Case/Character Manipulation Function Notes LOWER/UPPER/INITCAP SELECT last_name, LOWER(first_name) FROM employees; SELECT last_name, first_name FROM employees

WHERE LOWER(first_name) = 'steven'; or SELECT job_id, job_title FROM jobs WHERE INITCAP(job_id) = 'Ad_Pres'; WHERE INITCAP(job_id) = 'Ac_Account' **both words need to have INIT caps to run SUBSTR SELECT SUBSTR(last_name, 1,6), first_name FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Hartstein'; SELECT SUBSTR(last_name, -6,2), first_name FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Hartstein'; SELECT last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE SUBSTR(job_id, 4) = 'REP'; CONCAT - limited to two parameters SELECT CONCAT(first_name, last_name) FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'King'; SELECT first_name||last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'King'; INSTR SELECT INSTR(last_name,'g') FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'King'; LENGTH SELECT LENGTH(last_name) FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Grant'; LPAD/RPAD SELECT last_name, LPAD(salary,10,'*') FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Abel'; TRIM SELECT TRIM('A' FROM job_id) FROM jobs WHERE job_id = 'AD_PRES'; SELECT TRIM('S' FROM job_id),TRIM('A' FROM job_id) FROM jobs WHERE job_id = 'AD_PRES'; SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'T' FROM 'TRENT') FROM DUAL; SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'T' FROM 'TRENT') FROM DUAL; SELECT TRIM(TRAILING 'T' FROM 'TRENT') FROM DUAL;