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Sistem Urinaria
Sistem Urinaria
SISTEMA URINARIA
Fungsi ginjal (ren) Anatomi ginjal Proses produksi urine
Filtrasi oleh glomerulus Reabsorbsi oleh tubulus Sekresi oleh tubulus
Fungsi ginjal:
1.Regulasi komposisi ion darah 2.Regulasi pH darah 3.Regulasi volume darah 4.Regulasi tekanan darah 5.Pemeliharaan osmolaritas darah 6.Produksi hormon (calcitriol & erythropoetin) 7.Regulasi tingkat glukosa darah 8.Ekskresi sampah benda asing
Anatomi Ginjal
Anatomi eksternal:
Retroperitoneal
Renal fascia Adipose capsule Renal capsule
Renal hilum
http://www.netterimages.com/images/vtn/000/000/002/2122-150x150.jpg
Anatomi Ginjal
Anatomi internal
Cortex renalis Medulla renalis Pyramid renalis Papilla renalis Collumna renalis Ductus papillaris Calyx minor Calyx major Pelvis renalis Sinus renalis
http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f27-9a_urinary_bladder_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Urinary%2520System.htm&h=490&w=800&sz=135&hl=id&s tart=3&tbnid=PjiUmILb7BE7M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicturition%2Breflex%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Did%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/solitarykidney/images/nephronkidA.gif
http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f279a_urinary_bladder_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Urinary%2520System.htm&h=490&w=800&sz=135&hl=id&start=3&tbnid=PjiUmILb7BE7M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicturition%2Breflex%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Did%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
Nephron: 1. Renal corpuscle : a. Glomerulus b. Bowmans capsule 2. Renal tubule: a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Loop of Henle c. Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Papillary duct
http://www.farmakologija.com/materia/images/nephron.gif
http://coe.fgcu.edu/faculty/greenep/kidney/glomer3.jpg
Vaskularisasi Ginjal
Renal artery Renal vein
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries Interlobar veins
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
Arcuate veins
Interlobular veins
Afferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries
Efferent arterioles
http://www.geocities.com/biology_4e/cross_section_of_kidney.jpg
http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f279a_urinary_bladder_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Urinary%2520System.htm&h=490&w=800&sz=135&hl=id&start=3&tbnid=PjiUmILb7BE7M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicturition%2Breflex%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Did%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
Ginjal = 0.5% total body mass 20-25% cardiac output istirahat via arteri renalis Renal blood flow = 1200 mL/ menit
PROSES PRODUKSI URINE 1.Filtrasi oleh glomerulus 2.Reabsorbsi oleh tubulus 3.Sekresi oleh tubulus
http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/web_resources/cartoons/nephr.gif
1. 2. 3.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): jumlah filtrat terbentuk di dalam corpusculi renalis per menit = 125 ml/min (M) atau 105 ml/min (F) Regulasi GFR 1. Autoregulasi renal
1. Mekanisme myogenik 2. Umpan balik tubuloglomerular
2. Regulasi saraf simpatis 3. Regulasi hormonal 1. Angiotensin II 2. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
1. Autoregulasi renal
1. Mekanisme myogenik: BP RBF GFR regangan arteriola afferent kontraksi otot arteriola afferent lumen menyempit GFR ke tingkat semula 2. Umpan balik tubuloglomerular: BP GFR cairan lewat cepat di tubulus rebasorbsi Na, Cl, air di PCT & loop of Henle deteksi oleh macula densa inhibisi sekresi NO arteriola afferen konstriksi RBF GFR ke normal
http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f279a_urinary_bladder_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Urinary%2520System.htm&h=490&w=800&sz=135&hl=id&start=3&tbnid=PjiU mIL-b7BE7M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicturition%2Breflex%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Did%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
Rute reabsorbsi:
Paraseluler Transeluler
Mekanisme transport:
Transport aktif primer (hidrolisis ATP) Transport aktif sekunder (symporters & antiporters)
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/554images/proximal_tubule.jpg
Reabsorbsi dng sistem Na+ symport: glukosa & asam amino (100%), asam laktat, ion-ion fosfat (HPO42-) dan sulfat (SO42-) Sistem Na+ /H+ antiport: Na+ dan HCO3- (80-90%) Osmosis air (tub. prox. & descending limb of Henle -> permeable) Difusi pasif: Cl- (50%), K+ (65%), Ca2+, Mg2+, HPO42+ Hepatosit: Ammonia (NH3) urea filtrasi & sekresi Deaminasi asam amino ammonia
Reabsorbsi kation: Na+, K+,Ca2+ (20-30%), Mg2+ Akhir loop of Henle: osmolaritas
http://www.mscd.edu/~biology/2320course/2320images/nephron.jpg
http://www.varimed.hu/hypertension/pha/img/pha_577.gif
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/nephron.gif
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Volume darah ANP dari jantung 1. Inhibisi reabsorbsi Na & air di tubulus proximal & ductus collectivus 2. Inhibisi sekresi aldosteron & ADH
Diuresis
Memperlambat reabsorbsi air Terapi hipertensi Diuretik alami: kopi, teh, soda (inhibisi reabsorbsi Na+), alkohol (inhibisi ADH) Mekanisme kerja kebanyakan diuretik: inhibisi reabsorbsi Na+ Furosemide (Lasix) inhibisi Na+ K+ 2 Clsymporters di thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle Chlorthiazide (Diuril) tubulus distalis (inhibisi Na+ Cl- symporters)
Kreatinin plasma
Katabolisme fosfat kreatinin dari otot skelet Fungsi ginjal Kreatinin darah
Renal plasma clearance: volume darah yang dibersihkan dari substansi tertentu per unit per waktu (mL/ menit) Renal plasma clearance substansi S = U X V P
http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/images/factsheets/kidney_stones.gif
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f27-9a_urinary_bladder_c.jpg
Rujukan
1. Tortora GJ & Derrickson B, 2006. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp 992 - 1035