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Procedia Engineering
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Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000000 Procedia Engineering 29 (2012) 861 865

2012 International Workshop on Information and Electronics Engineering (IWIEE)

The FPGA Implementation of Color Gamut Conversion in Laser Display

Bailin Na**, Yingying Wu,Weisheng Wang
School of Information Science and Technology, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China

Abstract Because of the lasers larger colour gamut, the images played by the laser display will be more vivid and more colourful, but the most standard signals are coding by the formats which have small gamut, so sometimes the images displayed by the laser may have the phenomenon of colour deviation and colour confusion. The paper proposes a system to solve the problem, and implement the system on FPGA platform.

2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Harbin University of Science and Technology.
Keyword: LCH, Tetrahedral interpolation, Gamut mapping, LLIN, FPGA, chromaticity coordinate

1. Introduction Now the Laser display technology arouses widespread interests as a new generation of display technology, because of its large gamut display which can be watched by human eyes, colour saturation, the larger display size and flexible variable, and free of harmful electromagnetic radiation, etc. In recent years, people pay more attentions on the Laser display technology, as that the sizes of the solid-state lasers become smaller and the power of the solid-state lasers become more powerful. The colours of red, green and blue solid state laser (DPL) are used as the primary colours in Solid-state laser video display technology. As the formats which are used for the TV signal are different, the coding and the chromaticity coordinates of the three primary colors are different too. No matter which format is chosen, after decoding, the intensity modulation signal of the three colors RGB could be gotten. But the chromaticity

* Corresponding author. smartfour@126.com

1877-7058 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.055

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coordinates are different between the laser and the others, the color reproduction ranges are also different. So the images reproduced by laser will have the phenomenon of color deviation and color confusion. Therefore, to achieve the images reproduced by laser correctly, the color conversion formula must be established from the existing standard measure of RGB to the Laser measure of RGB. Then depth image can be established. Wavelet analysis algorithms are generally complex and difficult to implement in FPGA. This paper proposes a new method to implement wavelet analysis on images real-time in FPGA for the depth images. 2. Color space conversion Color space conversion is used to solve the problem that the chromaticity coordinate system of the device is different with each other, so in order to achieve that, an intermediate color space should be needed to link different devices. A uniform color space is chose as the standard space. The color space requires a large enough color gamut so when the conversions are making, there are no data lost. The color space should also be device-independent space.

Fig.1 The color gamut of different formats. The largest green triangle is the color gamut of LASER.

This paper uses the LCH color space as the conversional space, the intermediate color space. The LCH color space is color-opponent space with dimension L for lightness and C for color saturation and H for color hue, based on nonlinearly compressed CIE XYZ color space coordinates. Color space conversion processing from RGB to LCH involves three steps: (1) RGB to XYZ; (2) XYZ to Lab ;( 3) Lab to LCH. Conversion Formula:

Cr xr xg xb xn / yn While, (1) Y =Cr yr R + Cg y g G + Cb yb B Cg = yr y g yb 1 C z z z Z =Cr zr R + Cg z g G + Cb zb B b r g b z n / yn xr yr zr CC C are matching component factors of RGB, are chromaticity coordinates of R (The Among, laser), x y z are chromaticity coordinates of G, and xb yb zb are chromaticity coordinates of B.
r g b

X =Cr xr R + Cg xg G + Cb xb B

g g

L* 116(Y / Y0 )1/3 16 = * 1/3 1/3 = a 500[( X / X 0 ) (Y / Y0 ) ] * 1/3 1/3 = b 200[(Y / Y0 ) ( Z / Z 0 ) ]

(2)

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L* 116(Y / Y0 )1/3 16 = * * 2 * 2 1/2 = C [(a ) + (b ) ] * * * = H (180 / ) arctan((b ) / (a ))

(3)

While, Y / Y0 > 0.01 The first step, the conversion from RGB space to XYZ space requires a 3*3 matrix, such as Formula (1) figures, this step need linear operations, so it can be implemented in hardware easily. But the second and third steps are both nonlinear operation, they cant be implemented in real-time. This paper proposed a new method building a lookup table to simplify the process from XYZ to LAB to LCH. The method can reduce computational complexity while increasing processing speed. 3. Tetrahedral interpolation Tetrahedron is the smallest of the three-dimensional can not be divided; if one pixel point falls inside a tetrahedron, you can use the four vertices of the tetrahedron correspond the value of the pixel point.

Fig.2. The different type of the tetrahedral interpolation. (a) is the tradition type, and (b) is the innovative type.

The four vertices of the tetrahedron are the P1, P2, P3, P4, and the volume is V. When the interpolation point P falls inside the tetrahedron, P point and the four vertices compose the other four subtetrahedrons. The volume of each sub-tetrahedron is Vi. 4 (4) F( p) = F ( p ) *(V / V )

i =1

In this method, only the four vertices are used for interpolation. The reductions of interpolation points make the computational complexity reduction. Only 4 multiplications and 3 additions are needed. The key of Tetrahedral interpolation is that how to decide the four vertices, to make the chromatism ECH as small as possible.

E CH = ( L) 2 + ( C ) 2 + (H) 2

(5)

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The first step is that the sampling points should be set up. This paper take the high-three of every rgb component as MSB (most significant bits), low-five as the LSB (least significant bits).So there are 32 gray-levels between every sampling points.Fig2.(b) is the map of Sampling Points. The polyhedron illustrated by Fig2.(b) indicates 7 sampling points, one in middle and the other six in vertex. To make the interpolation, which area the P in should be estimated by using Formula (6) firstly, and then the P1, P2, P3, P4 could be gotten. There are 8 tetrahedral in the polyhedron.
l * a Pr l * a + l / 2 or l * a l / 2 < Pr < l * a l * b Pg l * b + l / 2 or l * b l / 2 < Pg < l * b l * c Pb l * c + l / 2 or l * c l / 2 < Pb < l * c
TABLE 1 shows the contrast of Tetrahedral and Cubic Interpolation E Tetrahedral interpolation Cubic interpolation Test One 3.352 3.739 Test Two 6.159 6.930 Test Three 1.314 1.305 Test Four 0.276 0.289

(6)

4. Gamut Mapping Because that the color gamut of laser is much bigger than the others, so the gamut mapping from laser to the others is a process of compression. In this paper, the compression algorithm is used in sequence by two steps: brightness matching first and then saturation matching. Linear chromic compression algorithm, LLIN, the implementation steps as following:
( Lr (max) Lr (min) ) L r =Lr (max) ( Lo (max) Lo ) * ( L o (max) Lo (min) ) Cgral C = CSo C ; Cgoal > Cgral goal Sr C ; C goal Cgral So

(7) The process of mapping is implemented under the conditions that the Hs of the original colour gamut and the aim colour gamut are equal. In the case of different H, the Lr (max) , Lr (min) , Lo (max) , Lo(min) are also different.

Fig.3 the solid triangle figures the original color gamut; the dashed triangle figures the aim color gamut. The arrow figures the process of compression.

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5. Resulted Conclusion The framework of the hardware structure is divided into three. The first part, RGB-to-LCH conversion; The second part, LCH space gamut mapping; The third part, LCH-to-RGB conversion;

Fig.4. The block diagram is designed by the software Quartus II

Fig.5. the simulation results.

References
[1] Han, Dongil, Real-Time Colour Gamut Mapping Method for Digital TV Display Quality Enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, v 50, n 2, p 691-699, May 2004 [2 Kasson, James M.; Nin, Sigfredo I.; Plouffe, Wil; Hafner, James L. Tetrahedral interpolation technique for color space conversion Journal of Electronic Imaging, v 4, n 3, p 226-250, July 1995 [3]Kasson, James M.; Nin, Sigfredo I.; Plouffe, Wil; Hafner, James L. Performing color space conversions with threedimensional linear interpolation Journal of Electronic Imaging, v 4, n 3, p 226-250, July 1995 [4] Montag, Ethan D. Fairchild, Mark D. Gamut Mapping: Evaluation of Chroma Clipping Techniques for Three Destination Gamut, Final Program and Proceedings - IS and T/SID Color Imaging Conference , p 57-61, 1998 [5] Ito, Masahiko; Katoh, NaoyaThree-dimensional gamut mapping using various color difference formulae and color spaces Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 3648, p 83-95, 1999 [6] Park, Kee-Hyon Lee, Myong-Young; Cho, Yang-Ho; Ha, Yeong-Ho RGB look-up table design for color matching between monitor and mobile display , Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v 5603, p 291-301, 2004, Machine Vision and its Optomechatronic Applications