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    Minerals are naturally occurring solid elements or compounds found in the Earth's crust. They exist as natural elements like gold and silver or natural compounds like oxides, carbonates, and silicates. Each mineral has unique properties including hardness, solubility in water, and how it is affected by heat. When heated, metal sulphides and carbonates break down into metal oxides and release sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide respectively.

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    Minerals are naturally occurring solid elements or compounds found in the Earth's crust. They exist as natural elements like gold and silver or natural compounds like oxides, carbonates, and silicates. Each mineral has unique properties including hardness, solubility in water, and how it is affected by heat. When heated, metal sulphides and carbonates break down into metal oxides and release sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide respectively.

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    16 views9 pages

    Land and Its Resources

    Uploaded by

    Gula Melaka
    Minerals are naturally occurring solid elements or compounds found in the Earth's crust. They exist as natural elements like gold and silver or natural compounds like oxides, carbonates, and silicates. Each mineral has unique properties including hardness, solubility in water, and how it is affected by heat. When heated, metal sulphides and carbonates break down into metal oxides and release sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide respectively.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    CHAPTER 6

    LAND AND ITS RESOURCES

    6.1 Minerals in the Earths Crust


    Rocks are made up of minerals found in the Earths crust Mineral: any solid element or compound that is found naturally in the Earths crust Examples of minerals: gold, limestone (calcium carbonate), silver and etc.

    Minerals exist in the form of natural elements or natural compounds. Only a small amount of minerals exist in the earths crust as natural elements. Eg of natural elements: gold, silver, platinum Most of the minerals exist in the form of natural compounds Eg: oxides, sulphides, carbonates and silicates

    Elements present in minerals that are found as natural compounds


    Natural compound
    Oxide Carbonate Sulphide Silicate

    Mineral
    Haematite Cassiterite Calcite Malachite Iron pyrite Galena China clay Calcium silicate

    Elements
    Iron, oxygen Tin, oxygen Calcium, oxygen. Oxygen Copper, carbon, oxygen Iron, sulphur Lead, sulphur Aluminium, silicon, oxygen Calcium, silicon, oxygen

    Properties of minerals
    Each of the mineral has its own properties. Different composition of minerals generally possess the following properties:
    Hardness Solubility in water Effect of heat

    Hardness of minerals
    Generally, minerals are hard All mineral oxides, sulphides and carbonates are hard but the hardest mineral is the diamond

    Solubility of minerals in water


    Most minerals are insoluble in water Only oxides, sulphides and carbonates of potassium and sodium are soluble in water.

    Action of heat on minerals


    Metal oxides

    Most metal oxides are stable in high temperature. They do not break down when heated
    Metal sulphides

    When heated, sulphides break down to metal oxides and sulphur dioxide is released.
    Metal sulphide heated metal oxide + sulphur dioxide

    Metal carbonates

    When heated, carbonates break down to metal oxides and carbon dioxide is released. The carbon dioxide produced turns limewater cloudy.
    Metal carbonate
    heated

    metal oxide + carbon dioxide

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