Chng 4

Tn hiu v ph ca tn hiu
Tm tt l thuyt
Tn hiu in ni chung l mt dao ng in c cha tin tc trong n. N
thng c k hiu l s(t)-signal- l in p hay dng in, c biu din
nh mt hm ca bin thi gian. tm hiu cu trc tn s trong tn hiu ngi
ta thng dng cng c chui Fourrie v tch phn Fourrie.
Mt tn hiu s(t) tun hon (v hn ) vi chu k T th n s c phn tch
thnh chui Fourrie dng sau:
s(t) =

a0
+ (ak cosk1 t + bk sink k t) =A 0 + A k cos(k1t + k )
2 k=1
k=1

(4.1)

= A k cos(k1 t + k )
k=0

Trong :
1 =

2
T

(4.2.)

-gi l tn s (sng) c bn- l tn s gc ca tn hiu tun hon (k=1).

k1 = k , k = 2,3,4,sng hi bc k.

T
T

2
2
2
2
ak =
s(t) cosk1tdt; bk = s(t) sink1tdt; k = 1,2,3,4... ; (4.3)
T T
T T

2
2

b
A k = a2k + b2k ;
k = arctg k

ak

T
2

2
a0 =
s(t)dt ;(k = 0)
T T

C th biu din dng phc nh sau

s(t) = C k ejk1t = C 0 + 2C k cos(k1t + k )

k=1

(4.4)

.
1 2
jk t
C k = C k ejk =
s(t)e 1 dt()
T T

(4.5)

Trong (4.1.) cc thnh phn th k (vi k=0,1,2,3..) c bin A k, gc

pha u tng ng l k gi l sng hi bc k ca tn hiu. th ca A k biu
127

din theo trc tn s gi l ph bin , th ca k biu din theo trc tn s

gi l ph pha. Trong cng thc (4.4) th bin l Ak=2Ck., ring A0=C0
Cng thc (4.2) hoc (4.5) gi l cng thc bin i Fourrie thun, cho
php tm ph ca tn hiu khi bit tn hiu. Cng thc (4.1) hoc (4.4) gi l
cng thc bin i Fourrie ngc, cho php tm tn hiu (biu din di dng
tng ca cc dao ng hnh sin) khi bit ph ca n.
n
a0
+ ak cosk1t; (4.6)
Nu s(t) l hm chn th bk=0 s(t) =
2 k=1
n

Nu s(t) l hm l th ak=0 s(t) = bk cosk1 t;

k=1

(4.7)

Ch : Khi phn tch ph ca tn hiu tun hon c th s dng cng

thc trn tu , cho ra cng kt qu. Tuy nhin nn phn tch tin hn nh sau:
Nu tn hiu l hm l-dng cng thc (4.7), tc tm b k theo 4.3., lc
Ak=bk. Nu tn hiu l hm chn-dng cng thc (4.6), tc tm a k theo 4.3., lc
Ak=ak. Nu tn hiu l hm khng chn khng l-dng cng thc (4.4), tc tm C.

theo 4.5.,lc Ak=2.Ck.

Mt tn hiu s(t) khng tun hon th dng cp cng thc tch phn
Fourrie :
k

1 .
jt
s
(
t
)
=
(4.8)
S()e d

.
t2
.
S() = G() = s(t)e jk1t dt
(4.9)

1
.
.
Trong hm S() [hay cn k hiu l G() ] gi l hm mt ph hay

gi tt l hm ph ca tn hiu. l mt hm phc:
.
.
j()
j()
S() =I S() Ie =S(j) e .

Cng thc (4.9) gi l cng thc tch phn Fourrie thun, cho php tm
ph ca tn hiu khi bit tn hiu. Cng thc (4.8) gi l cng thc tch phn
Fourrie ngc, cho php tm tn hiu khi bit hm ph ca n. Vi cng thc
(4.8)ta cng biu din tn hiu khng di dng tng ca cc dao ng hnh sin
.
.
gm mi tn s c bin phc v cng nh l dSm = 1 S(j)d .
2

Tn hiu nhn c bng cch bin i cc i lng vt l (cn truyn

i) thnh cc dao ng in gi l tn hiu s cp (tn hiu tng t analog).
truyn n i cn mt sng mang (hoc ti tin carrier)- l mt dao ng hnh sin
cao tn.
Tn hiu s cp k hiu l u(t), sng mang k hiu
u0(t)=U0mcos(0t+0)=U0mcos(2f0t+0)
128

Tn hiu iu bin n m l mt s s cp:

u(t)=Um cos(t+)= Um cos(2Ft+)
Tn hiu iu bin n m:
ub(t)=U0m[1+mcos(t+)]cos(0t+0)
Trong m l su iu bin :
m=

aUm
1
U 0m

(4.10)
(4.11)

Khi tnh trong cc bi tp hng s a thng coi bng 1.

m c th xc nh trn th theo hnh 4.1 gi tr max v min ca tn
hiu iu bin n m.

m=

U max U min U max U min

=
U max + U min
2U 0 m

(4.12.)
Biu thc (4.10 )c th phn tch thnh:

udb(t) = U om cos( 0 t + 0 ) +

1
U 0 m cos([0 + )t + 0 + ]
(4.13)
2
1
U 0 m cos([0 )t + 0 ]
2

129

Cng thc (4.13) cho thy tn hiu iu bin n m c ba vch ph nh

hnh 4.2a.
N

Vi tn hiu s cp a m u (t) = U i m cos( i t + i ) - c coi l tng

i =1

ca N dao ng iu ho, tc i=1N th biu thc ca tn hiu iu bin a m s

l :
udb(t) = [U 0 m + aU1m cos(1t + 1 ) + aU 2 m cos( 2 t + 2 ) + ...
+ aU N m cos( N t + N )]cos( 0 t + 0 ) = U 0 m[1 + m1 cos(1t + 1 ) +
+ m2 cos( 2 t + 2 ) + ...+ mN cos( N t + N )]cos( 0 t + 0 ) =
U 0 m cos( 0 t + 0 ) +

N
1
U 0 m mi cos[( 0 + i )t + 0 + i )
2
i =1
N
1
U 0 m mi cos[( 0 i )t + 0 i )
2
i =1
aU i m
U i m
mi =
=
U om a = 1 U om
N

m = m2i 1

(4.14)

(4.15)
(4.16)

i =1

Ph ca tn hiu iu bin a m c biu biu din tng trng nh

th hnh 4.2b.T b rng ph ca tn hiu iu bin l =2N hay F=2FN
Vi tn hiu s cp n m u(t)=Umcost v sng mang
u0(t)=U0mcos(0t+0) th biu thc ca tn hiu iu tn v iu pha s l cc biu
thc (4.17)v (4.18) tng ng :
ut=U0m cos( 0t+ mtsint+0)
(4.17)
ut=U0m cos( 0t+ mfcost+0)
(4.18)
Trong m-ch s ( su) iu tn (iu pha) :

mdt =

aU m
U
= m
a= 1

(4.19)

U m
a= 1

(4.20)

mdf = aUm

Ly o hm pha tc thi s cho tn s ca tn hiu.

Vi tn hiu iu tn:

dt(t) = 0 + mdt cost = 0 + aUm cost = 0 + (t) (4.21)

Trong lng bin thin tn s (t) gi l dch tn hoc di tn.

m=aUm gi l di tn cc i.
Vi tn hiu iu pha:
df (t) = 0 mdf sint = 0 aU m sint = 0 + (t) (4.22)
130

Trong lng bin thin tn s (t) gi l dch tn hoc di tn.

m=aUm gi l di tn cc i.
Tn hiu iu tn v iu pha c gc pha tc thi bin thin nn gi chung
l tn hiu iu gc,v d biu thc tn hiu iu gc n m
ug(t)=U0mcos(0t+msint). Mun bit cu trc ph ca n ngi ta dng hm
Jn(m)- Hm Besselle loi mt bc n ca bin s m, phn tch. Lc s c:
ug(t)=U0mcos(0t+msint)=U0mJ0(m)cos(0t)
+ U0mJ1(m)[cos(0+)t - cos(0 - )t]
+ U0mJ2(m)[cos(0+2)t + cos(0 -2 )t]
+ U0mJ3(m)[cos(0+3)t - cos(0 -3 )t]
+ U0mJ4(m)[cos(0+4)t + cos(0 - 4)t]
+..
(4.23)
Cng thc (4.23) cho thy ngay c khi iu gc n m th v mt l
thuyt ph ca tn hiu rng v cng. Thc t khi n>m th J n(m)0 nn ph
ly :
=2(m+1).
(4.24)
Nu m >>1 th
2m.
(4.25)

nh l Cochenhicop : s(t) = s(kt)

k=

sin C (t kt)
C (t kt)

(4.26)

Cng thc (4.26) gi l chui Cochenhicop. Theo tn hiu s(t) lin tc

c ph 0C=2FC c xc nh bi chui ri rc (4.26) (chui Cochenhicop)
nu cc im ri rc kt tho mn:
t

1
2FC

(4.27)

Lin h gia cc c tnh ca tn hiu v cc c tnh ca mch:

.

Nu tc ng l f1(t) c ph S1 (j) v mch c c tnh tn s l T(j) th

phn ng l f2(t) s c xc nh:
f2 (t) =

.
1
j t
T(j) S1 (j)e d
2
.

(4.27)

(4.28)

T(j) S1 (j) = S2 (j)

H(p) l nh ton t ca c tnh qu h(t), H(p)=T(p) gi l hm

truyn t ton t ca mch.
H(p) = T(p) = T(j)

(4.29)

j = p
.

Khi tc ng l xung Dirac (t) c ph S (j) = 1 th phn ng l

c tnh xung g(t) nn : nu mch c c tnh xung l g(t) m c tnh xung c
.

ph l Sg (j) th c quan h theo cp tch phn Fourrie :

131

g(t) =

1 .
1
j t
j t
S
(
j

).
T
(
j

)
e
d

=
g

T(j)e d
2
2

j t

T(j) = g(t).e

(4.30)

Bi tp
4.1. Cho tn hiu tun hon trn hnh 4.3 l dy xung vung (cn gi l xung th
tn xung video) tun hon v hn.
1. Tm ph ca n theo 2 cch:
a) Tm qua ak v bk ri tm Ak v k
.

b) Tm qua C k ri tm Ak v k
2. Vit biu thc bin i Fourrie ngc cho tn hiu u(t) theo ph va tm
ghi nh cng thc ny.
3. Cho rng ca xung t X=1S, chu k lp T=5S, cao h=20[V], hy
tnh v v th 14 vch ph bin u tin (k=013) ca tn hiu.

4.2. Cho cc tn hiu tun hon trn hnh 4.4 a) v 4.4.b).

1. Hy p dng nh l tr tm ph ca chng da vo BT4.1.
2. Vit biu thc bin i Fourrie ngc cho tn hiu u(t) theo ph va tm
v ghi nh cng thc ny.

132

4.3. Cho tn hiu l dy xung tun hon v hn hai cc tnh hnh 4.5.Tm ph ca
n v vit biu thc chui Fourrie ngc cho tn hiu ny.

4.4. Cho tn hiu l dy tuyn tnh tun hon v hn hnh 4.6. Tm ph ca n v

vit biu thc chui Fourrie ngc cho tn hiu ny.

4.5. Tm ph ca dy xung dng in tuyn tnh tun hon v hn hnh 4.7. Tm

ph v v 14 vch ph bin u tin ca dy xung ny.

133

4.6. Tm ph ca tn hiu xung s(t) tun hon v hn trn hnh 4.8.

4.7. Trn hnh 4.9. l dy xung x tn c coi l di v hn. Chu k u tin c

biu thc gii tch:

0 khi t < 2

u(t) = U 0 m cos( 0 t) khi t

2
2

0 khi 2 < t

a) Tm biu thc ph ca dy xung ny.

b) Tnh v v ph bin Ak khi T0=10-6 S; =5T0; T=2 ; U0m=100V

4.8. Tm ph ca tn hiu xung s(t)

tun hon v hn trn hnh 4.10,
c biu thc gii tch
s(t)=AIcos0tI

134

4.9. Cho dy xung tun hon v hn hm m hnh 4.11, biu thc gii tch trong
mt chu k l u(t) = Ae t khi

T
T
t
(Vi >>1 - ng vi
2
2

s bin thin nhanh ca hm).

4.10. Tm ph ca dy xung hnh thang hai cc tnh tun hon v hn hnh 4.12.

4.11. Cho tn hiu l dy xung tun hon v hn hai cc tnh hnh 4.13.Tm ph
ca n v vit biu thc chui Fourrie ngc cho tn hiu ny.

4.12. Xc nh ph AK v v th ca 25 vch ph u tin (k=024) ca tn

hiu tun hon v hn hnh 4.14. vi T=2 mS, U0=50 V.

4.13.Vi tn hiu iu ho s(t), cng sut trung bnh ca n c xc nh theo

biu thc:

135

pTB =

T
2

1 . *
S(t) S(t)dt
T T

Hy biu din cng thc cng sut trung bnh trn qua cc h s A k ca
chui Fourrie tng ng ca tn hiu ny.
4.14. Tm hm ph ca cc xung vung n hnh 4.15.

4.15.Tm ph ca tn hiu c biu thc gii tch l :

0 khi t < 0
s(t) = t
;
Ae
khi 0 t

>0

4.16.Tm ph ca tn hiu cho bi biu thc :

0 khi t < 0

s(t) = Aet khi 0 t ; >0 ;

0 khi < t

(Hnh 4.16.)
4.17. a)Tm hm ph ca chui n xung vung tun hon hnh 4.17.
b) V ph bin trong trng hp tX=1 S,
A = 40 V, T=5tX, n=8.

136

4.18. a)Tm hm ph ca mt xung x tn (Hnh 4.18.)

0 khi t < 2

u(t) = U 0 m cos 0 t khi t

2
2

0 khi 2 < t

b) V ph bin vi tX=10T0,
T0=0,5 S, U0m =20 V.
4.19. Tm ph ca n xung x tn hnh hnh 4.19 vi =m T0 ; T=k vi m v k
l cc s nguyn dng >1.

0 khi t < 0
vi 12 v 1, 2 >0
1t
e 2 t ) khi 0 t
(e

4.20.Tm ph ca tn hiu s(t)=

4.21. Tm ph ca tn hiu s(t) = cos20t vi - <t < .

2.22. Tm tn hiu s(t) khi bit ph ca chng:

137

A0

1 + 2 2
A0

a) S(j) =
b) S(j) =
c)

Vi A 0 , hng s tu.

Vi A 0 , hng s tu
1 + 4 4
.
A0
S(j) =
Vi A 0 , hng s tu
( + j)3

d) S(j) =

A0
Vi A 0 hng s tu; ; v > 0.
( + j) + j)
0 khi t < 0
.Tm di tn s =0m tp
7
15 e10 t khi 0 t

2.23.Cho tn hiu nh sau: s(t) =

trung 90% nng lng ca tn hiu.

2.24.Tn hiu l mt xung vung c rng = 5S. Hy xc nh xem c bao
nhiu % nng lng tp trong di ph f=0575 Khz.
2.25. Tn hiu iu bin n m c Umax=130 V, Umin=20 V.
a) V dng th ca tn hiu iu bin ny.
b) Tm bin sng mang U0m v ch s iu bin m
2.26. Mt tn hiu iu bin cho bi biu thc :
ub(t)= (12+6 cos t+2 cos 2t)cos 0t [V]
Xc nh gi tr max v min ca ng bao ca tn hiu ny.
4.27. Cho ph ca mt tn
hiu iu bin hnh 4.20.
Hy xc nh cc ch s
iu bin thnh phn v ch
s iu bin ton phn.

4.28. Cho biu thc tn hiu iu bin:

ub(t)=20[1+0,6cos2.103t+0,5cos6.103t+m3cos.105t]cos2.107t[V]
1. Hy ch ra tn s sng mang, cc tn s tn hiu s cp vi n v l
Khz.
2. Tm ch s iu bin m3 tn hiu khng b iu ch qua mc.
3. Vi m3 max va tm c hy v ph ca tn hiu vi trc tn s f c
n v Khz v in tr s ca cc vch ph trn th, n v [V].
138

4.29. Cho tn hiu s cp l :

u(t)=8 cos 1t+6 cos 2t+ 4 cos 3t+ 2cos 4t[V].
Hy tm bin sng mang ti thiu tn hiu khng b iu ch qua mc.
4.30. Tn hiu iu bin u ra ca b khuch i cng sut c biu thc :
ub(t)=75(1+0,4 cos103t) cos 106t. [V].Tn hiu ny cp cho in tr ti Rt
= 2 K. Hy xc nh cng sut tc dng max v min m khuch i
phi cung cp cho ti trong 1 chu k tn s sng mang.
4.31. Tn hiu iu bin l mt ngun dng c biu thc(hnh 4.21b):
ib(t)=10[1+0,8cos100t+0,6cos10 000t) cos106t [mA].
Ngoi tn hiu ny cn c cc tn s nhiu nm ngoi di ph ca n(hnh
4.21a) nn cn lc b bng khung cng hng song song (hnh 4.21b).Bit C=1
nF.
a) Chn gi tr ca in cm L v gi tr ti u ca in tr R lc b c
nhiu v nhn c ph tn hiu iu bin khng b mo.
b)Vi R ti u va chn, tnh cc ch s iu bin thnh phn, cc thnh phn
ph v v ph ca in p ra.

4.32. Cho cu trc ph ca mt dng in iu bin trn hnh 4. 22.

a) T ph hy xc nh (vit ra) tn s sng mang 0, cc tn s tn hiu s cp
k v b rng ph vi n v l rad/s?
b) Xc nh cc ch s iu bin thnh
40 mA
phn v ch s iu bin ton phn ca
15mA 15mA
tn hiu.
10mA
10mA
0,9995.10 7

107
1,0003.107
7

0,9997.10

rad/ s

1,0005.107

H
nh 4.22.

139

c) Dng in ny kch thch vo mt khung cng hng RLC song song lc

ly in p iu bin kch thch cho tng tip theo. Chn in cm L c tr s
l 10 H; Hy xc nh tr s ca in dung C v tr s ti u ca in tr R
c th lc tt nht tn hiu iu bin ny.
d) Vi R ti u va chn, tnh cc ch s iu bin thnh phn, cc thnh phn
ph v v ph ca in p ra.
4.33. Cho tn hiu iu gc:

ug(t)=15cos (108t+3sin.106t+1,4sin 105t+ ) [V]

a) Hy xc nh biu thc tn s ca dao ng, di tn v di tn cc i
b) Tn s ca dao ng ti thi im t = 1 s.
4.34.

Hy tm max v min trong tn hiu iu tn sau:

ut(t)=U0mcos (3.109t+2sin.107t+ ) [V]

4.35. Hy chn tn s cc i ca tn hiu s cp max sao cho trong ph ca tn
hiu iu tn khng cn sng mang, bit di tn cc i m=6.104 rad/s.
4.36. Mt i pht thanh FM Stereo c mch iu tn dng khung cng hng
song song LC, vi C l varicap to ra in dung bin thin theo quy lut tn hiu
s cp C(t)=C0+Cmcost. Bit tr s in dung c nh l C0=8pF, tn s sng
mang l 82,25Mhz, su iu tn m=70, tn s tn hiu s cp F max=15Khz.
Tm cc thng s L v Cm (bin bin thin ca in dung) tn hiu m bo
c cc thng s trn.

140