Governing Equations for Turbulent Flow

Professor Jung-Yang San Mech. Engrg. Dept., National Chung Hsing University

(i) Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate

Re x =

U x = Reynolds Number
Rex=5(10)5 Rex=106

Rex=0

u / U = 0.99

Thickness of boundary layer

The Origin of Turbulence

Turbulence is believed to be induced by small disturbance in flow. In laminar flow region, the disturbance is restrained by the flow, thus it does not affect the flow motion. In turbulent flow region, the disturbance is amplified by the flow motion to form eddies. For laminar flow, as the derived continuity, momentum and energy equations are used for predicting flow velocity and temperature distributions. The result appears to match well with experimental data. Nevertheless, for turbulent flow, this match usually appears to be poor. Reynolds number can be used for indicating the occurrence of turbulent flow.

Fluctuation of velocity and temperature in turbulent flow region

u

u
t1

at a certained location

t (time)

Define: u = u + u ' (t); T = T + T ' (t)

v = v + v' (t);

w = w + w' (t);

P = P + P ' (t)

1 t1 1 t1 u u dt , v v dt , 0 0 t1 t1

1 t1 w w dt 0 t1

etc.

(ii) Time-Averaged Continuity Equation

Continuity: u v w + + =0 x y z (incompressible flow)

u = u + u ' (t);

v = v + v ' (t);

w = w + w' (t);

substituting into the above equation,

u u ' v v ' w w' + + + + + =0 x x y y z z Integrating over period 0 t1 u u ' v v ' w w' + + + + + = 0 x x y y z z
=0 =0 =0

u v w + + =0 x y z

(iii) Time-Averaged x-direction Momentum Equation

x-direction momentum equation (neglecting body force): 1 Pe u u u u 2u 2u 2u ) +u +v +w = + ( + + 2 2 2 x t x y z x y z

Multiplying continuity equation by u: u v w u( + ) = 0 + x y z adding to the above equation

u u 2 (uv) (uw) 2u 2u 2u 1 Pe + + + = + ( + + ) 2 2 2 x t x y z x y z

averaging over period 0 t1 u u 2 (uv) (uw) 1 Pe 2u 2u 2u + + + = + ( + + ) 2 2 2 x t x y z x y z

=0

u 2 (uv) (uw) 1 Pe 2u 2u 2u + + = + ( + + ) 2 2 2 x x y z x y z

u = u + u ' (t);

v = v + v' (t);

w = w + w' (t);

substituting into the above equation,

(u ) 2 (u ' ) 2 (u v) (u 'v ' ) (u w) (u ' w' ) 1 Pe 2u 2u 2u [ + ]+[ + ]+[ + ]= + ( + + ) 2 2 2 x x y y z z x y z x

where (u ) 2 u (u v) v u = 2u ; =u + v ; x x y y y Substituting back, (u w) w u =u + w z z z

u (u ' ) 2 v u (u 'v ' ) w u (u ' w' ) [2u + ] + [u + v + ]+[ u + w + ] x x y y y z z z 1 Pe 2u 2u 2u = + ( + + ) x 2 y 2 z 2 x (1)

Multiplying the time-averaged continuity equation by u , u v w u ( + ) = 0 + x y z Substracting equation (1) with this equation, it yields 1 Pe 2u 2u 2u u (u ' ) 2 u (u 'v ' ) u (u ' w' ) ] = + ( + + ) [u + ] + [v + ] + [w + x z x 2 y 2 z 2 x x y y z

After arrangement,
' )2 'v ' ) ' w' ) u u u u u u 1 P ( ( ( + v + w = ( 2u ) u + x y z x y z x 2u 2u 2u 2 u + + where Additional terms 2 2 2 x y z

Similarly, y and z-directional momentum equations can be devired as well!

In tensor notation, i-direction time-averaged momentum equation is (ui' v 'j ) 1 P ui 2ui + ) uj = ( x x j x j x j x j

For two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer, the x-momentum equation is as follows: 1 P u u 2u (u 'v ' ) + u + v 2 x y y y x 2u 2u (u ' ) 2 (u 'v ' ) where and   2 2 x y x y (y-direction velocity fluctuation is larger than x-direction velocity fluctuation )

For two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer: u u u 1 P 1 u + v + = ( u 'v ' ) x y x y y

Negative value

where

u u = molecular shear stress ; u 'v ' = eddy shear stress m ( ) y y m momentum eddy diffusivity

[Note: velocity fluctuations (u ' , v ' ) are assumed to be induced by u / y.] u u u u 1 P 1 + v + m + = ( ) x y y x y y 1 u u = ( ( + m ) ) = (( + m ) ) y y y y u = apparent shear stress ( + m ) y u

Hence,

where

(iv) k Model for Turbulent Flow

m is not a constant. For solving the momentum equation, its value must be determined. k Model Involves (i) Turbulence kinetic energy (k) equation (ii) Dissipation energy () equation The above two equations plus the momentum equation can be used to solve the m value and velocity distribution.

Analog to molecular kinetic theory for gas:

M = Cu k 1/ 2 L
where k = tubulence energy ; k 3/ 2 Dessipation rate = = CD ( ) L L = length scale ; Cu = empirical coefficient

where CD = drag coefficient = 1

Sustituting back to eliminate L, it yields

M = (

k2

)Cu

k equation:

equation:

Dk M k u = ( ) + M ( )2 Dt y k y y 2 D M u 2 = ( ) + c1 M ( ) c2 ( ) Dt y y y k k

The following values are suggested for : Cu = 0.09, c1 = 1.44, c2 = 1.92, k = 1,

= 1.3

(v) Time-Averaged Energy Equation

Energy equation (neglect dissipation term): T T T T 2T 2T 2T +u +v +w + + ) = k( ) cp ( 2 2 2 t x y z x y z

where u = u + u ' (t) ; v = v + v' (t) ; P = P + P ' (t) ; T = T + T ' (t)

Multiplying continuity equation by T: T( u v w ) = 0 + + x y z

w = w + w' (t)

adding to the above equation

T (uT ) (vT ) ( wT ) 2T 2T 2T ) + + + = ( + + 2 2 2 t x y z x y z

Time averaged from 0 t1 , T (uT ) (vT ) ( wT ) 2T 2T 2T + + + = ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) t x y z x y z After arrangement, (uT ) (vT ) ( wT ) 2T 2T 2T + + = ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) x y z x y z

[u

T u T v T w ] ] + [v ] + [w + T + T + T x x y y z z ' ' (u 'T ' ) (v 'T ' ) ( wT 2T 2T 2T ) + + + = ( 2 + + ) 2 2 x y z x y z

For two-dimensional flow (also using continuity equation), it yields : T T (v 'T ' ) 2T + v + = 2 u x y y y 2T 2T (u 'T ' ) (v 'T ' ) [Note: In the boundary layer,  ;  ] 2 2 x y x y

For two-dimensional flow in the boundary layer: T T 2T (v 'T ' ) u + v = 2 x y y y 1 T T [k [( + H ) ] = c p v 'T ' ] = c p y y y y where T = molecular heat flux (without considering direction) k y T c p v 'T ' = eddy heat flux c p H y H eddy thermal diffusivity ; = molecular thermal diffusivity
T T T + v = [( + M ) ] x y y Prt y

where

M Prt turbulent Prandtl number H

(empirally determined)