Baocaomangtimhieugaothuc EIGRP

Tm hiu v m phng hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP
Gio vin hng dn : Bi Trng Tng 1

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
Vin Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn thng
BO CO BI TP LN
Mn: MNG MY TNH
ti:3
Tm hiu v m phng hot ng ca
giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP
Gio vin hng dn:
ThS. Bi Trng Tng
Nhm sinh vin thc hin: 56
1.Nguyn Nht Long 20115643
2.Phm Vn Ngc 20115680
3.Nguyn Tin Minh 20115660
H Ni, ngy 1 thng 5 nm 2013


LI NI U
S pht trin ca Internet cng ng ngha vi vic tng trng v quy m v
cng ngh nhiu loi mng LAN, WAN V c bit l lu lng thng tin trn
mng tng ng k. Chnh iu lm cho vn chia s thng tin trn mng hay
l vn nh tuyn tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht. Trong vic thit k mng v
la chn giao thc nh tuyn sao cho ph hp vi chi ph, ti nguyn ca t chc l
c bit quan trng.
Internet pht trin cng mnh, lng ngi truy nhp cng tng, yu cu nh
tuyn cng phi tin cy, tc chuyn mch nhanh v khng gy ra lp trn mng.
Hn na khi nhiu t chc tham gia vo mng th nhiu giao thc c a vo s
dng dn n s phc tp v nh tuyn cng gia tng, v s lng cc giao thc
phc v cho vic nh tuyn cng c rt nhiu. Vic hiu bit v thit k cc mng
thng tin c ln c s dng cc thit b nh tuyn ang tr thnh mt nhu cu v
cng cp thit trong thc t. N i hi ngi thit k mng phi c s hiu bit su
v giao thc s s dng cho vic thit k mng cng nh cc loi giao thc nh tuyn
khc.
Cisco l mt trong nhng nh cung cp thit b mng hng u th gii, ngoi
ra Cisco cn a ra cc chng ch v m cc trung tm o to nhn lc v mng my
tnh cng nh pht trin cc chun giao thc nh tuyn. Giao thc nh tuyn
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) c CISCO pht trin c
quyn da trn giao thc nh tuyn IGRP nhm nng cao tnh hiu qu cho qu
trnh nh tuyn trong cc router ca h.
Bo co tiu lun ti Tm hiu v m phng giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP
nhm tm hiu mt cch chi tit hn cc c im, tnh nng, phng thc hot ng
ca giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP v m phng trn mt cng c m phng c th.
Ni dung chnh ca bo co tiu lun gm:
Phn I: Gii thiu chung v giao thc nh tuyn.Tng quan v giao thc
nh tuyn EIGRP.
Phn II: Tm v hiu giao thc EIGRP.
Phn III: M phng hot ng ca giao thc EIGRP trn phn mm Packet
Tracer.



MC LC

PHN TCH V TRIN KHAI TI ........................................................................ 4
LI CM N .................................................................................................................. 5
THUT NG V VIT TT ........................................................................................ 6
CHNG 1.Gii thiu v giao thc nh tuyn v tng quan v giao thc EIGRP ...... 7
1.1. Gii thiu chung v giao thc nh tuyn .......................................................... 7
1.2. Tng quan v giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP ....................................................... 7
CHNG 2.TM HIU V GIAO THC EIGRP ........................................................ 9
2.1. Cc c tnh v u im ca EIGRP ................................................................. 9
HI T NHANH (FAST CONVERGENCE) .......................................................... 9
H TR THAY I MT PHN (PARTIAL UPDATE) ...................................... 9
H TR NHIU GIAO THC LP MNG ........................................................ 10
CC C TNH KHC ........................................................................................ 10
2.2. Cc khi nim EIGRP ...................................................................................... 11
2.3. Thit lp quan h lng ging ............................................................................ 13
2.4. Tm ng i ti mng ch ............................................................................ 16
2.5. Tnh ton metric vi EIGRP ............................................................................ 19
2.6. Cn bng ti trn nhng ng khng u nhau. 21
2.6.1 Cn bng ti l g? 21
2.6.2 Cn bng ti trn nhng ng khng u nhau 21
CHNG 3.M phng hot ng ca giao thc trn phn mm Packet Tracer .......... 23
3.1. Cu hnh trong EIGRP ..................................................................................... 23
A.CU HNH EIGRP C BN ............................................................................. 23
B.M PHNG C BN ........................................................................................ 24
Kt lun .......................................................................................................................... 27
Ti liu tham kho ......................................................................................................... 28



PHN TCH V TRIN KHAI TI
a) Yu cu ca ti: Tm hiu v m phng hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn
EIGRP.
b) Nhm thc hin trin khai k hoch nghin cu ti
- Cc thnh vin cng nhau tm v nghin cu ti liu
- T chc hp nhm mi tun hai ln thng nht cc phng hng v ni
dung chi tit ca bi tiu lun.
- Sau khi xc nh c phng hng, nhm phn cng c th nh sau:
i. Nguyn Nht Long, Nguyn Tin Minh tm hiu v trin khai v cc
c tnh v u im ca EIGRP
ii. Phm Vn Ngc thc hin tm hiu v trin khai m phng giao thc
EIGRP trn Cisco Packet Tracer.



LI CM N
Trong qu trnh hon thnh bo co, nhm chng em gp khng t kh khn v
lng kin thc lin quan rt su rng, kh nh hng cng nh xc nh ng trng
tm vn . Nhng c s quan tm gip , hng dn ca thy gio Bi Trng Tng
trong vic khoanh vng kin thc cng nh phng php cu hnh m phng, nhm em
hon thnh bo co tiu lun ng thi gian quy nh.
Nhm 56 xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio Bi Trng Tng gip tn
tnh gip chng em hon thnh bo co ny.
Trong qu trnh hon thnh bo co, chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st.
Chng em rt mong c s gp ca thy Bi Trng Tng bo co c hon chnh
hn.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy !



THUT NG V VIT TT
- IP (Internet Protocol): Giao thc Internet.
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol): B giao thc kim
sot truyn thng v Internet.
- OSPF (Open shortest Path First) protocol: Giao thc tm ng ngn nht u
tin.
- IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange): Mng tng tc trao i gi tin.
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol): Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn.
- EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol): Giao thc nh tuyn
ni min m rng.
- IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol): Giao thc nh tuyn ni min.
- DUAL (Diffuing Update Algorithm): Thut ton cp nht nhiu mc.
- VLSM (Variable-Length Subnet .Mask): Mt n mng c di thay i.
- CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing): nh tuyn lin min khng theo lp a
ch.
- RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol): Giao thc vn chuyn tin cy.
- Apple Talk : Mt tiu chun mng cc b do hng Apple computer thnh lp.
- PDM (Protocol dependent modules): module c lp giao thc.
- IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols).
- EGPs (Exterior Gateway Protocols ).
- EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol ).
- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol ).
- CSPF (Constrained Shortest Path First ).
- LAN (Local Network Area)
- WAN (Wide Network Area)
- MD5 (Message Digest 5)
- RTMP( Routing Table Maintenance Protocol)



CHNG 1. Gii thiu v giao thc nh tuyn v tng
quan v giao thc EIGRP
1.1. Gii thiu chung v giao thc nh tuyn
Giao thc nh tuyn c s dng giao tip gia cc router vi nhau .Giao
thc nh tuyn cho php router chia s cc thng tin nh tuyn m n bit cho
cc router khc.T router c th xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn ca n. Mt
s giao thc nh tuyn nh: Giao thc nh tuyn trong - Interior Gateway Protocols
(IGPs).
Router Information Protocol (RIP).
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).
Hai giao thc sau y thuc s ha ca Cisco, v c h tr bi cc
Router Cisco hay nhng router ca nhng nh cung cp m Cisco ng k cng
ngh:
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP).
Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP).
Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi - Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs).
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF).

1.2. Tng quan v giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP
Giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP c vit tt bi cm t ting anh Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol l mt giao thc nh tuyn c quyn ca Cisco c
pht trin t giao thc nh tuyn IGRP.
EIGRP l mt giao thc dng Distance vector c ci tin (Advanced
Distance vector). EIGRP khng s dng thut ton truyn thng cho Distance
vector l thut ton Bellman Ford m s dng mt thut ton ring c pht
trin bi J.J. Garcia Luna Aceves thut ton DUAL. Cch m EIGRP hot ng
cng khc bit so vi RIP v ly mt s cu trc v khi nim ca OSPF (mt giao
thc nh tuyn theo vc t khong cch) nh: xy dng quan h vi cc router lng
ging, s dng b 3 bng d liu (bng neighbor, bng topology v bng nh


tuyn). Chnh v l mt giao thc kiu distance - vector m li vay mn OSPF m
EIGRP thng c gi l dng giao thc kiu lai ghp (hybrid). Tuy nhin, v
bn cht th vn ch hot ng EIGRP thun ty theo kiu Distance vector: gi
thng tin nh tuyn l cc route cho lng ging (ch gi cho lng ging) v tin tng
tuyt i vo thng tin nhn c t lng ging khng lu gi ton b topo mng nh
OSPF.
EIGRP c h tr nh tuyn lin min khng theo lp a ch (CIDR) tc l
trong thng tin nh tuyn ca EIGRP c h gi km subnet mask v cho
php ngi thit k mng ti u khng gian s dng a ch bng k thut VLSM.
So vi IGRP, EIGRP c thi gian hi t nhanh hn nh vic tm ng d phng
trong bng topology, kh nng m rng tt hn RIP do s hop ti a m EIGRP l
224 h tr ln hn 16 hop ca RI P v kh nng chng lp vng cao hn do s
dng thut ton DUAL.

Hn na, EIGRP cn thay th c cho giao thc Novell Routing
Information Protocol (Novell RIP) v Apple Talk Routing Table Maintenace Protocol
(RTMP) nh tuyn cho hai giao thc lp mng l IPX v Apple talk.

EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch nng cao da trn
cc c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt v vic ci tin
mt s nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vc t khong cch truyn thng nh
gi gi cp nht bao gm c bng nh tuyn lm cho bng thng ca mng b suy
gim hay nh k gi nhng gi tin cp nht lm tng kh nng gp loop ca gi
tin.Nhng u im tt nht ca OSPF nh thng tin cp nht mt phn, pht hin
router lng ging u c a vo EIGRP. Tuy nhin, do vn mang c im giao
thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch nn cu hnh EIGRP d hn cu hnh OSPF.



CHNG 2. TM HIU V GIAO THC EIGRP
2.1. Cc c tnh v u im ca EIGRP
EIGRP c kt hp cc u im ca hai h giao thc nh tuyn theo trng
thi ng lin kt v nh tuyn vect khong cch.EIGRP hot ng khc vi cc
giao thc nh tuyn theo vc t khong cch thng thng ch n cp nht, bo tr
thng tin lng ging v thng tin nh tuyn ging mt giao thc nh tuyn kiu link
state nhng tnh ton ng i tt nht n mng ch th mang mu sc kiu distance
vect.Sau y l cc u im ca EIGRP so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong
cch thng thng.
HI T NHANH (FAST CONVERGENCE)
V cc router EIGRP s dng thut ton DUAL, thut ton ny bo m hot
ng khng b lp vng khi tnh ton ng i, cho php mi router trong h thng
mng thc hin ng b cng lc khi xy ra s c bng cch gi cc gi tin update
cho cc router b nh hng ngay lp tc m khng theo nh k v cho php ly ra cc
ng i d phng nu ng i chnh gp s c nn cc router hi t rt nhanh.Cc
router EIGRP bit c s tn ti ca tt c cc lng ging bng thng tin nm trong
bng Neighbors.Nu tn ti mt tuyn khng ph hp hoc xut hin yu cu nh
tuyn mi, EIGRP s gi cc gi query yu cu cc lng ging hc mt tuyn
mi.Cc yu cu ny c truyn rng khp cho n khi mt tuyn khc c tm
ra(tc l router nhn c cc gi tin reply phn hi) hoc nu khng mt tuyn no
c tm ra th thng tin v mng s b xa khi bng nh tuyn v bng topology.
H TR THAY I MT PHN (PARTIAL UPDATE)
EIGRP khng gi cc bn cp nht mt cch nh k, thay vo n gi cp
nht mt phn ngay khi trong mng c s thay i v cc gi cp nht ch cha thng
tin v s thay i.Vic truyn cc cp nht cng c gii hn mt cch t ng, ch c
cc router cn thng tin (cc router b nh hng bi s thay i) mi c cp
nht. Cch hot ng ny khc vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng
lin kt, trong cp nht c truyn ti tt c cc router trong mt vng, c s khc
bit no l do c im ca mt routing protocol kiu vc t khong cch khng cn
bit topo ca h thng ra sao.V iu ny cng khin cho EIGRP s dng bng thng
mt cch hiu qu.Thay v gi ton b bng nh tuyn th n ch gi thng tin cp


nht mt phn. Nh vy n ch tn mt lng bng thng ti thiu khi h thng mng
n nh.Khng nhng th iu ny cn gip cho cc router trong h thng hi t
nhanh hn.Chnh v vy m hot ng cp nht ca EIGRP gi l cp nht gii hn.
Thay v hot ng cp nht theo chu k, cc router EIGRP gi lin lc vi nhau bng
cc gi hello rt nh theo chu k 5s/ln. Vic trao i cc gi hello theo nh k
khng chim nhiu bng thng ng truyn bng gi cp nht cha c bng nh
tuyn theo distance vector truyn thng.
H TR NHIU GIAO THC LP MNG
Multiple network layer protocol support: EIGRP h tr cc giao thc IP, IPX,
AppleTalk thng qua vic s dng cc module ph thuc giao thc (protocol-
dependent module) PDMs.
Mi mt module p ng cc yu cu ring cho tng giao thc lp mng.
V D: phn IP-EIGRP chu trch nhim cc vic sau:
Gi v nhn cc gi EIGRP cha d liu IP.
Thng bo cho DUAL khi nhn c thng tin nh tuyn IP mi.
Duy tr kt qu chn ng ca DUAL trong bng nh tuyn IP.
Phn phi thng tin nh tuyn m n hc c t cc giao thc nh
tuyn IP khc.
Vic s dng cc modules khc nhau cho tng giao thc lp mng nng cao
hiu qu lm vic c lp cho tng giao thc lp mng, khng nhng th ta cn c
th can thip vo cc modul ny m khng lm nh hng ti cc modul khc.
CC C TNH KHC
Seamless connectivity across all datalink layer protocols and topologies
(Kt ni lin mch qua tt c cc topo v giao thc lp 2): Nu giao thc OSPF dng
cc cu hnh khc cho lp 2 nh Ethernet v FrameRelay th EIGRP khng yu cu
bt c mt cu hnh c bit no, n hot ng hiu qu trong c hai mi trng WAN
v LAN.
Multicast and unicast: EIGRP s dng multicast v unicast truyn cc
gi, khng s dng broadcast nh RIP, a ch multicast c s dng cho EIGRP l
224.0.0.10.



Fiexible network design (Thit k mng linh hot): Trong OSPF phi chia
router ra lm ABR (Area Border Routers), ASBR (Autonomous System Boundry
Routers), kh phc tp trong vic thit k mng, cn cc EIGRP router tun theo
kin trc Peer To Peer nn ch cn cm ni cc router vo, bt EIGRP v th l chy
nn vic thit k mng l kh linh hot.
Manual summarization at any point in the internetwork (Gom bng tay ti
bt k im no trn mng) :
K thut Manual summarization: gom bng tay nhiu subnet thnh
mt a ch mng ln ri gi vo gi update.u im ca phng php l
gip cc bng nh tuyn ca router tr nn gn nh hn.
Ta c th thc hin gom nhiu a ch mng bt tay ti bt k node
no trn mng

Easy configuration: D cu hnh.
2.2. Cc khi nim EIGRP
Trc khi i vo chi tit cch thc hot ng ca giao thc EIGRP ta hy lm quen vi
cc thut ng c bn ca n.
Thut Ng Khi nim
Neighbor Mt router ang chy EIGRP v kt ni trc tip
Neighbor table Mt danh sch ca cc Neighbor, bao gm a ch IP cng
ca Neighbor kt ni trc tip vi router, cc interface ni trc
tip vi Neighbor , hold-time, SRTT v thi gian uptime.
Bng ny c xy dng t cc thng tin nhn c t cc gi
hello.
Routing table
Bng nh tuyn. Bng ny cha danh sch cc mng hin c
v ng i tt nht ti cc mng ny. Mt route EIGRP s
c a vo bng nh tuyn khi route loi successor c
ch ra.
Topology table
Mt bng cha tt c cc ng i c qung b bi cc
router lng ging. y l danh sch tt c cc route d phng,
route tt nht, route khng thuc hai nhm trn.
Hello
Mt thng ip c dng duy tr bng cc router lng
ging. Cc gi hello ny c gi nh k v c gi theo
kiu khng tin cy.(unreliable)


Update
Mt gi EIGRP cha cc thng tin thay i v mng. Cc gi
ny c gi theo c ch tin cy. N c gi ch khi c mt
thay i nh hng n router:
- Khi mt router lng ging xut hin
- Khi mt mng i t trng thi active sang trng thi passive
- Khi c mt s thay i trong tnh ton metric cho mt a ch
mng ch.
Query
L mt tr li cho gi tin reply. Nu router khng nhn c
thng tin no trong gi reply, router s g multicast gi Query
n tt c cc router lng ging.Nu c thng tin mt gi
unicast s c gi li.
ACK Bn cht l mt gi tin Hello nhng khng c d liu bn trong
Hold time
Gi tr c thit lp trong gi hello. Thi gian hold time ny
s xc nh router s i mt khong thi gian bao lu trc
khi cng b l mng b down. Thng tin ny c lu trong
bng Neighbor v c mc nh gp 3 ln thi gian hello time.
Smooth Round-Trip
Time (SRTT)
Khong thi gian router phi i sau khi gi mt gi tin
nhn c ACK. Thng tin ny c gi trong bng neighbor
v c dng tnh khong thi gian RTO
RetransmissionTimeout
(RTO)

RTO s xc nh khong thi gian m router phi ch trc khi
truyn mt gi tin,c s dng trong vic gi gi tin mt cch
tin cy.
Reliable Transport
Protocol (RTP)
Giao thc truyn ti tin cy gip chuyn tin cy cc gi tin
EIGRP mt cch tin cy v c th t.
Stuck in Active (SIA)
Trng thi route t c khi router gi ra cc gi tin v ch
ACK. Route vn trng thi active cho n khi no tt c cc
ACK c nhn v. Nu cc ACK khng tr v sau mt


khong thi gian no , router s duy tr trng thi SIA cho
route .
Active

Trng thi ca route khi m c mt thay i v mng nhng sau
khi kim tra bng topo, khng c FS no c tm thy. Route
s c gn gi tr Active v router s truy vn cc router lng
ging ly c nhng route d phng.

Passive

Trng thi bnh thng ca ng i. Nu ng i b mt,
router s kim tra bng topology tm ra FS. Nu c mt FS,
route ny s c t trong bng nh tuyn. Nu khng, router
s truy vn cc router lng ging v a route vo trng thi
active.

2.3. Thit lp quan h lng ging
Thit lp quan h lng ging l mt trong nhng hot ng quan trng ca router
EIGRP .Nh hot ng ny m thng tin v cc lng ging c lu tr vo bng
neighbor table, t lm c s router gi cc gi tin update xy dng bng topology
table cho cc router lng ging. Hot ng ny khc phc c nhng nhc im ca
nhng giao thc nh tuyn theo vc t khong cch truyn thng nh RIP hay IGRP
l nhng router s dng hai loi giao thc ny khng c ci nhn tng quan v nhng
lng ging ca chng.
Hot ng ny xy ra khi mt kt ni mi c thm vo mng hoc mt router
lng ging hot ng tr li.
Hnh 1: Qu trnh hai router thit lp v duy tr quan h lng ging


Cch thc hot ng ca n l: Khi mt lin kt ang trong trng thi down c
up ln lp tc router gi cc gi hello ra cng .Cc gi hello c gi khng tin cy
ti a ch multicast dnh ring cho EIGRP l 224.0.0.10 vi chu k( hello timer) l 5s.
Hnh 2: Cc router gi gi tin hello
Nu thit lp lng ging thnh cng th bng quan h lng ging s nh sau.

Hnh 3: Bng lng ging sau khi thit lp xong quan h
Tuy nhin khng phi hai router ni vi nhau trc tip no cng c th thit lp
c quan h lng ging vi nhau.Chng phi khp nhau mt s tham s trao i qua gi
tin hello l:
Gi tr ASN c cu hnh trn mi router.
Cc a ch u ni gia hai router phi cng subnet.
Tha mn cc iu kin xc thc.
Cng b tham s K.

Ta hy cng phn tch cc tham s ny:



AS Autonomous System:

Theo nh ngha th AS l mt tp hp cc router c cng chnh sch nh tuyn v
thng thuc quyn qun l, khai thc ca mt ch th. Ch th c th l mt ISN
hoc cc doanh nghip c nhiu ng i Internet v mun chy nh tuyn vi
cc mng khc quy m Internet. c c ng i ti u n cc a ch trn
Internet, mi AS c cp pht mt gi tr nh danh cho AS gi l ASN
Autonomous System Number t t chc qun l a ch Internet v s hiu mng
quc t (IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
Tuy nhin s ASN trn dng nh danh cho mt node trong kiu giao thc
nh tuyn ni vng, s ASN l do ta cu hnh trn tng router ch khng phi
do IANA cung cp, node gi l routing domain. Cc node tn ti trong
min t tr ca giao thc nh tuyn ngoi, s d phi chia mt AS ra nhiu routing
domain l do AS tn ti nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong khc nhau nh OSPF
EIGRP,.. v v l do phn nh mt AS ra d qun l.
Hnh v di y m t v hai khi nim trn.

Hnh 4: AS ca BGP v AS ca EIGRP.

Trn hnh ta thy c hai AS 100 v 200 chy nh tuyn ngoi vng bng BGP cn
trong AS 100 li chia ra lm hai routing - domain l 100 v 200 chy nh tuyn ni vng
bng EIGRP .Trn hnh ta thy hai routing - domain c Redistribute vi nhau, K thut
Redistribute dng chia s tuyn ng gia cc routing domain khc nhau.


Khi cu hnh EIGRP trn cc router, ta phi khai bo mt gi tr dng nh danh
cho AS m router ny thuc v. Gi tr ny buc phi khp nhau gia hai router kt ni
trc tip vi nhau cc router ny c th thit lp c quan h lng ging vi nhau.
Lnh cu hnh, ta vo mode global ca router cu hnh AS cho EIGRP.
Router(config)# router eigrp autonomous-system-number s ny ging nhau gia cc router trong cng mt AS
Router(config-router)#
Cc a ch u ni
Hai router mun l lng ging ca nhau th a ch ca hai cng ca chng kt ni
trc tip vi nhau phi cng mt mng con( subnet).V d trong hnh 2 th IP1 v IP2
phi cng subnet.
Tha mn cc iu kin xc thc
tng cng tnh an ninh trong hot ng trao i thng tin nh tuyn, ta c th
cu hnh trn cc router cc password ch cc router thng nht vi nhau v password
mi c th trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau. Hai router nu c cu hnh xc thc th
phi thng nht vi nhau v password c cu hnh th mi c th thit lp quan h lng
ging vi nhau. Xc thc trong EIGRP l xc thc bng MD5 trong gi hello v c c
ch xc thc trong gi tin update.
Cng b tham s K
Ging nh l IGRP, EIGRP dng mt cng thc phc tp tnh ton metric l
hm ca bn i s bng thng ( bandwidth), tr (delay), ti (load), tin cy
(reliablity).
Metric = f (bng thng, tr, ti, tin cy).

Hnh 5: Cng thc tnh metric

Cc trng s t K1 n K5 c s dng nhn mnh hoc gim bt nh hng
ca bn thng s trn vo Metric. Ta phi cu hnh b tham s K ny trn c 2 router.
2.4. Tm ng i ti mng ch
Sau khi hot ng thit lp quan h lng ging hon thnh cc router lng ging
c thm vo bng neighbors, cc router ng lot gi cho nhau gi tin update cha
ton b bng nh tuyn ca chng, hot ng ny ch din ra mt ln. Sau ny nu bt


k thay i ny nh hng n router th chng ch gi cp nht cc thay i n cc
router b nh hng m thi. So vi cc giao thc theo kiu distance - vector truyn
thng th EIGRP c im khc l khng gi theo nh k cc gi tin update m gi khi
c thay i. Ci khc tip theo l cc gi tin update EIGRP c gi theo c ch tin
cy, tc l gi xong ri gi li ACK bo nhn cn cc gi tin update in hnh nh l
RIP khng c gi theo c ch khng tin cy, khng c gi bo nhn. iu khc cui
cng l cc gi tin update ca EIGRP c gi multicast theo a ch 224.0.0.10 cn
RIP gi broadcast gi update. Ta c th chia cc gi tin update ra lm hai loi: Loi th
nht l cc gi tin c gi ln u sau khi chng thit lp quan h lng ging v loi th
hai l cc gi tin update c gi khi c thay i. Loi th nht ging cc gi tin update
ca RIP l chng cha tt c bng nh tuyn v khc nhau tt c nhng iu trn.
Loi th 2 ch cha mt phn bng nh tuyn cha nhng thay i ch khng cha tt
c v ch gi cho i tng b nh hng bi thay i , cn RIP th gi tt c bng cho
tt c lng ging xung quanh.
Sau khi nhn cc gi tin update th thng tin v cc route c s dng DUAL
tnh ton sau c lu tr tt c vo trong bng Topology . EIGRP s dng thut ton
DUAL tnh ton ng i tt nht v cc ng i d phng n mt mng no .
Cch thc thut ton DUAL hot ng c tm tt trong v d sau.
Hnh 6: Cc ng i t router A n mng 4.0.0.0/8

Trn s l mt h thng mng chy EIGRP.
- Route 1 i t RT qua neighbors RT1 n mng 4.0.0.0/8 c metric l 1000,
metric RT1 n mng 4.0.0.0/8 l 900.
- Route 2 i t RT qua neighbors RT2 n mng 4.0.0.0/8 c metric l 2000.
metric RT2 n mng 4.0.0.0/8 l 1200.


- Route 3 i t RT qua neighbors RT3 n mng 4.0.0.0/8 c metric l 3000.
metric RT3 n mng 4.0.0.0/8 l 800.
Ta c mt s khi nim sau:
FD (Feasible Distance):
Gi tr metric ca route ang xt n mng ch.
AD (Advertised Distance) hay cn c gi l RD (Reported Distance) :
Gi tr metric ca next hop router n mng ch.
Chng ta khng c nhm ln vi khi nim AD (Administrative
Distance) ch u tin ca giao thc nh tuyn.
Nh vy ta s rt ra cc gi tr FD v AD nh sau:
ng 1 c FD =1000, AD=900
ng 2 c FD= 2000, AD=1200
ng 3 c FD= 3000,AD=800

Ta cng n vi hai khi nim l:
Successor: ng i ngn nht t router ang xt n mng ch, lu trong c
bng nh tuyn v bng Topology. Router lng ging c ng Successor i qua c
bu lm router Successor.
Feasible Successor: ng i backup cho ng i Successor ch lu trong bng
Topology. ng i s c chn lm ng Feasible Successor nu AD ca n nh hn
FD ca ng Successor. Tng t ta cng c khi nim router Feasible Successor. L
do AD < FD l do chng lp vng v ng i trong mng. Ngi ta chng minh
c rng trong mt mng chy giao thc kiu distance vector, nu metric t im A i
n mt mng no y < metric i t im B n cng mng y th khng bao gi trn
hnh trnh t im A i n mng nu trn li i qua im B. Chnh v vy nu AD ca
Feasible Successor < FD Successor th khng bao gi d liu i theo Feasible Successor
li i vng tr li router ban u t loop khng th xy ra.
Tr li v d trn:
Trong 3 route n mng 4.0.0.0/8, route qua R1 c FD= 1000 nh nht nn c
chn lm Successor, route qua R2 c RD = 1200> FD ca Successor nn khng c
chn lm Feasible Successor, route qua R3 c RD = 800< FD ca Successor nn c
chn lm Feasible Succesor. ng Successor va tnh ton thnh cng c cp nht
vo bng nh tuyn lm ng i tt nht n mng 4.0.0.0/8.
Nu khng chn c Feasible Successor th ng Successor vn c cp nht
vo bng nh tuyn, nu ng i ny b down th router s truy vn cc router lng
ging bng cc gi query hi v ng i n mng ch b down. Nu tm thy ng


Successor trong danh sch cc Feasible Successor th ng ny c cp nht vo bng
nh tuyn, iu ny lm EIGRP hi t rt nhanh so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vc
t khong cch khc.
Sau khi trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi lng ging, cp nht bng Topology, rt ra
c cc Successor a vo bng nh tuyn, hot ng ca mt router chy EIGRP c
bn l hon thnh.
2.5. Tnh ton metric vi EIGRP
Metric ca EIGRP c tnh theo mt cng thc rt phc tp vi u vo l 4 tham
s: Bandwidth min trn ton tuyn, Delay tch ly trn ton tuyn (trong cng thc s ghi
ngn gn l Delay), Load v Reliabilty cng vi s tham gia ca cc tham s K:

Hctric = _
K
1
1u
7
Banuwiuth min
+
(K
2
1u
7
)
Banuwiuth min (2S6 looJ)
+K
3
cloy_ 2S6 _
K
5
(Reliabilty +K
4
)
_

Ta lu v n v s dng cho cc tham s trong cng thc trn:
Bandwidth: n v l Kbps.
Delay: n v l 10 micro second.
Load v Reliability l cc i lng v hng.
Nu K5 = 0, cng thc tr thnh:

Hctric = _
K
1
1u
7
Banuwiuth min
+
(K
2
1u
7
)
Banuwiuth min (2S6 looJ)
+ K
3
cloy_ 2S6

Mc nh b tham s K c thit lp l: K1 = K3 = 1; K2 = K4 = K5 = 0 nn cng
thc dng n gin nht mc nh s l:
Hctric Jcoult = _
1u
7
Banuwiuth min
+ Belay_ 2S6
Mt s gi tr mc nh c quy nh cho mt s loi cng thng s dng trn router:
Ethernet: Bandwidth = 10Mbps; Delay = 1000 Micro second.
Fast Ethernet: Bandwidth = 100Mbps; Delay = 100 Micro second.


Serial: Bandwidth = 1,544Mbps; Delay = 20000 Micro second.
Hnh 7: V d v tnh ton metric.
Trong v d ny, chng ta s tnh metric i t R1 n mng 192.168.3.0/24 kt
ni trc tip trn cng F0/0 ca router R3. Cng thc tnh metric trn mi router c t
ch default (K1 = K3 = 1, K2 = K4 = K5 = 0).
u tin, chng ta cn xc nh xem trong s trn cc cng no trn cc router s
tham gia vo tin trnh tnh ton metric vi EIGRP. xc nh iu ny, chng ta thc
hin i ngc t ch 192.168.3.0/24 v router ang xt l router R1 v xc nh cc cng
tham gia theo quy tc: i vo th tham gia, i ra th khng tham gia.
Hnh 8: Xc nh cc cng tham gia tnh ton metric vi EIGRP.
T trn hnh 8 ta thy cc cng trn cc router s tham gia vo tin trnh tnh ton
ny bao gm: cng F0/0 ca R1, cng S2/0 ca R2 v cng F0/0 ca R3. Cc cng ny
c cc tham s Bandwidth (BW) v Delay nh sau:
1. Cng F0/0 ca R1: BW = 100Mbps = 100000Kbps; Delay = 100 Micro second =
10.10 Microsecond.
2. Cng S2/0 ca R2 c: BW = 1,544 Mbps = 1544 Kbps; Delay = 20000 Micro
second = 2000.10 Microsecond.
3. Cng F0/0 ca R3: BW = 100Mbps = 100000Kbps; Delay = 100 Micro second =
10.10 Micro second.


T cc thng s trn ta xc nh c: Bandwidth min = 1544Kbps (nh nht trong
s 3 cng tham gia); Tng Delay = 100 + 20000 + 100 = 20200 Microsecond = 2020.10
Microsecond. Ta rp cc thng s ny vo cng thc tnh metric default nu trn
v tnh ra kt qu:
Hctric = _
1u
7
Banuwiuth min
+ Belay_ 2S6 = _
1u
7
1S44
+ 2u2u_ 2S6 = 2174976
y ta lu : Vi cc php chia c l, ta cht b phn thp phn trong kt qu chia.
Vic xc nh ng cc cng tham gia rt quan trng, n cho php chng ta hiu
chnh chnh xc cc gi tr tham s trn cc cng thch hp hiu chnh c metric
nhm phc v cho vic b ng trong EIGRP.
Ch : Mc d MTU c trao i trong cc packet gia cc router lng ging nhng n
khng phi l nhn t tham gia vo qua trnh tnh ton metric ca EIGRP.

2.6. Cn bng ti trn nhng ng khng u nhau.
2.6.1 Cn bng ti l g?
Cn bng ti l mt k thut phn b khi lng cng vic ng u gia hai hay nhiu
my tnh, kt ni mng, CPU, cng, cc ngun lc khc, c th s dng c ngun
lc ti u, ti a ha thng lng, gim thiu thi gian p ng v trnh tnh trang qu
ti
2.6.2 Cn bng ti trn nhng ng khng u nhau.
Mt c im ni tri ca EIGRP l giao thc ny cho php cn bng ti ngay c trn
nhng ng khng u nhau.iu ny gip tn dng tt hn cc ng truyn ni n
router. hiu c k thut ny chng ta cng kho st li v d trong hnh 6
Nh phn tch trong 03 ng i t router R n mng 4.0.0.0/8 hnh 2, ng s 1
l ng c metric tt nht (FD nh nht), ng ny c chn lm Successor v a
vo bng nh tuyn s dng.Nu bnh thng khng cu hnh g thm, router RT
s lun chn ng 1 l ng i n mng 4.0.0.0/8.Nh vy, hai ng s 2 v s 3
s b b ph khng bao gi c s dng.
khc phc vn ny, chng ta c th hiu chnh cc tham s trn cc cng thch
hp metric i theo cc ng l ging nhau, khi c 3 ng s u c a vo
bng nh tuyn s dng. Tuy nhin, nh chng ta thy, trong cng thc tnh ton
metric ca EIGRP c nhiu tham s, c php chia l thp phn v kt qu tnh ra thng
rt ln v c phn gii c th n mt phn triu nn vic hiu chnh c cho cc
ng chnh xc bng nhau khng phi l mt iu d dng (Vd: mt ng c metric
2174976 v m ng c metric 2174977 c th coi l tt nh nhau nhng EIGRP khng


ng nh vy, vi EIGRP ng 2174976 vn tt hn 2174977 d hai ng ny
metric ch chnh lch nhau c 1 phn triu!).
Vi EIGRP, ta c th chn mt gii php cn bng ti n gin hn: cho php cn bng
ti trn c nhng ng khng c metric bng nhau. thc hin iu , ta thc hin
chnh mt tham s c tn l variance trn router bng cu lnh.
R(config-router)#variance gi tr variance
Sau khi hiu chnh xong, gi tr variance ny s c nhn vi gi tr FD ca Successor.
Kt qu nhn c nu ln hn metric ca ng no th router s cn bng ti lun qua
c ng . Vi v d trn, gi s ta chnh variance = 4:
R(config-router)#variance 4
Khi , gi tr 4 s c nhn vi FD Successor : 4 * 1000 = 4000. Ta thy 4000 > 3000
l metric khi i theo ng s 3 nn router s thc hin cn bng ti qua c ng ny. Ta
lu rng d ng s 2 c metric 2000 <4000 nhng ng ny khng c tham gia
vo cn bng ti v n khng phi l Feasible Successor. K thut cn bng ti trn nhng
ng khng u nhau ca EIGRP ch c tc dng gia cc Successor v Feasible
Successor.
Router chy EIGRP cng s thc hin mt chin lc cn bng ti khn ngoan gia
cc ng khng u nhau: ng c metric tt hn s gnh ti nhiu hn ng c
metric km hn theo t l metric. V d: khi cn bng ti gia cc ng c metric 1000
v 3000, ng 1000 s phi gnh ti nhiu hn gp 3 ln so vi ng 3000.



CHNG 3. M phng hot ng ca giao thc trn
phn mm Packet Tracer
3.1. Cu hnh trong EIGRP
A. CU HNH EIGRP C BN
Cc bc cu hnh eigrp c bn:
Khi ng EIGRP v xc nh con s ca h t qun
Vo mode global config g lnh:
Router( config)# router eigrp autonomous-system-number
Khai bo nhng mng ca router ang cu hnh thuc v h t qun EIGRP.
Route (config - router)#network network-number
i. Lu : network number l a ch mng ca cc cng c cu hnh,mc
nh l a ch phn lp cha tt c a ch mng ca cc cng c cu
hnh( mng c gi l major network).
ii. khai bo ng vi subnet ca cng ra g lnh sau:
Router( config - router)#network network-number wildcard mask.
i. Network number y l a ch mng khng phn lp chnh xc ca cc
cng c cu hnh.
Cc lnh kim tra c bn:
show ip route eigrp: hin th cc route tt nht trong bng nh tuyn EIGRP
c hc bi router.
show ip route interfaces: hin th thng tin cc cng c cu hnh cho EIGRP.
show ip eigrp neighbors: hin th ln cc lng ging ca EIGRP router.
show ip eigrp topology [all]: hin th thng tin cc route trong bng Topology ca
EIGRP
Nu khng c [all] ch hin th ra cc route successor v feasible successor.
Nu c [all] hin th tt c cc route m khng quan tm rout l
successor hay feasible successor.
show ip eigrp traffic: hin th cc loi gi tin EIGRP v s lng nhn v gi ca
tng loi gi tin.


B. M PHNG C BN

Hnh 9: Topo mng dng m phng

Cc bc cu hnh:
1) Vo mode global cu hnh t tn cho host.
2) Vo tng cng gn a ch ip cho tng cng, khi ng tng cng bng lnh no
shutdown
3) Vo tng router cu hnh eigrp cho tng router nh t tt c cc router cng mt
AS c ASN= 1 v khai bo 2 major network l 20.0.0.0 v 30.0.0.0 c net mask=
8 cha tt c cc subnet ca h thng mng.
4) Ngoi ra ta cng phi tt ch t tng hp tuyn ng ca eigrp bng lnh no-
auto summary nu khng router s gom tt c cc mng ca router li thnh mt
sau gi trong gi tin qung b nh tuyn.
5) Ta c th cu hnh b m hello timer trn cc cng router s dng giao thc ip
bng lnh ip hello-interval eigrp autonomous-system-number thi gian hello time.


6) Ta c th chia ti trn nhng feasible successor c metric ln hn metric ca
successor ca router bng lnh variance gi tr varience. Sau khi hiu chnh
xong, gi tr variance ny s c nhn vi gi tr FD ca Successor. Kt qu
nhn c nu ln hn metric ca ng no th router s cn bng ti lun qua
c ng .
7) Lu cu hnh hin thi ca router vo cu hnh khi ng mode privileged
bng lnh copy running-config startup-config.

V D
Xt Router R4 v cng Se2/0 ca R4
router>en
router#config terminal
router(config)#hostname R4
R4(config)#interface Se2/0
R4(config-if)#ip address 20.1.4.2 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no shutdown
R4(config-if)#exit
R4(config)#router eigrp 1
R4(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0//major network
R4(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0// major network
R4(config-router)#no auto summary
R4(config-router)#variance 4
//chia ti trn feasible successor c metric <4*metric successor
R4(config-router)#ex
R4(config)intf Se2/0
R4(config-if) ip hello-interval eigrp 1 15//cu hnh hello timer l 15s (mc nh l
5s)
R4(config-router)#^Z
R4#copy running-config startup-config
R4#exit
R4>exit

Cc router v cng cn li cu hnh tng t.

V D v cc lnh show
Xt Router R4


show ip route eigrp

show ip route interfaces

show ip eigrp neighbors

show ip eigrp topology



KT LUN

Trn y mc d khng phi y nhng nhm chng em nu c nhng vn
c bn nht ca giao thc EIGRP. EIGRP l mt giao thc n gin, d cu hnh c
s dng rng ri trong cc h thng mng ln. Do s dng module tng phn giao thc
nn EIGRP h tr cho nhiu giao thc c nh tuyn lp mng nn tng lai s cn
c s dng rng ri. Hi vng nhng nhc im ca n s c ci tin EIGRP tr
thnh mt trong nhng giao thc u vit nht.
Bi bo co ch dng li vic tm hiu l thuyt v m phng c bn nhng nu c
nhng vn sau:
Nu c tng quan v giao thc nh tuyn ni chung v giao thc EIGRP ni
ring.
Nu c nhng u im, nhng tnh cht ni tri ca EIGRP.
Nu c hai hot ng c bn ca EIGRP l thit lp quan h lng ging v tm
ng i ti mng ch.
Nu c khi qut v cch tnh metric trong EIGRP.
Nu c khi nim cn bng ti v cch cn bng ti trn nhng ng khng
u nhau.
M t c cch cu hnh EIGRP n gin v m phng cu hnh trn Packet
Tracer.



TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Khng Anh. Gio trnh h thng my tnh CCNA q3. NXB Lao ng X Hi.
[2]Nguyn Hng Sn. Bi tp t luyn CCNA trn my tnh c nhn. NXB Lao ng
X Hi.
Website
[3] http://vnpro.org
[4] http://tongquanvienthong.blogspot.com/
[5] http://tangentsoft.net/rfcs/

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Tm hiu v m phng hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP

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