Table of Contents

Certificate............................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................ii
Abstract.............................................................................................................................iii
Table of Contents..............................................................................................................iv
List of Figures...................................................................................................................vi
List of Tables....................................................................................................................vii
1.

Introduction................................................................................................................1
1.1.

Characteristics of MANET..............................................3

1.2.

Advantages of MANET ......3

1.3.

Applications of MANET ..4

1.4.

Disadvantages Application of MANET..................................................4

1.6.

Related work4

1.7.

Organization of Thesis.4

2. Litrature Survey5
3. Problem Statement.........................................................................................................7
4. Routing Protocol..8
2.1.

Routing.................................................................................................6

2.2.

Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks...........................................................7

2.3.

Properties of Ad-Hoc Routing protocols ................................7

2.4.

Problems in routing with Mobile Ad hoc Networks....................................8

2.5.

Classification of Routing Protocols.............................................................9

2.5.1. Flat Routing Protocols......................................................................9
2.5.1.1. Pro-Active / Table Driven routing Protocols..10
2.5.1.2. Reactive (On Demand) protocols....10
2.5.2. Hybrid Routing Protocols...11
2.5.3. Hierarchical Routing Protocols...12
2.5.4. Geographical Routing Protocols ....12

2.6.
3.

Comparison of Proactive and Reactive routing protocols.12

Description of Reactive Protocols...........................................................................14

iv

3.1.

Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)...........................14

3.1.1. Characteristics of AODV................................................................18
3.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages.......................................................18

3.2.

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)...19

3.2.1. Advantages and Disadvantages.......................................................21

3.3.

Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA).....................................21

3.4.

Associativity Based Routing (ABR)..........................................................23

3.5.

Signal Stability-Based Adaptive Routing (SSA).......................................23

3.6.

Location-Aided Routing Protocol (LAR) .................................................25

4. Problem Statement....................................................................................26
5. Simulation model...............................................................................................27
5.1.

Network Simulators...................................................................................27
5.1.1. Network Simulator ns2.................................................................27
5.1.2. GloMoSim.......................................................................................28
5.1.3. OPNET Modeler..............................................................................28

5.2.

Comparison................................................................................................29

5.3.

Mobility Models........................................................................................29
5.3.1. Random Walk Mobility Model.......................................................30
5.3.2. Random Waypoint Mobility Model................................................30
5.3.3. Random Direction Mobility Model.................................................31

5.4.

The Traffic and Mobility Models..............................................................32

5.5.

Performance Metrics..................................................................................32

8. Mobility and Traffic Models..38

8.1.
8.2.

Mobility 38