Engineering Mathematics - I (MATH ZC 161) : BITS Pilani

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITSPilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
Engineering Mathematics I
(MATH ZC 161)
Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor)
Department of Mathematics
BITSPilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
Chapter 9: Vector Calculus
Outline of lecture 13
9.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines
9.7 Curl and Divergence
21/09/2012 3 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Outline of lecture 14
9.8 Line Integrals
Motivation
( )
( )
The notion of definite integral
. . integration of a function defined over an interval ,
can be generalized to integration of a function defined
b
a
f x dx
i e

can be generalized to integration of a function defined
along a curve.
( ) ( )
The integral , , where , 0
represents the area of one side of a
"fence" or "curtain" extending from
the curve C in the -plane up to
b
a
G x y ds G x y
xy

( )
( )
the curve C in the -plane up to
the graph of , that corresponds
to points , on C
xy
G x y
x y
Terminology
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Suppose C is a curve parametrized by
, , &
Point is , & point Bis , .
we say that
x f t y g t a t b
A f a g a f b g b
= =
[ ]
we say that
i) is a if and g are continuous on
the closed interv
sm
al , and not simultaneously zero
on o
ooth curve C f
a b

( )
pen interval , . a b
1 2
ii) is a if it consists of
a finite number of piecewise smooth curves
, ,......, , joined end to end
i.e.
piecewise smooth curve
...... .
n
C
C C C
C C C C =
1 2
i.e.
closed curve
si
......
mp
.
i
l
ii) is a if .
iv) is e a
n
C C C C
C A B
C
=
=
if and the curve
does not
clo
cross itself
sed c
.
urve A B =
v) is not a
then the positive direction on C is the direction
corresponding to increasing
cl
va
osed c
lues o .
urve
f
C
t
Definition:
Line Integrals in the plane
Let G be a function of two variables and defined on
a region of the plane containing a smooth curve C,
x y
( )
( )
* *
0
1
i) The line integral of G along C from A to B w.r.t. is
, lim ,
n
k k k
C
P
k
x
G x y dx G x y x
=
=

( )
( )
* *
0
1
ii) The line integral of G along C from A to B w.r.t. y is
, lim ,
n
k k k
C P
k
G x y dy G x y y
=
=

( )
( )
* *
0
1
iii) The line integral of G along C from A to B w.r.t. arc length is
, lim ,
n
k k k
C P
k
G x y ds G x y s
=
=

Method of evaluation-
Curve Defined Parametrically
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i) , ,
ii) , ,
b
C a
b
C a
G x y dx G f t g t f t dt
G x y dy G f t g t g t dt
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
iii) , ,
C a
b
C a
G x y ds G f t g t f t g t dt

= + ( (

Problem 1
2
2
Evaluate
a)
b)
C
C
xy dx
xy dy

2
)
on the quarter-circle defined by
4 cos , 4sin , 0 t
2
C
C
c xy ds
C
x t y t

= =

Solution
( )( ) ( )
/ 2
2
2
0
/ 2
3
a) 4cos 4sin 4sin
256 sin cos
C
xy dx t t t dt
t t dt
=
=


0
/ 2
4
0
256 sin cos
256 sin 64
t t dt
t

=
(
= =


( )
( )
( )
/ 2
2 2
0
/ 2
2 2
0
2
/ 2
0
b) 4cos 16sin 4cos
256 sin cos
sin 2
256
4
C
xy dy t t t dt
t t dt
t
dt
=
=
=


( )
0
/ 2
0
/ 2
0
4
1
64 1 cos 4
2
sin 4
32
4
16
t dt
t
t
=
(
| |
=
| (
\

=

( )
( ) ( )
( )
/ 2
2 2 2 2
0
/ 2
2
0
c) 4cos 16sin 16 cos sin
256 sin cos
C
xy ds t t t t dt
t t dt
= +
=


/ 2
3
0
sin
256
3
256
3
t

(
| |
=
( |
\

=
Method of evaluation-
Curve Defined by an explicit function
( )
( ) ( )
2
If the curve is defined by an explicit function
,
we can use as a parameter.
& 1
y f x a x b
x
dy f x dx ds f x
=

= = + (

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
& 1
i) , ,
ii) , ,
iii) , , 1
b
C a
b
C a
b
C a
dy f x dx ds f x
G x y dx G x f x dx
G x y dy G x f x f x dx
G x y ds G x f x f x dx

= = + (

=
= + (

A line integral along a piecewise-smooth curve is
defined as the sum of the integrals over the various
smooth curves whose union comprises .
. .
C
C
e g
Line integral of piecewise
smooth curve C
( )
1 2
. .
If is a composed of smooth curves & ,
then
,
C
e g
C C C
G x y ds =
( ) ( )
1 2
, ,
C C
G x y ds G x y ds +

( ) ( )
It is common practice to write
, ,
as
C C
C
P x y dx Q x y dy
Pdx Qdy
+
+

Notation
and line integral over a closed curve C is very often
denoted by
C
C
Pdx Qdy +

2
Evaluate

where C is given by
C
xy dx x dy +
Problem
(curve defined by an explicit function)
3
where C is given by
1, 1 2 y x x =
3
2
2
C : , 1 2
3
C
y x x
dy x dx
xy dx x dy
=
=
+
Solution
( ) ( )
3 2 2
1
1
4 5
1
1
3
4 132
4
5 5
C
C
xy dx x dy
x x dx x x dx
x dx x
+
= +
(
= = =
(


Evaluate

where C is given by
C
x dx
Problem
(curve defined parametrically)
where C is given by
cos , sin , 0 2 x t y t t = =
( )( )
2
cos sin
C
x dx
t t dt
Solution
( )( )
[ ]
0
2
2
0
cos sin
1 1
cos 1 1 0
2 2
t t dt
t
=
(
= = =
(


2 2
Evaluate

on the closed curve
C
y dx x dy
Problem
(closed curve)
on the closed curve
as shown in Fig.
2
1 2 3
1 2 3
is a piecewise smooth
where C , C &C are shown in figure
C C C C
C
= + +

Solution
( )
1
1
2 2
2
2
0
On C , we use as parameter
as 0& 0
0 0 0
C
x
y dy
y dx x dy
dx x
= =

= + =

( )
2
2
4
2 2
0
On C , we use y as parameter
as 2& 0
4 0 4 16
C
x dx
y dx x dy dy
x
= =
= =

( )
3
3
2
2 2
0
4 2
2
as & 2
8
2
5
C
x
y x dy xdx
y dx x dy
x dx x xdx
= =

= =

1
2 2
2 2
2 2
C
C
y dx x dy
y dx x dy
=
+

2
3
2 2
2 2
8 72
0 16
5 5
C
C
y dx x dy
y dx x dy
+
+
= + =

e.g.
C C
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
+ = +

Property of Line Integral
( )
( )
2 2
e.g.
In Problem 1, part
64 64
C C
a
xy dx xy dx
= = =

Definition:
Line Integrals in the space
( ) ( ) ( )
Let G be a function of 3 variables , and z defined on
a region of the space containing a smooth curve C,
then , , , , , , , , ,
are defined analogously to definition of line integral i
C C C
x y
G x y z dx G x y z dy G x y z ds

n plane
are defined analogously to definition of line integral i
( )
( )
* * *
0
1
n plane
but we add one more to the list
iv) The line integral of G along C from A to B w.r.t. z is
, , lim , ,
n
k k k k
C P
k
G x y z dz G x y z z
=
=

Method of evaluation
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
If C is a smooth curve defined by parametric equations
, , ;
then
i) , , , ,
b
x f t y g t z h t a t b
G x y z dx G f t g t h t f t dt
= = =
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i) , , , ,
ii) , , , ,
iii) , , , ,
C a
b
C a
b
C a
G x y z dx G f t g t h t f t dt
G x y z dy G f t g t h t g t dt
G x y z dz G f t g t h t h t dt
=

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
iv) , ,
, ,
C
b
a
G x y z ds
G f t g t h t f t g t h t dt

= + + ( ( (


( ) ( ) ( )
In space, we are often concerned with the line integrals
in the form of a sum:
, , , , , ,
C
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz + +

Problem
(Line Integrals in the space)
Evaluate
where C is the helix
C
ydx xdy zdz + +

where C is the helix
2cos , 2sin , , 0 2 x t y t z t t = = =
Solution
( )( ) ( )( )
2
0
: 2cos , 2sin , , 0 2
2sin , 2cos ,
2sin 2sin 2cos 2cos
C
C x t y t z t t
dx t dt dy t dt dz dt
ydx xdy zdz
t t dt t t dt t dt
= = =
= = =
+ +
= + +

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
0
2
2 2
0
2
0
2
2
2
0
4sin 4cos
4cos 2
2sin 2 2
2
t t dt t dt
t t dt
t
t
= + +
= +
(
= + =
(


Line integral in a plane
using vector valued function
( ) ( ) ( )
We can use the concept of a vector function of several
variables to write a general line integral in a comact form.
e.g.
let the vector valued function
, , , x y P x y i Q x y j = + F
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, , ,
is defined along a curve
C: ,
x y P x y i Q x y j
x f t y g t
= +
= =
F
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
;
and is the position vector on C.
Then
, , =
c c
a t b
t f t i g t j
P x y dx Q x y dy d

= +
+ =

r
F r i
Line integral in space
using vector valued function
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Let the vector valued function
, , , , , , , ,
is defined along a curve
C: , , ;
x y z P x y z i Q x y z j R x y z k
= + +
= = =
F
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
C: , , ;
is the position vector on C.
Then
, , , , , ,
c c
t f t i g t j h t k
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz d
= = =
= + +
+ + =

r
F r i
Work Done
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
The work done by a force
, , ,
as its point of application moves
along C from A to B in plane is given by
x y P x y i Q x y j = +
+
F
( ) ( )
the
W=
work
, ,
W=
where
. .
c
T
c c c c
P x y dx Q x y dy
d
or d ds ds comp ds
ds
d dxi dy j
i e
+
= = =
= +

r
F r F F T F
r
i i i
done by a force along a curve
is due entirely to the tangential component of
C F
F
Work Done
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
The work done by a force
, , , , , , , ,
as its point of application moves
along C from A to B in space is given by
W= , , , , , ,
x y z P x y z i Q x y z j R x y z k
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz
= + +
+ +
F
( ) ( ) ( )
W= , , , , , ,
W=
w
c
T
c c c c
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz
d
or d ds ds comp ds
ds
+ +
= = =

r
F r F F T F i i i
the work done by a force along a curve
is due entirely to the tangential compo
here
nent o
.
f
.

d dxi dy j dz k
i e C
= + + r
F
F
Circulation
A line integral of a vector field F around a simple closed
curve C is said to be the circulation of F around C
. .
circulation=
i e
d ds =

F r F T i i

circulation=
circulation is a measure of the amount by which
the fluid
c c
d ds =

F r F T i i

tends to turn the curve C by rotating or
ciruclating, around it.
( )
If F is perpendicular to T for every , on ,
then 0 & the curve does not move at all.
On the other hand,
c
x y C
ds =
F T i

0means that fluid tend to rotate C in
counterclockwise direction
0 means that
c
c
ds
ds
>
<
F T
F T
i
i
fluid tend to rotate C in

counterclockwise direction
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21/09/2012 11 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21/09/2012 12 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21/09/2012 15 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21/09/2012 16 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21/09/2012 17 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

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21/09/2012 23 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

21/09/2012 25 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

21/09/2012 27 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

21/09/2012 28 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

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21/09/2012 29 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

21/09/2012 31 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21/09/2012 33 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

21/09/2012 35 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

fluid tend to rotate C in

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