.

.
, .. ,
pixels 0 1 , ..
, .

. ,
,
ASCII (
7.1). ,
, ,

( 7.1).

()

()
7.1. . () . ()
.

. ,

:

.
.

.
.

. .

.
.

, :

7.2.

()

()

()

()

()

()

7.2.
. (). () . () . () .
() . () .

. ,
,
(Trier 1996). ,

.

7.1

.

. ,
, ..
24x48.
. ,
5x10
5
10, .. 30x60.


(
7.3).
.
.
(.. - )
(.. . - ). ,
,


.

7.3. .

. ,

7.2

(template
matching), , , ,

pixels, (crossing points),
.

(template matching)
(template matching) pixels
(Pratt 1991).
X,Y (X Y )
n ,
nij X i Y j, i,j
{0,1} :
n

nij =

m (i ,

j)

(7.1)

m =1

1, if ( xm = i ) ( ym = j )
otherwise
0,

m (i , j ) =

(7.2)

xm ym m- Y.
pixels
(Tubbs 1989):

XOR :
D = n10+n01

(7.3)

D .

Jaccard Yule:
dJ =

n11
n11 + n10 + n01

(7.4)

dY =

n11n00 n10 n01

n11n00 + n10 n01

(7.5)

1 .
7.1
.

: nij :
n

nij =

m =1

m (k

/ i ) m (i, j )

(7.6)

. ,
pm(k/i) Y Xk, m Xk i. pm(k/i)
m- Xk
.
pixels .
7.4 pm(k/i)
3 . , n11
11 (9*1+2*2/3) = 10,33
7.1. (template
matching). D XOR, dJ Jaccard dY Yule .

n11
n10
n01
n00

()

11
1
1
2

10
2
1
2

10
2
1
2

0,846

0,769

0,769

0,913

0,818

0,818

()

7.4 pm(k/i)
3 . () p1(k/0) 0/3
0 1 ( pixel).
pm(k/i). () pm(k/0) pm(k/1) .

. ,

,
pixels (Bokser 1992).
,
nxm pixels
. 7.5 pixels 16
9
. , pixels
pixels
( 7.6) (Gatos 1993).
.

()

()

7.5 pixels
. () 16 . () 9 .

()

()

7.6 pixels .
() . () .

. ,

, , ...
.
1956 (Glauberman 1956).
7.7.

. ,
. ,
.
y(xi) pixels x=xi.
:
n

d=

y (x ) y (x )
1

(7.7)

i =1

n y1 y2
. ,
k :
k

Y ( xk ) =

y( x )

(7.8)

i =1

:
n

D=

Y (x ) Y (x )
1

(7.9)

i =1

D
.

7.7
.

. ,
(geometric moments)

1960 (Hu 1962).

, . (regular moments) (p+q)
:
M

m pq =

(x )
i

( yi ) q

(7.10)

i =1

(xi,yi) .
(central moments)
:

pq =

( x x)
i

( yi y ) q

(7.11)

i =1

x=

m10
,
m00

y=

m01
m00

(7.12)

(normalized central moments)

:
n pq =

pq

00

p+q
+ 1,
2

p + q = 2,3,...

(7.13)

, Hu (Hu moments invariants)

, , ( ):
1 = n20 + n02

2 = ( n20 n02 )

(7.14)

2
+ 4n11

7.8 ,
, Hu,
, .
(
),
( )
Hu ( ,
).

pixels
pixels :
X

f ( x, y )
P=

(7.15)

x =1 y =1

XY

XxY f(x,y)
1 pixels 0 pixels .

. ,
pixels
.
.

(crossing points)
01 10

2 ( 7.9).
(Impedovo 1991)
, , .

.

7.8 , ,
Hu,
, .

7.9 .

. ,


(white runs)
.
1.
.
2.
1 .
3. 2
.
4. .

.
7.10.

.
.

()

()

()

()

()

7.10 . () . ()-()
1,2,5 19 .

(, , )
( 7.11),
(Gatos 1997).
.


.

.

7.11 .

. ,

7.2

,
Fourier (Fourier Descriptors). ,
.

( 7.12) x
y. ,
.
,
( 7.13).
.
, y,

( 7.13). ,
y,
( 7.13).
,
.

7.12
.

()

()

()

7.13 . ()
. ()
.
() .

. ,

(Kimura 1991). ,
:
(00), (900) (450, 1350).
.
,
.

()

()

()

7.14 . () 16 . ()
. ()
.

Fourier (Fourier Descriptors)

,
.

. Fourier
(Kuhl 1982).
, (x(t),y(t)), t=1,,m, :

(7.16)

. ,

(7.17)

x(t) y(t)
. an, bn, cn dn
, :

(7.18)

(7.19)

m .
(x1,y1) ,
:
(7.20)

. ,

(7.21)

,
( 7.15):
(7.22)

:
(7.23)

,
E:
(7.24)
7.16
Fourier n .
3 4
.

()

()

7.15 Fourier
. () . ()
.

. ,

7.16 Fourier
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,20,30,40,50 100.
4 5. 3 4
.

7.3

(Choi 2003) ( 7.17).

.

7.17 .

. ,
pixel p1 7.18,
(Gonzalez 1997):
BHMA 1: pixel :
() 2<=(p1)<=6
() S(p1)=1
() p2 p4 p6 = 0
() p4 p6 p8 = 0
N(p1) p1 S(p1) 0-1
pixels p1,p2, ,p9.
BHMA 2:
pixels :
() p2 p4 p8 = 0
() p2 p6 p8 = 0
BHMA 3: H pixel.
7.19.

7.18 pixel p1

7.19 (Gonzalez 1997).

. ,
,
.
:
N(p1)=1

(7.25)

:
N(p1)>=3

(7.26)

7.20.
o 4
(Gatos 1997).

7.20
.

7.20 4
.

. ,

(Bokser 1992) Bokser, M.: Omnidocument technologies. Proc. IEEE 80 (1992) 1066-1078
(Choi 2003) Choi, W., Lam, K., Siu, W.: Extraction of the Euclidean skeleton based on a
connectivity criterion. Pattern Recognition 36 (2003) 721-729
(Gatos 1993) Gatos, B., Karras, D., Perantonis, S.: Optical Character Recognition Using
Novel Feature Extraction & Neural Network Classification Techniques. Proc. of the Workshop
on Neural Network Application and Tools, IEEE Computer Society Press (1993) 65-72
(Gatos 1997) Gatos, B., Papamarkos N., Chamzas, C.: A binary tree based OCR technique
for machine printed characters", Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 10, No.
4 (1997) 403-412
(Glauberman 1956) Glauberman, M.H.: Character Recognition for Business Machines,
Electronics (1956) 132-136
(Gonzalez 1997) Gonzalez, R.C.: Digital Image Processing, Second Edition (1997)
(Hu 1962) Hu, M.K.: Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants. IRE Trans. Inf. Theory 8
(1962) 179-187
(Impedovo 1991) Impedovo, S., Ottaviano, L., Occhinegro, S.: Optical Character Recognition
A survey. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 5
(1991) 1-23
(Kimura 1991) Kimura, F., Shridhar, M.: Handwritten numerical recognition based on multiple
algorithms. Pattern Recognition, No. 24, Vol. 10 (1991) 969-984
(Kuhl 1982) Kuhl, F.P., Giardina, C.R.: Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour. Comput.
Vis. Graphics Image Process. 18 (1982) 236-258
(Pratt 1991) Pratt, W.K.: Digital Image Processing, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York (1991)
(Trier 1996) Trier, O.D., Jain, A.K., Taxt, T.: Feature Extraction Methods for Character
Recognition A Survey. Pattern Recognition, Vol. 29, No. 4 (1996) 641-662
(Tubbs 1989) Tubbs, J.D.: A note on binary template matching. Pattern Recognition, Vol. 22,
No. 4 (1989) 359-365