Dynamics:

Nov. 11

Which are non-divergent,

irrational ??

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Circulation: =

Circulations often conserved. Deformation: Flow can be broken down into divergent, rotational, and deformation components Orthonormal to div, vort.

Flow over mountains

Both deformation And shear Strengthen frontal zones

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Effective gravity g, includes centrifugal force

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Motion introduces additional force : Coriolis

f=

Flow to right of motion =>CW in NH

INERTIAL CIRCLES: less common in atmosphere (less inertia)

2 examples: land-sea breeze (Hsu, 1970, MWR) mountain slope/valley circulation (Rocky Mountains/Plains) katabatic flow ?

Motion determined by balance between pressure gradient Force, Coriolis force, frictional force
Midlatitude horizontal velocities ~ 10 m/s Dv/dt ~ 10-4 m s-2 Coriolis force ~fV~10-3 m s-2

Geostrophic wind = balanced pressure/coriolis flow

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NH

Fx,y =vertical gradient in horizonal momentum *1/

In Boundary Layer, frictional drag in evidence

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Wind speed sub-geostrophic, drifts towards lower pressure fV = |P|cos

Gradient Wind: in regions of high curvature, add the centripetal acceleration to eqn of motion

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Sub-geostrophic

Super-geostrophic

Thermal Wind: The vertical shear in geostrophic wind Is related to the horizontal temperature gradient

Barotropic atm => grad T =0 =>geostrophic wind constant

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Equivalent barotropic

Again Explains why westerlies strongest At top of troposphere

Do these plots make sense ?? 30-yr Mean meridional Profile Of temp. and zonal Wind, from Australia to Eastern Siberia, January

Cold advection

Warm advection

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