a

UUUI
'
'""
1J'ftfiGlG
' 0 ' u ' 0
tn.nrJtll (morpheme) UD::'I1anm1'111'11\41tltll
w W A , ... t I " I
nmhn \'llO sister, brother
. .... . .
fi10UI1!JHfl fl f11
I ,..,.,Jtl'<&tllol!l t"_tJI,.:tvt
f1111 lffON1 UIIUU1 IHJII'I'i \I\111J\IOWI.I1Vflln\ILI\I
fl " I I .. I * t: If I If .t I ... ....
A:flliJ Ia \'I\11!Jf11 1111:11 1110 IU\1 \'I\11!JflTWIH loll
.-1 ... I e A ... .. I * .. td ... I ..
iU\IOOVI\11!JfllV11H Ufl IU1 1111: Llfl
al .. lif I .. fl tilt t ... 'I ... 1 If u
tYn111n 11111: tYn LflLLt.ll'm 1-111
U210
117
'"'--.
un: shn L1llni1 "!.ln 1111 .

n'i&u;1ulfi'M:U1Dtl":n:ui1 "WIJUO" Mltl "wiJtlftll"

IU1tl:lnfl\l, n1Lno 11Jft1 llflfllh.,'J hnf111Jd1M iufi,
,;" fi:Lflll\l nrm nch1n\lh
1J,nfi1ii tl\li"IJ\l Uft:fl: liJflu lfU fl:ln fi:'IU fl:m"fl
.,. .I' _. .1.111 .. t lA
fi:UlJO fl:tliJ'I'Itl a1fi:Ltuft11 fl\l IIJ ,H ti11Mft1UOU1UIJ a 'M\l1Dtl1 Ufll'l'ltl
. .
t
1 4lll .. I I V it If t" ,
ti111Jft:fl10flU ft1Jtlti111UU'MU.,'JMU1Dtl1 MU\lUIMU fl11

... 'f f ..1 .. .,. I 1 .. ... ..
1,1n1tl (Morphology) ,: IIIIOD1'Iti.,'JOUMU1D fl ') YotnUMIUf11
jl-_.-.. ., .,_ ' '
l fltll& ftU11111tOUM1l1Uft1
710ftW't1
1
(roota) ')nun nu UtiU
I I J V , '1- ., f/ltfj I 4 W' I
111\l tlti11LUU110ti'I'IYI'Iti.,'JII1!111TJD W\l11 'l'ltl ,, nati11LU\l110ti'I'IY11fl.,'Jn1!11
l NL
(affix .. ) (prefix .. ) Lftll
,t.,;, LfU tl,., Udfi.,'JtiUI1Ttl WYI111J11Jn

nu; UL'Ifi.,'J,t,;, 1oou'Hlum!11tl':lnq!l Incomplete
. ,- .. ., 1.,..... ..... .....
diahea LLL'Ifi.,'JUnD LlfiUIItiO'ML'I111n1!11YIII infixea LfU n11Uf111
infix (t'1'111:umn kcnnoru )in: U -amr. infix
(twmiJ1,10 chi. chamr) am infix (1rn1:11i,1n
krlap kamriap ) m lnfiz (tw11:111;111l carOen
camreea) lfU n1'11 thermometer ;.,11,0 therm LLt.lni1
LLft: meter Lltlnh + Ll'1'1100ft'i.,'J . cl11:L1am1 iafiz 0
,.,. a I.. .. .. ., .. 1
mn:: lflllflfl1111f1ll1!1lfJ1ftfi1L'I1111JO + f.,'JLU\Ifl1lf!)II1:M1H 110tiWYifttl..1
.,, ... .. I V ... I '
fl'll li711JlUUfl111 fl'llffliJfltl (atem formative)
118
ft1\'11int,;a <suffiz> u"u roo
"' ilrflfi (Inflectional sufftX)
il:l. <derivational suftbQ
Ll 210.
.. " lr . I . ' " .. "t I
11qj '1111 1h:n11 flf)
. lmu,'ln 1.h::Ln'rl'lfh1ft1t: la.iLll;o "lll
''" 11.1 .. ft&ti .WtiiorhJ ""

Jaea riu hens Lni nil , -th:Lnn
\tJ L-f1& 1100lll1 Ltl\11&11.1 1;'14
..
Amtrica niJ American, wool riiJ woolea. communicate nu commuaicatioa,
.. .. ..
lln: refu1e nl.J refusal LUUfl\1
i1u
1111& ,doLiiJ -er big 1ilu bigger ,fu-er Lilu'Slitli
utiLI.'IoLiilJ -er work 11u worker ,f1&1h1n1Jh -er d' LfluiltitJ
vii 1 '\ Ill .., w.ll A "'\1 ..
fl11&fl'l1Jitbi1UflH01& llfl 1&01DLil'JnL'I1fl11J\'IftO'm1 LJIIIIfiJILIL'I1 ULtiiD'I&
. o .. I \ .. \ '\ " I , .. " If ... "
th::LIIn'lfl.1fl11Lft:Lflullfllilfl1&flfl tlon IJ fl 11\l -er \IO'JDL1111J"\l IIJflLfl&i
,.,. . .. .. . . .,.,., .. .,.
Llft:ftUI11Clt::LfiJIUnD.1 L'1111LHfl1 worker
worken lfl''
.. " ., ... t ..
":"" ='"" fl11 ;,; .. a\tiuri
1, ..., eel, iDio -er, eat
.. ..
LU\lft\1 al, -ou1, -ic, .ioa, be, ate, meat ful
.. ..
,., ltl\&ft\1
Ll210
119
.. fl ' e .. Ill I "" t Ill I e
fiW't'l (stem) nfiD 'M\l')Ufl1"'1H \UII'M\l'lllfl1fltlU1'lJIO\l\'ll'ntn'l'lmJfl1
' '
LL":IftlJ!IUft1'l'fl tfnu 'Ml!l infiz ti'1l1Jlmior1i1 ri1i1 n\l\l'l'
. '
t ., 4 e I a _. v t A All ( ... .t " w)
\'l\l111fi1Uft:PIWYI.I'W11:fl11l.R\l\l'l' 111110fiWYI fl\l\l'l' +
king OlJ1'1nri"'Wn { kio } + tt .. {.z} un: kingdoms
kingdom + if1tU {a} Llftt kingdom Ill { lr.io}
un: .
, ...... .,,. ............ I
thtl1:anu (Complez words) 1fi1Lfl
1 'I a ., II
lflltJ\l 111 tun
.. ... ....... If, ... ., ....
!l\l 11n: \l1 fl \l!l\l m 11J\ld'lln'll.lnnQIIJ\lDftn fl l'l1\'17tJrnnn't11\l\l1:
I 0 ., t .., i e: a .. Ill' ... y .... ..
W1J1l't11LlJ\lPit'l't1111fllU 1'11\l n1:- \l\l fl0fWfi111J\'11111Jiflll
ti1 lfl'i4n lour
' .
120
LI 210
;,.; I ft1Jifi11litna .. r ";tt i .,..
. .... :,, -
fli!l'>'f1lJ wireleaa,
nil
L1i'>' misconceive ll11nthth:IM'ILLLn Conc:eive con-
ua::fi"Wn -ceive Tllltl'IL LdoLill conceive .
Lrl'>'iin::li misconceive
a .,t.v#tA,.. ... ,..,
f11thtCUJ worde) Lnf"1011f11'1'1't'n\11!1fll'M'11Lnfi\\J'ILDL'11: Lft
., v II ' ., I' ., t .. I t .. I
111 n1'1'1L t.lll11111n'ILL'll'llnn'IL111'1LM1 ft:L'J!I'Il DOH
I
.. .
railway flip flop LU'IUill.h:aJI
" ' .
nnu11n1 111111
' . llt ' . ' .... - ., ,., " ..
n11M1WI61!1fl1'\UJ 'll'n1 ft41U , 1t!lllft'111.1
I
.I w I ,., ., I..
1111111 'll 1n
n11flwfiLftD H il'll!l l infi1.11;jmm 1 nn.n ni m
a:::- ... ... ... .. .,.. - ..
fiHLfW1 1:flfl nuL l'llfl LLL\:OU'I flllftYIH1111111'n\11111L 'l'tJI
I
.... , "'"" #..... ..
Lf'lJ!lnL'IJU. 1nn'IL L'l flH:fl!l fl fl uan (segment) 'llflllft'I'IH1111it1!l!ln
I
.. I I I ..l ... I e t .. , .. A .,
LU'I<L'I1'1LD!l!J "J M ft
I I I .. ... t l"" .. ... I t ' . II
11lJL'I1'1LD!lDfiH "J fl !lnLlJ'IL \Ill< 1!Jfl1 \II Lfl \IL\f1 L \llqj "I 'IL011U.Df1'M'IL 1Dfi1'1L'IL
(
" l "') t "'w II
Eugene A. Nida' a,'IL L!l '1Lft1 OL\11
. t-'"'- ....... ...... 4
e. fl1 \llfU1'1L '11!1 fl \11.1 ft1111\llJ1D L\-\lJfi'I<O'IL lJlt.l L \llllfl'ILO'IL 1J fJIILlJ'IL

' . ... .,
'M'IL 1!Jfi1Lft!J10'1L
t L 1 r .I II t1 II . .a .. "'
ft111 1.11 'ILth: Dft11 L'1111J1LlJ!l11'1L'IL
"'
\J1'1L
:Ln O'IL Llft:lt.lfl tnL 'II n'i4
I

fi1!J
11111J. t .... V 1
1
tt ..
.Jtl!I'I1L1JU'WI'IL1!Jfl11fl!J10'>' 1.11 '1Lfl111 111U'I't 1.11'11 1.11\llit IJ1<J1

ua:1.11Wn ,.., tiL "'"' 1nri1 1u mL J 1fi

..
111ft
Eugono A. Moriillology (Aoo Arbor. I UP), pp. 6 .6Q,
LI 210 121
I
l
(
WtmiiWIII111-ft111111
&W71:bli11117C1UIUmaDnt'ln. ft'\L, 1ti
t
.. .. { } .. .. .. .. ...1
11ftlW;1114nqW 111'111 .er afiiii1'1114MWI1 "'" worker, dancer,
walker, dealer, ILil= eater &W711Wft1M11111LMtlrm
._,. .. 0.. . .. .. .. { l
lillallYLttlnnM &&M111l"11Jnu .... ,.. o1-. fatu, pel &&l'l .arJ
U 1W71gfi1111'MII,..;,<\i4
........
I&IIUII'Ilb1101lm&ntl111
I . .
11. ,j, ..,;, l111 atiitu.inrm .;
11unatianl:a:ti.lfi"u"1iu c .. oaolopuu
1
ooHitio
,;.ni, plaoaolopoaJJ
1
deli .. ., amd1una.nw .,a;

Ld11w11tiuftnn11 . . . .
.. 1 ., ., - 1 .,.,_ . ., ' ... .. t
"'" II 1111fl'll11.1 flffi&WU111Dnti1DIIHn1lf111111& (Kaye) .,,.. 11
'-- t ...
IIUYiftllln nfl411
alDial 'you laad' 1.... 'lud' .
awiaaa 'your wifa' laaa .lfa'
unf11 1ri-h {.,a> aw-}ft14nW.1111iaJ'IIii. 'Jour'
{a- { aw-} {a-}1&11
{
l
"' . I I . 1. o .... 0 l
aw L1.111 \11& 'liD DDt !I 4fl1 (allolllolliJih) 11 4'M'I& 711ft 1YIIIfl'l111'MII1D'l1 'Jo.r' . ftl
nell i111 {w- }
.. ., ... ' t-"-"' " " .. .. __ - .,
'"""tt'lan:ne 1anmt1111 ne n11 nn2fal."1J4fltJnH&ID-1111Lmnna'ft
W .... I " .. . I .....
nwa:YIL7Dn'l1 nnnnunauur 1.14 CiallatioJ ''"11JL1Jtl Luet.t!DU
.,.,. fllfl .... II 111111 W 4111
n1J7!1Dll!lft UL 1111'lH1JfiiLII: L!lft\U'I&'M'1&1tii!ID1D4'M'I&")Dfi1LtiD1fl11 LW11:11m111
t .. Ill W I .If' I w W W w ..
'MII1D'l1 \1'1&4 L'1'111!111m&. &&ttnnmi7'1Jfl1-ln'IUW11Unva:1J4fi1JYIHLIU111
I .
ua"iw1tiunliu ,,, ,e,m,;,iu u .. .,uhi' ''' n11aLU" fbt1'1J m1n1u
.. .. w ., v.. _. I _.
ni'I&LIU&&l,J1Jflt111H\1'1& 'AI DftiWIIl '111'1& Dfl'lflt11UII 1& 11n11 n11 rmun'"'LID4fl111
tnWwi (JWOI"'aiYa aHiallalioa) \\&111W1eWnqVl 710!1, 111'11.1 \11it"ii
Lf11 /lt.hl V&hi1 I ...., - .... I. ,j,,;;
122 Ll210
, ......
..
fi'IIIU4
. ., .. . .. ., .,
uen,1fi14D n11nllln11UIIM!I111111'MI4 (resr-i.. ualmilatioa)
W.. l e I '
ttmJnna 1Utn1 imposstble, immortal, indecent, intangible umm
{ im-aoia} "bi" llft
,. .. .. . .. . .... ., ., .. .. ..
mi11& /ira/ L 1114 1fl'm'114fl14fi11WIVI1&:YIIol 31WIZ:
t ,., :e .Ill ., "' ., A
n1mwnhnY11a.1 1114 /ia/ 1&1&LNIWI1&1fi1M14111&fi111MIU'1&Z:D14
................
1r.vca:mn 4'1111ntJn11nllolfll'lllll.,nM nnNan&ll'llf Cdlubailatloa)
., .. \' t . fll I.,_, ..... .,
tJ.71nJ 14fl1 Ill Vfl .IfilL.. .a'M1&11 WDHfiU.1niiLID4fl L\J1417Z:WII ..
11&wa1mtim&d.iand""""" "".;.w,u11&n11nmui'nn"'"'"";14
t
.. .. . .. .. \ .. .. 1 " "t .. . l
'1!1 ;11"11111.fn17NinLII4 1&mllt1111114fi'Sfl Wllnt nfl.lfiD 1.114
awlhl 'itt ldU' ewil 'late laill'
ellllllil 'Itt poaad' alum 'lala srolllld'
{ ul GOil} /ul/
., . ..... ... ., . .... .. .... ' ... ,. ....
LLI: /ll/ fl1loi'MIHfl1flloii1:WIL'I..I 11n17Lf1414ni11Jn Lfl
\ .... ., .. Ill .. ,., .. .. .. .,
11 tlnllta:U4fl1lfi14LI'ID4111LU14LnDL'tlfl-llnQ'IDfl lD LWIJ.ID14n14
...... , I
(lo of phou_ .. , n11fi'M1&1DLII 1UI1WI1fll114
tafi,.,a\11 ''" ;,.,it.;, tiw&ii '"L'a&wu "11t'
t
.. "' T- "-- .. .... .. I I
I'll lllfl &\11&11 Lnllfl &Wfl1& UUflnL1J'i&n11.1UWDHflflntiJ14fl &f1& fl111
- .......... ,. 'II 1'"'
Ull1ft8fl LIIDL1'IIllmlfl111 Ln11ft UL11'1&11 W11.... /ft/ 1111Lt.ILID 1&fl'11114
.. "' . .. .. .
ftt1lDfi1U1JUUI114"&Wfi11Ult4 CpelataHzatioa) Mn11flliU /l/
,.;a /d/ n1uu..Ma 111 ,.n, 171 thliM.d"lau 111 ,.;., 111 mu
i'ltliJn':!: &W rirhftftl1 imnai itnai "H1a
'1 ., .. IIIII!
.,. 1Ut1V1Dnqv did ;roa ear\II&U1& /diJI 1&11 lalt 7 ean1114
&h ,...,
LI 210
123
ft11ft1nli1 ... m evovel J.sth"'l) aMI RNil,....._.IU
.. .. ,,.. t / , , .
a.nn&ull m ,,,. fila n ftlll8t'lft.M1U
/Ia/ tai\m,.,i.. /II eenuin;,n /1/ tieneernfl
lUI .. n&Q,.,j.,.j, fila 'd" " 111
nniua: , ........... , Re nmiuti'lllnteLiat,..;,t.,.,.,
t.th1n1 t,.,;, N"lfl . aif,. ""'l" Nme ,u,., nnft'e a.:une ldu
urne Lf1&lhfti& 1a klta ..
"for llook" llll an ')'ov llrotlaer'
_._- " ., ....... '!JI.:...__'!... til .a w .,
&1111 /-lk/ /-Jr.&/ IIULINftV /lJc/
. ,;, .;.J..,,.,..,;, ttJ.i,. rmllti1ai
I'IVI1au 1iinviiiJUftUYI11lirNu,Wt,M'h &h.U11Jfi'IL;..,n" 1ft' 11111111
1iinttii:U.ftUtllft1 (aorplolopally coa4ltloaecl aoiplolopally
.. nd,.itlftttlilfi .. ,.
1
.,.. .. .....
til .,fln1 oua /akMD/ lllll .Wl4 .... /lildna/ LIIIIL'r11111n11fl1
;, ._ .. fl'tkn/ llll pllft /pltll a utia'ifni 1-el
lllll oW utiauiftta 1-naf ni'l,."'ll tu1ft' mni11in
w .. t llf , .. .,._. Jt I I e
1&1h.,.I'11LU11'1DUn&'111111&LII 11fi11U111I'Illllmi'11W1Dfl'ln llll olailtl
.... Jf " .... - .. .. 1!.+ .. \
&tn1111ftU1&ft"JU.fiU tu11D111 1
If I e f ' ,a fl_ _ Ill Ill
1&1n11ft1&111111L111&'1VI1'11 itlloop LlllllW"ff'111nLU1& tlaeap &1111&
a t , .. t I . I .. _. I
Lftll -=1&1&&1111n:nl1'l m1 .,.., allotp LLII111&11ft111&Dnu1w"JI
Lft ... , filla, po .... MbaoD
(n-orpla)
.I _..... I w_ .. .1_ ., .. eir ...
c. LIIDL111fll'rlllfi"J'IIIM11:1a&tlnftHn1&1&fllml!fi'ILlNUUL 'ri8Uft1&LLI"J 1.111-
. . .
I I e I ..t. .- I --' I 41111 I v
n111 8111ftll1 .. fi1LYI'\1&1&YI&\'Ifl"l1111h11Ufl,.8afllt.l 111&'rlllflnfl1.ft1&1&1&1111t:
4lll I e. It .. I.,., 1 ..... .,
. L111&W"JJft1 f1111W..1'rlfll111111l11
124
LI 210
1
., .. - .,
unno,nqvwarn ,... Lllflllf11J seeae
f I .. I W
UW1J'1111\l'n fiHfl\l
r. .. t , tl ., .. , ... I I e
nftD /uw/-+ /ly/ LftDUifi""11M1i' :\l\lfl1t1UnQJI 11 'I'ICID11l'l\l1Ufl1
1
o /w/-+ Lmn,; l tiL \
ca:L-M'II lni," ,bainatn.ffl n,o,tlft',arm 1J1
r t
,
.... . .. , .... ' ... , ........ ....
'""" 111 tnntlnfto, tniJ'n 11 ua:tJwnlnflfl" '"il" c Lftflftl,\l11L1J\L
. .. {-. - & -II& _;,.. -oa # /uw/: /iy/ }
11-+ 11 ci,\'1;1J
.. ... 11 ..
aaa l1J\l mea/aw/-+ /7/ I1\'I'J1J mouoe l1J\l mice LLL'I: louoe L1J'I&
. ... . ... ' .. ...
Ilea UL'I: /u/ -+ /i7/ I1\'111J foot l1J\l feet L1J\lfl'l&
...l.t .. .. fl' .. I e .. W A I I W
1_. 1Ufi1Lf1rJ'lrt\l W:flfiN\'1 14 1Ufl1 O'l&fl111
.. ... .
anvm:Mu
... I ... If I I e ...
n. Cl1fl11lJ\'1111UflNO\l0fiH\'1'1&1Ufl10\l
! .. ., ... I I , ... t ., I ., t
tfll\'lft,LOflfl1fiUHfl1flfl U'l& 011 011N nm3 OllL" r.N\'1
v t ., t fl I .. A ., ,... I .,
flUD natJ :L\'I\l11'nOfl1flflnLIU,L \'lllfl'l&n'IULfllJflTilJ'I'IlJ1!1 0'1&
'
"' I e
llJ\lfl'llft:\'1 \l1Dfl1
... ...
"" 11\lfl
Ill.
Q:'l&'l&.,
.. A ., A ., ....... I .t .,
t. tl1fl1 1lJ'I'IlJ1Dl \llJfi'I&O'I& \'11flflft 1 !lflft 1J\ll'I'141Ufi1Lflll1f1'1&
fl1 (ooNlUfl1'l1 \'lqj1f11)
...... ,., ....... 1 I., Al
1J\l 'I&'I'IL'I,f1,.: 1.1 UflL 110 ,f1,CID11fl11lJ'I'III11JtO,fl1'11
l
fl let .. fill I eolllll., ...
ft1. '1&1f'U1ft1 u.n: fl1 'I& fl111 'IUW11 L1J\l\l\l1!lf11Lfl!l10\l L?l'l1:11fi1111\'11111J
\na'Lfiu,n"u 1JHYi1uo1.,:tt,aiJ1,,h t11
I .. .. .. ., _., . , " .. "1 .... M
fiiJHLf1U1CI1L'n!l1Jf11Jl111!11fl,1f1qV Oflfl roof tD II f.l1n:Lt1 '"""'"
., ... I I I M I 1
f11 YI!I1JHfl11.1fi1111\'1111!J\oiL'I1UfiiiH l 11'1& U11 lln1111'1'1111D11 fl'l&\'1'1&11 UL'I:

,
....................... ',
fl'll t LIIDL'Il111J01Jfl111 L'I11J11U.tn L'J1CID11 1J1l fl111f'(IJ
IJ .. ' I e .,. ., I .
1
e I I' r t , 1 I .t I e ..
'I&'I&L1J'I&'I'I'I&'l!Jfi1Lfl!l10tl 1J1') 'l&fl111 nl11J1') LLfl,: IICl!l11LlJ'14\'1'1&1Dfl1Lflll1
Ll210
125
' .
f M I 1 .. I .I WI ....
nu 1111 Nlft1'111111111R1ml f acanne&ttm\&'llmii1I'WifM11IIfi'J'MIIMI
< " .. '-.' ., t ... .. '
fl&fllllWI1J\&m&ftf1111 &l1f1Ufi.DII11Lt1fl111ftfl'l n.
I .. ...
-.. n'111&1nll\&11f11\&'ltllna"""
n. .. lflfl 'I ,.... ri:rh '"":! "" "" 111 fl'l .,. 11111111
'"-'l ,t.i uMn'11111111a1"fli''"
""'m.
t. t ... 'I
\ti ''" ,;,.;, nn"'" .. ,,,;" . nm;, :Sa1,nn1!11&11\i,.ft1
\.i u1:thi1 ii1& "'" 'fi"
w, .b."'"" t .... , tti
a t ., I : ,. f: , I ,t a t .,, I A t
" 'Nm"141Dftrtm1&1n 11111111111 '"" flfl 'I
'
1ttP t I I I a_ W I A .. ., _.J t .,
t!LLml11ni11WI\&1114" Lnfl1111nlJWI\&11114 '1 LU ttflll
LM1 '.,. . '" ,{1""'hafi11ft 11LII1111'1i.1ncpt
I .
W'IWfl1 Lf14 concede, coneei.,., COIIC!ur, condeaae, cOIIclvct, ....... .,
' .. I ., ... t II' a f .. f .. ,
COIIIin, COIIYerae ULWI\&11 coa- 14\L IILnfl flfl 'J
I 4111 I , ' f I .,_, I t I t tf' t It- W I
utu1a111 ooa- Lll111:tl11fl""'""""",,"""11111 1111 ""' fl111n14 """"
I .
., I .. I l .. W e t 11 .,. A t I
'""u11 aoa- LlJ14t11L111fl1 14YI114Dnfla1n\&fl111 fll n IILnfl "" 'I ""
.... , ...... ., .. 1 ., .
LnflnlJ 14fl111 11\&ftla fflfDII a'llflll . 1&1111111enq111 -cei .. e n LIILnfl
lflfl 'I Lf1&. receive, perceive deceive
1- , \fi.W .. t.
u: .. " .. '
lift; 'I fl. Lf" \tie ltniUU'
. ' . '
ailt utJni1 1t:fl
G:14"14ai1t 'I n. LWiftD ie
v I - I ., . ,. f . . 'f# ) . 411 IIIII ' .. ,. t
111fl1fl111 tiiL:14U Hft114D11Uft.11fJ11 HUtli'D LU\&nWI\&11
117111D1lN11171UII v,-.J- .. ,, .. c .. e) tlit .......... .
126 1,.1210
.. V. ... V , .. ., , 1 ., lllllfi ... I e
fl1 Q'll11L!I1\'11141fMIDUnU I 'IIIII 1:l"11 f1Yl11 ?111 1f1NIUI naann&'lllft1
., W .. I .. ... I e .,. .. ,..
fll 1f114 n1,1 111 1111 111UII'I nu lt4\t111Ufi1LMIII11n11fll 11111 nu 11'1
' '
I .. , ...... , .... lo ..... ,l ....
1111 11'1 11 L'llDII'I '111'1, 1:LU11'1!1111Dfi1LflD1n11M11 IILU11L114
.I ., a ., , .. 1111 .. II' I <4 , W. ,
\'l.ft ':""" fl<IL\'111fl11J11 tl'l
............. <4,..,
LWM111Dfi1LflD1n11LL11 UflQ1\'11fl tl'l 2.1 llnPII:fllUUfJJ1U (meaaial lea-
,., ... .,,.., ......... 4111'
tarea) Lnnnufl1111lM111 nn1 11'1 11fi1Tinl11 LLLn YI..JIIllln 1111: LU11 \111111
o .. w I ill ill . , ". ' , I' .. , .... ' ..
fi1LflD1fl11 UflYI..!11UL'I:YI..!1111L 111:\l!ln \'ILflfl'l1fiU tJ II fl fl111: fllln11fiQ1t1
.. .,, .... , .......
fl11fi11DDHI:L!IDfl \t1!1 '1!1111nfi1111LIDn011
W I If Ill I 411 I e .. I
1111f111..!nqv fl111 craaherr7 1111 AO!I112JI!I..!M111Dfl1 LLII11 craa-
1
1" W I ... .... I
.: IILnftntJM11111f11!1111111n11n ber17 1111tJ'I!ILIUn:L'I11 Craabrook.
)
..... t ,.... ... ., .
Cruaf ord LnfmL ftft "I fl fl111 raapbeliJ ri1'1111114Lft81n11 L 110111
fl.l I e I .laM Ill' I., I e filii
r11p- nL\111 M111Dfl1 \'1111Dfi1YILnfl '11ILilY11:nu \'1111Dfl1 L11
. .. t I ..,
L111n11M111Dr11UIY11:YIL"V (unique morpheme)
.... ., ,. ........ I ......
11fil,nnfl11fl1 flr:fllllfiiiLftD..! leel L'l11 Ln L'l Ll LfiLn L\11 LQ L
.. t I .. I' I .. ., Iii Iiiii 1 ..
L\1 LU L'l!ll L1 oftL"L'I L1 LLftfll11 llfl1..!fi1Dri'Ufl..!\l11 Ql:1111 11 1111:LU\l
I e I I .... '11 , .. ., ,. 1
\'l\l111fl1 L 11Q!I11n1lYI'!flfl1fiHn11fi1111\'IIJ11J11 llfl1 ..1\l 11
ill .. w .... , 'I ol. I ., .. ill
110n11n\l'ULLL'I1WDijj'I11:LIID..!LfiD1 111111!111 YIIJ 11111111101:LU11'1111"lDP11 fl Q:1111
, I. I ol I f , ,
L11n1: 2.1001"1 leel L\111 '111111Jfl1 111111!11 Yll
., .... ., ...
1111fl!l..!nqvniiL 'IIII011n11 L '111 fl111 llde, llu,h, llurp, lip, , 1lop
1
.. I .... ' ... .. .. IIIII .....
11ime. llobbar LLI: 11ick '" II fiHnllfi1111\'11111LnU1fltJ LUifiM10l'I'U
ill ill .I I
?1..11111 \1110 flaah, flare. flame, flick, flicker Ua: fllmmer fl fiH
... I 1i .. .I .... If b '' .t I e
nalfl1111\'1111111 LLft..!YILfll'ID11 Yl Yl..!1411 n1:CI!111 II 'LLct: fl. LU'U\'1141Dfl1
1
1, ................ ..
II fiL f11LfiiJ1nunnct112.11LLL'I1'1Hfl\l
,
...... _ ............ .. ..
'11!1 \'10CIUIJ1flfl111 111 fl111 L'I11111CI

Lnfll"" "I \ft' HD4 huh.;, Hft4fl1 :J'11HD4
tt ............ """' i
Lfl
LI210 127
... I .,., I ... ffl . 4111 _. t
" n. fll'll\l t114 fl1 'll
.. " I !!II I e " ,_! I .. I W
11Qjlfl1 'flftlll " t. U'll'll ... ll'll1141DLIII1'1 111ft'l'l

Wl1hDft1,:'1lD1 .. LIU WliD \'lft11 111ha Lftllf 1111 n'll
I .... If fl .. I ... ., I - ,. .,
\'I'll 10 1ft 1J,_,YinL 1J'Il '1'1\l U1fYinL Ull 'l'l'll
... , .. . .. -c. ., .. ) . ,,,. .. .,
1'11'1'111JIJHII11nn Lfl LLfJIJ1mnii,I.Uft: 1'11111/f'lll
Lf'll 111111D':Inqvuh cold Enslitla) l!tn: 1-a/
(Genitive plural) Lt\l lim U11\l111 Lifu
. . ' . .
I --A If: . ft e u til .. I
u- LL11fLL11& 111 '"!I tO<ILLW111'rln'llna word . fl1 LU'IL worda LL11<1
: ,; .. ... ... t ..
fl1111ot!l<lfll'l'lnl '1 fl.1 LLft: tunsol fl11 LU'Il tunsla LL'I'I<Ifi11111D
'1 ft1.a" li1W1ei',mqvtf"'u1&lf,.;ll/'11&: /-t/ Lf'll
walk Lif'll wal'ked /wDkt/ ftfl\ 'll
. '
tn Lt'll ,,,., 'tu
lift /pf/"
1 .. ,. .. ..1.- til I ,. ... .. ....... 1 .A t,
Ufl/mi/ 'tiD 'lliLft 1:11'1l&1Jll1'111'1\l
rl. llftlUth.anwwafL:mi'DII .
.... , ... I .-1 I e .. ., I.. .. .. "' I t a ..
'"" 11ti!I11L1J11'1'11& Lt\l nu ,., u nu u 1'11D ""'" nu
1'11 tnitt mao-i1n1tWnn11:lfLLft'llilti1& ,nlf1Dfl11l111111D
free nrlatloa lf\l th
11 cap ,."u!ftum1 p 1'1 ftfl [ph] ftlft' L.G!i'IL
1J flD [pl nlft' 11iflUD!ln1nDf{1JIS114li' [p] iilft'
, .. , _... ...... t ., , "" ' ..... .,
'lllH 10n'nl,:fl0"'1 fi11JHfl1'nllltJtiHn'll&l'ln1&!1D If\&"' nu lU
.. 11ie
Lh . vtti bltti ucah t.i ii

'If I .. I e til ., ., .,_ .. ;II v
lift: 'IIL1J'Il'l'l\l1Dtl11fiD1n1&n lllfi&'I'IIID1&n'll
128
LI 210
I
V1UI'IIItHU 1Uft1
I t .. I . . I 'Ill" .. "" ., If
\1\'I'U.'llt'I11L1J L1J'U.
.. ,.. A I ..
e. L1J'U.flft1:\11!lt01:\1'U.11Jf11fi'U. (Free Forma VS. Bound Forma)
, .,,..T .t ,.,,,. I .C , .,.
"j LtJ'U.fiL'I1: Lf'U. 1Jfl1 ;tf ft'YIIf
T '" ... ., "" I ... I A . .. .. tl "'
1flfl ")IIJ

L'I'U. fl- !lll- '110- 110lJ<W!lt'l1:

'4 ''I ... ., v I e ... 1 "" t A ""'"' ,1. "' _. fill "' 1
II.U fl fl !l !l1 rl t1 \1 'U. 1 !lf11 !I'll L 'If 'II fiiJ f1 1 !l 'U. 1 tfl)1 tf fiiiii'YIIf 'II nL 1 tl 'II L tJ 'II fl'll 'U.
' . .
!JO l 1ori 11J H\'IU 1!1
A fill ., 411 .. .... w I. e A I ""
LIJtltf110l)L U'llflft1: LLIItfiO\ LIJfltf110Lj01J\1'111!lfl1!l'll I 'If 'II /eybal/ 01J



O'!J/ prafanditiy/ Ltt'l: /peblik/ nu /pablisitiy 1
.. ... ... ... t ., .............. ...
1 U'llrJ'II 'YI1HLLII1 "'' llf11J11Dfl'll
.. I ..J
m:
., I ... '
01J\1'111Dfl1!J'IIIJ10
., t 'f ''I I ., I A I a.
Ia_, 110fl'l'i'YI\11!Hl.: l'lf11flfl'l'l\1 (Roots VS. Nonroots) L11a!l110'14 1Jf11
till ... , ..... .,, .... .......
7tfl!lO Ll.J\.l110fl'l'i\1 L'IJ\.lloii'IH 11!)

.. I II I ..1'1111 'l' ., lilA I ""' ,. ... I <II
LL '1'1'14111 L 'IJ1ft1!11J1!JLD'II 111'11 'YliiJ !110 rt'l'i'Yl Ofl!lft11-L 'Yllfi1JL1111J1 L'IJ\4 tll12Jfl
n17 f 1'J1D ,/110flw'l'in
I "'l It I 11 I I I .. I '1 I .0.
ft1'11fl IJ 'IJ11nf!'I'I'YliiJ L'l'i11:11UN'Ylft11-L'YliiJ 'IJ1lOI'IN'Ylflt'11D
.. ., , ... II"' I 1 1 I
fiDH iama '14th: Dfl11 There are too many lama the;ae
days.
1111111 tJo ., ..I ... I e .6 I
I 1J'I41J 1'W'Yl 1!Jfl1!l '14 L 'lfl-1 pragmatism,
....... ., ...
Bhuddftism, fascism, Catholicism, absolutism LU'U.fi'U.
''" ruu cui
1'14fhl1 spoonful, cupful, bucketful, pailful, handful .
.,t A ... t .,, lilt I ........ .,.,
en. 11nfll'I'Yl (Roots VS. Ste1n1)
..
1J
fill ... 11...... ... .,
Ol1J'14110rll'I'YI'YliJ!l tfft1l'flM1!lU11 V

A .. v ... IIIII I v I"""' ..f'f I
\11!l!JO'U.D\'I'IHL '1!1011 110fi'I'I'Yl'Yl1Jft1'U.'Yl
1
t .., I t ., I
f11!1L'IJ'14' differ-

.t "" I
L differeD t
..
11tii:Lfl !110\4
fl. able vs. ab!Uiy, profound vs. profundity Ut'l: public vs. publlcUy.
LI 210 129
different differentiate Ul'l: differentiate Ld'Uft.,;'ll!l-1
A .tf ., I .,
differentiation \'11fl apotllght LU'Ur!V.fi'IJ!l.:l spotlights IU'Ufi'U
' I A IIIII t .I I tf4
.r. UO'U\'11!lLUI'I!l0 (Nuclei VS. Nonnuclei) 111\lf111J'ULL0\10fl!l110
rt'Yin 1!\& fhh aelfiahneu :
A 1 .If t .. .lA A f l e I ..
tlfl11 aelf- . L lJ'ULLn'U -ishneu LU'Uiul'lfln \'11!lfiDH 'Ufl111 anowballs fl
A I ..... I .. A I ...
tlfl11 snowball 'f.:IU'710f!V.'Ylll!l.,'71011J'ULLO'U 111'1:: -s 11J'UIUI'IflnLLfi1JHfl
I l A I 1
rl.. 111'14 'U\'1'7!lii1'U'U!l0 (Nuclear VS. Peripheral Structure) 11111
w Ill "' 1/ I l .. "' -t .. ., it1'4 " I
'U!lnl:fl!l.:l LU 'llnnrt,-.'Yl 111'14 'U'I:L1J'14'71nf!Vi'Yl \'11!Jft!'j'I'IO Lfl f1111 aelfishneaa
f, ... .. I l . I
'U'UU selfioh L1J\Il'I1'U 'U LLI'I: -neu L1J'UII1\I\I!l0
I e I
Llftfl111 aelfiah
self LLI'I: -ish Ld'Uft11-I'Ufl0
-.,. <Obligatory
I
VS. Optional Morphemea) L'll\1
"' ... ... ... ., t
zmt 111\lllnqfl:fl!l.:IIJU,UJ u l'IM,. 'I'ULL a:ma
1/ .. - ...
nnrtV.fl ll LUfiL l.J'UL!lOV.'I\1 m li'l'l
. ,,

' .
0 I l .II 11 I IJ oil 0 tl I
1Lfl!lU1J 'UI\11i1L'I'I!lt111 .:IU1mll-1"1:11fl'U'U !l,Uv.flll.J'U11 fll11J .:IU10fl'U

tl'f "" Ill A A 1 l .r II fl u A 'II I a u u
fll11J"I:I1fln Lfl ":1-1'141 11Hn!l11 'U01!llo'Um1LfiU fl11ll \'11!lLIJLflll fl11ll
... .. " . I .., tit V ., I " w
L'll1'1l1J\'I'U1 l LLI'It Qll1fl 1-11-1 Ll.Jl-II'IOl!llli:fl lltHfll.J
. lt
.! .. ,.6 A 411111 "' 1/l ...... I "' ,. "' 1'4 ... IIIII I. "' .. I
L lJ\11 VjU.:ILf11 !l.:IIJ!lL 'll !llJ11nriW'I'I \'1 f1 flfl fln\11 Ofll \J 1-lr!l'jfl I fl L 1Un11 fl1 I'll !llJ fl!l
I '-"' .. . .. V .. I l
(stem formative) L'lll-1 flrl\11, ll 1 LlJ'Ufl'li'IJ!lllfl!l hippopotamus 14
1
., ... till ., .. I I u ... tl ., u I
ll-o- Ll.J'1Ul1L'Il!lllfl!l7:\'111.:1 hipp IJ1 nl.J potamas
... '' .. tic .... .. I . I. . lo .. II ""
'\11 WS!l thermometer lJ-o- L1J'U'l1L'I!ll.;fl!l1:\'11H therJD 7!l'U nu meter
II .. W H

130 Ll210
. .a ... .. "''4 I ..I ...
vJ, LlJlJfll'll!l (Closing VS. Nonclosing Morphemes)
1DLfllJLtl \tJLL;1,:LflliO: \11;, \ J.J6n \ iL1i1
l
.. olo v I l v J " '
.. DM (inflectional suffix) Ll\l -a t't1\l
(derivational suffix) L,\l -al, -i.e, ment, -ion "lt't"l lut!nfl-
v I l I I$ ... .., "'' I..J ., a
\lfll1l formal \l\l ulo -a!
... .. "'lll ...... .. t ... .. ., ' 't '
U .. !J -ize L111 Lf,!JnLU\l formalize Ut't: -ize lJ !
I ...I..,J ... .., A
\1\11Vfl11'lUfll'll!l L 'l'j71:L 11!1 fllJ -er
.. A "' tl'l
LU\l formalizer 'I'IUHfliJ -ation LU\l
formalization lflvn
'
LI 210 131
i
1d' nmnmnnllfi1Q'fl1
...... ., " ........... ,.
L 'Hl n01ntJn11!t'lft1ftm11 1 Ia \41\4\4 I flU nn11fl OW1fll'l'lfl'l 'UI
. . ' . '
I .. _. .. I W ..... ' .. ,t
fliJH\l1H,fl n1'JflWU111017fl!lnlltJ 'J
IIIII t ... 1111 , I 'I A 4111 .., ., l .
1UJn1.'JLfll'lfl\4 \'11fi!JH I 1 \'11fli'IIJ't1flfiOIJ1,10tlflM'J:YI1JntJfi1!J1t \&
I i A 't " l " #
ti10fi!JH 1 n111Lfl11t\'l n11 \1Lnll,tfiM1W1 ILI'I:n11
.. .. . .., ... ...
, 1fi111J\'IIJ1tJILI'I:111\&11 nm1n 1
- ......... ............ II:.
n11fl01f1L 1!1 \II'JIJHti10flfl..!tJfl . 1'1\&LUl:"riL 'l'lfl1\&
Clfl .. ..1 olll .I a ..!f .. . IIIII .. I lilf a ,. ....
L U\&n111'10t;1L \&tl1n 'I "fi1:L 'lll01fi11LU\&1'11ft1'J ftY!ft1ftfl1
"' .. t .. .. ....
c A rticuiatory Phoaetica) IIL'I:rmfln1fll 1 II..! flllfllft!J\'II'In111 1YIH'I'Iftflft
... .. ... ....... ...c ... . .. f .,
fi flT111 tln1Hfii'I\&LCIIJ L'l!ln11 'Ol'lftflr11ftfi'J (Acouatic
' ... .. .. ... .. t .. .. ' Ill..
Phonetics) Lf1Lnllln11)'1\&1 L1hl1nn11LHl..!fl\& 'I flfllJ101Jn1.,101f1
.. I I .. , I I I ... .,1
L7fl..!\'l'll 1!Jfl1 (morpheme) 1.11'1:\'1\l 1U't1 \'lllln11'11\&1!Jfl1 flfl 11'1 LLI'I:1J1: lllfl
II"" ,., ...... llfl.t_ ..........
LLfl'n11\lt'10n11YII'I1fiiU 'J '6..!'1l01l11f1ri1Cirl'J
' . .
. Lnfii191UtHn1'ln1tt1U CDistributioa)
\tnll11flf'l1ftfi{11'J Ill \41 a&11n11 mn1!J'IIfl ..!Ofl 11!1 ..!\'l,i 1Ufl11l1Ui \4
'
n1 lrmiim1lJihfi"IIIIJ1n . ifi'111iu"
"'-t'" .............. "'"'1 ..
'1'1\&..! L nfl'll\& fl!JIJfi111JftiJ'I'I'IliOtJift 'I'I!"!L 1 LU 'llfl\& 11 \41111111 L 't111'111nLU'Il

'Vi!l .. tl/'6\&tfl'll LUflYID .. .Ia hi L;tl..!'l'l!l .. qj1\Ufi .. 1LL
In! \ll!l /n/ Linguiatica 'll"'lliJmn ri1-l1 lingua
+ - itt """n" + ic .. + s "1'11 ..
' . .
l n,u,i!J tl'! i 'IlL ..!tin 1onl 'llll1tt1 lno
"t .. , ... ............ tll.t ...
U" fi!JYI1 tiLLI'I1 th:tl'll'll 0'7111\l 1\'11410l11J L'l'll'lliU'Ilfl'll
132
Ll210'
,J., it lla'll''" I ,11::.1
,nun LOal'rlLL I'IILLflt.10l11J; 1n1ftm111llL \.111 '111\.1 U \1
.. ... t ... 4-.t' ..... t= .'1 ....
1
1! '140l11'J;ln1ftfl'fftlJVl MlJOCifliml'<mll'ift1fliiiLMlJfl\.101.1 \\:1.1 ,n:L\'1\.1
I );j A t I ,
1
I *"I t: ..... - I
flt'lflflLCUJI.I LLlJ111.i 1 nl'l"Ut'lOV!lV
!lln:LLflnflHOUflflO Lll
.... I I .. I A .....
structure) nl'flJf)Ot'l O'J;llL:n1'l"rl1:1V'll!l JM\.11VV !lV'IllJLl'W ,1\IIU l!I'I'IU
u "' t IV I I ill ... I ..1
A A I I D ... ...
I.'IIJ'I'i1.1110lJ'I'IU 1!1\lll.IJ
LI 210
133
.., I
M\U4!lnuncm'l''l1J. ,
.... , If ' """ .. ... ...
(Lanauage) LLII:II11!11tl\4 <Dialect)
Ltlfl11Jfi''ltlnflllnn (Idiolect)
. '
\4!ln,ln\4
11
'14LLft'ln\41 (style> ilnlb!.i
134 LI210
in 1 \l1 tltln11 1Jn;U1 fl orh..1 h nn1JJfl 111J\UJ1b

1
... "" ... .... .; . t
'IIO..!tl1: llmW'Itl..!Unfiii1Uflll..ln\l
m1 in tai'unnfl1, ln 1 LLfltl1: ;irwi, tai'unnn
\l
11
\lin LULLa1 ht'11L ., .
,
it *' u 1., .I ... I *'I 1 a t ..
..!L'IOtl011 LL1Jfl1\lt'l\l U1Lfl11: 'I'lL fl!l..l
I .I ... '1 t ,4 ... e .t
Lfl11:11fl1flL1'U..ItlU \ltl1: bfl UJtlflfiL11 UHYifl1 Ill fl1
' ' I
.. I ... - IIIII )I ... ' .. 1111 ... 1
'1111..1 + L\11!1..1 L'111b..l '11 + Lflll1 LU\l 1'11111 Lflll
..
profundity
.. .I
IU\li1:Lflll1 Ltl
' "'1 ' ' l
HU'Hlfl HtUOl1tln fJfl
LI 210
. 135
..,j . .. .1'4 .... f .. "' 1 "' ... I .I t!iO "' t: t I;: ..
'YI"1lJLLYl\a'!lUflPHWI nn 'll'lA11l'ltiU 1UUU fi1L'IIWI&U LlJ!lflfl

.. .ool ..I .,.. t t Ill ... .., I Ia .-f ,6 lilt .... till I e V
tl t'l 'YIU11nlJlllLL tl'l U l.J;: Ufi'!J 1 t'l L 'VIA1UL t!ULfl7!l 'VIL 'VIU 11fl'l1llt'11fiiiJ
0
.:1
0

1
1 t
1
t IS ..
0
'!l!l 'lU'YI 'VIIlJn'llu1: Ufl Ufltuln:l.J;: !lflUUlJf)!J

'VI1nLLn11n11 n n'I!I1'YI1 1 UfllU 'lill/m'l'VIuin mJ!ln 1\1
u l4 l 1li11l1: 1ufl lufl


""' ., ,.1 'I ,I Iii ._. I ""' I A ...
fJLlJ10\U'It'IUL 'IL 7MUll1nnlJ Zellig S. Harris LL 'VIJli'VI11'YIIJ1t'I!JLL'IWVlU'II1111L UU
' IS.
L 'YI1U U
..
b. n1HhJ11fl <Travsformation)
r'hnn11l117fl.
A t .... .. I 'f t I I.-.. .., I
111'1!11 nm.h111 flU U 'l:flfl a:n nlii'I'I'YI_LL \.l \.l!JU LlJ 'll11\.l n'l:t'1Ufi1WVIM
0
"'
0
t ,j " O A " , O .: .. O l
fl LlJfl L1n Lfl LfllLn flllllJ1fl\.l'YI1 lJ

.J.l ' ;.lJ .. ' t '
Lll Llllil'YI\.l 'VI1fl fi!JH \.llll'l!ll!lJnqlH'II\.l I saw him
"
yesterday. nlJ Yesterday I saw him. LU\.lfl\.1
1:'V11H11;: lufl
'
L'IIU
1
1 .. _.., t: ... ..., II ... t: t I ... I ...
L'!Jl t'ILt'l!lfl1\.l\.llLft1U17n Lftflfl1\l\l t'ILLA1\117n
"""' t I I"' "'
'I:L 'VI \.I Lfl11tb: nu
. .
'I 'I nth: 1umL ;nnlfi
1
"' 1 t: _ ttl 1111 I .. ... ... Ill
'110U;: \IU 11 LlJfllJ 011117177fl LLR1 nt:U1'11n11

n 11t'lf1fill n !l fi 111 L 'II 1 1 lnlJ 1 \.ll.h:
u 1 t I .. - If I co .I
u nmMlf11t'1111 tl!l11 .L ntll'l'll\ mnh1n fiUlJfllllfl1lJ1nfiHm'l!l1 LfiU'YI
. . .
)I '-'.' --., t I t .0 t .0 J
t'llll11t1'11 1 \IL th: llft'VIU 1JfJ0111: llfi'VIiH lLA:U!JO'YilJ1
1unlfi
136
LI 210
.... .
af, fl11l'lfiUUNlll'ltn1Hiflfl1 ('Cl.letion.)
... "' .. '_, b 1111 1111 I I
nm 1!ln11 1111:11n1U \4
I ..1 1 ollll fll I .l I fll I A
Ufi'Ufl.:'l'tflfl111 LftD flftfl11 'I; Ufl\4fl,:'l'tfl11 LClfl flftfl'i1 Lam: WHI
., . . .
ltJmn L LLn'l't!l
LnD1fl "j mrhu 11 LnDfl L\l!l "j
A W -' I Jltt l ,,.,. W I Ill 1
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I I ,.,.1 I It IIIII I I I
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