time many of the chief Roman gods acquired similar attributes to those of the Greeks, and did not enter into the life of the people to the same degree nor do find that it formed a bond of union among the different provinces of the Empire. Dissatisfaction with state region showed itself from time to time in the introduction to Rome of alien cult from Egypt and the Naer East.

F.

Roman Architecture

1. Forum 2. Rectangular Temples 3. Circular and Plygonal Temples 4. Basilicas 5. Thermae 6. Theaters 7. Amhitheaters 8. Circuses 9. Tombs

10. 11. 12. 13. G.

Triumphal Arches Town Gateways and Archways Roman Houses Aqueducts Greek Architecture

1. Agora 2. Odeion 3. Stoa 4. Prytaneion 5. Bouleuteriom 6. Dipteral 7. Pseudo-Dipteral The Doric order The Doric order had a timber origin. Greek columns began as tapered tree trunks, the function of the square abacus and circular echinus compromising the capital being to gather and transmit the load of the entablature to the column shaft. The architrave is readily identifiable as a lintel, in fact, pairs of lintels, plated together-spanning from column to column and sustaining cross beams showing their ends as TRIGLYPHS in the frieze. The Doric Column It stands without a base directly on a crepidoma, usually of three steps The Doric Entablature The Ionic order

Definition of Term Megaron-has a deep plan, compromising a columned entrance porch, an anteroom with central doorway, the living-apartment .

Even though Greek and Roman Architecture are both found in the Mediterranean Sea, they are strickingly different in many ways. For example, the way of extending their powers. Greek Peninsula Mountains rendered internal communication dificult, which made the sea the inevitable means of intercourse, whereas the Romans were not seafaring people like Greeks, and depended for the extension of their power, not on colonisation, but on conquest. Another difference is in the time each era occurred. Greek Architecture began 3000B.C. until 30B.C. (before Crist). Roman Architecture occurred from 300 B.C. to 365 A.D. (after

death).Both differ in place of origin geografically.In Greece, it was in Crete where the first great sea power of Mediterranean arose, while, the central and commanding position of italy in the Mediterranean sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilization over Europe, western Asia and southern Africa. The two also differ in the climate each has. Greek climate was intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat. However, Romann climaate in North Italy has the climate of the temperate region of Europe; Central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is almost tropcal. In addition, while the clear atmosphere and intensity of light led to the development of that love of precise and exact forms, which are special attributes of the Greek Architecture, Roman Architecture character was so pronounced and assertive as to leave little choice in general design because the climate condition is sufficient to account for diversity of architectural features and treatment in the penins]lgfqula itself, while the differing climates of the various Roman provinces produced local modification in details. Still Greek differ from Romans in terms of religion of the Aegeans was nature worship which went to a series of premitive stages, on the other hand, since the Romans were really a mixed people , their polytheistic region was the fusion of several cults.

Sample Contrast Paragraph-Organized by similar ponts Topic Sentence Point #1 Detail (a)

Both differ in way of extending their powers. Greek Peninsula mountains rendered internal communication difficult

 Detail (b)

the sea is the inevitable means of intercouse

Point #2 Detail (a) Detail (b) Point #3 Detail (a) Detail((b)

Depended for the extension of their powers, not on colonization, but on conquest. The Romans were not sea faring people like Greeks. Both differ in the date of occurence Greek Architecture began 3,000B.C. until 30B.C.

Roman Architecture occurred from 300B.C to 365 A.D. Both differ in place of origin, geographically It was in Crete where the frst great sea power of Mediterranean arose.

Point #4 Detail (a)

The central and commanding position of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilization. Both differ in climate Greek climate was intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat.

Detail (b)

Point #5 Detail (a) Detail (b)

Roman climate in north Italy has the climate of the temperate origin of Europe; central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is almost typical. Both differ in religion The Aegean was nature worship which went to a series of premitive stages. Romans were really a mixed people; their polytheistic region was the fusion of several cults.

II.

Conclusion In view of the fact that for many years, teaching and learning in Thailand has been teacher-centred and that learning has been boring and passive, the concern of this study was specifically aimed at changing the traditional method of teaching to a student-centred approach in Studio Project Design of sriburapha University. It is also a response to the National Education Act B.E. 2542 (1999) (ONEC, 1999) for education reform to develop a learnercentred teaching-learning process in order to make education relevant to the needs of students in the twenty-first century.