C6 Thuat Toan Nhanh Va Can

Bi Th Tm VI.
1 Quy hoch ri rc

Chng 6
THUT TON NHNH CN
1. T TNG CA THUT TON NHNH CN
1.1. Trong cc phng php gii bi ton qui hoch nguyn, phng php nhnh
cn l mt trong cc phng php c hiu qu. Phng php nhnh cn c Land A.H
v Doig A.G xy dng nm 1960 gii bi ton qui hoch nguyn (trnh by Tit 2), n
1963 c Little J.D, Murty K.G, Sweeney D.W v Karen C s dng thnh cng gii
bi ton ngi du lch (trnh by trong Tit 3). Nm 1979 Gio s Hong Ty ng
dng thnh cng phng php ny vo gii bi ton qui hoch lm. y l thut ton
ng dng rng ri gii cc bi ton ti u kh.
Xt bi ton qui hoch ri rc
( ) min , Z f X = (1)
X G ( G l tp hu hn ) (2)
1.2. T tng ca phng php nhnh cn gm cc php xy dng sau cho php
gim bt khi lng la chn.
1. Tnh cn di. Tm cn di ca hm mc tiu ( ) f x trn tp cc phng n
G (hoc trn tp con G no ca G ) tc l s ( ) G hay ( ) G sao cho:
( ) ( ) f x G vi x G ( hay ( ) ( ) f x G vi x G ).
2. Chia thnh cc tp con (r nhnh ). Chia dn dn tp phng n G thnh
cy cc tp con (cc nhnh). Vic chia nhnh thc hin theo s nhiu bc sau:
Bc 0. t
0
G G . Bng mt cch no
0
G c chia thnh mt s hu
hn cc tp con ( thng l khng giao nhau)
1
1 1 1
1 2
, ,....,
r
G G G .
Bc 1 k . C tp
1 2
, ,....,
k
k k k
r
G G G cn chia nhnh. Ta chn tp
( )
k
k
G
theo mt
qui tc no v chia thnh mt s hu hn cc tp con :
( ) ( ) ( ) ,1 ,2 , ( )
, ,....,
k k k
k k k s k
G G G

,
gm c ( ) s k tp. Khi , tp cn chia nhnh tip theo l

1 2 1 1
, ,...., , ,...,
k k k
k k k k k
r
G G G G G
+
,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,1 ,2 ,
, ,....,
k k k
k k k s k
G G G

Ta nh s li l
1
1 1 1
1 2
, ,....,
k
k k k
r
G G G
+
+ + +
.
3. Tnh li nh gi
Nu tp
1 2
G G th ( ) ( )
1 2
min min
X G X G
f X f X

.
V vy khi chia tp G thnh
1 2
, ,....,
s
G G G sao cho
1
'
s
i
i
G G
=
=
th cn ca bt
k tp
i
G u c ( ) ( ) ( ) , 1,..,
i
G G i s = . Trong cc tnh hung c th ta thng
nhn c cc nh gi tt , tc l i vi mt i no ( ) ( ).
i
G G
Bi Th Tm VI.2 Quy hoch ri rc

4. Tnh phng n
i vi cc bi ton c th c th ch ra cc phng php khc nhau tm ra cc
phng n trong cc tp con c chia lin tip. Phng php ny da trn c th ca
mi bi ton c th. Nh phng n mi tm c mi bc ta c th ci tin cn trn
(ban u gn cho cn trn gi tr l +) bng cch gn cho cn trn gi tr hm mc
tiu tt nht ti thi im .
5. Tiu chun ti u. Gi s
1
s
i
i
G G
=
=
v phng n X G
tha mn iu
kin:
( )
( ) ( ), 1,..,
i
f X G G i s
= = th X l phng n ti u ca bi ton
(1)-(2). Qui tc ny c ng dng giai on chia nhnh .
6. nh gi chnh xc ca li gii xp x. Gi s
( )
1,..,
1
, min
s
i i
i s
i
G G G
=
=
= =
.
Nu X l mt phng n ca bi ton xut pht th ( )
( )
min
x G
f X f X
. Nu
( )
f X nh th X c th ly lm li gii xp x vi nh gi xp x l
( )
f X = .
1.3. Lc tng qut ca phng php nhnh cn. Chia tp phng n
G thnh cy tp con.
Bc 0. Tnh ( )
( )
0
G G = . Nu tm c phng n X sao cho
( )
( ) f X G = th X l phng n ti u. Ngc li, chia
0
G =
1
1 1 1
1 2
....
r
G G G ,
tc l chia thnh cc tp con (thng l khng giao nhau).
Bc 1 k . Tnh cc nh gi
( )
, 1,..,
k
i k
G i r = . Nu tm c phng n X ,
k
r
X G sao cho
( ) ( ) ( )
,
k k
r i
f X G G = vi 1, 2,..,
k
i r = , th X l phng n
ti u, qu trnh kt thc. Ngc li, chn
( )
k
k
G
chia, theo tiu chun

( )
( ) ( )
1,..,
min
k
k k
i k
i r
G G

=
= . Ta chia tp
( )
k
k
G
thnh mt s tp con

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,1 ,2 ,
....
k k k k
k k k k s k
G G G G

= .
Tp cn chia tip theo l

1 2 1 1
, ,...., , ,...,
k k k
k k k k k
r
G G G G G
+
,
( ) ( ) ( ) ,1 ,2 ,
, ,....,
k
k k k
k k k s
G G G

Sau ta nh s li l
1
1 1 1
1 2
, ,....,
k
k k k
r
G G G
+
+ + +
v sang bc k+1.


2. PHNG PHP LAND V DOIG GII BI TON QUI HOCH
NGUYN
2.1. Xt bi ton qui hoch nguyn tuyn tnh sau:
( )
1
min
n
j j
j
Z f X c x
=
= =
(3)
vi cc iu kin rng buc

ij
j=1
, 1,..,
n
j i i
a x R b i m =
(quan h th t { } , ,
i
R = ) (4)
0 , 1,.., .
j j
x d j n = (5)

j
x nguyn
1
1,.., j n =
1
n n (6)
trong
j
d l cn trn ca bin
j
x (c th
j
d = +). Gi thit tp tt c cc im x
tha mn (4)-(5) l b chn.
Nu
1
n n = , ta c bi ton qui hoch nguyn hon ton, cn nu
1
n n < th c bi
ton qui hoch nguyn b phn. Ngoi ra, bi ton tm max c th qui v bi ton tm
min bng cch i du hm mc tiu. C nhiu phng php gii bi ton qui hoch
nguyn tuyn tnh, trong c phng php nhnh cn. A.H Land v A.G Doig (1960)
l nhng ngi u tin p dng phng php nhnh cn gii bi ton qui hoch
tuyn tnh nguyn.
2.2. Ni dung phng php
1. Cho tp
0
G G xc nh bi (4) - (6).
2. Cho cc tp
( )
k
k
G
, 1,.., ,
k
r = v 1, 2,.... k = . xc nh bi (4),(6) v rng buc
b sung:
, 1,..,
j j j
k k
h x d j n

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
. (7)
3. Tnh cn. i vi
0
G c lng ( )
( )
0
0
G f X = vi
0
X l li gii ca bi
ton qui hoch tuyn tnh (3)-(5).
i vi
k
G
th
( )
k
k
G f X
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
, trong
k
X
| |
|
\ .
l li gii ca bi ton qui
hoch tuyn tnh (3),(4) v (7).
Nu
( )
k
G
= th
( )
k
G
= + .
4. Tnh phng n. Nu
0
X tha mn iu kin nguyn (6), th
0
X l nghim
ti u ca bi ton ban u, thut ton dng.

Nu
k
X
| |
|
\ .
tha mn iu kin nguyn (6) th n l phng n ti u ca bi ton
(3), (4), (7), (6) v n cng l mt phng n ca bi ton ban u. Ly
k
X
| |
|
\ .
ci
tin cn trn.
5. Chia nhnh. Cn chia nhnh khi
( )
k
X
k
| |
|
\ .
khng tha mn iu kin nguyn
(6). Gi s
( )
1
,1
r
k
x r n
k
| |

|
\ .
l mt thnh phn khng nguyn ca phng n ny,
khi tp hp
( )
k
k
G
chia thnh hai tp hp

( ) ( ) ( ) ,1 ,2
k k k
k k k
G G G

= , trong

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
,1
,2
| ,
| , 1
k k
r r k k
k k
r r k k
k
G X X G x x
k
k
G X X G x x
k

( | |

=
( | `
( \ . )
( | |

= +
( | `
( \ . )

Ch rng nu tt c
j
c trong (3) l nguyn vi
1
j n v
1
0
j
c khi j n = th
cn di
( )
k
G
c th dng nh gi mnh hn
( ) ( )
k k
G f X

(
=

, y k hiu
| |
f l s nguyn nh nht m ln hn hay bng f .
2.3. Gii v d bng s
Xt bi ton qui hoch nguyn tuyn tnh sau:
min -x
1
-x
2
(8)
2x
1
+ 11 x
2
38
x
1
+ x
2
7 (9)
4 x
1
- 5x
2
5
x
1
, x
2
0 (10)
x
1
, x
2
nguyn (11)
Bc 0. Gii bi ton (8)-(10), tm c nghim
0
4 5
4 , 2
9 9
X
| |
=
|
\ .
. Cn di
( ) ( )
| |
0 0
7 7 G f X
(
= = =

. Phng n
0
X khng tha mn iu kin nguyn
(11). Chng ta chia
0
G thnh hai tp hp
0 1 1
1 2
G G G = , trong

{ }
{ }
1 0
1 1
1 0
2 1
| , 4
| , 5
G X X G x
G X X G x
=
=


Bc 1. Gii hai bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh: cc tiu (8) trn hai tp hp
1
1
G
v
1
2
G . Trong bi ton u tin cc tiu trn min
1
1
G t ti im
8
4, 2
11
| |
|
\ .
, do
( )
1
1
8
6 6
11
G
(
= =
(

. Tp
1
2
G l trng nn
( )
1
2
G = +.
Chn
1
1
G chia nhnh ta c:

{ }
{ }
1 1 2
1,1 1 2 1
1 1 2
1,2 1 2 2
| , 2
| , 3
G X X G x G
G X X G x G
=
=

1 2
2 3
G G = =
Bc 2. Gii cc bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh:
1) Tm cc tiu (8) trn
2
1
G c
( )
2
1
2
3 3
3 , 2 5 5
1 4 4
X G
| |
| | (
= = =
| |
(
\ .
\ .

2
2
G c
( )
2
2
2
1 1
2 , 3 5 5
2 2 2
X G
| |
| | (
= = =
| |
(
\ .
\ .

3)
1 2
2 3
G G = = ,
( )
2
3
G = +
Chn
2
1
G chia nhnh :

{ }
{ }
2 2 3
1,1 1 1 1
2 2 3
1,2 1 1 2
| , 3
| , 4
G X X G x G
G X X G x G
=
=

nh s li
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1,1 1 1,2 2 2 3 3 4
, , , G G G G G G G G =
Bc 3. Gii cc bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh:
3
1
G c ( )
( )
| |
3
1
3
3, 2 5 5
1
X G
| |
= = =
|
\ .

2)
3
2
G =
( )
3
2
G = +
3
3
G c

( )
3
3
3 2
1 1
2 , 3 5 5
3 2 2 2
X X G
| | | |
| | (
= = = =
| | |
(
\ .
\ . \ .

4)
3 2
4 3
G G = =
( )
3
4
G = +

Phng n ( )
3
3, 2
1
X X
| |
= =
|
\ .
tha mn iu kn nguyn (11). ng thi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
{ }
( )
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4
min , , , min 5, , 5, 5 G G G G f X = = = .
Vy phng n ti u ca bi ton ban u l ( ) 3, 2 X = .
Ta c cy phn nhnh sau:

3. PHNG PHP NHNH CN GII BI TON NGI DU
LCH
3.1. Pht biu bi ton. C n thnh ph, nh s t 1 n n . Xut pht t mt
trong n thnh ph ny, chng hn thnh ph 1, mt ngi du lch mun ti thm n -1
thnh ph cn li, mi thnh ph ng mt ln, ri tr v thnh ph xut pht. Cho bit
ij
c l chi ph (hoc l khong cch) i t thnh ph i n thnh ph j . Gi thit
0, ,
ij ii
c i j c > = , vi mi i ( c th
ij ji
c c ). Hy tm hnh trnh vi tng chi
ph nh nht?
K hiu ma trn
, 1,....,
ij
i j n
C c
=
= , 1
ij
x = hoc 0 ty thuc ngi du lch c i t
thnh ph i ti thnh j hay khng. Khi bi ton ngi du lch c th vit di dng:
1
1
6
G
=

0
7
G
=

1 2 3
2 3 4
G G G

= +

1 2
1,1 1
5
G G

=

1 2 3
1,2 2 3
5
G G G

=

2 3
1,1 1
5
G G

=

2 3
1,2 2
G G
= =
= +


1 1
min
ij ij
n n
i j
c x
= =
(12)
{ }
ij
1
ij
1
ij
ij
1, 1, 2,..., (13)
1, 1, 2,..., (14)
0;1 , , 1, 2,..., (15)
1, 2 i j n (16)
n
j
m
i
i j
x i n
x j n
x i j n
u u nx n
=
=
= =
= =
=
+

trong
i
u nhn gi tr nguyn hay thc.
3.2. Thut ton nhnh cn
Tp tt c cc phng n ca bi ton (tp
0
S )s c chia nh dn thnh nhiu
tp con ri nhau, mi tp con bao gm nhng phng n i qua v khng i qua mt s
cp thnh ph nht nh s c n nh dn trong qu trnh gii bi ton. Mi tp con
ny c gn vi mt s thc khng m (cch tm s ny xem phn tip theo), biu
th cn di ca chi ph i vi mi phng n thuc tp ny. Tp con
k
S c cn di
nh nht s c nhiu kh nng cha phng n ti u, v th tp
k
S s c chn
chia nh tip (phn nhnh). Khi phn nhnh
1 2 k k k
S S S = sao cho mt tp
2 k
S bt
buc i qua thm mt cp thnh ph
rs
x no (cch chn xem phn tip theo), mt
tp
1 k
S khng c i qua cp thnh ph
rs
x . Khi mt tp con no ch gm mt
phng n duy nht th ta s tnh c chi ph C ca phng n ny v nh c th
ci tin c phng n tt nht hin bit, gi tr hm mc tiu ca bi ton ng vi
phng n tt nht hin bit gi l gi tr k lc. Tp con no c cn di ln hn hay
bng gi tr k lc s b loi (khng cn xem xt tip na), v chc chn tp ny khng
cha phng n no tt hn phng n tt nht hin bit. Qu trnh gii kt thc khi
khng cn tp con no cn xem xt tip. Khi , phng n tt nht hin bit s l
phng n ti u ca bi ton. Tnh hu hn ca thut ton c suy ra t tnh hu hn
ca tp
0
S .
Th tc tnh cn
B . Phng n ti u * x vn cn l ti u nu ma trn chi ph C c thay
bi ma trn C vi
, ( , 1, 2,.., )
ij ij i j
c c i j n = = (17)
trong ,
i j
l cc s thc bt k.
Chng minh. Xt mt phng n bt k x ca bi ton. Do * x l phng n
ti u nn

*
ij ij
1 1 1 1
n n n n
ij ij
i j i j
c x c x
= = = =

T cc h thc (12) v (17) ta c:

( )
* * *
ij ij ij
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ij ij
1 1 1 1 1 1
n n n n n n n n
ij i j ij ij i j
i j i j i j i j
n n n n n n
ij i j ij
i j i i i j
c x c x c x
c x c x

= = = = = = = =
= = = = = =
= =
=

iu ny chng t * x vn cn l phng n ti u.
Cc s ,
i j
cn c chn sao cho
ij
0, , c i j v trn mi hng, mi ct
ca ma trn C c t nht mt s 0. Chng hn c th chn
i
l s nh nht trong hng
i ca C v
j
l s nh nht trong ct j ca ma trn thu c t C bng cch tr cc
phn t trn hng i cho
i
, tr cc phn t trn ct j cho
j
.
Php ton (17) c gi l php rt gn ma trn hay th tc rt gn v hng s
1 1
n n
i j
i i

= =
= +

c gi l hng s rt gn v chnh l mt cn di cho gi tr
hm mc tiu ca bi ton, v mi phng n ca ngi du lch s cha ng mt phn
t ca mi hng v ng mt phn t ca mi ct trong ma trn chi ph .
Tng t, nu tp con cc phng n, k hiu l
p
S thu c t tp ban u
0
S
bng cch c nh mt s bin
ij
x gi tr 1 hay 0 (ngha l cho php i qua hay cm
khng c i qua mt s cp thnh ph no ) th tnh cn di cho
p
S ta ch vic
tin hnh th tc rt gn trn ma trn tng ng vi
p
S .
Th tc phn nhnh
Gi s ta cn phn nhnh tp
0 p
S S . Cch hay dng l phn chia tp ny thnh
hai tp con ri nhau ,
p p
S S vi

{ }
{ }
| , 0 ,
| , 1
p p rs
p p rs
S x x S x
S x x S x
= =
= =
.
trong ,
rs
x l bin cha c nh gi tr 0 hay 1 trong tp
p
S .
Cp ( ) , r s dng phn nhnh c chn sao cho tp
p
S c nhiu kh nng
cha phng n ti u, cn tp
p
S th khng. Ni cch khc, ( ) , r s c chn sao cho
hiu s cc cn di ca
p
S v
p
S l ln nht c th c.
gii quyt vn ny, ta ch cn xt tp cc phng n ban u
0
S , v mi bi
ton con nhn c v sau c cng cu trc nh i vi bi ton ban u. Gi s ma
trn chi ph C c rt gn , ngha l 0, ,
ij
c i j v trn mi hng , mi ct ca
C c t nht mt s 0. Tp
0
S c chia thnh hai tp ri nhau
1
S v
2
S vi

{ }
{ }
1 0
2 0
| , 0 ,
| , 1
rs
rs
S x x S x
S x x S x
= =
= =

Trong tp
2
S cu trc bi ton khng thay i, tr ra hng r v ct s b loi, bi
v i t r n s th khng th i t r n bt c ni no khc, v cng khng c
php i t bt c u vo s . Cc hng v ct cn li ch cha cc phn t khng m, v
th ng vi
2
S mt cn di i vi gi tr hm mc tiu tng thm l ( )
2 rs
S c = .
Trong tp
1
S do c nh 0
rs
x = nn t cc iu kin (14), (15) suy ra phi c mt
( ) 1
rj
x j s = v mt ( ) 1
is
x i r = . V th ( )
1
min min
rj is
j s i r
S c c

= + l mt cn di
i vi gi tr mc tiu tng thm. Ta s chn bin
rs
x sao cho hiu gia cc cn di
ny l ln nht, ngha l t
( ) ( ) { }
1 2
( , )
max
r s
S S (18)
Nu 0
rs
c > th ( )
1
0 S = (do trn hng r v ct s ca C u cha s 0),
cn ( )
2
0
rs
S c = > , t ( ) ( )
1 2
0 S S < . V th c (18) ta ch cn xt cc cp
( ) , r s vi 0.
rs
c = Trong trng hp ny ( )
2
0 S = v ( )
1
0 S .
iu ny c ngha l thay cho (18) ta c th chn bin
rs
x phn nhnh theo
qui tc
( ) ( )
0
, max , min min
pq
pj iq
j q i p c
r s p q c c
=

= = +
`
)
.
Lp lun trn y cng ng c khi cc tp phng n
i
S v sau c chia thnh
cc tp
1
,
r r
S S
+
, nhng thay cho mc tng ca cc cn di ( )
2
S v ( )
1
S ta xt mc
tng ca cc cn di ( )
r
S v ( )
1 r
S
+
tng ng.
Ngn cm to cc chu trnh con
Nu tp c xt khng phi l
0
S m l

{ }
1 1 2 2
0 1 2
| , , ,.....,
k k
p i j i j i j k
S x x S x x x = = = = ,
th qui tc chn bin phn nhnh v c bn vn nh trc, tuy nhin cn tin hnh
mt s thay i . Trc ht, l vic thc hin cc la chn bt buc. Chng hn, nu
0, 1,.., 1, 1,..,
uj
x j v v n = = + th tt nhin phi c 1
uv
x = . Cng lm vy i vi cc
ct .
Mt s loi la chn bt buc khc: khi c nh 1
rs
x = th phi c 0
sr
x =
bng cch t
sr
c = . Hn na, nu ng i di nht trong
p
S cha cnh ( ) , r s gm
t nht 2 v nhiu nht 2 n cnh

( )
1 2 1 1
... ... 1
1 3
u u v v
i i i r rs si i i
x x x x x
v n
+
= = = = = = =


(khng c cnh no c dng
1
1
ki
x = hay 1
v
i j
x = ), th ngn cm to chu trnh con
dng ( )
1 2 1
, ,...., , , ,
u
i i i r s i ta t
1
si
c = , cn ngn cm to chu trnh con dng
( )
1 2
, , , ,...., ,
u u v
r s i i i r
+ +
ta t
v
i r
c = . Hn na, ta cn c
1
0
v
i i
x = bng cch t
1 v
i i
c = .

tm
1
i ta c th i ngc t r v tm
v
i ta c th i xui t s theo danh
sch cc bin c nh gi tr 1 trong tp
p
S .
mi bc lp, trc khi tnh cc cn di cho cc tp mi, cn thc hin nhng
la chn bt buc nu trn. C nh vy mi thu c nhng cn di chnh xc v
trnh c nhng phn nhnh v ch.
3.3. Gii v d bng s
Gii bi ton ngi du lch vi ma trn chi ph ( khng i xng ) nh sau(n=6)

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3 93 13 33 9
2 4 77 42 21 16
3 47 17 36 16 28
4 39 90 80 56 7
5 28 46 88 33 25
6 3 88 18 46 92

Bc lp 0. Tp u tin
0
S l tp hp tt c cc hnh trnh c th. V ban u
cha bit mt phng n no nn cn trn = + .
Tnh cn di cho
0
S . T ma trn (19) tr mi phn t ca cc hng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 cho s nh nht trn hng tng ng l 3, 4, 16, 7, 25, 3 ta c mt ma trn mi.
Tip theo, tr mi phn t ca cc ct 3, 4 ca ma trn mi cho s nh nht trn ct
tng ng l 15, 8 ta c ma trn rt gn (20) (cha k cc s m trn cc phn t
bng 0).
y
y y
y
y
i1
i2
r s
i3
i4
(19)

3
12
18
32
2 0
0 48
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 75 2 30 6
1
0 58 30 17 12
2
3 31 1 12 0 12
4
32 83 58 49 0
5
3 21 48 0 0
6
0 85 0 35 89

Tng cc hng s rt gn l 3 + 4 + 16 + 7 + 25 + 3 + 15 + 8 = 81. V vy, cn
di cho tt c cc hnh trnh thuc tp
0
S l 81. iu ny c ngha l khng th tm
c hnh trnh c tng chi ph nh hn 81.
Bc lp 1. V cc tp cn xt ch c
0
S nn ta chn
0
S phn nhnh.
Chn cung phn nhnh. Vi mi s 0 trong ma trn (20) ta tnh s
( ) , min min
pj iq
j q i p
p q c c

= + v ghi pha trn bn phi ca s 0, chng hn
( ) ( ) 2,1 12, 6, 3 48,.... = = Ta thy s 0 (6,3) c s m ln nht, ngha l
( ) ( )
0
6, 3 max ,
pq
c
p q
=
= . V th ta chn cp (6,3) phn nhnh. Khi , tp tt c cc
hnh trnh c phn thnh hai tp con: tp
1
S gm cc hnh trnh cha cnh (6,3), tp
2
S gm cc hnh trnh khng cha cnh (6,3).
Tnh cn cho tp
2
S khng cha cnh (6,3). V cnh (6,3) khng c mt trong
hnh trnh, nn ta c th cm vic i theo cnh ny bng cch t
63
c = ma trn
(20), tip theo tr ct th 3 cho 48. Kt qu ta nhn c cn di cho tp
2
S l:
2
( ) S
= 81 + 48 = 129 v ma trn tng ng vi tp ny l

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 27 2 30 6
2 0 10 30 17 12
3 31 1 12 0 12
4 32 83 10 49 0
5 3 21 0 0 0
6 0 85 35 89

Tnh cn cho tp
1
S cha cnh (6,3). Ta phi loi hng 6 ct 3 khi ma trn
(20), bi v i theo cnh (6,3) th khng th i t 6 ti bt c ni no khc v cng
khng c php i t u vo 3. Hn na, i theo cnh (6,3) th khng c i t 3
n 6 na, v vy ta cn cm cnh (3,6) bng cch t
36
c = . T ma trn (20) ta thu
c ma trn tng ng vi tp
1
S (cha k cc s m trn cc s 0)
(20)

3
15
18
32
2 0
1 2 4 5 6
2 30 6 1
0
30 17 12 2
0
31 1 12 3
0
32 83 49 4
0
3 21 5
0 0

Cn di
1
( ) 81. S =
Bc lp 2. Cc tp cn xt tip l
1
S v
2
S vi cn di tng ng l 81 v 129.
Tp
1
S c cn di nh nht s c chn phn nhnh tip.
Chn cung phn nhnh. Vi mi s 0 trong ma trn (21) ta tnh s ( , ) p q .
Ta thy (4, 6) 32 = c gi tr ln nht nn cnh (4, 6) s c chn phn nhnh tip.
Tp
1
S s c phn thnh hai tp: tp
3
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cnh (6,3) v cnh
(4,6), tp
4
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cnh (6,3) v khng i qua cnh (4,6).
Tnh cn di ca tp
4
S . T ma trn (21) sau khi thay 0 v tr (4,6) bi , rt
gn i 32 i vi hng 4 ta c ma trn ng vi tp
4
S

1 2 4 5 6
1 0 2 30 6
2 0 30 17 12
3 31 1 12 0
4 0 51 17
5 3 21 0 0

Cn di ca tp
4
S l
4 1
( ) ( ) 32 S S = + = 81 + 32 = 113.
Tnh cn di ca tp
3
S . T ma trn (21) loi b hng ng vi nh 4 v ct
ng vi nh 6. Cc cnh (6,3) v (4,6) nm trong hnh trnh, cho nn cnh (3,4)
khng th i qua na (nu khng s to thnh chu trnh con). ngn nga vic to ra
chu trnh con , ta gn cho phn t v tr (3,4) gi tr
34
c = v c ma trn (khng
k s m trn cc s 0):

3
20
18
5
1 2 4 5
1 0 2 30
2 0 30 17
3 31 1 0
5 3 21 0

Cn di ca tp
3
S vn l 81.
(21)
(22)

Bc lp 3. Cc tp cn xt l
2
S ,
3
S ,
4
S vi cn di tng ng l 129, 81,
113. Tp
3
S c cn di nh nht s c chn chia nhnh.
Cnh (2,1) s c chn phn nhnh. Tp
3
S c chia thnh hai tp:
- Tp
5
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cung (6,3), (4,6), (2,1)
- Tp
6
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cung (6,3), (4,6) v khng i qua cung (2,1).
Tnh cn di cho tp
6
S . T ma trn (22) thay 0 hng 2 ct 1 bng , tr
hng 2 cho 17, tr ct 1 cho 3 ta c cn di ca
6
S l 81 + 17 + 3 = 101 v ma trn
tng ng (cha c s m trn cc phn t 0):

3
13
1
28 2
1 2 4 5
0 2 30
1
2 13 0
3
28 1 0
5
0 21 0

Tnh cn di cho tp
5
S . T ma trn (22) xo hng 2 ct 1, cm cung (1,2) bng
cch cho
12
c = c ma trn 3 x 3. T ma trn ny tr hng 1 cho 2, tr ct 1 cho 1 ta
c cn di ca
5
S l 81 + 2 + 1 = 84 v ma trn tng ng (cha k cc s m trn
cc s 0):

28
20 28
20
2 4 5
0 28
1
3 0 0
5
20 0

Bc lp 4. Cc tp cn xt l
2
S ,
4
S ,
5
S ,
6
S vi cn di tng ng l 129,
113, 84, 101. Tp
5
S c cn di nh nht s c chn chia nhnh.
5
- Tp
7
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cung (6,3), (4,6), (2,1), (1,4)
- Tp
8
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cung (6,3), (4,6), (2,1) v khng i qua cung
(1,4).
Tnh cn di cho tp
7
S . T ma trn (24) xo dng ng vi nh 1 v ct ng
vi nh 4 c ma trn 2 x 2, trong ma trn ny ta phi cm cung (3,2) khng to
thnh chu trnh bng cch t
32
c = v ta chn cc cung i qua cc nh 2, 1, 4, 6,
(23)
(24)

3. T ma trn ny ta tr ct 1 i s 20 ta c cn di ca tp
7
S l 84 + 20 = 104 v
ma trn tng ng l

2 5
3 0
5 0

Chn hai cung cui cng (3,5) v (5,2) ta c mt hnh trnh ca ngi du lch
l (1,4), (4,6), (6,3), (3,5), (5,2), (2,1) (phng n tt nht hin bit) vi gi tr hm mc
tiu l 13 + 7 + 18 + 16 + 46 + 4 = 104. Do cn trn c thay bi 104 = .
Tnh cn di cho tp
8
S . T ma trn (24) thay 0 dng th nht v ct th 2
bng + v tr dng th nht cho 28 ta c cn di ca tp
8
S l 84 + 28 = 112.
Loi cc tp. V cc cn di
7 8 4 2
( ) 104 , ( ) 112 , ( ) 113 , ( ) 129 S S S S = = = = =
nn cc tp
7 8 4 2
, , , S S S S c th loi khi vic xt v sau, ta ch cn xt tp
6
S .
Bc lp 5. Cc tp cn xt ch cn
6
S .
6
- Tp
9
(2,1)
- Tp
10
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cung (6,3), (4,6) v khng i qua cung (2,1),
(5,1).
Tnh cn di cho tp
10
S . T ma trn (23) thay s 0 hng ng vi nh 5 v
ct ng vi nh 1 bi , tr ct 1 i s 28 ta c cn di ca tp
10
S l 101 + 28 =
129. Cn di ny ln hn cn trn 104 nn tp
10
S b loi khng cn xt v sau.
Tnh cn di cho tp
9
S . T ma trn (23) xo hng ng vi nh 5 v ct ng
vi nh 1, cm cung (1,5) bng cch t
15
c = , ct th 2 tr i s 2 ta c cn di
9
( ) 101 2 103 S = + = v ma trn tng ng (cha k s m trn cc s phn t 0)

1 11
11
1
2 4 5
0 0
1
2 11 0
3
1 0

Bc lp 6. Cc tp cn xt ch cn
9
S .
9
(25)

- Tp
11
S gm cc hnh trnh i qua cung (6,3), (4,6), (5,1), (1,4) v khng i qua
cung (2,1)
- Tp
12
(2,1), (1,4).
Tnh cn di cho tp
11
S . T ma trn (25) xo hng ng vi nh 1 v ct ng
vi nh 4, tr ct th nht cho 1 ta c ma trn c 2 x 2 v
11
( ) 103 1 104 S = + = . Tp
11
S c cn di bng cn trn nn b loi.
Tnh cn di cho tp
12
S . T ma trn (25) thay s 0 dng th 1 ct th 2 bng
v tr ct th 2 i 11 ta c cn di ca
12
S l 103 + 11 = 114. Tp
12
S c cn
di bng cn trn nn b loi.
n y cc tp cn xt l trng nn phng n tm c Bc lp 4 l hnh
trnh ti u. Qu trnh phn nhnh cho trong hnh di.

0
S , 81

1
S , (6,3), 81
2
, (6, 3) S , 129

3
S , (4,6), 81
4
, (4, 6) S , 113

5
S , (2,1), 84
6
, (2,1) S , 101

7
S , (1,4), 104
8
, (1, 4) S , 112
9
S , (5,1), 103
10
, (5,1) S , 129

11
S , (1,4), 104
12
, (1, 4) S , 114


BI TP
Bi 1. Tm phng n ti u cho bi ton ngi du lch vi ma trn chi ph

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 27 43 16 30 26
2 7 16 1 30 25
3 20 13 35 5 0
4 21 16 25 18 18
5 12 46 27 48 5
6 23 5 5 9 5

p s: hnh trnh ti u l 1 4 3 5 6 2 1, tr ti u l 63

Bi 2. Tm phng n ti u cho bi ton ngi du lch vi ma trn chi ph

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 31 15 23 10 17
2 16 24 7 12 12
3 34 3 25 54 25
4 15 20 33 50 40
5 16 10 32 3 23
6 18 20 13 28 21

p s: hnh trnh ti u l 1 6 3 2 5 4 1, tr ti u l 63

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Bi Th Tm VI.

chia, theo tiu chun

chia thnh hai tp hp

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