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fllJ WL 'rl11 ..:J fl tJfl 1"lJ\'Ift nn1 1fifl I tJ\1
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- ... IIIII .. I fill ... .. ,.,.,:4 .. I
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.... , ... ., .. I , .. 411111 I t 411111 411111
ity) [pJ LLt'l: [ph]
I I .. ""' 1 o1111 1 ... ""' ... I
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10 II' riling (Aoo Arbor, I947J.p. 70.
""210 . 39
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fli11Jfll'li!1 l'lnfi11'1PI1
lri 'M1nllti11fi11Sfilll1!1 ril i1ao

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LIJ1:11Jfl!l!lf.lll1 (unreleased sound)
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'IIIJ1!Jfl,lflSI ,,tl!l11 fl!l (p, ph, pJ
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.. .. w t ., ...... I 411 4
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/1/ Lt1 \L1:llll
Li'Ut!I4111V1lmfi'11J '
.. .. .. .. ., ... t
4!. 11ftnLri1V3n <The principle of economy>
..... , ., , ... r. .. ., ........ , .....
n11YIL11Uflflft\&.1111 fiLU\&.11
... 1 WA W .- If .. ..1 t;; ' It I I ..
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till. I .... 11111111 ....
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I e I .. .. .. ..
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42 Ll210
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44 Ll 210
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.... t ... ... ., ... , .. ... ... - .,
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(cycle)
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.. .. .. ' .. ..t
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46
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w w w
cp .: 0 0 nu "0 0 cps, "'0 0 nu 'o 0 0 cpa, 'o 0 0. nu miD 0 0 cps ,", 'I'll 11

l
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.., I ., ... A I
cpa nu !Do o cps L'Y11ntJ'I'I'II.'J octave '1'176 m semitones 1111:1:'1'11H
"' .. .. I ., I V
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I I "' A V I ... I I
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t ., .. ... ... I 1:J ... ..
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1'111 octave fi'IJ\1 'IJ!l!lnf11!JIJH key llJ!J'II '11111Jfi111Jll11J'II!l!JH 11
LI 210 47
t iflLL '10\1\1 Keyboard llltt.tt'
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mm \lflfl'l\1\1 Ill \11!lfl1'1tHfl111J
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., .. ... ... .... , ....... Ia.
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" l ... .t ...1 .. ,. ... " IIIII I "' II A
01: flfl111J(lflfl!l..tn1'1 11 octaves L11n!l111:ftiiiVI'J!l
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l
I ., .. I .,.., a
fl111J Vlfl!lfl111JL ..tn\IIU'I\l tJnfiVI
. ' . .
... I .. ,.1
fi\IL11'1\J flMLLfl 'II cps 1\IQ..t 'o,o o o cpa fl'1tffi c
01
..
llll'l
.. .I .. '.. .. ... ......
Lft!J..!flLliiiJl:O\JVIfl\lnfl!l !ftMYIIJfl111J(l 'lloo cps Cl..t at'.llloo cps

m o cps ut \IL eo o o cpa n'l:fl!lm:iiJ!l111JL,jlJ;\11Jln
1 I t;Jii I ... ... ... ollll I ill! "
011 eo o o L'YI1 decibel( ubi !l\1
48
Ll210
fill I .. v .. I,, M 1"'1 "
LIJ1l l1U'llll .> .' '111l!ltln1Jrl1'11 log 'IIO.:JPl11llL 'll
" - 10
... ,J Ill II .. a. t .., ,_ .. I ... ..,
Ill I m 'lllllflll fl11llfl
Iogarith m _:.j.,hnhnu o .en o Q:u
11
uu
1 .... w 11111 f '4 ... .,. .411 I t f:
t: m L 7,.: lflllUfNLI'IIH e .en o e lnl I
" .J " ol ,.! ' .. , I " " I ol 1
UI'!Hu7t&UI fll1&w_,1&111n ll 1l
M I t .. .. I .. 1 ... t
Ill . Melde lfl flllL01
1 !onl17 Ol'l1flll .. ton
1 t .... I' -W A .. I
1
.. A
fi1fi1JU 704'1104Hln 11nu
n,;,t M'i'ollcf1l

I tA I .. II
"I
A wll 1111 "' .. A
n. IL!Jtl fundamental 'o tl!l
I ., .. " I
11 htft1'WQ"Oil
Ll210
49
.... ; .
too
.. . '". ..
' UUV oyertoae Yl o ltflnUII'UfltU1 Ill fl"'lUii fll

" uw
..
ln'ertooe Yl II

. .. .
Ltfln1111VM\UI-1
..
II . i-1 ft1&111Jii rl

.. .. . ., .,., ..
Lfl1\IU faaclameataJ f!mfl'lD II, 11, c, 1111111ftU fl"ft'ltiiiHLID4 ball
.. ..
A (11V c.pe)
50
l,;'ft;fl4 A UO ope fundamental

"""'\\1 1 OOten A .., ope lad laanaoolo

E
. ,,;14\\1 I ootn A
110 ope
fo40 cpe
C eherp . 110 ope
E
111 'I G
I octavet A
.....
"0 epe
IIOope
__.l ... opa
lrcl hanaoalo
't Ia harm !IIllo
lth haraaoalo
. tth Jaenaoalo
't II ltenallllie
8th haraoalo
th, loth, 11 tllf
lith, 11th, l'th,
11th, harmonic.
II . .. I . .. .. .. .I ' .....
Y14\\llftYin1'11'lii114L11fl111111Unll'lnuL1D411fiiU 'J 'fl.tLitD4 ftft 4\&
.. I .
LI210
.. . ..
Ul'IOflfl11fi111Jft "'II!! ""l'l 'U
I
..
fl1tl'l'l rt ABC tlnnfltJ
II
A
A+BC
0 CENTISECONDS !11;
lit
"

nnl!llj (Resonance) a1Lfi1'D'!!ftfl,)tl11111Hli1nn 'J n"1.1
"'-, ....... ... -, .... ,.
flfi"L fl11.11 Unflft1!Jflnf11'111.1 "':fi,'111.11J1Lll" fi1011Lf'U'UL 1 !1011 nl'l'lll'U fi111J
.... , ....... ..l ......... .,., ,._,
1 "1Jn!l111fln'l'ln'lf1.1 f11Jfl111Jnll1:ln1'11fi"IJ"' ll1'111nn nm:f11.1fl1!JLL 1 "tl1J" 1111
I
LI 210
. 51

52
F2
r
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nln
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oflll<l op .. troeroph
.. I II .. - .. Ill
tl11111lfll \ftUlll&fl'l '1 M\11U 'lnnm Mft:I7Dn'l1forlllllat barDIIInic
"' ....
LfiD1 tiHYin111ft1U harmonica
t d'l& fiUTI1 \l.Jh t fl\1 1ft IJ..!I'I1m 1-m"UUIUI
I: .... .. ., ., I
formant for manta 1reionauce
I ., ... .. I I I
chambers) flU !U..!fiU 1'11\1 formant
.. .. ... 'II ,... "' .. ..
f11'1lll F8 un: formant fl\1 "J tiHC)\In L'IIU..!,ln
'II .. I I .. , 1.. ( ,1.1 )
U1:L flfl 1 fiUI111 flll'lll\1 ,a,w eound spectrograph 'l.t uTI
't'ltlll .. mm1mn'h1v1tr!.!Lmtemln1"n!J1mm13J
sound spectrograph \IJ
brqad-band band LU'II moo
cps formants narrow-band band
crcf cps broad-band
.. " .... . ... I ..
'!J<l L'IJ broad-band Uflt narrow-band 'rl <illl:l
LJ 210
53
::-=

\11'11 ...
II\ .. , .,........... - .,
UUIUI11 fi1UYI011111U1t1.aftUUIII1i1LtD.atull formauta Tlft1fllll ID
formauta L11L;anh formaut <Fl) ftfl lJiL1111th "I
1
ouud apectrosram u.n: formaut (FI) ftfllJiL111Ui1 "I D\la"fl;\4 hi
o
., I I " .1- oil
LtD.a\'11: 1\lon1V1 I YID f'l11fi11.11D fl1, D1LID1 U.!I\JLL 1111\lo N.
I 4 .... . ., 1111 ..,. .,. . 4
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' ... 1l ... A 4 - I
lt aouod apectrolr&pll "' L!IO'lYID II CliiiH .

54
[ll . llello [ll 'c till Oldo.volo
tiil 11'11'1 lHl coo, eclllo [uu] '""" o
[ t ] ceo, lc'lo [ t] eo, e!Ko [ 6 ] o o ,., "'o
coo, 'lloo
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cllo,e
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1110
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.
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FORMANT I


.. . .
II UUIII. U. lln)tll n11
.. ., - I _. IIIII .. .. ., ..
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" t 11 I 'IIIII If If ... ., ,
:fill" 1L 1ft1'1t 1"LnDll 11 L 'n1ffl"&n:LftUft" Q:"14nl'J'n14nll1V1ft11fl'tJHfl"
..... .,.,., ., ,.,, ' ......... ,
LtD"&n:oiUI"fi11JIIIIqjftn,llfi1Lflll1 Lt" [I] U":ll:LID.JU11fl1rllqjqjftnta&
tll,lnLtD""\Ifl"fli [ii]
t .. tA a
lllfL 'n lfD"I' :LIU "N flfl 1111,, .1
LI 210 55
'11111
..

f111
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--
-
-
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tel
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i

fl111JCl'lfh1
e
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...
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---
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formant

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0

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.. I
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1100 ,t,So.c cps.
56 LI 210
...

,;Vn'ftriJI'IUlt ntiflfnflf
. ;fl!I1110L formants (FI, Fl,
ra. , a,) Ltu rJ
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llCH rt.ooo-.ooo cps LllflL'I't!IUnU [I] '11fl1111Cl111 v.ooo-d.ooo
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LI 210
57
M I N EA T
u
N
orJ

'e II I 1111 .. .. al 1111 1 t.. -1 , ... ... &i ,
\41\11\.1 1L'IU \IIIJEl\.IOL'IlJfl'l\.ILUl!J!lU\11\.111'11:

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. \.11L'IO'I:I\II\.I F!l lflC\\lfl l't1\.llJ1L 1tllfl1
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fl11JJLLf\Ofi1.11:\111H [tl LLL'It [dl \.l'l"UYI ll'!IHU\.1 .

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[m, n, q) \IIL'I1 [1, T) YIL 1nfi11LlJ\.IIL'I Yl'IHLLL'11JJ
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.. ,., at J I "' - .. ..
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mal ll\ 'IJ!l "
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[m) Of\ F9 ttl rlfll'l18.[n] Ofl
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w II
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58
LI 210
A
J' P U T
p
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..
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0
UGHT COlLECTOR ANO I'HOTOEUCite CfUI
' ..
"

speech synthesizer
... w '( )-' ,j ,j
Ia' tJ 1t t1 synthetic sounds
1
. 1 ".t .. t <111111 ..1 A ..1 t J. olll
\1 sound spectrogram
.I I;; 1111 I ... ., t 4 1"
speech synthesizer fl1Ufl e ttl \lnl11!;1f111'1fllLL'n\l'lnl: f

sound spectrogram speech
"
synthesizer nftUI!l1n'l':fl11!
eJ. ... ""'' 1 ""' I
'1 \ILlJ\I;tJ formants "J
._,1,.,,4 I
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Ll210 59
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r . .. ,. .. " .a ., .. ,
for manU '11 ,\lfln t\Jlm\L '11 F8
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.. II.. IIIII .. I .. 1
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.. .. . ...
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... ... ... ,.. t .. ... .. , ..
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(nu slant) Ltll\l.f1aflll
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t
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62 Ll210
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... ., ... ,. ... , ......... ., ... .,.
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1111 ... .. "' I W ., W tl " I I W 1111
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...... I 6 ,.,
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LI 210 63

f1 HI '1'11 'II fl1 ft n1'11" f11'14
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66
Arthur s. Abram Tile Yollleh r,,. Thai: At:ou&ticol
Gild EJ&perimerJU (BIOO!Ifliotlon. iodtana. lt62) p.4.
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of Toxoo, IP63)1 !dword M. Allthony, Doboroh P. frooch ood Udo Worotoaollthodlf,
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