201

Strong Verb
Strong verb ~ionin4uidffni-rr~8uutBu~a~~nlu~u

(Internal Vowel th d n&kuKu d &uibTi~

Change) douanm6mla rk-rh

nm r&mrrtia~

~hms~~w&r&mn

ablaut serfes,strong i&d 0 infinitive

v e r b ~zlhmns~~iuoan~6.i

bud b preterit n% Past tense un~Jszmyy9++ ~nnwwi &id D1

9 rm:qtd II

preterit nlo past tense muti55:5iuwywst;qny7ti

&d d past participle Class I 9zfffm r&uuhw t4uuasz Li% /T, Z, I , I / preterit(first and preterit(plura1) third person sing,) bzd bzt drZf rZd r8s scBn wrZt bidon biton drifon ridon rison scinan writon past participle biden biten drifen riden risen scinen writen

infinitive bidan (await) bitan (bite) drTfan (drive) ridan (ride) rTsan (rise) scTnan (shine) wr'itan (write)

Class II 933mirGkiutt~aum::rSu bEodan Gowan (command) (chew) bead ceaw crZap scSat

/Za n4o ii, Za,v ttaz 31 budon cuwon crupon scuton \ boden cowen cropen scoten '

cr?opan (creep11 sceotan (shoot)

2 0 2

i+A infinitive oonrfluu /ii/ bCTgan (bow) 1Kcan (lock) scCifan (shove) bCag 1Fac scCaf bugon lucon scufan bogen locen scofen

nin3u7n& 01 &x&f3an~5, 9.
+m3udff

n+&u

7 bnna~un+&i q rffuu

stem

ri3u&h9wBn

/m, n/ fQ.nw?iy?surdu~n

9=nn71n~~97uanutBuu~~~t~ /I, a,v ttazw/ bindan (bind) drincan (drink) band dranc sang swamm
nintu& s t e m

bundon druncon sungon swumnon

bunden druncen sungen swummen

singan (sing) swimnan (swim)

b.

ri% tauq liquid

/I/ KU r#u\n9~tymzbn

&.tu

?~dnllns=?iuuoutauuasct9u /E, aee,u tta: 5/

delfan (dig) helpan (help) meltan (melt) melcan (milk) dealf healp mealt mealc dulfon hulpon multon mulcon dolfen holpen molten molten

ceorfan feohtan hweorfan weorpan

(carve) (fight) (turn) (cast)

cearf feaht hwearf wearp

curfon fuhton hwurfon wurpon

corfen fohten hworfen worpen

iidh?n%n'Lun& 0 thvra~unidff

stem ~Sur&~uw&j~~u~bu 1 uan8in

/E n?n I, ae, u ws )I%u/

nasal, liquid H?O /h/ s-ffni~nsrliu~a~tdo~a~~t~ bregdan (move) berstan *' (burst) frignan (inquire) brzgd bzrst fwn brugdon burston frugnon

brogden borsten frugnen

n&&d ablaut nfel gradation L&J /e, Z, ST, a/ beran (bear) brecan (break) stelan (steal)
baer braec bet-on brZcon

boren brocen stolen *2

stae1

stzt OF

'lual3u OE ri% berstan

*2

f?Miu7 brecan dlrnut?h~unin%~l7un&

Class IV

2 0 4

ninSu+n b ni Sun&& stem au~lon;nwr3iuuu-ul8n-J-d ddl~~~"ld niman (seize, take) cuman (come) nam (n6m) corn Gmon (Gmon) Emon

ablaut

numen cumen

Class V fY7nS%7Tun&4

5 6~4

stem ~&~ucl~~~ilsJelw~

1 aflu4 ~ilri~Ru4tju

&hh&au~ liquid M$O nasal LL~Z~ZZ! ablaut ~&JL%J-I IE, 2, Z LLR~ E/ .YZ
tih;inmFuin+u 5 ~~~ffnirnrc:;i7LIV0iLRLI~iirt.n~~IflnR~~n~u 4 r~h~r&42%h

past metan specan

participle (measure) (speak) mt sp2c

t rsd

r&on spZcon
t rZdon

meten specen treden wegen preterit singular eten freten

tredan (tread) wegan (carry)

w=g

wZgon

n7nFuiuiJ~iauni?b~~tBu~sjf=~i~lelau etan (eat) fretan (devour) a

f r-i%

Stan
f rZton

dragan (draw) faran (go) scacan (shake)

dr?ig fir
SCOC

drzgon f?iron s&on sc?ifon stEdon w%can

dragen faren scacen scafen standen wascen *1

'

scafan (shave) standan (stand)

scof stEd w&c

wascan (wash)

*1

standan xfJIiiuw73n

/n/ iawl: infinitive iia= past participle

2 0 6

P.

minSui&tQou /E/ 91~ preterit he-t blFn 13 slFp hFton blendon IFton slFpon hzten blanden ISten slzpen *1

hstan (call) blandan (blend)

IZtan (permit) slEpan'(sleep)

b .

ninSoi&~rQu\r /Ea/ 'lu preterit bFot blFow cnGw gGng fFold fFol1 heold flFow grC5ow * bFoton bleowon cnFowon gGngon fG1don fCollon hColdon flFowan griSowon beaten bl%en gangen fealden feallen healden flowen growen

bFatan (beat) bl&an (blow)

cntian (know) wngan (go)

fealdan (fold) feallan (fall)

healdan (hold) flcFwan (flow) gr6wan (grow)

INDICATIVE Present Sing. 1 2 3 b7de bTtst, b7dest bitt, bideb b??ode bfetst, beodest biett, bFodeb beoda'b PreteritSing. 1 2 3 P'lur. b:d bide bad bead bude bFad budon SlBJUNCTIVE Preterit Sing. 1, 2, 3 brde Plur. 1, 2, 3 biden beode beoden Preterit Sing. 1, 2, 3 bide Plur. 1, 2, 3 biden bude buden on e ending -e -est -e'b -ab ending

Plur. 1, 2, 3 b'idab

1, 2, 3 bedon

2 0 8

IMPERATIVE Present Sing. 2 Plur. 1 2 bfd bidan bida) bEod bWdan bPoda P Strong Verb b r~azd 0 fkqflunln

Syncopation ttaz Assimilation %a)\~

n"ln%l Strong Verb dnx~lu~u~~~a-tu~-+d

Indicative mood ?k~ciqcst -est LLSJZ e1 u"u t4uu /E/ n'amn e fln?zniol~ (syncopated) LO::
i;c ~Buw&~&&J?u stem & ~Su~d~~ Id, t , 8, is V% g/

assimilate L&KU st ~a:'~ L&I ic b7de (I await)

"pG bitst (bidest) h% bitt (bide?)

bidep h~fkwaln uaqwd~Ti&mciu

e wmwld dp qi3::~i%

~&~+b~ff~ff

voicing &U~YU

/d/ L&J alveolar voiced ,,a: Jo /e/ ~3u interdental it/ LG /e/
#a hi? bftt

voiceless nauttsn /e/ assimilate /d/ ~~~C~J~E~~WGHJKUQ~B~~~ R~&uu~~unsrG L~~niiau /t/ &do /e/---)/t/ de?
9'uri% tt

209

syncopation
tlsmJyp4

LLB:: assimilation UE),J strong Verb A~ss-IL~~~u

kl ttaz FI Indicative Present ffzr?~~&& 1 KU~? bindan (III) = bind 'bij bintst (bindest) hF bint (bindep) cuman (IV) = come pir cymst (cumest) he cy~? (cumep)*' faran (VI)
= p pij fm-st (ferest)

he fm-p (fare?)*'

hatan

(VII)

= c:ommand

pij h%tst (hatst) he h%tt (hSte/J)

~IT~S~IU

anomalous verbs anomalox verb 'Luaik OE beon (be;, don (do), willan (wil

ix&l LKS INDICATIVE Present Sing. 1 2 3 eom (bco) eart (bist:l is (hip) do dest d,p do; wille wilt wile (wille) willa?

Plur. 1, 2, 3 sindon

umlaut Ku~~JwJ~x~::~~~~ syncopation d /ml 1; i assimilate fiu st.yap *2 LM:~~LI cuman

*1 ~7im

210

Preterit Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1, 2, 3

WCBS

dyde dydest dyde dydon SUBJUNCTIVE Present

nolde woldest wolde woldon

wZ-e
WgS

w5-on

Sing. 1, 2, 3 Plur. 1, 2, 3

sTe (bZo) sien (beon)

do d5n Preterit

wille willen

Sing. 1, 2, 3 Plur. 1, 2, 3

Gre Gren

dyde dyden

wolde wolden

IMPERATIVE Sing. 2 Plur. 1, 2 b$o (wes) bGc$ (wesap) di5 d+

0.

Strong Verbs ~~~~XI~LIL?~JB%JXJUI~ Weak Verbs

lo. Strong Verbs timmi~&mmnlwt?h

212

213

*1 rnffouthgcu dived, learn

oml.~pi

ninfu? dive

mq'l<gd

past tense ,i31 dove +%I

1earntnTa learned n'lP, climb &no

*9 U@@J n~~~~u'tuaw~~;gor~Tn?iaun"~~a~oo8mn?aao\tninfu?

214

215

Strong Verb Present tense Indicative Sing 1 2 3 P'iur, singe singest singeth, riilges 1, 2, 3 singen, singes finae fTndest fPndeth, fTndes

fTnden, fTndes

Si.ih.jiir,ctive -,--.-Sing,
P?
ilr..

firlcie I-Tnden

216

Subjunctive Sing. Plur. kisse kissen Imperative Sing. Plur. kiss kisseth Preterit Strong V. Weak V. Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1, 2, 3 sang sange sang sungen kiste kistest kiste kisten

2 1 7

luaflu ME straw verb lvkwmwr5u weak verb rCiu+tumum ttiu crow, crowd, mow, dread tta: wade ~azmin%d~nu~h weak verb n'
om~dduu~& strong verb L&J waxed-+, waxen, sowed-+ sew,

gnawed --+ gnew ~~a~ninfulul\r~i~ff~~~~nno~~~n~~~~~~n~~~~l~~~~~u

rtaddmng

I~uKuffs~ur(ia r&ni brake (broke), spake (spoke1 drave (drove),

sware (swore), bote (bit) n%n~n,sdhl$~d brent trnu burnt LLa:: brast
mu burst

ttaShKunfu1 wash --+ wesh-+ washen wnszfl~daluriw-a>& 4iubC-mW-qdw

q ~Qnl\J37n~?~uB=Wuu7ntua~u

ub

Qul~~~drnflauUvpYu

runGtdu<

"~~rrilr~ ENE ~~l"ln9,ls=~~arn~~tlaarn?unl571\1 I not doubt

it

not

~~JI~UI

twu

not appears to me, she not denies it r~~CfGn~-r'l< OE ~a:: IYE '*1
LL~C17lUMUl0MdlLM;f\Jwa~nl5~~~ Gi-J&uLumifU rzln;Lilu;MdL&Q

t~~~rs&~,~ih~6juaik

1a&au%ualk
,aaGau CGu

ENE e'~rw8a'l:r;,;,,,,,,,t~~t~""

Thou hast spoken no word all this while-nor understand none neither ~:a First he denied you in him no right but I, nor none is like to have "L~~~~%&~;sijn72?;j impersonal construction (~s~~cJRAX~XWLSU nya my father hath no child,

it) L& it dislikes me, so please him come construction It's It's
WU~& UWTI~~?ULI-~W-JU L&J

~~?~~~~1~q~~irnpersonal

raining..... thundering.....

It's time to go.....

It seems to me......

2 2 0

Hi gesawon aone steorran (They saw the star) Ic eom fiscere. (I am a fisherman) P zt is sZrlic.* (That is sad) main clause TROLE~~~Z'~~JAS\ISII~F~~BSSWU~U

~~~o-~-J35ini5tQirru'lu

lXiinin3t171u main clause I~L&.I ic Kow secge P8.t . . . ..(I you tell that.....) ttarjbis rflou sty1 e duui rniniqrutiGn3on3a77

~m&u171\1

~U;l-G

~~~~~~ ,& manega - Ping ic dyde (many a thing I did n% swi8e waxgeorn eartpii. (very 'good are you)

222

kl.

~itpw~

.3~7~upIu7oo~-&~iu711

n'5nn~~niqruQiw~~~oloRiU7U

\A

4% Lundene (to London) on,pissum

geare (in this year) to him (to him) ~?;u him wia gefeaht.

u~(;7dnin3~-1m-1~~~

ni~wwuMn7q?7uncin~uSitnia-iswulu'l~

(them with fought = SE fought with them) ~1. ~iui&uwn'-w 1 L& article, demonstrative pronoun L&

n% predeterminer i-19 1 L&J all,both fi"s=7luo~m;lniullJLn~E)uff~?~u s.2 hzlga Beda (The holy Bede) ealle dZ tid (all the time)
rn~uluMMin;l~~lun~,~~~~~,~n~~
L&J

d.

(noun in apposition)

i%rff word order ~?;urR'rra~uff~$" his son.) L&&J

eadweard his

sunu . . . ..(Edward.

9.

nl>;i

group genitive SU~GI ENE L&J Lord Mayor of London's

house, the King of Sweden's Throne LLF,:: Somebody else's glove ~&i'u lo. ~;tln~~~~\rni~rn;\lrnin~~~~~~~~~~u~~~n~~uff~~ffu \piu OE hafde past perfect

geworden (had fared) nin~ullj7077~P;n;lninfulr~vluonn71u~Su

WI'

ofslzgenne

hgfdon (killed had) ninf~l~~~~lun~~'uinto~~~~~u~nnwur~

9=r;Lno~u~ustkls=Tonplovn?~7~~nrlaff~?ffu c . FI. ?VI do, did Lunmruun?o;i9uaak

OE x-aluY%o~in%G r~i

L&J gymenne dyde (care did)(he) = (he) did care rtazlfiusnnwuzd ~&uu~?hxx\11%61Rinfu7 rv'u I do - enjoy

CC. ~uaa% OE fi;n~511~blnia~-irul~J?=ui~l7701;n;7RinfLYlr~

t&

mZpync! (to me it seems) n% himpiih: 2 (to him it seemed) 'Lui~flu ME X IP;u~%nflu =2zffumuffKnmrs8~ :.A + tl-' %th (to me it seems) n% mF

thoghte (to me it seemed)

umwn

relatfve clause

&~uD~~xTu~&

7 dhtpk7d~5u

compound

u&&MJ~-w

'and' dh OE ~x7~min%nlGq~

L&I ti%~3iu tziu

and he hine 6 cyninge gehalgode and he consecrated him a king rwfhth$h~ L&A And h5 had his gartien..,..)

(and he him as a king consecrated)= ~tw~uafiu ME ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ he had also in

lso ,in his gardyn,....(and

2 2 4

A.

~uaffu

OE

6i11Js~~un~u&&uni~~

(then) n% ne (not) tth

-Jr7mn'7n%71inXwA p2i ita: ne flui5 ~~~ua~~s-Tu~-3=~~naru-na;u yes-no question tWsl=~'slur3=l~ad~~.~~n~"l ,&J?Z Pode sV here to hiera nfo~-rz~U~ Ne corn se here

scipum (Then went the army to their ships) oftor call ute ofpsrn setumponne tuviwa

(Not came the army more often

entirely out of the entrenchments than twice) ?u~~~ffua~~z-Tuns-u"~nSnEmr= ~5-a7u-n4ol-n53us~s~R7 KEI Then the army went to their ships.

-----___

2 2 5

d. Dual numbers WN OE il$nwru:n&~'l5

E~\JOR.IU