Bibliography Bennett Pruitt

Primary Sources:

Fitzpatrick, D. R. "The Way Back." Cartoon. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection, 1947. This cartoon depicts a man climbing up a steep cliff using a thick rope to pull himself out of danger. This represents the Marshall Plan, a rope offered to the Europeans to help them escape from economic crisis. This cartoon allows me to gauge popular opinion of the plan by analyzing the cartoonists intentions and portrayal of the plan.

Germany: Post War Aid. 1947. Photograph. Ullstein Bild/ The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. This photo shows German workers unloading barrels of powdered milk sent by the United States at a train station. Two of the men looking up are smiling, representing satisfaction felt by beneficiaries of the plan. Another depiction of aid, it first tells me the kind of things the Europeans were lacking, and how we sent them those types of products.

Communist Leaders. 2013. The History Channel website. Jan 24 2013, 10:33 http://www.history.com/photos/cold-war-communist-leaders.
This slide show gives me important information about Communist leaders, providing context for the Marshall Plan, World War II, and the following Cold War. The United States put all its effort towards containing communism, embodied by these leaders.

"For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan." Key Dates for the Marshall Plan: For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan (Library of Congress Exhibition). Web. 19 Apr. 2013. These dates provided me with concentration on important events regarding the Marshall Plan timeline, allowing me to focus in on my thoughts and remember what events were the most important.

Tractors. 1950. Photograph. Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. This photo displays rows of tractors manufactured in a Wisconsin plant in preparation to be exported to Europe under the Marshall Plan. This shows the extent the United States went to in order to aid the Europeans, having plants factories at home creating products for the help of foreigners. As a result, I know more about another facet of how the plan worked, as a way to help the Europeans help themselves.

Marshall Plan: Tractors. 1947-1951. Photograph. Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. Depicts French farmers on American tractors imported through the Marshall Plan.

Geography. 1955. Photograph. Ullstein Bild/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. A photo of a German sign referring to the Marshall Plan.

Averell Harriman.1948. Photograph. AGIP-Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New

York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. Depicts Averell Harriman, American ambassador in Europe representing the Marshall Plan.

Comite dAid a LEurope. 1947. Photograph. AGIP-Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. Shows delegates of the Assistance to Europe Committee Jefferson Caffery and Charles Woolverton arriving at the Paris airport.

General Bradley. 1949. Photograph. AGIP-Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. In this photo American chiefs of staff arrive in Paris, with a speech from General Omar Bradley during time of the Marshall Plan.

George Marshall. 1948. Photograph. AGIP-Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. Shows George Marshall arriving at the quai dOrsay in Paris at the time of the Marshall Plan.

Paul Hoffman. 1948. Photograph. AGIP-Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. Shows Paul Hoffman, Economic Cooperation Administration leader arriving at Paris airport.

Paul Hoffman. 1948. Photograph. AGIP-Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. Shows Paul Hoffman, along with M. Harriman and Jefferson Caffery in the Paris airport.

Vincent Auriol. 1947. Photograph. AGIP-Rue Des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. A picture of the president of France receiving an American care package at the beginning of European aid from The United States.

Germany: Marshall Plan. 1952. Photograph. Ullstein Bild/The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. A photo depicting German workers putting up a sign that announces a factory funded by the Marshall Plan.

Economic Administration. 1948. Poster. The Granger Collection, New York City. The Granger Collection. The Granger Collection. A poster advertising strength for the free world from the United States of America.

World War II Damage and Destruction. 1945. Photo. History.com. A+E Networks. These photos display the damage that the Europeans had to deal with after World War II and the struggles they faced.

Various Photos. Photo. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. The Wikimedia Foundation. The pictures of NATO, the Warsaw Pact, and Comecon allowed me to learn about the fight between the West and Communism, and represented the most clear pictures available.

Thanking America. 1972. Photo. German Marshall Fund of the United States.

Shows the West German Chancellor Willy Brandt thanking the United States and announcing Germanys gift to the US in tribute to the Marshall Plan.

Hoover, Herbert. Prevention of Starvation in Postwar Germany. 1947. Herbert Hoover Library. After spending three weeks in Germany, Herbert Hoover drafted a 21-page report detailing conditions to President Harry S Truman, urging aid to Germany, something new for the conqueror to undertake. This tells me about events preceding the establishment of the Marshall Plan.

"European Recovery Program Basic Document No. 1", October 31, 1947. Truman Library. Seeing the declassified plan was interesting and cool and obviously important, because it represented everything about the website, which revolved around the Marshall Plan.

Marshall, George C. Remarks by The Secretary of State at Harvard University. June 5, 1947. Marshalls original document allowed me to see the reasons why the ERP was called the Marshall Plan and was possibly an even better document than the actual act.

Kennan, George. Sources of Soviet Conduct. 1947. Foreign Affairs. This allowed me to see one of the main contributing ideas behind US foreign policy regarding the spread of communism and the Soviet Union.

Truman, Harry S. "Letter from Harry S. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt." Letter to Eleanor Roosevelt. 7 May 1947. National Archives.

In this letter President Truman responds to an earlier letter sent by Eleanor Roosevelt addressing her concerns about communism. This letter gives me historical context and insight to motivations in helping out the European nations.

President Truman's Message to Congress. 1947. National Archives. Hearing Trumans actual speech as he spoke about what had to be done to save Greece and Turkey from communism was quite telling regarding the foreign policy of the period, which defined relations with the Soviets.

OECD at 50: Hows Life? OECD. OECD, 2011. This video is about the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), and represents a living legacy of the Marshall Plan. Marshall, George C. Law Establishing the Marshall Plan. 1948. National Archives, Washington D.C. In order to restore sound economic conditions in Europe, the Marshall Plan was created, requiring United States assistance. It was believed that the recovery of Europe was central to lasting peace. I now know a motivation behind the plan.

Reagan, Ronald. "Strategic Arms Reduction Talks." Speech. 1981. National Archives of the United States. President Reagan uses the Marshall Plan as an example refuting the argument that the United States has used force to further its own agendas. However, in a period where our country possessed the only nuclear weapons and had the only undamaged industry, that argument does
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not hold up, as the United States helped even its own enemies. This speech helped me how the Marshall Plan has aged over time with presidential opinions on it.

Rowe, Abbie. President Truman, George C. Marshall, Paul Hoffman, and Averell Harriman in the Oval Office Discussing the Marshall Plan. 1948. Photograph. Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO. This photo displays four men in the Oval Office discussing the Marshall Plan, including Harry S. Truman and George C. Marshall. This displays the legitimacy of the plan with high ranking members of the government discussing it. This shows me how seriously the plan was taken even a year after its creation.

Western Europe's Recovery. 1950. Digital image. Library of Congress. This map contains the countries in Europe affected by the Marshall Plan, and also compares their industry levels before the war and in 1950, after experiencing the effects of the Marshall Plan. This map shows me real, tangible effects of the Plan.

Secondary Sources:

Ferrell, Robert H. Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2006. Print. This book examines how the Truman presidency functioned in response to unprecedented problems and crises. Also, it focuses on internal opposition to Truman and the Marshall Plan, from revisionists who saw his actions as depravity and stupidity. This helps me see the problems faced by the United States and how and why they reacted the way they did.

Finell, Karin. Good-bye to the Mermaids: A Childhood Lost in Hitler's Berlin. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2006. Print. A memoir that gives an account of a child living in Berlin during World War II. This provides a firsthand European view of the Marshall Plan, especially popularity of President Truman as a result, and the citizenry with optimism.

Killick, John. The United States and European Reconstruction: 1945-1960. Edinburgh: Keele Univ., 1997. Print. The author analyzes the various viewpoints regarding the significance of the Marshall Plan on the reconstruction of Europe post- World War II. The author stresses the importance of the tenets of the Marshall plan calling for a unity of European states. It is thus both an economic and political analysis of the Marshall Plan.

Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. Print. This book presents a basic history of how the United States helped western Europe rebuild after World War II, sending large amounts of supplies and revitalizing their economies, gaining the gratitude of those affected. This reinforces the idea of American beneficially influencing the Europeans in this time.

Mills, Nicolaus. Winning the Peace: The Marshall Plan and America's Coming of Age as a Superpower. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print.

This book describes the events leading up to Marshalls announcement of the plan and its implementation afterwards. It presents the plan as more of kickstarter or salve to the wounds of the Europeans so that they did not have to worry about welfare themselves. This also helps me see the United States path to becoming a superpower.

Milward, Alan S. The Reconstruction of Western Europe: 1945-51. Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.: Univ. of California, 1984. Print. This book focuses on the problems in Western Europe and the measures taken to fix them. Particularly, the far-reaching and ambitious political and economic intentions behind the decision to provide aid to western Europe. The Marshall Plan rapidly came to have certain elements of a political ideology expressed in economic terms .

Pisani, Sallie. The CIA and the Marshall Plan. Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, 1991. Print. This depicts the coordination between the CIA and the presidential administration. In fact, Truman created the CIA to coordination information because he felt he could not rely on the State Department. This allows a look at the maneuvering required to pull off such a grand plan.

Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards. The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 2006. Print. This book describes Trumans attempts to avert World War III through policies like the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.Truman defined containments content and also shaped Americas understanding of the Cold War. This shows the political background at the time as well.

Prybyla, Jan S. The American Way of Peace: An Interpretation. Columbia: University of Missouri, 2005. Print. This book traces the development and implementation of Pax Americana during the period from World War II to the present. It covers Americas own perception of its role in the world and the effects as a result of American action. Specifically, it describes the Marshall Plan as having promoted the idea of cooperation and unity in Western Europe. This is yet another source that shows me what the plan accomplished and how it contributed to the United States emergence as the foremost power in the world.

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