Myanmar Engineer Forum Journal - 2009 No.1

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vlyk*dKvfwpfOD;csif;? odkUwnf;r[kwf cGif&vm'f rSmrlum; &wmawG (Assume)? tajctae
tzGJUtpnf;wpfckcsif;pD&JU udk,fusifU ajymif;jyefjzpfaewwf
jzpfonf
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odkYaomf 4if;eJYywfouf ajymvdkjcif;r[kwf/
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wJ h & v'f u d k rjzpf r aeqef ; ppf z d k Y r S m tvG e f eJYwGufcsufvdkY&wJhtajz[m Eular method
ta&;MuD;vSonfh vkyfief;pOfjzpfonf/
uRef u &wJhtajzeJY xyfwlrusEdkifygbl;/ usnf
awmf w d k Y vk y f i ef ; wpf c k c k t wG u f v d k t yf w J h
wGufcsufrI wpfck[m rjzpfEdkifwJh &vm'fawGudk qefoGm;EIef;udk azmfjy&mrSm Air resistance
tif*sifeD,mwdkY\wGufcsufrI aemufuG,frSm
10
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vd k r suf E S m jyif r S m t"d y m ,f r &S d b l ; / pwJ h vlwpfa,mufysrf;rQtav;csdef (85) uDvdkqdk&if
uefYowfxm;wJh abmifawGudk odxm;zdkYvdktyf tm&So m;awG twGu fe nf ;enf ;uG m[aeOD; rSmyg/
ygw,f/ ,aeUacwfrSm pufHkBuD;BuD;rm;rm;wnf a&qlrSwfukd
(100)'D*&DpifwD ESifhtMurf;zsif;
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y,fwGifwGufcsufrIrS
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vdktyfovdk,lMu&wJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm
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finity xdwGufcsufzdkU rjzpfEdkifaMumif;awGU&rSm
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wGufcsufrIjzpfpOfawGrSm yg0ifwJh Pa- rI a wmf a wmf u d k e nf ; ygvd r f h r nf / od k Y jzpf
wd u saomay;xm;csuf r sm;r&S d b J , H k M unf
ra me ters a wGe J Y y wfo ufa e y gw, f/ avmuf z G , f & vm'f r &Ed k i f a Mumif ; ynm&S i f r sm;
if ; wd k Y & J h o abm obm0ud k u teD ; pyf q H k ; uajymcJ U Muonf / txuf y gtcsuf r sm;ud k
,lxm;&vdkYjzpfygw,f/ Oyrmajym&&if 550 Munf hv Qify if vk yf ief; wpfc ku dk wG uf csufo nf U
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11
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txl;yifta&;MuD;vSonf/ wdusrI&Sd&eftwGuf
tif*sifeD,mqdkif&mwm0efwpf&yfrSm vufcHEdkif
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ES i f h azmf j yjcif ; yif j zpf o nf / xd k y rmPonf ,HkMunfudk;pm;EdkifrI (Reliability)
rnfrQ&SdaMumif;jzpfwefpGrf; (Probability) ESifh
azmf j yjcif ; jzpf o nf / tqd k y gjzpf w ef p G r f ;
udkwwfEdkiforQtjrifhrm;qHk;? (0g)
vufcHEdkif
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wwfEdkiforQ
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rIrS&&SdvmwJh Running hours udk em&D
(3000) [k razmfjybJ ( )em&Dazmfjyjcif;onf
vdkvm;tajzwpfcktwGuf Range changes
udkazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ (2950 rS 3050 xd)
qd ka om tawmtwG i f; wefz d k; ud ka zmfjyonf/
tu,f if;rD;oD;\oufwrf;udk ( ) jzpfatmif
vky fE dk i fvQi f y dk r dk t usdK; oufa &m uf
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12
aqmif;yg;
mPfprf;
Ko Saw (rk'Hk)
ukv or* twG i f; a&;rI; csKyfwm0ef,l

xm;wJh befu Dr Ge f; wpfa ,muf urmvH k;yH kp Hi ,f
tkyfav;wpfckeJU tvkyfIyfaeygw,f/ befuD
rGef;tvkyfIyf&jcif;taMumif;uawmU 'Dvdkyg-
urm v H k; ud k txuf u yH k r Sm jyxm;wJ h t wd k i f ;

tjrif h w l n D w J h (tjyma&mif j c,f r I e f ; xm;wJ h )
tpdw ftyd kif;av;ESpfckydkif;xm;r,f/ tjyma&mif
jc,fxm;wJh tpdwf t ydki f; ESp fc kudk nmbuf
yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwkdif; tydkif; 1 eJY tydkif; 2 vdkY
owfrSwfygr,f/ tydkif; 2 &JUrsufESmjyif{&d,m[m
tjrifh H &SdwJh cylinder wpfck&JU
rsufESmjyif{&d,meJY wlnDw,f vdkY ,lqygr,f/
befuDrGef;odcsifwmu b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif
{&d,mu ydkrsm;rvJ/ b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif
{&d,mu enf;aervJ/ uJ.. .. uGefawmfwdkY 0dkif;
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radius jzpfygw,f/
b uawmh tydkif;
1 &JU rsufESmjyiftus,f jzpfygw,f/ b [m
r &JU tangent line jzpfygw,f/ H H
uawmh ESpfckvHk;eJYoufqdki fwJh tjrifhjzpf
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( ) vdkYowfrSwfygr,f/ 'gqdk&if =
jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ b [m r &JU tangent
line jzpfwJhtwGuf axmifh l [m 90- eJY
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'gqdk tJ'DMwd*HESpfck[m similar triangle
jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ similar triangle tem;awG&JU
tcsdK;[mwlnDw,fqdkwJh *kPfowdt& atmuf
13
aqmif;yg;
Cylinder &JU surface area jzpfatmif

equation awGudk 2 eJY ajrSmufvdkufwJhtcg
surface area ESpfc k[m wl nDa ewmudk
awGY&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tydkif;(1)&JU
surface area eJY tydkif;(2)&JU surface area
[mwlnDygw,f/
tJ'D uae bmudkodEdkifovJqdkawmh sphere
wpfc k& JU rnfo nf ht pd wf tydkif;u surface
radius
area rqdk oleJY tjrifhcsif;wlnD ?
csif;wlnDwJh Cylinder &JU surface area eJY
twlwlygyJ/ 'gqdk&if tjrifhwl ? radius wlwJh
Cylinder wpfck&JU
surface area eJY
sphere wpfck&JU surface area wljyDaygh/
ukvor* twGif;a&;rI;csKyf
wm0ef,lxm;wJUbefuDrGef;
wpfa,muf urmvHk;yHkpHi,f
t&kyfav;wpfckeJUtvkyf&Iyf
aeygw,f/befuDrGef;
tvkyfIyf&jcif; taMumif;
uawmU 'Dvdkyg-
Ko Saw (rk'Hk)
Ref: Michael Starbird, Ph.D. Professor

of Mathematics , The University of Texas
at Austin :
Lecture 8 , Circles, Pyramids, Cones and
Spheres
14
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15
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17
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24
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wpfESpfxufwpfESpf BudK;pm;rIawGatmifjrifwmudk
atmufyg*&yfzf rSmawGUEdkifygw,f
passenger jzpfygw,f/
qDukefusrI[m wpfESpf
xuf w pf E S p f a vsmUenf ;
vmwmudkawGU&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 1960 ckESpfu
10 km
c&D ; onf w pf a ,muf t wG u f
tuGmta0;udk qD 0.6 liter
ukefuscJU
ygw,f / ,ck t csd e f r S m awmh c&D ; onf w pf
a,muftwGuf 10 km tuGmta0;udk qD 0.2
liter yJ ukefusygw,f/ 'ghtjyif Airbus
A330 udk Volvo V70 um;trsdK;tpm;eJY
EdIif;,SOfMunfhygw,f/
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udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/ y-axis uawmh qDukefusrI
(fuel consumption) udk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/
azmfjyxm;wJh unit uawmh Liter/10km/
txufrSmjrif&wJh *&yfzftwdkif; c&D;onfwpf
a,muftwGuf 10 km tuGmta0;udk um; eJY
av,mOf?qDukefusrIEdIif;,SOfwJhtcg av,mOf&JU
qD p m;EI e f; u um;eJ Y, S O f & if 26% avsmh
enf;aewmudk awGY&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Calculation uawmh av,mOfrSm median load
(75% full) udk tajccHxm;jyD; um;rSmawmh
driver &JU load udkyg,lwGufxm;ygw,f/
acwfopfav,mOfwpfpif;u xGufay:vmwJU ql
nHrI(noise)[m acwfay:tjref&xm;u xGuf
ay:vmwJh qlnHrIeJY EIdif;,SOf&if xuf0ufcefY
avsmhenf;ygw,f/ Advisory Council of
Aeronautics
(ACARE)
Research
in
Europe
u 2020 ck E S p f t wG u f
&nfrSef;csufuawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f/
Fuel consumption and carbon
dioxide emissions to fall by 50 per
cent
Noise to fall by 50 per cent
Nitric oxide emissions to fall
by 80 per cent
tJ ' D & nf r S e f ; csuf a wG j zpf a jrmuf z d k Y [m cuf c J
r,fqdkwmrSefayr,fh vkdvQifMuHq enf;vrf;&
qd k w J h p um;yH k t wd k i f ; Mud K ;yrf ; tm;xk w f v Qif
&nf r S e f ; csuf u d k rvG J { uef a &muf &S d r ,f
vdkY ,HkMunf&ygaMumif; .
a'geom;
Ref: Henrik Norberg , Volvo Aero and

Airbus , AERO ENVIRONMENT ( A
MAGAZINE ABOUT AVIATION AND
THE ENVIRONMENT FROM VOLVO
28
29
]] pufrIawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;rSm a&aMumif;Adokumynm[mvnf;
wdk;wufvmcJhrSm ,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sdyg}}
The Roots of Naval Architecture
a&aMumif;Adokumynm\Zpfjrpfudk wl;azmfjcif;
Naval architecture qd kwJ hy nm&yf[ m
yD;&l;awmifwef;uae pwifarG;zGm;vmw,fqdk&if
tuk e f t H h M ooif h uk e f r vm;yJ / wu,f y g/
ol Y wpf o uf wpf u dk ,f oabFm wpfp D; awmif r S
raqmufcJhzl;wJh jyifopfeuwfynm&Sif Pierre
Bouguer [m olY&Jh olawoepmwrf;jzpfwJh
Trait du navire, de sa construction
et de ses mouvemens (Treatise of the
Ship, Its
Construction and Movements) rSm pwiftoHk;jyKcJhygw,f/ jyifopf
odyHtu,f'rD&Jhokawoevkyf ief;jzpfwJh urmMuD;&Jh t&G,ftpm;eJYyHko@mefudkodEdkif&eftwGuf
vwDwG'f'D*&DoHk;rsdK;eJY wdkif;wm&ef yD&l;awmif
wef;rSm tajccsaepOf (1735-1744) twGif;
txufy gpmwrf; udky g jyKpkc Jhwmyg/ 1746
a&mufrS w&m;0ifxkwfa0jzefYcsDcJhw,f vdkYrSwf
om;&ygw,f/ awmifwef;ay:rSm oabFmynm
tkwfjrpfwpfckcscJUwm[m tHUzG,fwpfckuawmU
trSefygyJ/
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pmtkyfawG&SdcJhayr,fh Ship constructors
awGtwGuf tm;udk;jyK avmufzG,f&m r&SdcJhygbl;/
jyD;awmh ynm&yfeJYywfoufvdkY olYavmuf Synthesis rjzpfwJhtwGuf Pierre Bouguer &Jh
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enf ; ynmtqef q H k ; pmtk y f j zpf c J h y gw,f /
&mpkE Sp fwpfc kp mrQ oabFm wnfa qmufo lwd kU
twG u f o r m usrf ; pmozG , f t m;ud k ; tm;xm;
jyKcJ h & ygw,f / od k Y aMumif h r d k Y vnf ; Pierre
Bouguer udk a&aMumif;AdokumzcifMuD;&,fvdkY
Ko San Gyi
(the father of naval

architecture) aESm if; vl wd kY rSw fc suf jyKcJh &ygw,f /
tJ v d k r S w f c suf j yK&wJ h aemuf t aMumif ; &if ;
wpfckuvnf; oabFmwpfpD; twGuf touf
wrQta&;MuD;vSwJh Stability twGuf,aeU
wdkif the only surviving theory jzpfwJh
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[m rsm;pGmzGYHjzdK;wdk;wufcJhygw,f/
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Naval architects trsm;pk a wmif r S
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tmcD r D ; 'D ; ud k a&aMumif ; ynmzcif M uD ; vd k Y
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jzpf y gw,f / oabF m Ad o k u mtwG u f Pierre
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architecture vdkYqdk&avmufatmif Hydrostatics,
Hydrodynamics, Stability wd k Y ud k
tus,f & S i f ; jyjyD ; Ship constructors
30
awGtwGuftvGef taxmuf tuljyKwJU ocFsm
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& k & S m ;p d e f Y yDwmpy wf o dy H tu,f ' r Dudk
pa&mufwJhE SpfrSm0ifjydKifcJhwJh touf(20)t&G,f
ocFsmynm&Sif Euler yJjzpfygw,f/
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wJhpmtkyfudk 1610 uwnf;u ay:wl*DEdkifiHom;
ocsFmynm&Sifvnf;jzpf? tif*sifeD,m wpfa,muf
vnf;jzpfwJh Joo Baptista Lavanha &Jh
rxkwfa0jzpfwJhpmtkyfvdkYqdkygw,f/
pmtky ftrnfuawmh Livro primeiro
de arquitectura naval (First Book of
Naval Architecture) jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D
pmtkyfrSm tckvdk&Sif;jycJhygw,f/ Naval Architecture is that which with certain
rules teaches the building of ships,
in which one can navigate well and
conveniently. tJ'Dpmtkyfudk (20) &mpk
a&mufrSom;xkwfa0cJhwmyg/ 1700 jynfh0ef;usif
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Ko San Gyi
31
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32
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33
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cJhygw,f/1930 rSm tJ'D ukyPD ydkif c&D;onfwif oabFm 10 pif;cefU &SdcJhNyD; wpfESpfudk c&D;onf 9
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ukyPD ysufqD;ovdk NzpfcJhNyD; oabFm ta&twGufvnf; ododomom enf;vm;cJhygw,f/ 1962 ckESpf
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Name of ship Date of issue and owner
Length (m)
Breadth(m)
Draught(m)
Speed (knots) Type of engine Power (kilowatt)
Numbers of passenger
M.V.Myat Yadna
Yarrow Co.Ltd,Scotland 62 9.8 1.2 10
120
RV Mekong Pandaw 2003 60 11 1.5 12 Isuzu809.6
150
RV Pandaw II 2001 55
10
11.5 Caterpillars
515.2
120
34
RV Tonel Pandaw
2002 55
580.8
120
RV Pandaw IV 2005 55 10
120
Delta Queen
45.5 8.5
Pandaw
40 10.5 1.7
10
13
Cummins
Engines
9.5
Cummins Engines
5 8 0 . 8
1.5 9.5
85
10.5 Dorman Engines368 64
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oabFmudk tNrefoGm; oabFmvdkU rSwf,l&rSmNzpfygw,f/ tNrefoGm; oabFmawG[m oabFmyHkpH?
trsdK;tpm;? pwmawGay: rlwnfNyD; uGJNym;Ncm;em;rIawG &Sdygw,f/ tMurf;zsOf;tm;Nzifh tNrefoGm;
oabFmawGudk atmufygtwdkif; cGJNcm; MunfhfvdkYygw,f/
'gawG[m tMurf;zsOf; azmfNycsufomNzpfNyD; tNcm;yHkpHrsdK;pHkvnf; &Sdedkifao;ygw,f/ tNrefoGm;
oabFmawG&JU orkdif;aMumif;udk awmh 'Dae&mrSm razmfNyawmhygbl;? t"du azmfNycsifwmuawmh tNref
oGm; oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwif u@ rSm ta&;ygyHkudkyg/
34
yHk(2)- yHkpHrsdK;pHkNzifh tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rsdK;
'gawG[m tMurf;zsOf; azmfNycsufomNzpfNyD; tNcm;yHkpHrsdK;pHkvnf; &Sdedkifao;ygw,f/ tNrefoGm;

oabFmawG&JU orkdif;aMumif;udk awmh 'Dae&mrSm razmfNyawmhygbl;? t"du azmfNycsifwmuawmh tNref
oGm; oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwif uP rSm ta&;ygyHkudkyg/ wu,fawmh 16 &mpkavmufu pNyD;
tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmawG[m urmay:u ekdifiH toD;oD;rSm pwif acwfpm;vmw,fvdkU
qdkygw,f/19 &mpk eJU 20 &mpk twGif;rSm awmh oabFmwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG[m w[kefwdk;
Nrif h wuf vmcJh NyD; tNrefo Gm ; c&D; onfw if oabF m vky fi ef; awG [mvnf; od od o mom
wdk;wufvmcJhygw,f/ 1990 eJU 1997 ckESpf twGif;rSmqdk&if tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm yrmP
[m tNcm;oabFm awGxuf 43 % awmif wkd;wufvmcJhygw,f 2.tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif
oabFmwdk;wufvmrIeJU twl? pD;ESif;wJh c&D;onf ta&twGuf[mvnf; 50% txd
wdk;wufvmygw,f/ 1990 rS ,ckvuf&Sd tcdsef txd urmay:rSm aqmufvkyfcJhwJh tNrefoGm;
c&D;onfwif oabFm trsdK;tpm;eJU 4if;wdkU&JU yrmP udk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f3/
yHk(3)- (1990-2007) txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rdsK;
c&D;onf wif oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwifaqmifedkifrI tvdkuf pm&if;udk Munfh&ifvnf; 50 rS 200?

200 rS 350 wGif;wifaqmifwJh oabFmyrmP[m ododomom uGm[rIr&Sdwmudk awGU&rSm Nzpfygw,f/
350 OD;a&eJU txuf wifaqmifedkifwJh oabFmaqmufvkyfrI yrmPuawmh 10 % avmufom
&Sdw,fvdkU rSwfwrf;rsm; t&awGU&Sd&ygw,f/ 4if;yrmPawGudkvnf; atmufuyHkrSm wifNyxm;
ygw,f3/
35
yHk(4)- c&D;ta&;twGuftvdkuf 2007 txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm;oabFmrsm;
txufrSm azmfNycJhwJh oabFm trdsK;tpm; awGeJU 4if;wdkU&JU aqmufvkyfrI yrmPudk MunfhNcif;tm;Nzifh

tMurfzsOf; aNymedkifwmuawmh tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm aqmufvkyfr,fqdk&if monohull?
catamaran ferry eJU hydrofoil oabFm trsdK;tpm;awGudk t"dua&G;cs,foifhNyD;?
c&D;onfwifaqmifrI yrmPtm;Nzifh 100 - 250 Mum; avmufudk a&G;cs,f oifhygw,f/ 'Dvdk
trsdK;tpm;awG[m urmrSm aqmufvkyfrItrsm;qHk;NzpfNyD;? atmifNrifpGm aNy;qGJedkifrI taumif;qHk;
Nzpfw,fqdkwm udk awGU&rSmyg/
2/ Nrefrm ekdifiH NrpfwGif;oGm; tNrefoabFmrsm; twGuf external design problems
NrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm armif;ESif;rnfh tNrefoGm;oabFmawGtwGuf 'DZdkif;vkyf&mrSm xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&r,fhtcsuf wpfcsdKUudkwifNycsifygw,f/ wu,fawmh NrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm a&pl;t&rf;udk
edrhfaewmudk awGU&rSmyg/ edk0ifbmveJUarvawG twGif;rSmqdk&if {&m0wD Nrpf&JU a&pl;[m ododomom
udk usqif;wwfNyD; navigational length [m vnf; 10% avmuftxd usqif;wwfygw,f/
atmufuZ,m;rSm {&m0wDNrpf&JU &efukefeJU rEav;tMum; aEG&moDtedrfhqHk; a&pl;udk azmfNyxm;yg
w,f4/
Z,m;(2) - {&m0wD Nrpf{/f a&pl;uefUowfcsuf taNctae

Navigational length Yangon Hinthada Hinthada Pyay Pyay - Mandalay
Restricted depth
4m
3.7 m
2.5 m
wu,fawmh tJavmufedrfhaewJh a&teuf rSm ( FnL>0.6) avmuf&SdwJh oabFmwpfpif; armif;zkhd
qdkwm ship design ynm&yf twGuf pdefac:rIMuD; wpfckvdkU aNym&ifrrSm;ygbl;/ tJ'DvdktaNctaerSm
tNrefoGm;oabFmwpfpif; armif;r,fqdk&if wave barrier aMumifh wave formation eJU wave
resistance [m ododomom wufvmNyD;vdkcsifwJh speed udk&zkdUqdkwm rvG,fwJh udpvnf;
Nzpfygw,f/atmufuyHkrSmawmh a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm resistance aNymif;vJrIudk Nyxm;ygw,f
h/T /
[m a&teuf tuefUtowfr&SdwJh ae&mrSm NzpfaewJh resistance NzpfNyD; usefwJh ESpfckuawmh
a&wdrfwJh
h/T
36
taNctaerSm Nzpfay:aewJh resistance curve Nzpfygw,f/ yHkrSmodomapwmuawmh a&wdrfrSm

qdk&if resistace[m ododomom MuD;udkrsm;aewmudkyg/ wpfcsdKUspeed awGrSmqdk&if resistance
hump awGudk Nzpfay:apygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefawGrSmqdk&if rvkdtyfbJ engine power awGudk ESpfq
avmufokH;&wwfygw,f5/
yHk(5)- shallow water wGif resistance curve aNymif;vJrI Nzpfay:aeyHk
'hgtNyif speed eJU a& teufwdrfrI aMumifh growing effect eJU trim [mvnf; ododomom
wdk;vmrSmygbJ/ wu,fawmh a&teuf[m oabFm&JU resistance? lifting force eJU trim moment awGudk ododomomudk oufa&mufaew,fqdkwm awGU&rSmyg/ 'ghtNyif critical speed udk
a&mufvmwmeJU speed aMumifh oabFm&JU acgif;ydkif;rSm pressure wufvmNyD;? aemufydkif; bufrSm
pressure u usvmygw,f/ 4if;pressure aMumihf trim at stern udk wdk;apNyD;? resistance udk
vnf;wufapwmNzpfygw,f/ 'ghtNyif interaction between hull and propeller udkvnf;
aNymif;vJ apygw,f/ a&wdrfNrpfaMumif;awG&JU critial speed udkawmh atmufyg equation eJU
wdkif;wm ekdifygw,f/
vcrit gh
- g
gravitational force (9.81 m^s), h water depth (m).
Critical speed rSm vdSKif;[m omrefxuf ydkMuD;NyD; power t&rf;oHk;&um vkdtyfwJh speed
uvnf; a&mufzkdhcufcJygw,f/ critical speed ukd ausmfNzpfNyD; supercritical speed region
udk a&mufcgeD;rSmvJ speed aMumifh oabFm tay: oufa&mufaewJh hydrodynamic forces awG
[maNymif;vJvmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh supercritical zone rSm armif;rJUoabFmawG[m oifhawmfwJh
hull lines awGeJU oifhawmfwJh principal dimensions? installed power awGvdktyfygw,f/
37
a&wdrfawGrSmarmif;ESifrJU oabFmawG&JU speed zoneawGudk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f/'D diagram

[m Nrpf&JUa&pl;teuf h eUJ oabFm&JUtvsSm; L ay: rlwnfNyD; ? aqmufvkyfr,fh oabFm&JU length
froude numberudk azmfNyxm;Ncif;Nzpfygw,f/ tNrefoGm; NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmwdkif;twGuf 'D diagram ay:rlwnfNyD; rdrdaqmufvkyfrnfh oabFm speed udk a&G;cs,f&rSmNzpfygw,f6.
yHk(6)- Speed zones: I subcritical; II supercritical; III unfavorable supercritical
wpfcsdefwnf; rSmbJodoifhwmu a&teufudkvkdufNyD; speed uefUowfcsufukdyg/ oabFmarmif;

olaum? designer uyg vdkufem&rnfh speed udk atmufu equation eJU azmfNyxm;ygw,f/ a&
teufudkvdkufNyD; 4if; speed xufausmf rarmif;oifhovkd? design vnf;rvkyfoifhygbl;/
(3)
vlim 0.55 gh
yxrqHk; taeeJU a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm high speed ship wpfpif;udk design vkyfr,fqdk&if pOf;pm;
&rSmuawmh a&Murf;NyifeJU oabFm Keel Mum; tuGm;ta0;yJ Nzpfygw,f/
The relative under keel clearance of the vessel is defined as:
(4)
E
0
where minimum under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation,(m)

0 under keel clearance of the vessel when stopping,(m).
qdk&if under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation [m depth of water
while stopping eJU nDaerSNzpfNyD;? qdk&ifawmh oabFm[m Murf;NyifeJUxdaew,fvdkUqdkygw,f/ designer wpfa,muf[m twwfedkifqHk; under keel clearance udkrsm;rsm;xm;zkdhvkdtyfygw,f/
38
tJ'gaMumifh NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JUa&pl;udk pOfpm;r,fqdk&if t"dutm;Nzifh atmufygOya'o udk
vkdufem&yghr,f/
T hlim
(5)
hlim - qdkwm Nrpf&JU limitation water depth Nzpfygw,f/

NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JU Free board height eJU superstructure height
[mvnf;armif; ESifr,fh ae&may:rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufwpfcktNzpf yg0ifygw,f/ 4if; parameter awG[m a&vrf;aMumif;rSm&SdwJh oHwm;awG&JU tNrifh? NrpfawG tay:uoG,fwef;xm;wJh
vsSyfppf MudK;awG tay:rlwnfNyD; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufawGtNzpfyg0ifygw,f/ 'hgtNyif
NrpfusOf;awG&JU tus,fudk vdkufNyD;awmhvnf; oabFm&JUt"du parameter wpfckNzpfwJh breadth
(B) [mvnf; uefUowfcsuf wpfcktaeeJU yg0ifygw,f? 'gudkvnf; designer u udk,fhaqmufr,fh
a&vrf;aMumif; taNc taeay: rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm; oifhygw,f/
atmufuyHkrSmoHwm;wpfck&JU tNrihfeJUtus,fudk vdkufNyD;pOf;pm;&r,fh parameter awGudkNyxm;
ygw,f/
yHk(7)- oHwm;wpfcktm; oabFm vGyfvyfpGm armif;ESif;edkif&ef
oabFmwpfpif; oHwm;wpfpif;udk Nzpf&mrSm design point of view rSm tpOfaNypGm Nzwfoef;edkif&ef

atmufygtwdkif; qHk;Nzwf&rSmNzpfygw,f/
(6)
vSdKif;xaewJh NrpftwGif; rSm qdk&if
(7)
h ( )

hB
0.1
2
39
hB
- qdkwm vdSKif;&JU tNrifh (meter) Nzpfygw,f/

'ghtNyif rdrd armif;ESifrJh NrpfaMumif;eJU? ywf0efusifudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdhvdkygw,f?
qdkvdkwmu a&;pDEIef; yrmP? a&pDaMumif;eJUtwl opfwkH;pwnfh rmausmwJh t&mawGarsmygvmrI?
&moDOwktvdkuf avwdkufeSef; taNctae? vdSKif;yrmP? 0J*,uf wdkU&JU taNctaepwnfh tcsufawG
udk designer wpfa,muf[m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdUtxl;vdktyfygw,f/
3/ NrpfwGif;tNrefoGm; oabFmrsm;twGuf internal design problems
a&wdrfoGm; tNrefoGm; oabFmawG&JU t"du Nyomemuawmh vdktyfwJh speed udk
r&Ncif;ygbJ/ vkdtyfwJh speed udk &zkdhtwGuf vdktyfwJh hull form trsdK;tpm;? parameter awG
udk *&kwpdkuf a&G;cs,fzkdUvdktyfygw,f/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh monohull wpfpif;udk pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if
udk,fxnf&JU aemufykdif; transom stern udkt"duxm; design vkyfzkdUvdkygw,f/ transom
plate udk tenf;i,f 3-4 'D*&D avmuapmif;Ncif;tm;Nzifh resistance udk 15% avmufavsSmhus
apygw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ growing effect udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;oifhygw,f/ optimize
NzpfwJh design wpfck&zdkUtwGuf compromise vkyfoifhwmawG[m designer tay:rSm
rlwnfaeygw,f/
Hull form yHkpHudka&G;cs,fwJh tcsdefrSmvnf; construction point of view uvnf;
pOfpm;NyD; a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/ NrpfwGif;oabFmawGtwGuf twwfedkifqHk; light weight udkavsSmhcs
edkifzkdhvnf;vdkygw,f/ construction material udkayghedkiforQ ayghatmifpOf;pm;NyD; ship displacement udk avsmhcsedkiforQavsSmhcs&ygr,f/ NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawGtwGuf free board
height [mrsm;zdkh rvkdovdk? superstructure udkvnf; twwfedkifqHk; ayghatmifpOf;pm;oifhyg
w,f/
rnfhonfh design rqdk external design eJU udkufnDzdkU qdk&ifvdktyfwJh experiment
vkyfudk vkyfoifhygw,f/ first step t& tmvHk;eJUudkufnDrI&SdwJh hull form wpfck&vmNyD qdkay
r,fhvnf; model aqmufum test tank udk toHk;NyKNyD;vdktyfwJh experiment awGvkyfudkvkyf
oifhygw,f/ b,favmufNynfhpHkwJhFormula awGNzpfNzpf test tank result avmuf rSefuefrI
r&SdNcif;aMumifhNzpfygw,f/ aemufxyfta&;MuD;wJh tcsufuawmh propeller a&G;cs,frI tydkif;yg/
t&rf;udk a&teuf wdrfwJhae&mawGrSm design vkyf&awmhr,f qdk&if designer wpfa,muf[m
b,fvdk propeller rsdK;udka&G;rvJ qdkwmygbJ/ propeller wpfckvHk; a&xJrSm&SdaerS omvsSif effective tNynfh&rSmyg/ wu,fvdkU a&teuf 1.5 rDwm avmuf&SdwJh NrpfqdkygpdkU/ &Sd&r,fh propeller diameter [m yg/ tJ'gqdk&if oabFma&pl;eJU waterbed tuGmta0;[m propeller wpfck effective Nzpfzkdh twGuf vHkavmufrI&Sdekdifyghrvm;/ 'hgtNyif t&rf;udk speed NrefvmwJh tcsdefrSm oabFm
[m tenf;i,f aemufudkxdkifvmr,fqdk&if vdktyfwJh force udk&zkdh wyfqifxm;wJh propeller u
effective Nzpfzkdh vdkygw,f/ &dk;&dk; blade propeller awG roHk;bJ water jet propeller awG
40
oHk;r,fqdk&if 'DNyomemu aNz&Sif;edkifoavmuf&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvnf; water jet propeller

wpfck[m ol&JU effective power tNynfh&zkdUqdk&iftenf;qHk; knots avmuf&Sdzkdhvkdygw,f/ qdkvdk
wmu wpfem&Drkdif 20 ausmf armif;aewJh tcsdefrSom effective NzpfrSmNzpfNyD; olUxufavsSmhenf;wJh
speed rSmqdk&if vdktyfoavmuf effective rNzpfNyefygbl;/txufrSm aNymcJhovdkyJ designer
wpfa,muf[m optimum design wpfckudk&zkdh compromise vkyfzkdUvJ vdktyfygw,f/ xyfNyD;
wifNycsifwmuawmh 'DvdkrsdK;omrefxuf rwlwJh condition awGrSm propeller [mvnf;t&rf;
ta&;MuD;wJh ae&muyg0ifygw,f/'gaMumifh propeller udkvnf; oD;oefU design vkyfNyD; propeller test awGrSm prf;oyfNyD;rSom oHk;oifhygw,f/
aemufxyf a&wdrftNrefoGm;oabFm aqmufvkyf&mrSm r&SdrNzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&r,f htcsuf
awGuawmh External wave impact of high-speed vessels on environment
Nzpfygw,f/ speed NrefvmwmeJUtrsS oabFmuaevdSKif;awG xGufvmygw,f/tJ'D ship-generated
waves awGaMumifh ab;emrSm oGm;vmaewJh oabFmtao;awG? avSawG? barges awG? udk arSmuf
apNyD;? Nrpfuef;eH&HawG? a&umwmawGudk ysufqD;apygw,f/ 'gUtNyif t&rf;MuD;rm;wJh shipgenerated waves aMumifh urf;aNcrSmxdkifaewJh vlawGudkyg aoapedkifwJhtxd Nzpfwwfygw,f/tJ'D
waves awG[m oabFm&JU energy aMumifhNzpfvmwmNzpfNyD; if;udkatmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkif
ygw,f/
(8)
h 2
E g w
8
where - total energy of wave, - wave height, - wavelength, - density of

water and - gravitational force.
teD;pyfqHk; 4if; energy udk atmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkifygw,f/
(9)
E 1960h
2 2
where - wave period.

Mathematically Munfhr,fqdk&if 4if; energy [m propulsion power eJU oufqdkif
rI&Sdygw,f/ qkdvdkwmu
(10)
P
s
RVs
where R total resistance of high speed ships, Vs - ship speed, - propulsive effi- ciency. tJ'Dawmh design process twGif;rSm designer [m
designed speed rSmyJ power udk enf;edkiforQenf;atmif vkyfoifhygw,f/ power enf;avav?
energy udkvnf; avsSmhcsEdkifav Nzpfygw,f/ 'hgtNyif design process twGif; model test udk
toHk;NyKNyD;Nzpfap? experimental results awGuNzpfapoabFmuxGufwJh vdSKif;udkwdkif;wm oifh
ygw,f/
41
/qdkvdkwm u designed speed wpfckrSm &SdaewJh oabFmu xGufvmwJh vSdKif;udk 10 rDwm?20 rDwm?
30 rDwm ponfNzifh trSwfrsm;xm;NyD; vdSKif;tNrifheJUvdSKif; speed udkwdkif;wmoifhygw,f/ rdrd design vkyfr,fh oabFm trsdK;tpm;? armif;r,fh ae&m a'oudk vkdufNyD;? 4if; vdSKif;tNrifhudk wGufcsufNyD;? criteria wpfck taeeJU design process rSmxnfhoGif; pOf;pm; &ygr,f/ oabFmuxGufr,fh
vdSKif;tNrifhonf 4if;oabFm Nzpfoef;oGm;onfh ae&mrS 20 rDwmtuGmwGif 0.3 rDwmtNrifhxuf
rMuD;oifhygbl;/
ed*Hk;
txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawGuawmh NrefrmedkifiH&JU NrpfwGif;oGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm
wnfaqmufa&; twGuf b,fvdk oabFmrdsK;awG vkdtyfaew,f qdkwmeJU 4if; oabFmawG
aqmufr,fqdk&if vdktyfr,fh design criteria awGNzpfygw,f/ wu,fawmh oabFmwpfpif;udk design vkyfw,fqdkwm vG,fulwJhudp r[kwfygbl;/ txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawG[m tenf;i,fomNzpfNyD;
aemufxyf trsm;MuD; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;bdkU vkdtyfygw,f/
Silence
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1.
IMO High-Speed Craft Code (1995). London.
2.
Logachev S.I., Chugunov V.V. (2001) The shipbuilding of the world:
current state and prospects razvitiya.-SPb.: Shipbuilding. (
).
3.
Yin Htun, Ye Thet Htun, Phyo Zaw Hein(2008) Design problems of
high speed passenger ships in Union of Myanmar, Super FAST 2008, July 24, 2008, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
4.
Than. C (2004) ; Symposium and Publication on Maritime & Waterways Kuala Lumpur,October, Malaysia.
5.
Pechenok.A.B.(2006) Mathematical modeling for flow of ship hull at
shallow water.Moscow.
6.
Basin.A.M, Velednitskiy.I.O, Lyahovitskiy.A.G. (1976) Ship Hydrodynamics in shallow water, sudostroenie, L, 320p. (
).
wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ

...
uGefawmhf &Jh tHhMoMunfh ... yg;pyfta[mif;om; ...
ig ar;aew,fav ... wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ ... vdkY ...
tm;vkH;&Jh a0g ueJ&,foHawG ... uGefawmhrsufeSmwpfckvkH; xlylNyD;
rsufvkH;awGa00g;vmw,f...
twef;om;awGudk vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh tm;vkH;u uGefawmf eJY q&m udkyJpdkufMunfh
aeMuw,f ... olwdkYtMunfhawGu t&,f&qkH;jyufvkH;wpfck rsufpda&SUrSm awGYae&ovdk ...
42
43
vG,ftdwfudkqGJ,l ... twef;udkausmcdkif;NyD;

uJ ... ar;cGef;&Sd&if ar;Muyg ...
uGefawmf tajy;wydkif;xGufvmcJhw,f ... q&m &Jh jrefrmausmif;om;awG ar;cGef;ar;yg ... rar;bJ
rmefrJoH? ausmif;om;wpfcsKdU &Jh rMum;wMum;
xdkifaeMuwm em;vnfvdkYvm; ... vkH;0rodvdkuf
avSmifoHawG aemufrSmusefcJhw,f ...
vdkYvm; ...
uGefawmhfrsuf0ef;rSm ... rsuf&nfawG
ceJYwJhwJh toH qdkwmodayr,fh uGefawmfwdkYwpk
pD;usaeNyD ... /
NidrfaevdkufMuw,f ... MuKHcJh&wmrsm;vdkY rqef;
awmhbl;av ...
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rif; ...
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44
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47
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uGefawmf0goemygvGef;vdkY aeYawG? nawG rSm;
avmufatmif avhvmcJh&wJh programming [m
'Dae&mrSmtH0ifcGifus jzpfaecJhw,f ...
uGefawmfhywf0ef;usifrSmu visual basic, .Net,
C++ ... bmyJvdkvdk jrefrmvdka&;xm;NyD;om;
pmtkyfawGtqifoifh ... ausmif;tm;&uf wpf&uf
rSm nrtdyfbJ vb program wpfck xdkifa&;ypf
vdkuf w,f ... input, output awGcsdefudkufzdkY
t&ifpDeD,mausmif;om;awG&Jh tajzawG&SdNyD;om;/
Dr.kNOw udk PM ydkYNyD; ppfaq;ay;zdkY ajymMunfh
vdkufw,f ... aemufnrSm PM jyefa&mufvm
w,f
...
rif;u wu,fawmfwJh jrefrmyJ wJh .../

tJ'D assignment udk uGefawmfwdkY tm;vkH;
taumif; qkH;trSwfawGeJY ausmfjzwfEdkifcJhMuw,f
av .../
**************
prototype trsKd;rsKd;u result awGudk output

awG tjzpfxkwfay;r,fh program wpfck
zefwD;jyEdkifzdkY
...
tJ'Dpmar;yGJtNyD; ausmif;ydwf&ufrSm MEF u

topicwdkif;udkpdwfBudKufarT aESmuf?programming
eJYywfoufwJh tips awG?Tutorials awG?e-books
awG tm;vkH;udkzwfIavhvm ... tcsdefawGukefwm
jrefovdk uGefawmf&Jh todynmuvnf; t&ifu
xufwdk;wufvmcJhw,f ...
uGefawmh supervisor u prototype tjzpf
pmwrf;a[mif; tcsKd Uay;vmw,f? aemufqk H;eSpf
project twGuf erlemMunfhvdkY&atmifyg? oDtdk&D
ydkif; zwfzdkY pmtkyfemrnfawG trsm;MuD;ay;vdkuf
w,f? pmMunfhwdkufuiSm;vmcJhtNyD; pmtkyfykHMuD;
Mum;rSm uGefawmfxdkifaerdw,f .../
pmwrf;a[mif;awGudk wpf&Gufcsif;vSef? bmrSef;
rodao;wJh udef;*Pef;awG? b,fuvmrSef;rod
wJh Z,m;awG? *&yfawG ... aemufpmwrf;wpfapmif
udk qufzwf?wlwlyJ?bmrSef;rodwJh calculations
awG ... bmeJYoGm;wlaevJ qdkawmh eSpfukefcgeD;
wGufcJh&wJh assignment vdk ...
tdk ... acgif;xJrSm vif; ueJ ...?'Dproject udk
vnf; tJ'Dwkef;uvkd ajz&Sif;ay;vdkufvdkY &w,f
av ... vkHavmufwJh confidence tjynfh &Sdae
NyD;om; ...
Input data tvkHtavmufxnfhay;vdkufkHeJY 'D
prototype trsKd;rsKd;u result awGudk output
awG tjzpf xk wf ay;r,fh program wpfck
zefwD;jyEdkifzdkY ...
Dr. kNOw qDudk PM ydkYNyD;ar;Munfhvdkufw,f/
uGefawmh prototype pmwrf;a[mif;awG
taMumif;? tJ'DtxJuuGefawmfar;p&m&SdvmcJh&if
49
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrvm;? uGefawmfu jrefrmpum;eJY
odcsifwmyg ... supervisor udkar;&if pum;vkH;
topfawGeJY acgif;rl;&OD;r,f .../
Dr.kNOw uajymw,f?ig 'gawGwGufNyD;vc&
aewm wJh
yg wJh ...
...
ar;csifwmrsm;&SdcJh&if tcsdefra&G;
0goem eJY ,SOfvmcJh&if b,folrqdktyifyef;

cHEdkifwm obm0? uGefawmfh aeYawG? nawG
tm;vkH;udk tJ'D program project twGufykHatm
xm;vdkufw,f?
uGefjyLwma&SUrSm em&DeJYtrQ ...
aumfzDcGufaygif;rsm;pGm ...
pyspfoD;cdkifaygif;rsm;pGm ...
pdwf0ifwpm; rsufvkH;awG[m auseyfrI&oGm;wJh

rsufvkH;awGtjzpfajymif;oGm;w,f ...
'Dvdk program rsKd;wpfckudk oifaxmufultjzpf
&vmzdkY q&mwdkYBudK;pm;cJhzl;w,f? q&mwdkYXmeu
ynm&SifawG&,f? oDtdk&DXmeu ynm&SifawG&,f?
uG e f j yLwmXmeu ynm&S i f a wG & ,f vl a wG
trsm;MuD; okH;NyD; veJYcsDNyD; vkyfcJh&wJh program
rsKd;udk wynfhu wpfa,mufxnf; vkyfjyEdkifwm
rcsD;usL;bJraeEdkifbl;? tJ'DvdkvkyfjyEdkifwm EdkifiH
&yfjcm;uvmwJh jrefrmausmif;om;wpfa ,muf
jzpfaewm ydkNyD;tHhtm;oifhapw,f
wynfhwdkY jrefrmausmif;om;awG[m todynm

aemufudkvdkufaeMuNyD;
q&mwdkYvlrsKd; ausmif;om; awG
Dr. kNOw eJY tjyeftvSef pm wynfhwdkYjrefrmausmif;om; uawmh bGJYvufrSwf&Jhaemuf udkyJ
awGydkY? tar;tajzvkyfMu&if; awG[m todynmaemufudk vdkufaeMuw,f? olwdkYvnf;
wpfcsdefrSm 'grsKd;awGvkyfjyEdkifzdkY
a&S Uvl a wG& Jh pd wf ul ;awG udk
vdkufaeMuNyD; q&mwdkYvlrsKd; arQmfvifhw,f ...
ajc&mcHrdw,f ...
ausmif;om; awG uawmh

bGJYvufrSwf&JhaemufudkyJ
vdkufaeMuw,f?
b , f vd k t & G ,f tp m ; q d k & if
Supervisor &Jh tjyKH;rSm uGeb,foHjym;udka&G;&r,f? oHjym;
fawmfyifyef;cJhorQawG t&nfaysmf
trsKd;tpm;awG tvdkuf uGmjcm;
qif;oGm;Muw,f ... oljyifcsif
wJh oHtrsKd;tpm;? txltyg;?
wmawG udkajymjyw,f? aemuf
size udkvdkufNyD; b,fae&mrSm beam xm;&r,f? xyf vkyfvdkY&ao;wmawG?vkyfoifh
tJ'D beam &Jh ykHpHtaetxm; rsKd;pkH? T-beam wmav;awGudkvnf; xyfajym jyw,f ...
awG ? I-beam awG ... b,fae&m rS m
ausmif;utjyef naeudk auseyfjcif;rsm;pGmeJY
bmudka&G;&r,f qdkwJh standard awG .../
jzwfoef;EdkifcJhw,fav .../
Equation trsKd;rsKd; ...
L,B,t awGb,fae&mrSmta&;ygwm?coefficients
awGtpkH? vufwef;azmfjrLvmawG? assume awG?
neglectawG... stability Iaxmifh?pD;yGm;a&; tukef
**************
tus Iaxmifh? vdktyfrI Iaxmifh? tuefYtowf Final Defend qdkwJhtcsdefudk a&mufvmcJhw,f ...
uGefawmfwdkY oli,fcsif;wpk tm;vkH;tqifoifh ...
(limit) Iaxmifh ...
kyfvkH;ay:vmwJhtqifh - laptop av;,loGm;NyD;
uGefawmfh supervisor qDta&muf ...
Poster awG uyf? projector awG tqifoifh?
ajymoGm;&r,fhpum;vkH;awGpDpOfNyD;om;
...
50
q&m?q&mrawGpkHpkHnDnD?wpfeJYwpfaygif; b,f wpf eJY wpf aygif; b,favmufvJ vdkYar;cJhwJh

avmufvJ vdkYar;cJhwJh q&ma&myJ? b,folrS0wf q & m r w f w y f x & y f w m j r i f v d k u f w , f ?
rvmwJh t0ga&mifukwftusDF eJYqdkawmh vlMum; olar;wJhar;cGef;u xJrSm ay:vGifaew,f ...
rif; 'D project twGuf b,ftcsdefuwnf;u
uG efawmh oli ,fcsif;awG wpfa ,mufNyD; wpf pNyD;jyifqifcJhovJ? oDtdk&Dydkif;eJYywfoufNyD; rif;&Jh
a,muf olwdkY&Jhpmwrf;eJYywfoufNyD; ajymjy oGm;? supervisor qDutultnD&cJhovm; wJh? ykHrSef
ar;orQar;cGef;awGudk ajz&Sif;oGm;Muw,f ...
defend rSm ar;avhr&SdwJhar;cGef;rsKd; ...
uGefawmf 'DeSpfeSpfpydkif;rSm pNyD;taumiftxnf
uGefawmhtvSnfh toifhpDxm;NyD;om; pum;vk H;awG u&m;u azmfcJhwmyg? supervisor u trsm;MuD;ulnDcJh
ayr,f h t"d u uG e f a wmh u d k u l n D c J h w m
a&vT w f o vd k a jymcsvd k u f w ,f ? projector jrefrmtif*sifeD,mzdk&rfu rd wfa qGwpf OD;jzpfy g
tul tnD eJY uGefa wmh program av;u w,f?uGefawmf olYudk ar;cGef;awG trsm;MuD;
0Hh0HhMuGm;MuGm; ...?
ar;cJh&ygw,ff vdkY ajzay;vdkufw,f ...
ar;vmMuwJh ar;cGef;awGu uGefawmhtwGuf cef;rxJu q&mawGtm;vkH; uGefawmh project
odyfrcufcJawmhbl;? Dr.kNOw udk uGefawmf ud kpd wf 0if pm;aeMuwm 0rf;omp&mjrif &w,f?
udk,fwdkifar;zl;NyD; olu uGefawmhpdwfxJrSmpGJae ar;cG e f ; ar;p&m r&S d a wmh y gbl ; - vd k Y
avmufwJhtxd auseyfatmif jrefrmvdkajzay; tcef;tem;rSL;uaMunmvdkufNyD;wJh tcgrSmawmh
NyD;om; .../
tm;vkH;qDu vufckyfoHawG xGufay:vm Mu
w,f ... tJ'DyDwdudk uGefawmfbmeJYrsm;vJEdkif
'D program udk igwdkYbmompum;eJY okH;Edkif rSmvJ ...
ovdk? English vdkvnf; okH;ekdifwm rif;jyoGm;
w,f? rif;wdkY Zmwdbmompum;eJYaum okH;ekdif tpD t pOf a wG t m;vk H ; NyD ; qk H ; ? obmywd & J h
ygovm; - qdkwJhar;cGef;rsKd; qdk&if vufawGYajz tqifhtwnfjyKrItNyD; tydwfrdefYcGef;ajymw,f ...
jyvdkuf&wm t&rf;udk auseyfp&m ...
jrefrmausmif;om;awG&Jh pmoifeSpf atmifjrifpGm
rif; okH;oGm;wJh programming language NyD;qkH;oGm;ygNyD ... ausmif;om; tm;vkH;twGuf
awGudkawmh ig em;rvnfbl;? 'gayr,fh rule *kPf,l &r,fh aeYjzpfovdk uGefawmfwdkYq&mrsm;
awG ? standard awGeJY wu,f ud kuf nD NyD; &Jh oif Mum;rIbuf uvnf; rarQmf vif hxm;wJh
wu,fudk wGufxkwfEdkifr,fqdkwm b,fvdkodEdkif atmifjrifrIrsKd; awG jrifawGYcJh&ygw,f .../
ausmif ; uoif Mum;ay;wJ h ynm&yf a wG tay:
rvJ qdkwJhar;cGef;udk usawmh supervisor u
OmPfuG efY jrL;NyD; program wpf ck udk,fy dkif
0ifajzay;oGm;w,f ...
zefwD ;jyoGm;Ed kif wJh ausmif ;om;av;twGuf u
uGefawmf aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;ay;cJhNyD;om;yg? awmh uGef awmfwd kYtjrJ*k Pf ,l ae&rS m jzpfyg
ol trSm;awG? vdktyfcsufawG tm;vkH;jyifqifay; w,f .../ bmaMumifhvJqdk&if 'Dvdk project rsKd;
NyD;oGm;ygNyD? tck wifjyxm;wJh version rSm bm [m ausmif ; &J h o rd k i f ; aMumif ; wpf a vQmuf r S m
yxrqkH;ay:aygufcJhwJh project jzpfaevdkYygyJ ...
vGJacsmfrIrS r&Sdap&ygbl; ...
q&mrsm;pGm? ynm&Sifrsm;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrS
&J&ifhwJh tmrcHpum;awGu uGefawmh&ifudk
ay:xGuf vmr,fh&vm'frsKd;udkEdkifiHjcm;ausmif ;om;
aEG;apygw,f .../
wpfa,mufu zefwD;jyvdkufwm wu,fhudk
51
*kPf,lygw,f ...
yDowJh jrefrmpum;wpfcGef; ... uGefawmh
rsufvkH;awG 0dkif;puf? w'*F qGHYt ...
tcrf;tem;tNyD; q&mhudk uGefawmfvdkuf&Smw,f?

b,frSmrS&SmrawGY ... wjcm;q&mawGvnf; tvQKd?
tvQKd jyefukefMuNyD ... aemufqkH;uGefawmfvnf;
jyefvmcJhw,f ...
uGefawmf Mum;vdkuf&wJh jrefrmpum; eSpfcGef; &Jh

ya[Vdudk tajznday;zdkY a&mufvmwmuawmh
r,kHEdkifp&mvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f?ol[m uGefawmfwdkY wkwfav; 0l
ausmif;&Jh *kPfudkaqmifEdkifkHwifrubJ olYEdkifiH&Jh
rif; twGuf q&m pma&;ay;vdkufw,f ... wJh
*kPfudkygaqmifoGm;Edkifw,fvdkYajymcsifygw,f... kH;okH; A4 pm&Gufay:rSm print xkwfxm;wJhpm ...
txJrSmu ykHeSdyfpmvkH;0dkif;0dkif;av;awG ...
uGefawmfh&Jh 0rf;ajrmufrIudk bmeJYrsm;vJEdkifOD;
rSmvJ .../
'D p mud k j ref r mvd k y J a&;csif y gw,f ? igh 'g uGefawmf apmifhpm;cJh&wJhaeY ...
jrefrmpmvufa&;udk rif; zwfEdkifr,frxifvdkY
uGefawmftdyfrufxm;cJh&wJh tcsdefumvav;
ykHeSdyfpmvkH;eJYyJ ydkYay;vdkufwmyg ...
yg .../
**************
jrefrmtif*sifeD,m zdk&rf rSm Dr.kNOw vdkY rif;

odxm;wJhvl[m igygyJ ...
pmoifcef;xJrSm rif;udkig apmfum;ovdkjzpfcJhwm

uGefawmfwdkYtm;vkH;&Jh tqifhawGu excellence... owd&vdrfhOD;r,fvdkYxifygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf ig
yG J N yD ; wJ h t xd r f ; trS w f t jzpf ausmif ; om;awG vnf; udk,fhudk,fudk cGifhrvTwfEdkifatmif cHpm;cJh&
tm;vkH; pDwef;&yf? cef;rxJrSm&SdorQ q&mMuD;awG wmodapcsifygw,f ... rif;tay:ig taMuG;wpfck
u wpfa,mufcsif; vufqGJekwfquf .... tm;vkH; wifaew,f vdkY pdwfxJrSmpGJaecJhwm...
taysmfudk,fpD? udk,fvkyfEdkifcJhorQ twGuf *kPf,l
wdkYtpuaeajymMu&atmif ...
0rf;ajrmufrIu tm;vkH;qDrSm twdkif;om; ...
rif;wdkY jrefrmjynfrSm igaeNyD;tvkyfvkyfcJhzl;w,f?
ighZeD;u jrefrmjynfzGm; wkwftrsKd;orD;wpf
kwfw&uf uGefawmhrsufvkH;a&SUrSm ...
t0ga&mif ukwftusFD wpfxnf ... jyKH;aewJh a,muf? xdkif;rSm usif;ycJhwJh pmwrf;zwfyGJwpfck
rSmwdkYeSpfa,mufawGYNyD; cspfolawGjzpfcJhMuw,f?
eIwfcrf;wpfpkH ...
q&mu vufqGJEIwfqufkHwifrubJ uGefawmh ol&SdwJh ae&mudkvdkufoGm;zdkY qkH;jzwfNyD; engineer
jzpfNyD;umrS jrefrmpmudk ausmif;jyefwufNyD; oifcJh
udk qGJzufvdkufw,f ...
wm? wdkif;jcm;bmompum;wpfckudk avhvm&wJh
*kPf,lygw,f ...
tcuftcJudk igaumif;aumif;cHpm;zl;wmaygh ...
yDowJh jrefrmpum;wpfcGef; ... uGefawmhrsufvkH; tJ'DtcuftcJawGtm;vkH;udk ausmfvTm;NyD; olYqD
awG 0dkif;puf? w'*F qGHYt ...
ta&mufigoGm;EdkifcJhw,f ... tvkyftudkifwl?
Xmewl NyD;udk,fydkifrdom;pkav;wpfck ykdifqdkifcJh&
q&mu jyKH;aeqJ ...
w,fqdkygawmh ...
odyfawmfygw,f? atmifjrifygap
pum;tqkH; q&muGefawmhfudkausmfoGm;w,f ...
tJ'Daemuf ighb0udk jrefrmwpfa,mufuyJ zsuf
uGefawmfhrSm tHhMowMuD; ...
qD;cJhw,f ... ig vlvdrfcHvdkuf&w,f? jrefrmvlrsKd;
52
awG tm;vkH;[m pdwfaumif;&Sdw,f vdkY,kHpm;xm; wcsdefrSm tJ'D Private Message awcJhwJhtwGuf tJ'DvlvdrfudkvkH;0owdrxm;rdcJhbl; ... Gudkpkpnf;NyD; MEF rSm wifxm;ay;vdkufzdkY
pdwful;xm;w,f?
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rvkyfwwfbl;av .../ tvkyfu vkyfazmfudkifzuf rif;vnf; cktcsdefrSm em;vnfoGm;avmufygNyD?
awGu ulnDvdkY tJ'Dvlvdrfudkzrf;rdNyD; aiGtcsdKUjyef
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jynfujyefcJhw,f? jrefrmjynf? jrefrmpm? jrefrm rsm;&SdcJhvdkY ulnDcGifhxyf&OD;r,f qdk&if ulnDzdkY
pum; tm;vkH;udk arhxm;cJhw,f ...
tqifoifh&Sdaeygw,f ... wynfhav; ...
wuodkvfrSm q&mtjzpf at;at;csrf;csrf; jyefae
cJh&NyD; tck ighwynfhawGxJrSm jrefrmausmif;om;
awG ygvmcJhw,f ... ighpdwfxJrSmu jrefrmrkef;wJh
pdwfpGJaeawmh rif;wdkYudkvnf; igtaumif; rjrif
EdkifcJhbl; ... supervisor tjzpf wm0efay;vdkYigeJY
twlpmwrf;jyKpk&wJh jrefrmausmif;om;av; wpf
a,muf&SdcJhzl;w,f igjrefrmpmwwfwmudk odwJh
wpfOD;wnf;aomausmif;om;aygh ... ol uyJ
jrefrmtif*sifeD,m zdk&rf eJYrdwfqufay;cJhwm ...
'gayr,fh arharhaysmufaysmufyJ aecJhw,f? rif;
udk apmfum;rdovdk jzpfwJhtcsdefxdaygh .../
**************
aemufqkH;pmaMumif;awGudkawmh uGefawmf aumif;

aumif; rjrifEdkifawmhbl; ...
uGefawmhrsufvkH;rSm rsuf&nfOawG wGJvJcdkae
MuNyD ...
wcsdefwkef;u &SufvGef;vdkY twef;xJu ajy;xGuf
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awmh r[kwfbl; ...
tJ'DaeYnae tdrfjyefa&mufawmh igawmfawmf pdwf 'g uGefawmf tuscsifqkH; rsuf&nfrsKd;yg ...
raumif;jzpfw,f ... rif; udk wpfckckjyefavsmfay;
&rSudk auseyfEdkifr,fhpdwfrsKd;ay:aew,f ... MEF reufvif;&if q&mhqDudkwpfacgufxyfoGm;r,f ...
rSm rif;&Sdr,fxifvdkY igoif&wJh oifcef;pmawG q&mha&SUrSmvnf; 'D vdk rsuf&nfr sKd; usOD;r,f
tm;vkH;udk jrefrmvdkjyefa&;NyD; wifay;cJhwmyg ... vdkYxifygw,f .../
igxifw,fav? tJ'g rif; wpfa,mufxJ aMomf ...
twGufwifrubJ igaumif;aumif;rqufqHcJhwJh reufjzef qdkwm ra0;awmhbl;av ... / /
jref r mausmif ; om;awG tm;vk H ; twG u f
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tck jrefrmtif*sifeD,m zdk&rf rSmrif;ar;aeorQ

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ar;cGef;awGar;aewm rif;vdkY'DaeYrS
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53
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Myanmar Engineer Forum Journal - 2009 No.1

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