7

Energy and Energy Transfer

CHAPTER OUTLINE
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Systems and Environments Work Done by a Constant Force The Scalar Product of Two Vectors Work Done by a Varying Force Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem The Non-Isolated SystemConservation of Energy Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Power Energy and the Automobile

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q7.1 Q7.2 The force is perpendicular to every increment of displacement. Therefore, F r = 0 . (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Q7.3 Positive work is done by the chicken on the dirt. No work is done, although it may seem like there is. Positive work is done on the bucket. Negative work is done on the bucket. Negative work is done on the persons torso.

7.6

7.7 7.8 7.9

Yes. Force times distance over which the toe is in contact with the ball. No, he is no longer applying a force. Yes, both air friction and gravity do work.

Q7.4 Q7.5

Force of tension on a ball rotating on the end of a string. Normal force and gravitational force on an object at rest or moving across a level floor. (a) (c) Tension (b) Air resistance

Positive in increasing velocity on the downswing. Negative in decreasing velocity on the upswing.

Q7.6 Q7.7 Q7.8

No. The vectors might be in the third and fourth quadrants, but if the angle between them is less than 90 their dot product is positive. The scalar product of two vectors is positive if the angle between them is between 0 and 90. The scalar product is negative when 90 < < 180 . If the coils of the spring are initially in contact with one another, as the load increases from zero, the graph would be an upwardly curved arc. After the load increases sufficiently, the graph will be linear, described by Hookes Law. This linear region will be quite large compared to the first region. The graph will then be a downward curved arc as the coiled spring becomes a completely straight wire. As the load increases with a straight wire, the graph will become a straight line again, with a significantly smaller slope. Eventually, the wire would break. k = 2 k . To stretch the smaller piece one meter, each coil would have to stretch twice as much as one coil in the original long spring, since there would be half as many coils. Assuming that the spring is ideal, twice the stretch requires twice the force. 191

Q7.9

192 Q7.10

Energy and Energy Transfer

Kinetic energy is always positive. Mass and squared speed are both positive. A moving object can always do positive work in striking another object and causing it to move along the same direction of motion. Work is only done in accelerating the ball from rest. The work is done over the effective length of the pitchers armthe distance his hand moves through windup and until release. Kinetic energy is proportional to mass. The first bullet has twice as much kinetic energy. The longer barrel will have the higher muzzle speed. Since the accelerating force acts over a longer distance, the change in kinetic energy will be larger. (a) (b) Kinetic energy is proportional to squared speed. Doubling the speed makes an object's kinetic energy four times larger. If the total work on an object is zero in some process, its speed must be the same at the final point as it was at the initial point.

Q7.11 Q7.12 Q7.13 Q7.14

Q7.15

The larger engine is unnecessary. Consider a 30 minute commute. If you travel the same speed in each car, it will take the same amount of time, expending the same amount of energy. The extra power available from the larger engine isnt used. If the instantaneous power output by some agent changes continuously, its average power in a process must be equal to its instantaneous power at least one instant. If its power output is constant, its instantaneous power is always equal to its average power. It decreases, as the force required to lift the car decreases. As you ride an express subway train, a backpack at your feet has no kinetic energy as measured by you since, according to you, the backpack is not moving. In the frame of reference of someone on the side of the tracks as the train rolls by, the backpack is moving and has mass, and thus has kinetic energy. The rock increases in speed. The farther it has fallen, the more force it might exert on the sand at the bottom; but it might instead make a deeper crater with an equal-size average force. The farther it falls, the more work it will do in stopping. Its kinetic energy is increasing due to the work that the gravitational force does on it. The normal force does no work because the angle between the normal force and the direction of motion is usually 90. Static friction usually does no work because there is no distance through which the force is applied. An argument for: As a glider moves along an airtrack, the only force that the track applies on the glider is the normal force. Since the angle between the direction of motion and the normal force is 90, the work done must be zero, even if the track is not level. Against: An airtrack has bumpers. When a glider bounces from the bumper at the end of the airtrack, it loses a bit of energy, as evidenced by a decreased speed. The airtrack does negative work. Gaspard de Coriolis first stated the work-kinetic energy theorem. Jean Victor Poncelet, an engineer who invaded Russia with Napoleon, is most responsible for demonstrating its wide practical applicability, in his 1829 book Industrial Mechanics. Their work came remarkably late compared to the elucidation of momentum conservation in collisions by Descartes and to Newtons Mathematical Principles of the Philosophy of Nature, both in the 1600s.

Q7.16

Q7.17 Q7.18

Q7.19

Q7.20

Q7.21

Q7.22

Chapter 7

193

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 7.1 Section 7.2 P7.1 (a) Systems and Environments Work Done by a Constant Force

W = Fr cos = 16.0 N 2.20 m cos 25.0 = 31.9 J

fa

(b), (c) The normal force and the weight are both at 90 to the displacement in any time interval. Both do 0 work. (d) P7.2

W = 31.9 J + 0 + 0 =

31.9 J

The component of force along the direction of motion is F cos = 35.0 N cos 25.0 = 31.7 N . The work done by this force is W = F cos r = 31.7 N 50.0 m = 1.59 10 3 J .

fa

P7.3

Method One. Let represent the instantaneous angle the rope makes with the vertical as it is swinging up from i = 0 to f = 60 . In an incremental bit of motion from angle to + d , the definition of radian measure implies that r = 12 m d . The angle between the incremental displacement and the force of gravity is = 90+ . Then cos = cos 90+ = sin . The work done by the gravitational force on Batman is W = F cos dr =
i

FIG. P7.3

z
f

= 60 =0

mg sin 12 m d
2 60 0

ga

f z sin d = b80 kg ge9.8 m s ja12 mfb cos g = a 784 N fa12 mfa cos 60+1f = 4.70 10 J
= mg 12 m

60 0

Method Two. The force of gravity on Batman is mg = 80 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 784 N down. Only his vertical displacement contributes to the work gravity does. His original y-coordinate below the tree limb is 12 m. His final y-coordinate is 12 m cos 60 = 6 m . His change in elevation is 6 m 12 m = 6 m . The work done by gravity is

ge

W = Fr cos = 784 N 6 m cos 180 = 4.70 kJ .

fa f

194 P7.4

Energy and Energy Transfer

(a) (b)

W = mgh = 3.35 10 5 9.80 100 J = 3.28 10 2 J Since R = mg , Wair resistance = 3.28 10 2 J

ja fa f

Section 7.3 P7.5

The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

A = 5.00 ; B = 9.00 ; = 50.0 A B = AB cos = 5.00 9.00 cos 50.0 = 28.9

a fa f
x y

P7.6

A B = A x i + A y j + A z k B x i + B y j + Bz k
x x x z y

je j A B = A B e i i j + A B e i jj + A B e i k j + A B e j i j + A B e j jj + A B e j k j + A B ek i j + A B ek jj + A B ek k j
y x z x y y z z y z z

A B = A x Bx + A y B y + A z Bz P7.7 (a) (b)

W = F r = Fx x + Fy y = 6.00 3.00 N m + 2.00 1.00 N m = 16.0 J

a fa f
2

fa f
2

= cos 1

16 FG F r IJ = cos = H Fr K + + 6 00 2 00 3 00 1 00 . . . . a f a f a f a f e je j
1 2 2

36.9

P7.8

We must first find the angle between the two vectors. It is:

= 36011890.0132 = 20.0
Then F v = Fv cos = 32.8 N 0.173 m s cos 20.0 or F v = 5.33 N m J = 5.33 = 5.33 W s s

fb

FIG. P7.8 A B 12.0 + 8.00 = cos 1 = 11.3 AB 13.0 32.0

P7.9

(a)

A = 3.00 i 2.00 j B = 4.00 i 4.00 j

= cos 1

a fa f

(b)

B = 3.00 i 4.00 j + 2.00k A = 2.00 i + 4.00 j cos =

AB 6.00 16.0 = AB 20.0 29.0

a fa f
1

= 156

(c)

A = i 2.00 j + 2.00k B = 3.00 j + 4.00k

= cos 1

FG A B IJ = cos FG 6.00 + 8.00 IJ = H AB K H 9.00 25.0 K

82.3

Chapter 7

195

P7.10

A B = 3.00 i + j k i + 2.00 j + 5.00k A B = 4.00 i j 6.00k

j e

j j a f a f

C A B = 2.00 j 3.00k 4.00 i j 6.00k = 0 + 2.00 + +18.0 = 16.0

f e

je

Section 7.4 P7.11

Work Done by a Varying Force

W = Fdx = area under curve from xi to x f

i

z
f

(a)

xi = 0

x f = 8.00 m

W = area of triangle ABC = W0 8 = (b)

FG 1 IJ 8.00 m 6.00 N = H 2K

FG 1 IJ AC altitude, H 2K
24.0 J FIG. P7.11

xi = 8.00 m W = area of CDE = W8 10

x f = 10.0 m

FG 1 IJ CE altitude, H 2K F 1I = G J a 2.00 mf a 3.00 N f = 3.00 J H 2K a f

(c) P7.12

W0 10 = W0 8 + W810 = 24.0 + 3.00 = 21.0 J

Fx = 8 x 16 N (a) (b) See figure to the right Wnet = 2.00 m 16.0 N 1.00 m 8.00 N + = 12.0 J 2 2

fa

f a

fa

FIG. P7.12

196 P7.13

Energy and Energy Transfer

W = Fx dx and W equals the area under the Force-Displacement curve (a) For the region 0 x 5.00 m , W= (b)

a3.00 Nfa5.00 mf =
2

7.50 J FIG. P7.13

For the region 5.00 x 10.0 ,

W = 3.00 N 5.00 m = 15.0 J

(c) For the region 10.0 x 15.0 , W= (d)

fa

a3.00 Nfa5.00 mf =
2

7.50 J

For the region 0 x 15.0

W = 7.50 + 7.50 + 15.0 J = 30.0 J

P7.14

W = F dr =
i 5m 0

z
f

5m 0

ze

4x i + 3 y j N dx i

zb

x2 4 N m xdx + 0 = 4 N m 2

5m

= 50.0 J
0

P7.15

k=

4.00 9.80 N F Mg = = = 1.57 10 3 N m y y 2.50 10 2 m For 1.50 kg mass y = Work = 1.50 9.80 mg = = 0.938 cm k 1.57 10 3

a fa f

(a)

a fa f

(b)

1 2 ky 2 1 Work = 1.57 10 3 N m 4.00 10 2 m 2

je

= 1.25 J

P7.16

(a)

Spring constant is given by F = kx k= 230 N F = = 575 N m x 0.400 m

(b)

Work = Favg x =

1 230 N 0.400 m = 46.0 J 2

fa

Chapter 7

197

*P7.17

(a)

Fapplied = k leaf x + k helper x h = k x + k h x y 0 5 10 5 N = 5.25 10 5

g g a f
2

N N x + 3.60 10 5 x 0.5 m m m 6.8 10 5 N x = = 0.768 m 8.85 10 5 N m

(b)

W=

N 1 1 1 2 = k x 2 + khxh 5.25 10 5 0.768 m m 2 2 2

FG H

IJ a K

N 1 3.60 10 5 0.268 m m 2

= 1.68 10 5 J P7.18 (a) W = F dr W=

i 0.600 m

z
f

ze
0

15 000 N + 10 000 x N m 25 000 x 2 N m 2 dx cos 0

0.600 m

10 000 x 2 25 000 x 3 W = 15 000 x + 2 3

W = 9.00 kJ + 1.80 kJ 1.80 kJ = 9.00 kJ (b) Similarly,

b10.0 kN mga1.00 mf e25.0 kN m ja1.00 mf W = a15.0 kN fa1.00 mf + 2 3

2 2

W = 11.7 kJ , larger by 29.6% P7.19 1 2 k 0.100 m 2 k = 800 N m and to stretch the spring to 0.200 m requires 4.00 J = W = P7.20 (a) 1 800 0.200 2

a fa

4.00 J = 12.0 J

The radius to the object makes angle with the horizontal, so its weight makes angle with the negative side of the x-axis, when we take the xaxis in the direction of motion tangent to the cylinder. Fx = ma x F mg cos = 0 F = mg cos FIG. P7.20

(b)

W = F dr We use radian measure to express the next bit of displacement as dr = Rd in terms of the next bit of angle moved through:
2
i

z
f

W=

z
0

mg cos Rd = mgR sin

2 0

W = mgR 1 0 = mgR

a f

198 *P7.21

Energy and Energy Transfer

The same force makes both light springs stretch. (a) The hanging mass moves down by x = x1 + x 2 = mg mg 1 1 + = mg + k1 k2 k1 k 2

= 1.5 kg 9.8 m s 2 (b)

F 1m + 1m I= GH 1 200 N 1 800 N JK

FG H

IJ K

2.04 10 2 m

We define the effective spring constant as k=

FG b g H F 1m + 1m I = =G H 1 200 N 1 800 N JK
1

mg F 1 1 = = + k1 k 2 x mg 1 k1 + 1 k 2

IJ K

720 N m

*P7.22

See the solution to problem 7.21. (a)

P7.23

FG 1 + 1 IJ Hk k K F1 1I (b) k=G + J Hk k K L F O N kg m s = k =M P= = NxQ m m

x = mg
1 2 1 1 2 2

kg s2

Section 7.5 Section 7.6 P7.24 (a)

Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem The Non-Isolated SystemConservation of Energy KA = 1 0.600 kg 2.00 m s 2 2K B = m 1

gb

= 1.20 J

(b) (c) P7.25 (a) (b)

1 2 = K B : vB = mv B 2

a2fa7.50f =
0.600

5.00 m s 6.30 J

2 v2 W = K = K B K A = 2 mevB A j = 7.50 J 1.20 J =

K= K=

1 1 mv 2 = 0.300 kg 15.0 m s 2 2 1 0.300 30.0 2

gb

= 33.8 J
2

fa f

1 0.300 15.0 2

fa f a4f = 4a33.8f =

135 J

Chapter 7

199

P7.26

v i = 6.00 i 2.00 j = m s (a)

2 2 + viy = 40.0 m s vi = vix

Ki = (b)

1 1 mvi2 = 3.00 kg 40.0 m 2 s 2 = 60.0 J 2 2

ge

v f = 8.00 i + 4.00 j
2 2 v2 f = v f v f = 64.0 + 16.0 = 80.0 m s 1 3.00 2 K = K f K i = m v 2 80.0 60.0 = 60.0 J f vi = 2 2

a f

P7.27

Consider the work done on the pile driver from the time it starts from rest until it comes to rest at the end of the fall. Let d = 5.00 m represent the distance over which the driver falls freely, and h = 0.12 m the distance it moves the piling.

W = K :
so Thus,

Wgravity + Wbeam =

b ga f d ia f bmg gah + df = b2 100 kgge9.80 m s ja5.12 mf = F=

2

1 1 2 mv 2 f mv i 2 2 mg h + d cos 0+ F d cos 180 = 0 0 . d 0.120 m

8.78 10 5 N . The force on the pile

driver is upward . P7.28 (a) K = K f K i = vf = (b)

1 mv 2 f 0 = W = (area under curve from x = 0 to x = 5.00 m) 2 2 area 2 7.50 J = = 1.94 m s m 4.00 kg

a f

K = K f K i = vf =

1 mv 2 f 0 = W = (area under curve from x = 0 to x = 10.0 m) 2 2 area 2 22.5 J = = 3.35 m s m 4.00 kg

a f a f e

(c)

K = K f K i = vf =

1 mv 2 f 0 = W = (area under curve from x = 0 to x = 15.0 m) 2 2 area 2 30.0 J = = 3.87 m s m 4.00 kg

P7.29

(a)

Ki + W = K f = 0 + W =

1 15.0 10 3 kg 780 m s 2

1 mv 2 f 2

jb

= 4.56 kJ

(b)

(c) (d)

a f v v b780 m sg 0 = 422 km s = a= 2x 2a0.720 mf F = ma = e15 10 kg je422 10 m s j =

2 f 2 i 2 2 f 3 3 2

F=

4.56 10 3 J W = = 6.34 kN r cos 0.720 m cos 0

6.34 kN

200 P7.30

Energy and Energy Transfer

(a)

v f = 0.096 3 10 8 m s = 2.88 10 7 m s Kf = 1 1 9.11 10 31 kg 2.88 10 7 m s mv 2 f = 2 2

je

= 3.78 10 16 J

(b)

Ki + W = K f :

0 + Fr cos = K f F 0.028 m cos 0 = 3.78 10 16 J

F = 1.35 10 14 N
(c)

F = ma ;
v xf = v xi + a x t

a=

F =
m

1.35 10 14 N = 1. 48 10 +16 m s 2 9.11 10 31 kg

(d)

2.88 10 7 m s = 0 + 1.48 10 16 m s 2 t

t = 1.94 10 9 s
Check: 1 v xi + v xf t 2 1 0.028 m = 0 + 0 + 2.88 10 7 m s t 2 x f = xi +

t = 1.94 10 9 s

Section 7.7 P7.31

Situations Involving Kinetic Friction n 392 N = 0 n = 392 N

Fy = ma y :

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

WF

a fa f = Fr cos = a130 fa5.00f cos 0 = a fa f a fa f

f k = k n = 0.300 392 N = 118 N 650 J

Eint = f k x = 118 5.00 = 588 J Wn = nr cos = 392 5.00 cos 90 = 0 W g = mgr cos = 392 5.00 cos 90 = 0 K = K f K i = Wother Eint 1 mv 2 f 0 = 650 J 588 J + 0 + 0 = 62.0 J 2 vf = 2K f m = 2 62.0 J = 1.76 m s 40.0 kg

FIG. P7.31

a fa f a f

(f)

Chapter 7

201

P7.32

(a)

1 2 1 2 1 kx i kx f = 500 5.00 10 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 Ws = mv 2 mv 2 f mvi = f 0 2 2 2 Ws = so vf = 2 m 2.00

a fe

0 = 0.625 J

c W h = 2a0.625f m s =

0.791 m s

(b)

fa fa fb g 1 0.282 J = b 2.00 kg gv 2 2a0.282 f v = m s = 0.531 m s

2 f f

1 1 mvi2 f k x + Ws = mv 2 f 2 2

0 0.350 2.00 9.80 0.050 0 J + 0.625 J =

1 mv 2 f 2 FIG. P7.32

2.00

P7.33

(a)

W g = mg cos 90.0+ Wg

a f = b10.0 kg gd9.80 m s ia5.00 mf cos 110 =

2

168 J

(b)

f k = k n = k mg cos Eint = f k = k mg cos

Eint = 5.00 m 0.400 10.0 9.80 cos 20.0 = 184 J (c) (d) (e) WF = F = 100 5.00 = 500 J K = Wother Eint = WF + W g Eint = 148 J 1 1 2 mv 2 f mvi 2 2 2 K 2 148 + vi2 = + 1.50 vf = 10.0 m K = FIG. P7.33

fa

fa fa f

a fa f

a f a

a f a f f

= 5.65 m s

P7.34

Fy = ma y :

n + 70.0 N sin 20.0147 N = 0 n = 123 N f k = k n = 0.300 123 N = 36.9 N

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

W = Fr cos = 70.0 N 5.00 m cos 20.0 = 329 J W = Fr cos = 123 N 5.00 m cos 90.0 = 0 J W = Fr cos = 147 N 5.00 m cos 90.0 = 0 Eint = Fx = 36.9 N 5.00 m = 185 J K = K f K i = W Eint = 329 J 185 J = +144 J

a a a

fa

fa fa

FIG. P7.34

fa

202 P7.35

Energy and Energy Transfer

k = 0.100 1 K i f k x + Wother = K f : mvi2 f k x = 0 2 2 2.00 m s v2 1 x = i = = 2.04 m mvi2 = k mgx 2 2 k g 2 0.100 9.80

vi = 2.00 m s

b a

fa f

Section 7.8 *P7.36

Power W K f mv 2 0.875 kg 0.620 m s = = = 2 t t t 2 21 10 3 s

Pav =

= 8.01 W

P7.37 P7.38

Power =

W t

P=

mgh 700 N 10.0 m = = 875 W t 8.00 s

fa

A 1 300-kg car speeds up from rest to 55.0 mi/h = 24.6 m/s in 15.0 s. The output work of the engine is equal to its final kinetic energy, 1 1 300 kg 24.6 m s 2 with power P =

gb

= 390 kJ

390 000 J ~ 10 4 W around 30 horsepower. 15.0 s

P7.39

(a)

distance of 60.0 m sin 30.0 = 30.0 m . Thus,

W = K , but K = 0 because he moves at constant speed. The skier rises a vertical

Win = Wg = 70.0 kg 9.8 m s 2 30.0 m = 2.06 10 4 J = 20.6 kJ .

(b) The time to travel 60.0 m at a constant speed of 2.00 m/s is 30.0 s. Thus,

ge

ja

Pinput =
P7.40 (a)

W 2.06 10 4 J = = 686 W = 0.919 hp . t 30.0 s

The distance moved upward in the first 3.00 s is y = vt =

LM 0 + 1.75 m s OPa3.00 sf = 2.63 m . N 2 Q

The motor and the earths gravity do work on the elevator car: 1 1 mvi2 + Wmotor + mgy cos 180 = mv 2 f 2 2 1 2 Wmotor = 650 kg 1.75 m s 0 + 650 kg g 2.63 m = 1.77 10 4 J 2

gb

ga

Also, W = P t so P = (b)

W 1.77 10 4 J = = 5.91 10 3 W = 7.92 hp. t 3.00 s

When moving upward at constant speed v = 1.75 m s the applied force equals the weight = 650 kg 9.80 m s

j = 6.37 10 N . Therefore, P = Fv = e6.37 10 N jb1.75 m sg = 1.11 10

2 3 3

ge

W = 14.9 hp .

Chapter 7

203

P7.41

energy = power time For the 28.0 W bulb: Energy used = 28.0 W 1.00 10 4 h = 280 kilowatt hrs total cost = $17.00 + 280 kWh $0.080 kWh = $39.40 For the 100 W bulb: Energy used = 100 W 1.00 10 4 h = 1.00 10 3 kilowatt hrs 1.00 10 4 h = 13.3 # bulb used = 750 h bulb

fe

fb

fe

total cost = 13.3 $0.420 + 1.00 10 3 kWh $0.080 kWh = $85.60 Savings with energy-efficient bulb = $85.60 $39.40 = $46.20

g e

jb

*P7.42

(a)

Burning 1 lb of fat releases energy

1 lb

FG 454 g IJ FG 9 kcal IJ FG 4 186 J IJ = 1.71 10 H 1 lb K H 1 g K H 1 kcal K

7

J.

The mechanical energy output is Then

e1.71 10 Jja0.20f = nFr cos .

3.42 10 6 J = nmgy cos 0 3.42 10 6 J = n 50 kg 9.8 m s 2 80 steps 0.150 m 3.42 10 6
3

b ge jb J = ne5.88 10 Jj

ga

3.42 10 6 J = 582 . 5.88 10 3 J This method is impractical compared to limiting food intake. where the number of times she must climb the steps is n = (b) Her mechanical power output is

P=

1 hp W 5.88 10 3 J = = 90.5 W = 90.5 W = 0.121 hp . t 65 s 746 W 1h 3 mi 220 kcal h

FG H

IJ K

*P7.43

(a)

The fuel economy for walking is

(b)

IJ FG 1 kcal IJ FG 1.30 10 J IJ = K H 4 186 J K H 1 gal K 1 h F 10 mi I F 1 kcal I F 1.30 10 J I For bicycling G J H 4 186 J JK GH 1 gal JK = 776 mi gal . 400 kcal H h K G FG H
8 8

423 mi gal .

204

Energy and Energy Transfer

Section 7.9 P7.44

Energy and the Automobile

At a speed of 26.8 m/s (60.0 mph), the car described in Table 7.2 delivers a power of P1 = 18.3 kW to the wheels. If an additional load of 350 kg is added to the car, a larger output power of

P2 = P1 + (power input to move 350 kg at speed v)

will be required. The additional power output needed to move 350 kg at speed v is: Pout = f v = r mg v . Assuming a coefficient of rolling friction of r = 0.016 0 , the power output now needed from the engine is

b g b
jb

P2 = P1 + 0.016 0 350 kg 9.80 m s 2 26.8 m s = 18.3 kW + 1.47 kW .

With the assumption of constant efficiency of the engine, the input power must increase by the same factor as the output power. Thus, the fuel economy must decrease by this factor:

gb

ge

P I 18.3 I bfuel economyg = FGH P J b6.40 km Lg JK bfuel economyg = FGH 18.3 + 1.47 K or bfuel economy g = 5.92 km L .
1 2 2 1 2

P7.45

(a)

fuel needed = =

1 2

2 1 mv 2 f 2 mvi 2

b900 kggb24.6 m sg = a0.150fe1.34 10 J galj

1 2 8

useful energy per gallon

eff. energy content of fuel 1.35 10 2 gal

1 2

mv 2 f 0

(b)

73.8 power =

(c)

FG 1 gal IJ FG 55.0 mi IJ FG 1.00 h IJ FG 1.34 10 H 38.0 mi K H 1.00 h K H 3 600 s K H 1 gal

I a0.150f = JK

8.08 kW

Additional Problems P7.46 At start, v = 40.0 m s cos 30.0 i + 40.0 m s sin 30.0 j

b g b g At apex, v = b 40.0 m sg cos 30.0 i + 0 j = b34.6 m sgi 1 1 And K = mv = b0.150 kg gb34.6 m sg = 90.0 J 2 2
2 2

Chapter 7

205

P7.47

Concentration of Energy output = 0.600 J kg step 60.0 kg

gb

1 step I gFGH 1.50 J = 24.0 J m mK

F = 24.0 J m 1 N m J = 24.0 N

gb

P = Fv

70.0 W = 24.0 N v v = 2.92 m s P7.48 (a) A i = A 1 cos . But also, A i = A x . Thus, Similarly, and where

a fa f

a Afa1f cos = A
cos = cos = Ay A Az A

or cos =

Ax . A

2 2 2 A = Ax + Ay + Az .

(b) P7.49 (a)

cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = x = t + 2.00t 3 Therefore,

FG A IJ + FG A IJ + FG A IJ H AK H AK H AK
x 2 y 2 z

A2 =1 A2

dx = 1 + 6.00t 2 dt 1 1 K = mv 2 = 4.00 1 + 6.00t 2 2 2 v=

a fe

j = e2.00 + 24.0t
2

+ 72.0t 4 J

(b)

a12.0tf m s F = ma = 4.00a12.0t f = a 48.0t f N

a= dv = dt
2

(c)

P = Fv = 48.0t 1 + 6.00t 2 =
W=
2.00 0

fe

j e48.0t + 288t j W
3

(d)

Pdt =

2 .00 0

ze

48.0t + 288 t 3 dt = 1 250 J

206 *P7.50

Energy and Energy Transfer

(a)

We write F = ax b

1 000 N = a 0.129 m
b

a f 5 000 N = aa0.315 mf F 0.315 IJ = 2.44 5=G H 0.129 K

b

b b

ln 5 = b ln 2.44 b= ln 5 = 1.80 = b ln 2.44 1 000 N a= = 4.01 10 4 N m1.8 = a 1.80 0.129 m

(b)

W=

0. 25 m 0

Fdx =
4

0. 25 m 0

4.01 10 4

N 1.8 x dx m1.8 = 4.01 10

4

= 4.01 10 = 294 J *P7.51

N x 2 .8 m1.8 2.8

0. 25 m

N 0.25 m 2.8 m1.8

2.8

The work done by the applied force is W = Fapplied dx =

i x max

z
f

x max 0

k1 x + k 2 x 2 dx
2 x max 0

x2 = k 1 x dx + k 2 x dx = k1 2 0 0 = k1 P7.52 (a)
2 x max

x max

x3 + k2 3

xmax 0

+ k2

3 x max

The work done by the traveler is mghs N where N is the number of steps he climbs during the ride. N = (time on escalator)(n) where and Then, h atime on escalatorf = vertical velocity of person vertical velocity of person = v + nhs N= nh v + nhs mgnhhs v + nhs

and the work done by the person becomes Wperson = continued on next page

Chapter 7

207

(b)

The work done by the escalator is

We = power time = force exerted speed time = mgvt

where Thus, t= h as above. v + nhs mgvh . v + nhs

ga f a

fb

ga f

We =

As a check, the total work done on the persons body must add up to mgh, the work an elevator would do in lifting him. It does add up as follows: 1 mv 2 0 = W , so 2 2W and v = m 2W m W d

W = Wperson + We =

mgnhhs mgvh mgh nhs + v + = = mgh v + nhs v + nhs v + nhs

P7.53

(a)

K = v2 =

(b) *P7.54

W = F d = Fx d Fx =

During its whole motion from y = 10.0 m to y = 3.20 mm, the force of gravity and the force of the plate do work on the ball. It starts and ends at rest Ki + W = K f 0 + Fg y cos 0+ Fp x cos 180 = 0 mg 10.003 2 m Fp 0.003 20 m = 0
2

Fp

g b g 5 kg e9.8 m s ja10 mf = = 1.53 10

3.2 10
3

m
2

N upward

P7.55

(a)

P = Fv = F vi + at = F 0 +

g FGH

F t = m

IJ FG F IJ t K HmK

(b)

P=

LM a20.0 Nf MN 5.00 kg

OPa3.00 sf = PQ

240 W

208 *P7.56

Energy and Energy Transfer

(a)

W1 = F1 dx =
i xi 2 + x a xi 2

z
f

xi 1 + x a xi 1

k1 x dx =

1 k 1 x i1 + x a 2

xi2 1 =

1 2 + 2 x a x i1 k1 x a 2

(b) (c)

W2 =

k 2 x dx =

1 k 2 xi 2 + x a 2

xi22 =

1 2 k2 xa 2 x a xi 2 2

Before the horizontal force is applied, the springs exert equal forces: k 1 xi1 = k 2 xi 2 xi 2 = 1 1 2 2 + k1 x a xi1 + k 2 x a k 2 x a xi 2 k1 x a 2 2 k x 1 1 2 2 = k1 x a + k2 xa + k1 x a xi1 k 2 x a 1 i1 2 2 k2 1 2 = k1 + k 2 x a 2 k1 xi1 k2

(d)

W1 + W2 =

*P7.57

(a)

v = a dt =
0

z ze
t t 0

1.16t 0.21t 2 + 0.24t 3 dt

t

t2 t3 t4 = 1.16 0.21 + 0. 24 2 3 4 At t = 0 , vi = 0. At t = 2.5 s ,

= 0.58t 2 0.07t 3 + 0.06t 4

0

v f = 0.58 m s 3 2.5 s Ki + W = K f 0+W = (b) At t = 2.5 s ,

ja f e0.07 m s ja2.5 sf + e0.06 m s ja2.5 sf

2 4 3 5

= 4.88 m s

1 1 mv 2 f = 1 160 kg 4.88 m s 2 2

= 1.38 10 4 J

a = 1.16 m s 3 2.5 s 0.210 m s 4 2.5 s

ja f + e0.240 m s ja2.5 sf
2 5

= 5.34 m s 2 .

Through the axles the wheels exert on the chassis force

F = ma = 1 160 kg 5.34
and inject power

m s 2 = 6.19 10 3 N

P = Fv = 6.19 10 3 N 4.88 m s = 3.02 10 4 W .

Chapter 7

209

P7.58

(a)

The new length of each spring is

x 2 + L2 , so its extension is

x 2 + L2 L and the force it exerts is k

FH

x 2 + L2 L toward its

IK

fixed end. The y components of the two spring forces add to zero. Their x components add to F = 2 ik

FH

x 2 + L2 L

IK

x x 2 + L2

= 2 kx i 1

F GH

L x 2 + L2

I JK F GH

FIG. P7.58

(b)

W = Fx dx
i

z
f

W = 2 kx 1
A

z
0

W = 2 k x dx + kL
A

z
0

ze
0

x2 + L

2 1 2

2 x dx

x2 W = 2 k 2

I dx J x +L K ex + L j + kL b1 2g
L
2 2 2

0 2 12

W = 0 + kA 2 + 2 kL2 2 kL A 2 + L2 *P7.59 For the rocket falling at terminal speed we have

W = 2 kL2 + kA 2 2 kL A 2 + L2

F = ma
+ R Mg = 0 Mg = (a) 1 2 DAvT 2

For the rocket with engine exerting thrust T and flying up at the same speed,

F = ma
+T Mg R = 0 T = 2 Mg The engine power is P = Fv = TvT = 2 MgvT . (b) For the rocket with engine exerting thrust Tb and flying down steadily at 3 vT , 1 2 Rb = DA 3 vT = 9 Mg 2

b g

F = ma
Tb Mg + 9 Mg = 0 Tb = 8 Mg The engine power is P = Tv = 8 Mg 3 vT = 24MgvT .

210 P7.60

Energy and Energy Transfer

(a)

F1 = 25.0 N cos 35.0 i + sin 35.0 j = F2

a fe j e20.5i + 14.3 jj N = a 42.0 N fecos 150 i + sin 150 jj = e36.4i + 21.0 jj N e15.9 i + 35.3 jj N
2

(b)

F = F1 + F2 =
a=

(c) (d)

F =
m

e3.18 i + 7.07 jj m s e j

v f = v i + at = 4.00 i + 2.50 j m s + 3.18 i + 7.07 j m s 2 3.00 s vf =

je

ja

e5.54i + 23.7 jj m s e jb ga e2.30i + 39.3 jj m b

1 2 at 2

(e)

r f = ri + v i t +

r f = 0 + 4.00 i + 2.50 j m s 3.00 s + r = r f = (f) (g) Kf = Kf =

f 1 e3.18i + 7.07 jjem s ja3.00 sf 2

2 2 2

1 1 5.00 kg mv 2 f = 2 2

g a5.54f + a23.7f em s j =
2 2 2

1.48 kJ

1 mvi2 + F r 2 1 2 K f = 5.00 kg 4.00 + 2.50 2 K f = 55.6 J + 1 426 J = 1.48 kJ

g a f a f bm sg + a15.9 Nfa2.30 mf + a35.3 Nfa39.3 mf

Ws + W g = 0

P7.61

(a)

W = K :

1 2 kxi 0 + mgx cos 90+60 = 0 2 1 2 1.40 10 3 N m 0.100 0.200 9.80 sin 60.0 x = 0 2 x = 4.12 m

j a

f a

fa fa

(b)

W = K + Eint :

Ws + W g Eint = 0

1 2 kxi + mgx cos 150 k mg cos 60 x = 0 2 1 2 1.40 10 3 N m 0.100 0.200 9.80 sin 60.0 x 0.200 9.80 0.400 cos 60.0 x = 0 2 x = 3.35 m

j a

f a

fa fa

fa fa

fa

Chapter 7

211

P7.62

(a)

FN 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 12.0

a f Lammf FaNf Lammf

15.0 32.0 49.0 64.0 79.0 98.0 FIG. P7.62 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 112 126 149 175 190

(b)

A straight line fits the first eight points, together with the origin. By least-square fitting, its slope is 0.125 N mm 2% = 125 N m 2% In F = kx , the spring constant is k = F , the same as the slope of the F-versus-x graph. x

(c) P7.63

F = kx = 125 N m 0.105 m = 13.1 N

ga

K i + Ws + W g = K f 1 1 1 1 mvi2 + kx i2 kx 2 mv 2 f + mgx cos = f 2 2 2 2 1 1 FIG. P7.63 0 + kxi2 0 + mgxi cos 100 = mv 2 f 2 2 1 1 1.20 N cm 5.00 cm 0.050 0 m 0.100 kg 9.80 m s 2 0.050 0 m sin 10.0 = 0.100 kg v 2 2 2 3 2 0.150 J 8.51 10 J = 0.050 0 kg v

ga

fb b

g b g j

ge

jb

v=

0.141 = 1.68 m s 0.050 0 Eint = K = 1 1 2 m v2 0.400 kg f v i : Eint = 2 2

P7.64

(a) (b)

gea6.00f a8.00f jbm sg

2 2

= 5.60 J

Eint = fr = k mg 2r :
Thus,

a f

5.60 J = k 0.400 kg 9.80 m s 2 2 1.50 m

ge

j a

k = 0.152 .

(c)

After N revolutions, the object comes to rest and K f = 0 . Thus, or This gives Eint = K = 0 + K i = 1 mvi2 2

k mg N 2r =
1 2

a f
mvi2

1 mvi2 . 2
1 2 2 2

b8.00 m sg = = N= mg a 2r f a0.152fe9.80 m s j2 a1.50 mf

k

2.28 rev .

212 P7.65

Energy and Energy Transfer

If positive F represents an outward force, (same as direction as r), then W = F dr =

i

z
f

rf ri

ze
6

2 F0 13 r 13 F0 7 r 7 dr
rf ri

2 F 13 r 12 F0 7 r 6 W= 0 12 6 W= F0
13

r f12
77

ri12 r f6

j + F er
0 7

6 f

ri6
134

j= F
0

r f6 ri6

F0 13 12 r f ri12 6

W = 1.03 10

ri6

1.89 10

r f12

ri12

W = 1.03 10 77 1.88 10 6 2.44 10 6 10 60 1.89 10 134 3.54 10 12 5.96 10 8 10 120 W = 2.49 10 21 J + 1.12 10 21 J = 1.37 10 21 J P7.66

Pt = W = K =
The density is

a m f v
2

m m = . vol Ax x = v, t FIG. P7.66

Substituting this into the first equation and solving for P , since for a constant speed, we get Also, since P = Fv ,

P=
F=

Av 2

Av 2 . 2

Our model predicts the same proportionalities as the empirical equation, and gives D = 1 for the drag coefficient. Air actually slips around the moving object, instead of accumulating in front of it. For this reason, the drag coefficient is not necessarily unity. It is typically less than one for a streamlined object and can be greater than one if the airflow around the object is complicated. P7.67 We evaluate 375dx by calculating 12.8 x + 3.75 x
3 23 .7

f + 375a0.100f + 375a0.100f = 0.806 a12.8f + 3.75a12.8f a12.9f + 3.75a12.9f a23.6f + 3.75a23.6f

375 0.100
3 3 3

and

f + 375a0.100f + 375a0.100f = 0.791 . a12.9f + 3.75a12.9f a13.0f + 3.75a13.0f a23.7f + 3.75a23.7f

375 0.100
3 3 3

The answer must be between these two values. We may find it more precisely by using a value for x smaller than 0.100. Thus, we find the integral to be 0.799 N m .

Chapter 7

213

*P7.68

P=
(a)

1 Dr 2 v 3 2

Pa =

1 1 1.20 kg m3 1.5 m 2

ja

f b8 m sg
2

= 2.17 10 3 W

(b)

3 24 m s Pb v b = 3 = Pa v a 8 ms

Pb = 27 2.17 10 3 W = 5.86 10 4 W
P7.69 (a) The suggested equation Pt = bwd implies all of the following cases: (1) v = constant n fk = k n d F

F GH

I JK

= 3 3 = 27

(3)

FG w IJ a2df H 2K F t I F d I P G J = bwG J H 2 K H 2K
Pt = b

(2)

and

(4)

FG t IJ = bFG w IJ d H 2 K H 2K FG P IJ t = bFG w IJ d H 2K H 2K
P

These are all of the proportionalities Aristotle lists.

w FIG. P7.69

(b)

For one example, consider a horizontal force F pushing an object of weight w at constant velocity across a horizontal floor with which the object has coefficient of friction k .

F = ma implies that:
+n w = 0 and F k n = 0 so that F = k w As the object moves a distance d, the agent exerting the force does work W = Fd cos = Fd cos 0 = k wd and puts out power P = W t

This yields the equation Pt = k wd which represents Aristotles theory with b = k . Our theory is more general than Aristotles. Ours can also describe accelerated motion. *P7.70 (a) So long as the spring force is greater than the friction force, the block will be gaining speed. The block slows down when the friction force becomes the greater. It has maximum speed when kx a f k = ma = 0.

e1.0 10
(b)

N m x a 4.0 N = 0

j j

x = 4.0 10 3 m
0

By the same logic,

e1.0 10

N m x b 10.0 N = 0

x = 1.0 10 2 m

FIG. P7.70

214

Energy and Energy Transfer

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P7.2 P7.4 P7.6 P7.8 P7.10 P7.12 P7.14 P7.16 P7.18 P7.20 P7.22 P7.24 P7.26 P7.28 P7.30

1.59 10 3 J
(a) 3.28 10 2 J ; (b) 3.28 10 2 J see the solution 5.33 W 16.0 (a) see the solution; (b) 12.0 J 50.0 J (a) 575 N m ; (b) 46.0 J (a) 9.00 kJ; (b) 11.7 kJ, larger by 29.6% (a) see the solution; (b) mgR mg mg 1 1 + + ; (b) (a) k1 k 2 k1 k2

P7.44 P7.46 P7.48

5.92 km L 90.0 J Ay Ax A ; cos = ; cos = z ; A A A (b) see the solution (a) cos = (a) a = 40.1 kN ; b = 1.80 ; (b) 294 J m 1.8

P7.50

P7.52 P7.54 P7.56 P7.58

(a)

mgnhhs mgvh ; (b) v + nhs v + nhs

1.53 10 5 N upward see the solution (a) see the solution; (b) 2 kL2 + kA 2 2 kL A 2 + L2

FG H

IJ K

P7.60

(a) F1 = 20.5 i + 14.3 j N ; F2 = 36.4i + 21.0 j N ;

(a) 1.20 J; (b) 5.00 m s ; (c) 6.30 J (a) 60.0 J; (b) 60.0 J (a) 1.94 m s ; (b) 3.35 m s ; (c) 3.87 m s (a) 3.78 10 16 J ; (b) 1.35 10 14 N ; (c) 1.48 10 +16 m s 2 ; (d) 1.94 ns (a) 0.791 m s; (b) 0.531 m s (a) 329 J; (b) 0; (c) 0; (d) 185 J; (e) 144 J 8.01 W ~ 10 4 W (a) 5.91 kW; (b) 11.1 kW No. (a) 582; (b) 90.5 W = 0.121 hp P7.62

e j (c) e 3.18 i + 7.07 jj m s ; (d) e 5.54i + 23.7 jj m s ; (e) e 2.30 i + 39.3 jj m ; (f) 1.48 kJ; (g) 1.48 kJ
(b) 15.9 i + 35.3 j N ;
2

P7.32 P7.34 P7.36 P7.38 P7.40 P7.42

(a) see the solution; (b) 125 N m 2% ; (c) 13.1 N (a) 5.60 J; (b) 0.152; (c) 2.28 rev see the solution (a) 2.17 kW; (b) 58.6 kW (a) x = 4.0 mm ; (b) 1.0 cm

P7.64 P7.66 P7.68 P7.70