Chapter 5 - Section B - Non-Numerical Solutions

5.1 Shown to the right is a PV diagram with two adi-

abatic lines 1 2 and 2 3, assumed to inter-
sect at point 2. A cycle is formed by an isothermal
line from 3 1. An engine traversing this cycle
would produce work. For the cycle U = 0, and
therefore by the rst law, Q + W = 0. Since
W is negative, Q must be positive, indicating that
heat is absorbed by the system. The net result
is therefore a complete conversion of heat taken
in by a cyclic process into work, in violation of
Statement 1a of the second law (Pg. 160). The
assumption of intersecting adiabatic lines is there-
fore false.
5.5 The energy balance for the over-all process is written: Q = U
t
+E
K
+E
P
Assuming the egg is not scrambled in the process, its internal-energy change after it returns to its initial
temperature is zero. So too is its change in kinetic energy. The potential-energy change, however, is
negative, and by the preceding equation, so is Q. Thus heat is transferred to the surroundings.
The total entropy change of the process is: S
total
= S
t
+S
t
surr
Just as U
t
for the egg is zero, so is S
t
. Therefore,
S
total
= S
t
surr
=
Q
surr
T

=
Q
T

Since Q is negative, S
total
is positive, and the process is irreversible.
5.6 By Eq. (5.8) the thermal efciency of a Carnot engine is: = 1
T
C
T
H
Differentiate:
_

T
C
_
T
H
=
1
T
H
and
_

T
H
_
T
C
=
T
C
T
H
2
=
T
C
T
H
1
T
H
Since T
C
/T
H
is less unity, the efciency changes more rapidly with T
C
than with T
H
. So in theory it is
more effective to decrease T
C
. In practice, however, T
C
is xed by the environment, and is not subject
to control. The practical way to increase is to increase T
H
. Of course, there are limits to this too.
5.11 For an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, and for the changes T
1
T
2
and P
1
P
2
, Eq. (5.14)
can be rewritten as:
S = C
P
ln
_
T
2
T
1
_
R ln
_
P
2
P
1
_
(a) If P
2
= P
1
, S
P
= C
P
ln
_
T
2
T
1
_
If V
2
= V
1
,
P
2
P
1
=
T
2
T
1
Whence, S
V
= C
P
ln
_
T
2
T
1
_
R ln
_
T
2
T
1
_
= C
V
ln
_
T
2
T
1
_
642
Since C
P
> C
V
, this demonstrates that S
P
> S
V
.
(b) If T
2
= T
1
, S
T
= R ln
_
P
2
P
1
_
If V
2
= V
1
,
T
2
T
1
=
P
2
P
1
Whence, S
V
= C
P
ln
_
P
2
P
1
_
R ln
_
P
2
P
1
_
= C
V
ln
_
P
2
P
1
_
This demonstrates that the signs for S
T
and S
V
are opposite.
5.12 Start with the equation just preceding Eq. (5.14) on p. 170:
dS
R
=
C
i g
P
R
dT
T
d ln P =
C
i g
P
R
dT
T

d P
P
For an ideal gas PV = RT, and ln P +ln V = ln R +ln T. Therefore,
d P
P
+
dV
V
=
dT
T
or
d P
P
=
dT
T

dV
V
Whence,
dS
R
=
C
i g
P
R
dT
T

dT
T
+
dV
V
=
_
C
i g
P
R
1
_
dT
T
+d ln V
Because (C
i g
P
/R) 1 = C
i g
V
/R, this reduces to:
dS
R
=
C
i g
V
R
dT
T
+d ln V
Integration yields:
S
R
=
_
T
T
0
C
i g
V
R
dT
T
+ln
V
V
0
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
As an additional part of the problem, one could ask for the following proof, valid for constant heat
capacities. Return to the original equation and substitute dT/T = d P/P +dV/V:
dS
R
=
C
i g
P
R
d P
P
+
C
i g
P
R
dV
V

d P
P
=
C
i g
V
R
d P
P
+
C
i g
P
R
dV
V
Integration yields:
S
R
=
C
i g
V
R
ln
P
P
0
+
C
i g
P
R
ln
V
V
0
5.13 As indicated in the problem statement the
basic differential equations are:
dW dQ
H
dQ
C
= 0 (A)
dQ
H
dQ
C
=
T
H
T
C
(B)
where Q
C
and Q
H
refer to the reservoirs.
643
(a) With dQ
H
= C
t
H
dT
H
and dQ
C
= C
t
C
dT
C
, Eq. (B) becomes:
C
t
H
dT
H
C
t
C
dT
C
=
T
H
T
C
or
dT
C
T
C
=
C
t
H
C
t
C
dT
H
T
H
Whence, d ln T
C
= d ln T
H
where
C
t
H
C
t
C
Integration from T
H
0
and T
C
0
to T
H
and T
C
yields:
T
C
T
C
0
=
_
T
H
T
H
0
_

or T
C
= T
C
0
_
T
H
T
H
0
_

(b) With dQ
H
= C
t
H
dT
H
and dQ
C
= C
t
C
dT
C
, Eq. (A) becomes:
dW = C
t
H
dT
H
+C
t
C
dT
C
Integration yields: W = C
t
H
(T
H
T
H
0
) +C
t
C
(T
C
T
C
0
)
Eliminate T
C
by the boxed equation of Part (a) and rearrange slightly:
W = C
t
H
T
H
0
_
T
H
T
H
0
1
_
+C
t
C
T
C
0
_
_
T
H
T
H
0
_

1
_
(c) For innite time, T
H
= T
C
T, and the boxed equation of Part (a) becomes:
T = T
C
0
_
T
T
H
0
_

= T
C
0
_
T
H
0
T
_

From which: T
+1
= T
C
0
(T
H
0
)

T = (T
C
0
)
1/(+1)
(T
H
0
)
/(+1)
and
T
T
H
0
= (T
C
0
)
1/(+1)
(T
H
0
)
/(+1)1
Because /( +1) 1 = 1/( +1), then:
T
T
H
0
=
_
T
C
0
T
H
0
_
1/(+1)
and
_
T
T
H
0
_

=
_
T
C
0
T
H
0
_
/(+1)
Because T
H
= T, substitution of these quantities in the boxed equation of Part (b) yields:
W = C
t
H
T
H
0
_
_
T
C
0
T
H
0
_
1/(+1)
1
_
+C
t
C
T
C
0
_
_
T
C
0
T
H
0
_
/(+1)
1
_
5.14 As indicated in the problem statement the
basic differential equations are:
dW dQ
H
dQ
C
= 0 (A)
dQ
H
dQ
C
=
T
H
T
C
(B)
where Q
C
and Q
H
refer to the reservoirs.
644
(a) With dQ
C
= C
t
C
dT
C
, Eq. (B) becomes:
dQ
H
C
t
C
dT
C
=
T
H
T
C
or dQ
H
= C
t
C
T
H
T
C
dT
C
Substitute for dQ
H
and dQ
C
in Eq. (A):
dW = C
t
C
T
H
dT
C
T
C
+C
t
C
dT
C
Integrate from T
C
0
to T
C
:
W = C
t
C
T
H
ln
T
C
T
C
0
+C
t
C
(T
C
T
C
0
) or W = C
t
C
_
T
H
ln
T
C
0
T
C
+ T
C
T
C
0
_
(b) For innite time, T
C
= T
H
, and the boxed equation above becomes:
W = C
t
C
_
T
H
ln
T
C
0
T
H
+ T
H
T
C
0
_
5.15 Write Eqs. (5.8) and (5.1) in rate form and combine to eliminate |
...
Q
H
|:
|
...
W|
|
...
W| +|
...
Q
C
|
= 1
T
C
T
H
= 1 r or
|
...
W|
1 r
= |
...
W| +|
...
Q| where r
T
C
T
H
With |
...
Q
C
| = k A(T
C
)
4
= k A(r T
H
)
4
, this becomes:
|
...
W|
_
1
1 r
1
_
= |
...
W|
_
r
1 r
_
= k Ar
4
(T
H
)
4
or A =
_
|
...
W|
k(T
H
)
4
_
1
(1 r)r
3
Differentiate, noting that the quantity in square brackets is constant:
d A
dr
=
_
|
...
W|
k(T
H
)
4
_
_
3
(1 r)r
4
+
1
(1 r)
2
r
3
_
=
_
|
...
W|
k(T
H
)
4
_
_
4r 3
(1 r)
2
r
4
_
Equating this equation to zero, leads immediately to: 4r = 3 or r = 0.75
5.20 Because W = 0, Eq. (2.3) here becomes:
Q = U
t
= mC
V
T
A necessary condition for T to be zero when Q is non-zero is that m = . This is the reason that
natural bodies (air and water) that serve as heat reservoirs must be massive (oceans) or continually
renewed (rivers).
5.22 An appropriate energy balance here is: Q = H
t
= 0
Applied to the process described, with T as the nal temperature, this becomes:
m
1
C
P
(T T
1
) +m
2
C
P
(T T
2
) = 0 whence T =
m
1
T
1
+m
2
T
2
m
1
+m
2
(1)
If m
1
= m
2
, T = (T
1
+ T
2
)/2
645
The total entropy change as a result of temperature changes of the two masses of water:
S
t
= m
1
C
P
ln
T
T
1
+m
2
C
P
ln
T
T
2
(2)
Equations (1) and (2) represent the general case. If m
1
= m
2
= m,
S
t
= mC
P
ln
T
2
T
1
T
2
or S
t
= 2mC
P
ln
T

T
1
T
2
Because T = (T
1
+ T
2
)/2 >

T
1
T
2
, S
t
is positive.
5.23 Isentropic processes are not necessarily reversible and adiabatic. The term isentropic denotes a pro-
cess for which the system does not change in entropy. There are two causes for entropy changes in a
system: The process may be internally irreversible, causing the entropy to increase; heat may be trans-
ferred between system amd surroundings, causing the entropy of the system to increase or decrease.
For processes that are internally irreversible, it is possible for heat to be transferred out of the system
in an amount such that the entropy changes from the two causes exactly compensate each other. One
can imagine irreversible processes for which the state of the system is the same at the end as at the
beginning of the process. The process is then necessarily isentropic, but neither reversible nor adia-
batic. More generally, the system conditions may change in such a way that entropy changes resulting
from temperature and pressure changes compensate each other. Such a process is isentropic, but not
necessarily reversible. Expansion of gas in a piston/cylinder arrangement is a case in point. It may be
reversible and adiabatic, and hence isentropic. But the same change of state may be irreversible with
heat transfer to the surroundings. The process is still isentropic, but neither reversible nor adiabatic.
An isentropic process must be either reversible and adiabatic or irreversible and non-adiabatic.
5.24 By denition,
C
P

H
=
_
T
T
0
C
P
dT
T T
0
=
_
T
0
T
C
P
dT
T
0
T
By inspection, one sees that for both T > T
0
and T
0
> T the numerators and denominators of the
above fractions have the same sign. Thus, for both cases C
P

H
is positive.
Similarly,
C
P

S
=
_
T
T
0
C
P
dT
T
ln(T/T
0
)
=
_
T
0
T
C
P
dT
T
ln(T
0
/T)
By inspection, one sees that for both T > T
0
and T
0
> T the numerators and denominators of the
above fractions have the same sign. Thus, for both cases C
P

S
is positive.
When T = T
0
, both the numerators and denominators of the above fractions become zero, and the
fractions are indeterminate. Application of lH opitals rule leads to the result: C
P

H
= C
P

S
= C
P
.
5.31 The process involves three heat reservoirs: the house, a heat sink; the furnace, a heat source; and the
surroundings, a heat source. Notation is as follows:
|Q| Heat transfer to the house at temperature T
|Q
F
| Heat transfer from the furnace at T
F
|Q

| Heat transfer from the surroundings at T

The rst and second laws provide the two equations:

|Q| = |Q
F
| +|Q

| and
|Q|
T

|Q
F
|
T
F

|Q

|
T

= 0
646
Combine these equations to eliminate |Q

|, and solve for |Q

F
|:
|Q
F
| = |Q|
_
T T

T
F
T

_
T
F
T
With T = 295 K T
F
= 810 K T

= 265 K and |Q| = 1000 kJ

The result is: |Q
F
| = 151.14 kJ
Shown to the right is a scheme designed to ac-
complish this result. A Carnot heat engine op-
erates with the furnace as heat source and the
house as heat sink. The work produced by the en-
gine drives a Carnot refrigerator (reverse Carnot
engine) which extracts heat from the surround-
ings and discharges heat to the house. Thus the
heat rejected by the Carnot engine (|Q
1
|) and by
the Carnot refrigerator (|Q
2
|) together provide the
heat |Q| for the house. The energy balances for
the engine and refrigerator are:
|W|
engine
= |Q
F
| |Q
1
|
|W|
refrig
= |Q
2
| |Q

|
Equation (5.7) may be applied to both the engine
and the refrigerator:
|Q
F
|
|Q
1
|
=
T
F
T
|Q

|
|Q
2
|
=
T

T
Combine the two pairs of equations:
|W|
engine
= |Q
1
|
_
T
F
T
1
_
= |Q
1
|
T
F
T
T
|W|
refrig
= |Q
2
|
_
1
T

T
_
= |Q
2
|
T T

T
Since these two quantities are equal,
|Q
1
|
T
F
T
T
= |Q
2
|
T T

T
or |Q
2
| = |Q
1
|
T
F
T
T T

Because the total heat transferred to the house is |Q| = |Q

1
| +|Q
2
|,
|Q| = |Q
1
| +|Q
1
|
T
F
T
T T

= |Q
1
|
_
1 +
T
F
T
T T

_
= |Q
1
|
T
F
T

T T

But |Q
1
| = |Q
F
|
T
T
F
whence |Q| = |Q
F
|
T
T
F
_
T
F
T

T T

_
Solution for |Q
F
| yields the same equation obtained more easily by direct application of the two laws
of thermodynamics to the overall result of the process.
5.32 The process involves three heat reservoirs: the house, a heat source; the tank, a heat source; and the
surroundings, a heat sink. Notation is as follows:
647
|Q| Heat transfer from the tank at temperature T
|Q

| Heat transfer from the house at T

|Q

| Heat transfer to the surroundings at T

The rst and second laws provide the two equations:

|Q| +|Q

| = |Q

| and
|Q

|
T

|Q|
T

|Q

|
T

= 0
Combine these equations to eliminate |Q

|, and solve for |Q|:

|Q| = |Q

|
_
T

T T

_
T
T

With T = 448.15 K T

= 297.15 K T

= 306.15 K and |Q

| = 1500 kJ
The result is: |Q| = 143.38 kJ
Shown to the right is a scheme designed to accom-
plish this result. A Carnot heat engine operates
with the tank as heat source and the surroundings
as heat sink. The work produced by the engine
drives a Carnot refrigerator (reverse Carnot en-
gine) which extracts heat |Q

| from the house and

discharges heat to the surroundings. The energy
balances for the engine and refrigerator are:
|W|
engine
= |Q| |Q

1
|
|W|
refrig
= |Q

2
| |Q

|
Equation (5.7) may be applied to both the engine
and the refrigerator:
|Q

1
|
|Q|
=
T

T
|Q

2
|
|Q

|
=
T

Combine the two pairs of equations:

|W|
engine
= |Q|
_
1
T

T
_
= |Q|
T T

T
|W|
refrig
= |Q

|
_
T

_
= |Q

|
T

Since these two quantities are equal,

|Q|
T T

T
= |Q

|
T

or |Q| = |Q

|
_
T

T T

_
T
T

5.36 For a closed system the rst term of Eq. (5.21) is zero, and it becomes:
d(mS)
cv
dt
+

j
...
Q
j
T
, j
=
...
S
G
0
648
where
...
Q
j
is here redened to refer to the system rather than to the surroundings. Nevertheless, the sec-
ond term accounts for the entropy changes of the surroundings, and can be written simply as dS
t
surr
/dt :
d(mS)
cv
dt

dS
t
surr
dt
=
...
S
G
0 or
dS
t
cv
dt

dS
T
surr
dt
=
...
S
G
0
Multiplication by dt and integration over nite time yields:
S
t
cv
+S
t
surr
0 or S
total
0
5.37 The general equation applicable here is Eq. (5.22):
(S
...
m)
fs

j
...
Q
j
T
, j
=
...
S
G
0
(a) For a single stream owing within the pipe and with a single heat source in the surroundings, this
becomes:
(S)
...
m
...
Q
T

=
...
S
G
0
(b) The equation is here written for two streams (I and II) owing in two pipes. Heat transfer is
internal, between the two streams, making
...
Q = 0. Thus,
(S)
I
...
m
I
+(S)
II
...
m
II
=
...
S
G
0
(c) For a pump operatiing on a single stream and with the assumption of negligible heat transfer to
the surroundings:
(S)
...
m =
...
S
G
0
(d) For an adiabatic gas compressor the result is the same as for Part (c).
(e) For an adiabatic turbine the result is the same as for Part (c).
(f ) For an adiabatic throttle valve the result is the same as for Part (c).
(g) For an adiabatic nozzle the result is the same as for Part (c).
5.40 The gure on the left below indicates the direct, irreversible transfer of heat |Q| from a reservoir at T
1
to a reservoir at T
2
. The gure on the right depicts a completely reversible process to accomplish the
same changes in the heat reservoirs at T
1
and T
2
.
649
The entropy generation for the direct heat-transfer process is:
S
G
= |Q|
_
1
T
2

1
T
1
_
= |Q|
_
T
1
T
2
T
1
T
2
_
For the completely reversible process the net work produced is W
ideal
:
|W
1
| = |Q|
_
T
1
T

T
1
_
and |W
2
| = |Q|
_
T
2
T

T
2
_
W
ideal
= |W
1
| |W
2
| = T

|Q|
_
T
1
T
2
T
1
T
2
_
This is the work that is lost, W
lost
, in the direct, irreversible transfer of heat |Q|. Therefore,
W
lost
= T

|Q|
T
1
T
2
T
1
T
2
= T

S
G
Note that a Carnot engine operating between T
1
and T
2
would not give the correct W
ideal
or W
lost
,
because the heat it transfers to the reservoir at T
2
is not Q.
5.45 Equation (5.14) can be written for both the reversible and irreversible processes:
S
irrev
=
_
T
irrev
T
0
C
i g
P
dT
T
ln
P
P

S
rev
=
_
T
rev
T
0
C
i g
P
dT
T
ln
P
P

By difference, with S
rev
= 0: S
irrev
=
_
T
irrev
T
rev
C
i g
P
dT
T
Since S
irrev
must be greater than zero, T
irrev
must be greater than T
rev
.
650