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Last Updation on 6th April 2009; Updated Every Monday

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DE©ð ÍÃ©Ç ®¾Õ©-¦¼µ¢’à «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ²ÄCµ¢-Í-«Œ ÍŒÕa. ‡¢Ÿ¿Õ-«-©-Êx ¢˜ä DE©ð ¯äª½Õ’à ª½¢’¹Õ, „î¾-Ê-©ÊÕ
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Chaduvu Main

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Last Updation on 6th April 2009; Updated Every Monday

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* ƒÂ¹ ÆA «áÈu-„çÕi¢C ÂÃJd-¹©ü „çÕŸ¿œ¿Õ. «ÕÊ „çÕŸ¿-œ¿Õ©ð ƪ½-„-¬çj Ç-Å-«Œ áÊo ¨ „çÕŸ¿-œ¿ÕÂ¹× ¯Ã©Õ’¹Õ “X¾Åäu-¹-Å-©Œ Õ-¯Ãoªá. „ÃšË¯ä ®Ô„d ¯ç þ ‚ªý. ¹O
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NÍŒ-¹~º ¬ÁÂËh (Conscience), ƒÍÃa´-¬ÁÂËh (Independent Will).¨ ¯Ã©Õ’¹Ö èÇcX-¾ ¹-¬Á-ÂËhÂË «â©-®h¾ ¢-¦µÇ©Õ. OšËE Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-ÂíE ®¾Cy-E-§çÖ’¹¢
Í䮾Õ-¹ׯä NŸÄu-ª½Õ©n Õ ÆÅŒÕu-ÅŒh«Õ ²ÄnªáÂË Íäª-Ž ê½Õ.
‡Â¹×ˆ« ÍŒC-NÅä XÏÍça-¹ˆŸÄ?
*Êo’à ¹E-XÏ¢Íä «ÕÊ „çÕŸ¿œ¿Õ ÂîšÇxC ¯ÃœÎ-¹-ºÇ©Åî EJt-Å-„Œ çÕi¢C. ŠÂ¹ «uÂËh „çÕŸ¿-œ¿Õ©ð ©Â¹~ Âî{x ¯ÃœÎ ¹ºÇ©Õ …¢šÇ-§ŒÕE Ƣ͌¯Ã. Æ¢˜ä
¯ÃœÎ-¹º¢ ‡¢ÅŒ *Êo’à …¢{Õ¢Ÿî £ÏÇ¢-ÍŒÕ-ÂË. ƢŌ ®¾Ö¹~t ¯ÃœÎ-¹º¢ å®jÅŒ¢ ‡¢Åî ¬ÁÂËh-«Õ¢-Å-„Œ çÕi¢Ÿä. ŠÂ¹ ¹¢X¾Üu-{ªýÂ¹× ‡¢ÅŒ ¬ÁÂËh
…¢{Õ¢Ÿî ƢŌ ¬ÁÂËh ¯ÃœÎ-¹-º¢©ð …¢{Õ¢C. DEo ¦šËd „çáÅŒh¢ «ÕÊ „çÕŸ¿œ¿Õ ‡¢ÅŒ ¬ÁÂËh-«Õ¢-Å-„Œ çÕi¢Ÿî, ‡¢ÅŒ Æ«â-©u-„çÕi¢Ÿî ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-ŌբC.

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¯ÃœÎ ¹ºÇ©Õ \O NœË’à …¢œ¿«Û. ŠÂ¹-ŸÄ-EÅî «Õªí-¹šË 20 „ä© ÆÊÕ®¾¢ŸµÄ-¯Ã©Õ ¹LT …¢šÇªá. åXŸ¿l ˜ãL-¤¶ò¯þ ‡êÂqa¢->©ð „çªj ½x ¯çšü-«ªýˆ
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ÍéÇ-«Õ¢-CÂË ‡Â¹×ˆ« ÍŒC-NÅä XÏÍça-¹׈-Ōբ-Ÿ¯¿ ä Ƥò£¾Ç …¢C. EèÇ-EÂË ‡¢ÅŒ ‡Â¹×ˆ« ®¾«Ö-ÍÃ-ªÃEo «ÕÊ¢ Æ¢Cæ®h ƢŌ ¬ÁÂËh-«Õ¢-ÅŒ¢’à „çÕŸ¿œ¿Õ
X¾E-Í-®ä ¾Õh¢C. ŸÄE-«©x ÂíÅŒh ¯ÃœÎ-¹º «ÖªÃ_©Õ \ª½p-œ-Å¿ êá. ÆN èÇcX-¾ ¹-¬Á-ÂËhE ÆCµÂ¹¢ Íä²Ähªá. ÂæšËd ¯ÃœÎ-¹-ºÇ© «Ö§ŒÖ-èÇ-©ÇEo Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-¹ע˜ä
èÇcX-¾ ¹-¬Á-ÂËhE åX¢ÍŒÕ-Âî-«ÍŒÕa.
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* «ÕÊ „çÕŸ¿œ¿Õ £¾Éªý-„f ªä ý ƪáÅä ŸÄEÂË …¢œä „çÕi¢œþ-X-«¾ ªý ²ÄX¶ý-„d ªä ý. «Ö’¹o-šÂË ú X¾«ªý «©äx «ÕÊ¢ «ÖšÇx-œCä JÂÃ-ª-«½f Û-ŌբC. Æ©Çê’ «ÕÊ¢
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P¹~ºÅî ²ÄŸµ¿u„äÕ
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(Untrained memory) Ñ Æ¢šÇœ¿Õ èÇcX-¾ ¹-¬ÁÂËh OÕŸ¿ N¬ì†¾ X¾J-¬ð-ŸÊ µ¿ Íä®ÊÏ æ£ÇK ©ïêªF.
''®¾’¹{Õ «ÕE†Ï ÅŒÊ „äÕŸµÄ-¬Á-ÂËh©ð ê«©¢ X¾C ¬ÇÅŒ¢ NE-§çÖ-T¢-ÍŒÕ-¹ע-šÇœ¿Õ. NÕ’¹Åà 90 ¬ÇÅŒ¢ Eª½Õ-X-§ ¾ çÖ’¹¢ Âë-œÄ-EÂË èÇcX-¾ ¹-¬ÁÂËh
®¾Ö“ÅÃ-©ÊÕ …©x¢-X¶ÏÕ¢-Í-œŒ „¿ äÕÑÑ Æ¢šÇœ¿Õ “X¾‘ÇuÅŒ å®jÂÃ-©->®¾Õd Âêýx ®Ô³òªý. «Ö§ŒÕ©Ö, «Õ¢“Åé OÕŸ¿ ÂùעœÄ “X¾Â¹%A ®¾Ö“ÅÃ-©-OÕŸ¿
‚ŸµÄ-ª-X½ œ¾ Ë X¾E-Í-®ä ¾Õh¢C èÇcX-¾ ¹-¬ÁÂËh. Registration, Retention, Retrieval Æ¯ä «âœ¿Õ Ÿ¿¬Á©Ö “X¾Â¹%A ®¾Ö“ÅÃ-©-OÕŸä ‚ŸµÄ-ª-X½ œ¾ Ë
X¾E-Í-²ä Ähªá.

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-OÕ -Bª½Õp -\-NÕ-š?Ë

NŸ¿u, éÂJ§ŒÕªý N†¾§ŒÖ©åXj ÆGµ-“¤Ä§ŒÕ¢ «uÂÌh-¹J¢Íé¯ä ‚®¾ÂËh OÕ©ð …¢ŸÄ? ƪáÅä... ‹ ‡®ý-‡¢-‡®ý X¾¢X¾¢œË
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®¾«Õ-ª½Õ©n Õ... «ÕSx ²ÄCµ-²Ähª½Õ!

XÏ.N.-‡®ý. ª½O¢-“Ÿ¿-«ª½t
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¦µ¼N-†¾u-ÅŒÕh©ð „Ãu¤Äª½ «%CĺE Ÿ¿%†Ï©d 𠅢͌Õ-¹×E E§ŒÖ-«Õ-ÂÃ©Õ ÍäX-š¾ ÊdË Â¹¢åX-F©Õ “X¾®¾ÕhÅŒ¢ …Ÿîu-’é ÂîÅŒ-©ÊÕ
“X¾Â¹-š-®Ë ¾Õh-¯Ãoªá. ¨ X¾J-®-ÅÏn ŒÕ©ðx …Ÿîu-’Ã©Õ Âî©ðp-ªáÊ Æ¦µ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ \¢ Í䧌ÖL? ꪤò «Ö¤ò ÆÊo{Õx
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E§ŒÖ-«Õ-ÂÃ©Õ ÅŒT_¢-ÍœŒ ¿¢ ÍÃ©Ç ®¾£¾Ç•¢. ¨ X¾J-ºÇ-«Ö© «©x ÂíÅŒh …Ÿîu-’éÕ, éÂJ-§ŒÕªý «%Cĺ Æ«-ÂÃ-¬Ç©Õ «Õ¢Ÿ¿-T-²Ähªá. …Ÿîu-’¹Õ-©Â¹×
®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢-*Ê Æ¢¬Ç©ðx Ȫ½Õa-©ÊÕ Â¹¢åX-F©Õ ÅŒT-²_ Ähªá.

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’õª½«¢ Âî©ðp-ªá-ÊšÇx?
…Ÿîu’¹¢ Âî©ðp-«œ¿¢ ©Ç¢šË “X¾A-¹ة X¾J-®-ÅÏn ÕŒ ©Õ ‡Ÿ¿Õ-éª-Êj -X¾Ûpœ¿Õ «uÂËhÅŒy¢ ¦©¢’à Ō§ŒÖ-ª-«½ Û-ŌբC. …Ÿîu’¹¢ Âî©ðp-«-œÄ-EÂË Æ¯ä¹ Âê½-ºÇ©Õ
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ŠAhœË ÊÕ¢* N«áÂËh

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…Ÿîu’¹¢ Âî©ðp-«œ¿¢ ŸÄyªÃ ‚Jn¹ ƒ¦s¢-Ÿ¿Õ©Õ \ª½p-œ-{¿ ¢Åî ¤Ä{Õ ¦µÇ„î-Ÿäy-’é X¾ª½¢’à ÍÃ©Ç Ê†¾d¢ •ª½Õ-’¹Õ-ŌբC. DEo E„Ã-J¢-Í-œŒ Ä-EÂË Âí¢ÅŒ
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* …Ÿîu’¹¢ Âî©ðp-ªá-Ê-„Ã-JÂË «ÕÊ ²Ä«Ö->¹ „ÃÅÃ-«-ªº½ ¢ Â¹ØœÄ Æ¢ÅŒ’à ÆÊÕ-¹Ø-©¢’à …¢œ¿Ÿ¿Õ. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-«©x …Ÿîu’¹¢ Âî©ðp-ªá-Ê{Õx ƒÅŒ-ª½Õ-©Â¹×
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…Ÿîu-’é ÂîÅŒ©Õ “X¾X¾¢-Í-„Œ Ãu-X¾h¢’à …¯Ãoªá. ªÃ¦ð§äÕ ªîV©ðx ƒN ƒ¢Âà åXª½-’¹-«-ÍŒa¯ä ÆGµ-“¤Ä-§ÖŒ ©Õ Â¹ØœÄ «u¹h-«Õ-«Û-ÅŒÕ-¯Ãoªá. ¨
X¾J-ºÇ-«Ö© “X¾¦µÇ«¢ OÕ OÕŸ¿ Â¹ØœÄ …¢{Õ¢-ŸE¿ ¦µÇNæ®h ÅŒTÊ KA©ð ®ÏŸ¿ĺ¢’à …¢œÄL. “X¾ÅÃu-«Öo-§ŒÖ© „çXj ¾Û Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢-Í-«Œ ÍŒÕa. E§ŒÖ-«Õ¹
¹¢åX-F-©ÊÕ ®¾¢“X¾-C¢-Í-«Œ ÍŒÕa. …Ÿîu’¹¢ Âî©ðp-ªáÊ „ê½h Â¢ „ä*-ÍŒÖ-œ-¿ ¹×¢œÄ, ‚ X¾J-®-AÏn E ‡Ÿ¿Õ-ªîˆ-«-œÄ-EÂË ƒX¾p-š-ÊË Õ¢Íä “X¾§ŒÕ-ÅÃo©Õ
“¤Äª½¢-Gµ¢-ÍÃL.

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®Ôy§ŒÕ NÍŒ-¹~º ÅŒX¾p-E-®J¾ !

ªÃ«Ö-ªÃ«Û Eª½-¹~-ªÃ-®¾Õuœ¿Õ. ®¾J’à NÊ-X-œ¾ Ÿ¿ ¿Õ, ¹ÊX- -œ¾ Ÿ¿ ¿Õ. ªîœ¿Õf X¾Â¹ˆÊ GªÃuF Æ«át-¹ע{Ö °«Ê¢ ²ÄT-®¾Õh-¯Ãoœ¿Õ. ªîW ÍÃ©Ç GªÃuF
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'œÄœÎ, FÂ¹× «ÕÊ-Ÿ-¬ä Á¢©ð \ª½p-œ¿Õ-ÅîÊo ‚Jn¹ ®¾¢Â~¼¢ ’¹ÕJ¢* Åç©Õ²ÄÑ? ‚ªÃ-B-¬Çœ¿Õ ¹׫Ö-ª½Õœ¿Õ.
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Â휿ÕÂ¹× Âéä-°ÂË „çRx ÍŒŸ¿Õ-«Û-¹×-¯Ãoœ¿Õ, æXX¾-ªO½x Aª½-ê’-²Ähœ¿Õ, ꪜ˧çÖ N¢šÇœ¿Õ, šÌO ֲ͌Ähœ¿Õ. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-«©x ÆÅŒE ®¾©-£¾ÉÊÕ ÅäL’Ã_ B®¾Õ-Âî-
¹Ø-œ-Ÿ¿ E¿ ¦µÇN¢-ÍÃœ¿Õ ªÃ«Ö-ªÃ«Û. «Õª½Õ-®š¾ Ë ªîV ÊÕ¢Íä ®¾ª½Õ-¹ש èÇGÅà ¹×C¢-ÍÃœ¿Õ. ª½¢’¹Õ© ¦ðª½Õ©f Õ, “X¾Åäu¹ ‚X¶ª¾ ½Õx Bæ®-¬Çœ¿Õ.
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'¦Ç¦Ö, F«Û ÍçXÏp¢C E•¢, «ÕÊ¢ «Ö¢ŸÄu-EÂÌ, ®¾¢Â~î-¦µÇE- ÂÌ «ÕŸµ¿u©ð …¯Ão¢. ¨ X¾J-®AÏn ’¹ÕJ¢* «á¢Ÿ¿Õ-’ïä ÊÊÕo å£ÇÍŒa-
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g ŒÕ¢ B®¾Õ-Âî-«œ¿¢ „äªÕ½ . OšË N†¾-§ŒÕ¢©ð ÍéÇ-²Äª½Õx «ÕÊÂ¹× ’¹¢Ÿ¿-ª-’½ î@Á¢ \ª½p-œ¿Õ-ŌբC. ®Ôy§ŒÕ NÍŒ-¹~-º-Åî¯ä
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²Ä¢“X¾-ŸÄ§ŒÕ X¾ŸA¿ĺ . “X¾®¾ÕhÅŒ «Ö¢ŸÄuEo ‡Ÿ¿Õ-’¹Õ-©Â¹× ÆŸ¿Õs´ÅŒ Æ«-ÂÃ-¬Á¢’à ¦µÇN¢-ÍÃL. NÊÖÅŒo åX{Õd-¦-œ¿Õ-©Åî ÅŒ«Õ “X¾Åäu-¹-ÅÊŒ Õ
ÍÃ{-œÄ-EÂË Â¹¢åX-F-©Â¹× ƒC ®¾éªÊj ÅŒª½Õº¢. …Ÿîu-’¹Õ©Õ, …Ÿîu-’Ã-ª½Õ©n Õ Â¹ØœÄ ÅŒ«Õ éÂJ-§ÕŒ ªý «Üu£¾É-©Â¹× X¾Ÿ¿ÕÊÕ åX{Õd-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË ƒC
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Chaduvu Main

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Last Updation on 6th April 2009; Updated Every Monday

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Æ¢œþ ®¾ª½Öˆušüq (¨œÎ®)Ô , ¯çšü-«ªýˆ ‡¯Ã-L-®®Ï ý (‡©-ÂÂZ-Ë ¹©ü ®¾ª½Öˆušü ‡¯Ã-L-®®Ï ý). ƒ¢>-F-J¢’û „ç៿šË
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¨ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×-©d ÊÕ ÆŸµ¿u-§ŒÕÊ¢ Í䮾Õh-¯Ãoª½Õ.
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* C±§ŒÕK ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d Õ, ©Çu¦ï-êª-{K “X¾§çÖ-’Ã-©ðxE Æ¢¬Ç©Õ ŸÄŸÄX¾Û Šê NŸµ¿¢’à …¢šÇªá. DE-«©x
®¾¦Âãb- ¹×Êd Õ ÅäL’Ã_ ƪ½n¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-«ÍŒÕa.
* NՓŌթÕ, ®ÔE-§ŒÕªý NŸÄu-ª½Õ-© n Åî ˜ãÂËo-¹©ü Æ¢¬Ç-©ÊÕ ÍŒJa¢-ÍÃL.
* ƒ¢{-éªo-šü©ð ÍÃ©Ç ®¾«Ö-Íê½¢ …¢{Õ¢C. ŸÄEo …X¾-§çÖ-T¢-ÍŒÕ-ÂíE ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×åd Xj Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ
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Âî-«ÍŒÕa.
* O©ã-Êj Eo ‡Â¹×ˆ-«’à Æå®j-¯þ-„çÕ¢{Õx, «ªýˆ-†-{Ô Êx Õ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌ÖL.
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O©ã-Êj Eo ‡Â¹×ˆ« ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-ÂÃ-©ÊÕ JX¶ª¾ ý Íä§ÖŒ L. “¤ÄÂË-Âd ¹©üq, ‡©-ÂÃZ¯þ £¾ÉH ÂËšüq œËè-Eãj ¢-’ûÂ¹× Âí¢ÅŒ ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢ „ç*a¢-ÍÃL.
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equations, Brief theory.¨ ¤Äªá¢-{Ê x Õ N¬Á-D-¹-J®¾Öh ªÃæ®h «Õ¢* «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ÅçÍÕŒ a-Âî-«ÍŒÕa.
* «ÖCJ “X¾¬Áo-X-“¾ ÅÃ-©ÊÕ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌՜¿¢ ŸÄyªÃ NŸÄu-J©n ð ‚ÅŒt-N-¬Çy®¾¢ åXª½Õ-’¹Õ-ŌբC. Æ¢Åä-’ù ÍéÇ-«-ªÂ½ ¹× §ŒâE-«-Jq-š©Ì “X¾¬Áo-X-“¾ ÅÃ-©ðxE
ÆCµ-¹-¦µÇ’¹¢ Æ¢¬Ç©Õ ’¹ÅŒ “X¾¬Áo-X-“¾ Åé ‚ŸµÄ-ª½¢-’ïä ÅŒ§ŒÖ-ª-«½ Û-ÅŒÕ-¯Ãoªá.
X¾K-¹~©ðx ªÃŸ¿-TÊ «áÈu-„çÕÊi Æ¢¬Ç©Õ
Electronic Devices and Circuits
* Block Diagram of CRT and Deflection Sensitivity
* Theory of Electrical Conductivity and the Semi Conductors concepts
* P N Junction Diode VI Characteristics
* BJT & FET Characteristics
* Basic Operation of Rectifiers and filters with mathematical analysis
* Small signal analysis - h Parameters for CE Amplifier
* Classification of Feed back Amplifiers
* RC & Wein bridge oscillators

Network Theory

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* Relationship for passive elements

* Kirchoff's Laws
* RMS & Average values for different types of Wave forms
* Resonance and relation between Star & Delta connections
* Nodal analysis
* Superposition, Thevinins & Norton's Theorems
* Z & Y parameters relation - Reciprocity condition
* RL & RC transient response
* M - derived filters

…X¾-§çÖ-’¹-Xœ¾ ä X¾Û®¾h-ÂéÕ
* ¨œÎ®Ô ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×Êd Õ Æª½n¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË „ç៿{ Electronic Devices and Circuits (R L Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky)
X¾Û®¾h-ÂÃEo JX¶ª¾ ý Í䧌ÖL. §ŒâE-«-JqšÌ X¾K-¹~©Õ, ¤òšÌ X¾K-¹~© Â¢ Electronic Devices and Circuits (J Millman & C C
Halkies) X¾Û®¾h-ÂÃEo ÆŸµ¿u-§ŒÕÊ¢ Í䧌ÖL.

* ‡©-ÂÂËZ- ¹©ü ®¾ª½Öˆu-šüq©ð ¦µÇ«-Ê-©ÊÕ Æª½n¢ Íä®Õ¾ -Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË „ç៿-{’à Electrical Circuits (S Sudhakar & PSM Satyanarayana)
X¾Û®¾h¹¢ ÍŒŸ-„¿ ÃL. X¾K-¹~-©ÊÕ Ÿ¿%†Ï©d 𠅢͌Õ-ÂíE Engineering Circuit Analysis X¾Û®h¾ ¹¢ ÆŸµ¿u-§ŒÕÊ¢ Í䧌ÖL.

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NŸ¿u, …Ÿîu-’é «Öª½-Ÿ_ J¿ z...
'éÂJ-§ŒÕªýq 360Ñ
NŸÄu-ª½Õ©n Õ, …Ÿîu-’Ã-ª½Õ-©n Â¹× «Öª½-E_ -ꪬl Á¢ Íä§ÕŒ -œÄ-EÂË ¤ÄÅý-åX¶j¢-œª¿ ý “X¾ÍÕŒ -ªº½ ®¾¢®¾n ÂíÅŒh «Öu’¹-°-¯þÊÕ “¤Äª½¢-Gµ¢-*¢C. ®¾«Õ“’¹ NŸ¿u, …Ÿîu’¹
®¾«Ö-Íê½¢ Æ¢C®¾Öh 'éÂJ-§ŒÕªýq 360Ñ æXª½ÕÅî «Öu’¹-°-¯þÊÕ «Ö骈-šðxÂË Nœ¿Õ-Ÿ©¿ Íä®Ï¢C. „ç៿šË ®¾¢*-¹ÊÕ «Ö° ªÃ†¾XZ- A¾ œÄ¹ªd ý ƦÕl©ü
¹©Ç¢ ’¹Õª½Õ-„ê½¢ Nœ¿Õ-Ÿ©¿ Íä¬Çª½Õ.
17 ÊÕ¢* 34 \@Á-©x ðX¾Û NŸÄu-ª½Õ©n Õ, …Ÿîu-’Ã-ª½Õ-©n Â¹× Æ«-®-ª¾ -„½ çÕÊi ®¾¢X¾Üª½g ®¾«Ö-Íê½¢, é’œj ¯ç þq ƒ¢Ÿ¿Õ©ð ©Gµ-®¾Õh¢C. éÂJ-§ŒÕªý «ÕŸµ¿u Ÿ¿¬Á©ð
…Ÿîu-’Ã©Õ Íä²òhÊo „ÃJÂË ©Â¹~u-²Ä-Ÿ-ʵ¿ Â¹× Æ«-®-ª¾ -„½ çÕÊi „çÕ©-¹×-«©Õ, ®¾©-£É¾ ©Õ Â¹ØœÄ ¨ «Öu’¹-°-¯þ©ð …¢šÇªá. NGµÊo éÂJ-§ŒÕ-ªý-©åXj “X¾Åäu¹
®¾«Ö-Íê½¢ ƒ¢Ÿ¿Õ©ð ©Gµ-®¾Õh¢C.

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Æ¢Ÿ¿-JÂÌ ÆFo...
'éÂJ-§ŒÕªýq 360Ñ “¤Äª½¢¦µ¼ ®¾¢*-¹©ð ÆEo ª½Âé ‚ŸµÕ¿ -E¹ ÂÕq© ’¹ÕJ¢* ƒÍÃaª½Õ. ƒ¢{ªý Ÿ¿’¹-ª_ ½Õo¢* ‡TbÂ- ¹Øu-š-„Ë þ© «ª½Â¹× Æ¢Ÿ¿-JÂÌ …X¾-§çÖ-
’¹-¹-ª-„½ çÕÊi Æ¢¬Ç-©ÊÕ ƒ¢Ÿ¿Õ©ð ¤ñ¢Ÿ¿Õ-X-ª¾ -ͽ ê½Õ.
*ƒ¢{-Kt-œ-§
Ë ŒÕšü ÅŒªÃyÅŒ Í䧌Õ-Ÿ-T¿ Ê «áÈu-„çÕÊi ÂÕq©Õ, éÂJ-§ŒÕ-ªý-©ÊÕ N«-J¢-Íê½Õ. ‰‰-š©Ì Õ, ‰‰-‡¢©Õ ÂùעœÄ ƒÅŒª½ æXª½ÕÊo ®¾¢®¾©n ðx
NŸÄu-«-ÂÃ-¬Ç-©ÊÕ NX¾Û-©¢’à ƢC¢-Íê½Õ.
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*…Ÿîu-’Ã-¯äy-†-º
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*NŸäQ NŸ¿u, ²Äˆ©-ªý-†-X Ï ý-©åXj “X¾Åäu¹ Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢-Íê½Õ.

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*¹¢åX-F© ®Ô¨-‹©Õ, å£ÇÍý.-‚ªý. N¦µÇ-’Ã-C-X µ -ž ÕŒ -©Åî “X¾Åäu¹ „Ãu²Ä© Â¢ ÂíEo N¦µÇ-’Ã©Õ êšÇ-ªá¢-ÍœŒ ¿¢ N¬ì†¾¢.
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*¨ «Öu’¹-°¯þ ¯ç©-Âî-²ÄJ Nœ¿Õ-Ÿ-© ¿ -«Û-ÅÕŒ ¢C. „ç© ª½Ö.40
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\XÔ-‚-ªý-è®ä Ô Æª½|-Å©Œ ðx «Öª½Õp©Õ

ªÃ†¾Z¢-©ðE ’¹Õª½Õ-¹ש WE-§ŒÕªý ¹@Ç-¬Ç-©©ðx “X¾„-¬ä Ç-EÂË Æ«-®-ª¾ -„½ çÕÊi NŸÄu-ª½|-Å-©Œ ÊÕ ¨ \œÄC ÊÕ¢* “X¾¦µ¼ÕÅŒy¢ «ÖJa¢C. DEÂË
®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢* ’¹Å-„Œ ê½¢ 'ÍŒŸ¿Õ-«ÛÑ©ð ÂíEo ¤ñª½-¤Ä{Õx ŸíªÃxªá. ÅÃèÇ E¦¢-Ÿ-ʵ¿ © “X¾Âê½¢...

* ÅÚË-X¾ÜœË, „ç¢Â¹-{-TJ, ’Ãuª½¢-XL¾ ,x ¦Ê-„îÏ, ®¾êªy©Õ, £¾Ç®¾-¯þ-X-J¾ h-©ðE ’¹Õª½Õ-¹ש ¹@Ç-¬Ç-©©ðx “X¾„-¬ä Ç-EÂË Â¹ØœÄ ÆEo “X¾¦µ¼ÕÅŒy, wåXj„{ä Õ ¤Äª¸-¬½ Ç-©©ðx
ÍŒC-NÊ NŸÄu-ª½Õ©n Õ Æª½Õ|©Õ.
* ÅÚË-X¾ÜœË (Âî²Äh), ¦Ê-„Ã®Ï (ªÃ§ŒÕ-©-®«Ô Õ), £¾Ç®¾¯- þ-XJ¾ h (Åç©¢-’ú)©ðE ¹@Ç-¬Ç-©-©ÊÕ ‚§ŒÖ “¤Ä¢ÅÃ-©ðxE ¦ÇL-¹-©Â¹× êšÇ-ªá¢-Íê½Õ.

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Have your glasses on...

Test Your Proficiency
ƒ¢Tx†ý ¦µÇ†¾©ð OÕ X¾J-èÇc-¯ÃEo X¾J-Q-L¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-«-šÇ-EÂË ‹ ÂËyèü ƒ®¾Õh¯Ão¢. X¾ÜJh-Í®ä ,Ï OÕéÂEo «Öª½Õˆ©Õ «ÍÃa§çÖ Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-ÂË.
I Choose the correct sentences:
01) A. He came here on 15 the August
B. He came here on the 15th August
C. He came here on 15th of August
D. It was on the August 15th that he came here

02) A. I very well remember, it took place in a June morning

B. I very well remember, it took place in a morning in June
C. I very well remember, it took place on a June morning
D. I am sure it took place in a June morning

03) A. Have your glasses on, you can read better

B. You can read better if you have glasses
C. You can read better when you are having your glasses on
D. Put out your glasses and you can read better

04) A. It is raining here every September

B. It will be raining here every September
C. Rains are frequent here in September
D. It rains here every September

05) A. In case if you are interested let me know

B. In case you are interested let me know
C. If in case you are interested let me know
D. If suppose you are interested I'd like to know

II Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by choosing the appropriate word from list of words under the

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sentences.
06) He remained a vegetarian -- his life
07) The architect is well known for his -- and novel designs
08) The management has been forced to -- its stand
09) He is -- as the best actor on the Telugu screen
10) The president can -- a death sentence to life imprisonment
A. Commute B. Original C. Reverse D. Acclaimed E. Throughout F. Repeal G. Insist

\C ‡¢Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× ®¾éª-Êj C?
Q 01) Answer B: 1st, 2nd, 3rd... ƒ©Ç¢šË „ÃšË «á¢Ÿ¿Õ 'the'¹*aÅŒ¢’à ªÃ„ÃL. Æ©Çê’ 15th (15«) «á¢Ÿ¿Ö 'the' …¢œÄL. ÂæšËd A
and C, wrong.¯ç©© æXª½x «á¢Ÿ¿Õ theªÃŸ¿Õ. ÂæšËd D wrong.

02) Answer C. Morning, afternoon, evening «á¢Ÿ¿Õ in «®¾Õh¢C. ƪáÅä X¶©¾ ÇE ªîV/-¯©ç morning, evening etc ÆÊo-X¾Ûpœ¿Õ,on
«®¾Õh¢C. A B and D wrong.

03) Answer A. ¹@Á-è

x ðœ¿Õ åX{Õd-ÂË, ¦Ç’à ͌Ÿ-«¿ -’¹-©ª½Õ ÆE sentence ¦µÇ«¢. 'èðœ¿Õ åX{Õd-ÂËÑ Æ¯ä¢-Ÿ¿Õ¹×, Put on Æ¢šÇ¢ ÂæšËd D
wrong. 'åX{Õd-¹ע˜äÑ Æ¯ä ƪ½n¢ ªÃ„Ã-©¢˜ä... if you have your glasses on, ƯÃL. Æ©Ç 'on' ©äŸ¿Õ ÂæšË,d B wrong. Are having Æ¢˜ä
AÊ-{¢/-ÅÃ-’¹{¢ Ưä ƪ½n¢ «®¾Õh¢C. ÂæšËd C wrong.
04) Answer D. “XA¾ September©ð ƒÂ¹ˆœ¿ ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ «ªÃ¥©Õ X¾œ-Å¿ Ã-§ŒÕE ƪ½n¢. Regular action ÂæšË,d rains Ưä Æ¢šÇ¢ (Present
simple tense) ÂæšË,d B and A wrong. Rains (RainÂ¹× plural form) „Ãœ¿¢. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-¹E C wrong.

05) B is the answer. In case = if = ƪáÅä. In case, if 骢šËÂÌ

ƪ½n¢ ŠÂ¹˜.ä Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-¹E 骢šËF X¾Â¹ˆ-X-¾ ¹ˆ¯ä „Ãœ¿¢. If ƯÃo „Ãœ¿Åâ,
incase ƪá¯Ã „Ãœ¿Åâ. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-«©x A and C wrong. If ƯÃo suppose ƯÃo Â¹ØœÄ ŠÂ¹˜.ä ÂæšËd OšË 骢šËF ¹LXÏ „Ãœ¿¢. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-«©x
D wrong.

06) Answer E. Throughout = X¾ÜJh’à „ç៿-šËo¢* *«J «ª½Â¹Ø. NÕ’¹Åà «Ö{-©Oä ®¾J-¤ò-N-¹ˆœ¿.
07) Answer B. Architect = Building Designer - „î¾Õh-PLp. Original= ÅŒÊ ²ñ¢ÅŒ-Ÿ-¯çj Ã/-ƒ-Å-ªŒ ½Õ© ÆÊÕ-¹-ªº½ (invitation) ÂÃF. ¨
„î¾Õh-PLp ÅŒÊ ²ñ¢ÅŒ, NÊÖÅŒo (novel) ‚¹%-ÅŒÕ-©Â¹× “X¾®CÏ ĺ ÆE ¦µÇ«¢.
08) Answer C = Reverse = ¨ ®¾¢Ÿ¿-ª½s´¢©ð „çÊÂˈ «Õ@Á-{x ¢/-Xܾ -Jh’à «Öª½Õa-Âî{¢. stand = „çÈ
j J. Sentence ƪ½n¢Ð §ŒÖ•-«ÖÊu¢ ÅŒÊ

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„çÈj -JE ¦©-«¢-ÅÃÊ «Öª½Õa-Âî-«-©®Ï «*a¢C.

09) Answer D= æXª½Õ ¤ñ¢ŸÄœ¿Õ. Åç©Õ’¹Õ Åçª-O½ ÕŸ¿ ’íX¾p Ê{Õ-œ’Ë Ã æXª½Õ ¤ñ¢ŸÄœ¿Õ ÆE sentence ƪ½n¢.

10) Answer A= P¹~ÊÕ ÅŒT_¢-Í{Œ ¢. F= (ÍŒ{d¢ ©Ç¢šË-„Ã-šEË ) ª½Ÿ¿Õl Í䧌Õ{¢. G = Insist = X¾{Õd-¦-{{d ¢.
Ð ‡¢. ®¾Õêª-¬Á¯þ
KEY:
01 B 02 C 03 A 04 D 05 B 06 E 07 B 08 C 09 D 10 A

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