Compression of the double layer: The presence of salt can cause compression of the diffuse double layer surrounding

the colloidal particles, which destabilizes the same. Sweep flocculation or cross: Occurs when a coagulating suspended particles encapsulated in a soft colloidal floc. - Neutralization of charges and adsorption by bridges between particles: Refers to the absorption of two particles with opposite ionic charges. This process takes place when there is a bridge between particles, that is, when a coagulant provides a polymer chain which adsorbs particles.

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1991, Vol. 18, No. 6 : pp. 1078-1083 Freezethaw sludge conditioning and double layer compression P. Aarne Vesilind, Seppo Wallinmaa, C. James Martel (doi: 10.1139/l91-130)

The sludge dewatering performance is not only characterized by SRF, but also filtering speed from the expression test. The SRF is measured by the standard Buchner funnel vacuum filtration method. The conditioned sludge is poured into a Buchner funnel to filter or into a self-made dewatering device to dehydrate. In vacuum filtration method, sludge (100 ml) is poured into a 90 mm standard Buchner funnel fitted with pre-wetted 1.2m glass fiber filter paper. Then a constant vacuum pressure of 34.5 kPa is applied to dehydrate until no additional water can be removed from the sludge. The variation of the filtrate volume with time is recorded in orderto estimate the sludge SRF, which is calculated from the slope of a linear plot of volume vs. time/volume, expressing as [33, 34]:

22 SRF= PA b

(4) where SRF is the specific resistance to filtration (mkg-1); P is the filtration pressure (Nm-2); A is the filter area (m2); b is the slope of the filtrate discharge curve (t/V versus V) (sm-6); is the viscosity of the filtrate (Nsm-2); is the weight of cake solids per unit volume of filtrate (kgm-3); t is the filtration time (s); V is the volume of filtrate (m3).
The treated sample was filtered to recover floated particles (scum) and settled solids (sludge) formed during EC treatment. The obtained product that we called sludge, was washed with distilled water and then oven dried at 1032 C until it's weight was stabilized The dried sludge was stored in desiccator to its analysis.