AIR SAMPLING AT WORKPLACES: SAMPLING STRATEGY, EQUIPMENT AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF SAMPLES

MAYIS 2010

ANKARA

PRESENTATION PLAN
CHAPTER 1: WHY TO SAMPLE THE AIR? CHAPTER 2: HOW TO SAMPLE THE AIR?
SAMPLING STRATEGY BASIC STEPS OF SAMPLING STRATEGY REMARKS

CHAPTER 3: HOW LONG TO SAMPLE? CHAPTER 4: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE SAMPLE QUALITY

WHY TO SAMPLE THE AIR?

TO KNOW: WHICH SUBSTANCE IS THE WORKER EXPOSED? HOW MUCH SUBSTANCE IS THE WORKER EXPOSED? WHEN DOES THE EXPOSURE HAPPEN? FORMS THE BASIS FOR PREVENTION MEASURES

HOW TO SMAPLE?

SAMPLING STRATEGY
WHAT TO SAMPLE? WHEN TO SAMPLE? HOW OFTEN TO SAMPLE?

HOW TO SAMPLE?
BASIC STEPS OF SAMPLING STRATEGY DETERMINATION OF FACTORS AT THE WORK PLACE ESTIMATION OF LEVELS OF EXPOSURE
How much a substance used or formed? How frequent the subsatance is used or formed? How long the workers use it or make it form?

HOW TO SAMPLE?
BASIC STEPS OF SAMPLING STRATEGY MAKE A LIST OF POSSBLE EXPOSURES PUT THE MOST POSSIBLLE AND/OR MOST DANGEROUS EXPOSURES FIRST IN THE LIST

HOW TO SAMPLE?
BASIC STEPS OF SAMPLING STRATEGY
MORE POINTS TO CONSIDER WHILE FORMING THE LIST (PROPOSED BY EN689)
THE DUTIES IN THE WORK WORK FORMAT AND TECHNIQUES PRODUCTION PROCESSES PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF THE WORK PLACE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND OPERATIONS

HOW TO SAMPLE?
BASIC STEPS OF SAMPLING STRATEGY
MORE POINTS TO CONSIDER WHILE FORMING THE LIST (PROPOSED BY EN689)
AIR CONDITIONING AND OTHER ENGINEERING CONTROLS EMISSION SOURCES EXPOSURE DURATIONS WORKLOAD

HOW TO SAMPLE?
REMARK 1 PERSONAL SAMPLING: NUMBER OF SAMPLES
DETERMINE GROUPS ACCORDING TO EXPOSURE TYPES.(EX.: WELDERS, PAINTERS, TRANSPORT VEHILCE DRIVERS ETC.) CONSIDER THE HOMOGENITY OF GROUPS WITHIN THEIRSELVES IF HOMOGEN GROUPS: 1 SAMPLE FROM EVERY 10 WORKERS IF NON-HOMOGEN: INCREASE THE NUMBER OF SAMPLES

HOW TO SAMPLE?
REMARK 2 STATIONARY SAMPLING:
USE IT IF a)A WORKING ROOM IS VISITED OCCASIONALY (BATTERY CHARGE ROOM) b)A LOT OF WORKERS ENTER OR LEAVE THE WORKING ROOM IN WHICH A HIGH RANKED SUBSTANCE IN YOUR LIST EXSITS IN THE AIR (MANUAL LOADING OR DISLOADING OF A TRUCK)

HOW TO SAMPLE?
REMARK 3 DO THE SAMPLING AS MUCH AS
TECHNICAL MEANS COST TIME

ALLOWS STARTING FROM THE BEGINING OF YOUR LIST

HOW LONG TO SAMPLE?

THE TECHNICAL MEANS DICTAES THE DURATION OF A SINGLE AIR SAMPLE SUCH AS:
CAPACITY OF FILTERS OR SORBENT TUBES CAPACITY OF PUMPS THE LIMITATIONS GIVEN IN THE STANDARD METHODS USED

BUT!!!!

HOW LONG TO SAMPLE?

EN 689 STATES THAT: Sampling Time Number of Min. Samples For Each Shift 10 seconds 30 1 minute 20 5 minutes 12 15 minutes 4 30 minutes 3 1 hour 2 2 hours 1 IN ORDER TO REPRESENT AN 8 HOUR SHIFT

HOW LONG TO SAMPLE?

IF THE WORKER DOES SEVERAL JOBS OR HAS LARGE INTERVALS BECAUSE OF ABSENCE OF TASK THEN: CALCULATE:

ci: Occupational exposure concentartion (mg/m3 or ppm or etc.) ti: :Exposure time fo ith job (hours) ti:Sfift duration (Generally 8 hours)

AFTER QUESTIONS SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF SAMPLES
EVENTS

PRESENTATION

QUESTIONS

TIME

VOLATILE ORGANIC GASES

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: ACTIVE CARBON SORBENT TUBES AND LOW FLOW SAMPLING PUMPS

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF VOC SAMPLES

SELECTION OF LOCATION OR PERSON: GAS CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS ARE ESTIMATED USING TWO NUMBERS Reynolds Number

R e

D hU

Archimedes number

A r

g D hT wT s T U m
2

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF VOC SAMPLES

As the Reynold's number incraese More homogenious distribution Lower exposure at the source As the Archimede's number increase, Movements towards the hot walls Lower average concentartions

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF VOC SAMPLES

Temperature: Affects the adsorbtion desorbtion equilibrium in the sorbent tube This equilibrium can be formulazized with Langmuir isotherm

b P bT 1 b P

k k a d

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF VOC SAMPLES

As the temperature incraeses: Equilibrium shifts towards desorbtion side b(T) value decreases

So the capacity of the sorbent tube decraeses b P bT k a k d 1 b P

Beware of High Temperatures (See your method)

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF VOC SAMPLES

The pressure of the air passing through the sorbent tube drops. WHY?: ERGN Equation

P v 1 7 v 1 0 1 5 0 2 3 3 L D 4 D p p

2 0

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF VOC SAMPLES

Az the pressure drops: Adsorbtion gets difficult High flow rates cause higher pressure drops

Beware of high flow rates (Use low flow rates allowed in your method)

Formaldehyde Samples
Passive sampler filled with DNFH is used

Formaldehit Numunelerinin Kalitesini Etkileyen Faktrler

Same factors with VOCS in terms of distribution and adsorbtion BUT! More sensitive to Reynold's and Archimede's numbers WHY?:DIFFUSION EQUATION

r , t

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF FORMALDEHYDE SAMPLES

BUT!: More sensitive to temperature WHY?: Its adsorbtion is more exothermic.

DUSTS
THERE ARE TWO MAJOR TYPES WHE SAMPLING IS CONSIDERED

Cyrstaline structure dusts Fibrous dusts

Cyristalline Structure Dusts

High flow rate pumps are used for sampling these dusts

Sidekick

Deluxe

INHALABLE AND RESPIRABLE DUSTS

Cyclone head for respirable dusts IOM head for inhalable dusts.

Cyclone head

IOM head

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF CYRSTALLINE DUST SAMPLES

Reynold's number (more or less sensitive depending on the type of dust) Less sensitive to Archimede's number. WHY: Larger particles than gases which are hardly affected by buancy forces of air.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF CYRSTALLINE DUST SAMPLES

Filling of filter pores during samples: The velocity of air passing through the filter falls down WHYPressure drop equation on filters

d N r 1 p r p P 6 V d r p d r r A p C p 0
CHECK THE FLOW RATE AFTER SAMPLING (AVERAGE VALUE IS USED IN SOME METHODS)

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF CYRSTALLINE DUST SAMPLES

CONDITIONING:Some methods propose conditioning in order to control the humidity effects. IF YOUR MEHTOD PROPOSES: The preconditioning and postconditioning must be done at the same conditions

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF CYRSTALLINE DUST SAMPLES

Post-conditioning should be done with the casette: the air circulation in the laboratory oven

FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF FIBROUS DUST SAMPLES

Same factors with cyrstalline dusts Special Sampling heads are used Special preperation of filters before sampling

Fibrous dust head