1 N C u

n c u lo 1 m

C u 1 1: Hy trn b y cc k n m v p n t n, a p n t n, cc k u d l u a p n t n v cc p n lo a.Phng tin : Phng tin (media): L cc loi thng tin hoc cc loi biu din thng tin: D liu k t vn bn nh tnh Video m thanh Nhiu cch phn loi phng tin: Da trn format vt l Da trn mi quan h phng tin vi thi gian + Phng tin tnh (static media): Khng c chiu thi gian: Ni dung v ngha ca phng tin khng ph thuc thi gian + Phng tin ng (dynamic media): C chiu thi gian: Ni dung, ngha v chnh xc ph thuc v tc phng tin c hin th b.a phng tin (multimedia): L mt tp cc loi phng tin c dng vi nhau c.D liu a phng tin: L cc biu din c th c c bi my tnh ca cc loi phng tin D liu multimedia c chia thnh hai lp l cc d liu lin tc v cc d liu khng lin tc. Cc d liu lin tc bao gm cc d liu m thanh, video thay i theo thi gian. Cc d liu khng lin tc l cc d liu khng phc thuc vo thi gian, cc loi d liu c trng cho dng ny l cc d liu vn bn (c hoc khng c nh dng), hnh nh tnh v cc i tng ha. C u 1 2: Hy trn b y cc c trn ca d l u a p n t n - Cc c tnh chnh ca d liu PT gm c: + Dung lng ln (video, audio) + D liu video v audio c chiu thi gian nn phi c trnh by tc xc nh + D liu s audio, images, video c biu din bng chui cc gi tr mu ring bit, thiu cu trc ng ngha my tnh c th t ng nhn dng ni dung. + Nhiu ng dng PT i hi biu din ng thi nhiu loi d liu PT theo chiu thi gian v khng gian ph hp. + D liu PT mang nhiu thng tin. Do cn nhiu tham s biu din ni dung mt cch ng n

C u Tr li:

1 3: Hy trnh by hiu bit ca anh/ch v h thng tm kim thng tin vn bn IR

H thng tm kim thng tin IR (Information Retrieval) l h thng thc hin tm kim ti liu (thng l cc ti liu vn bn) t mt tp cc ti liu (c lu tr trn my tnh) thng c tnh cht phi cu trc (vn bn ngn ng t nhin) tha mn mt nhu cu thng tin ca con ngi . Mc ch ca h thng Truy xut thng tin l hin th cho ngi dng mt tp cc thng tin tha mn nhu cu thng tin. nh ngha chnh xc cho nhu cu thng tin l cu truy vn (query), v cc thng tin c chn l ti liu (documents). Mt h thng tm kim thng tin c hai chc nng chnh, l lp ch mc (indexing) v tm kim (interrogation). H thng truy xut thng tin c chia lm 2 loi nh sau: - H thng tm kim thng tin da trn t kha: L cch s dng t kha biu din ti liu v cu truy vn. Trong , t kha s c dng lp ch mc cho cc ti liu. - H thng tm kim thng tin da trn khi nim: S dng khi nim biu din ti liu v cu truy vn. H thng dng cc khi nim lp ch mc. C 2 tiu ch nh gi mt h thng tm kim thng tin l: chnh xc v bao ph thng tin. C u 1 4: Hy trn phn t n b y u b t ca an /c v n n n t ao tc d l u a

Ngn ng thao tc d liu DML hay cn gi l ngn ng vn tin dng thao tc trn cc quan h CSDL, bao gm mt s php ton, cc ton hng l cc quan h v kt qu ca cc php ton cng l mt quan h. Ngn ng thao tc d liu gm 2 nhm php ton: a) N m cc p p ton lu tr: C n t m: Chn vo CSDL t vng lm vic m cha cc thng tin v mt bn ghi c th. Xo: Xo mt b hay xo mt nhm cc b. Sa : Sa i gi tr ca mt s thuc tnh. b) Nhm cc php ton tm kim m: P p c n SELECT: To ra mt quan h mi, cc b c rt ra mt cch duy nht t cc b ca quan h ngun tho mn mt tn t xc nh. P p c u PROJECT: To ra mt quan h mi, cc thuc tnh c rt ra, hoc c bin i t cc thuc tnh ca quan h ngun, cc b l cc b ca quan h ngun b i nhng b trng lp. P p kt n JOIN: Nhm to ra mt quan h mi, bng cch ni nhiu quan h trn min thuc tnh chung. Cc thuc tnh ca quan h kt qu l cc thuc tnh ca cc quan h thnh vin v cc b l ghp ni cc b ca quan h ngun c cng chung gi tr thuc tnh chung.

C u 1 5: Hy trn b y cc k n m c bn s dn tron m n a t l u a p n t n tn tc IMD Cch 1: M hnh ha d liu l 1 k thut t chc v ti liu ha d liu ca mt h thng trong mt m hnh. M hnh i tng: Phn nh c cc cu trc d liu phc tp M hnh quan h: Phn nh c mi quan h gia cc i tng Thuc tnh: mt tnh cht ring bit ca mt i tng - Tn - Kiu, min gi tr Quan h: c nh ngha trn mt tp cc thuc tnh B gi tr: cc thng tin ca mt i tng thuc quan h Kho: Cc php ton: hp, giao, tch -cc, la chn, chiu, kt ni, ... M hnh ng ngha: Phn nh c cc lut rng buc gia cc loi phng tin Cch 2: S kin bt u: th hin s kin kch hot khai thc cc hnh ng trong danh sch cc hnh ng: hnh ng_list; S kin dng: th hin s kin cho bit chm dt khai thc b ny, tc khai thc hnh ng m t trong danh sch hnh ng trckhi chm dt; Danh sch hnh ng: th hin danh sch cc hnh ngth hin a phng tin mt cch ng b, khi b kch bn c kch hot; S kin ng b: tham chiu n s kin c to nn ti lc bt u v chm dt vic khai thc b hin ti, dng ng b ho. C u 1 6: Hy trnh by m hnh tng quan h thng truy vn thng tin a phng tin MIRS v cc c tnh mong mun h tr bi h thng Tr l : Cc thao tc MIRS c m t trn hnh 1. 2. D liu (cc mc thng tin) trong CSDL c tin x l trch chn c trng v ni dung ng ngha. Sau chng c ch s ha trn c s c trng v ng ngha. Trong khi truy tm thng tin, cu truy vn ca ngi s dng c x l v cc c trng chnh ca n c trch chn. Cc c trng ny sau c so snh vi cc c trng hay ch mc ca mi mc thng tin trong CSDL. Cc mc thng tin no c c trng gn ging nht vi cc c trng ca cu truy vn th c tm ra v trnh din cho ngi s dng. Mu truy vn c th m t nh sau: Ch mc:

Anh (I) --> vct c trng f(I):

(fi, f2,... fk)

kh nng mong i v cc ng dng ca mirs Truy vn trn c s meta-data Truy vn trn c s m t Truy vn trn c s mu (pattern) hay c trng Truy vn theo th d (by example) Truy vn ng dng c th

Kin trc MIRS:

Cc chc nng ca cc khi c th hin qua kch bn thao tc ca MIRS. Kin trc MIRS l mm do, c th m rng dng cho nhiu ng dng, nhiu loi cu hi v ni dung. p ng yu cu MIRS thng dng c mt s khi chc nng c gi l cc hm th vin hay khi qun tr. C u 1 7: Hy trn b y va tr ca DBMS v IR tron t n truy vn t n t n a p n t n MIRS Tr li: Vai tr ca DBMS (H qun tr c s d liu) trong truy vn thng tin PT: - Cc h qun tr CSDL c pht trin v s dng rng ri i vi d liu c cu trc - Trong h qun tr CSDL quan h, thng tin c t chc di dng cc bng v quan h. Cc hng ca bng tng ng vi cc n v thng tin hoc bn ghi. Cc ct tng ng vi cc thuc tnh - SQL c s dng thao tc trn CSDL - Cc thuc tnh trong h qun tr CSDL quan h c kiu c nh v c kch c c nh. H qun tr CSDL quan h ph hp vi vic x l cc d liu kiu ch s v cc xu k t ngn Loi d liu ln c di bin i c h tr trong h qun tr CSDL quan h l i tng rng hoc nh phn (BLOB) H qun tr CSDL hng i tng + Kt ni cc c im hng i tng vi CSDL quan h + Cc i tng c nh ngha theo kiu hng i tng. Mi i tng cha cc thuc tnh v phng thc - BLOBs v cc i tng l mt bc tip cn n x l d liu PT

- BLOBs ch lu tr d liu c khi lng ln Vai tr ca IR trong truy vn thng tin PT - IR tp trung vo truy vn ti liu vn bn - Cc k thut IR ng vai tr quan trng trong qun l thng tin PT bi: + Tn ti mt lng ln cc ti liu vn bn cc dng t chc, v d nh th vin. + Vn bn c dng ch gii cc loi d liu PT khc - Tuy nhin, vic dng cc k thut IR trong x l thng tin PT c hn ch: + Vic ch gii l qu trnh th cng, tn thi gian + Vic ch gii l khng y v mang tnh ch quan + Cc k thut IR khng th x l cc cu truy vn dng khc vn bn + Mt vi c im PT kh m t bng vn bn (kt cu nh, hnh th i tng..) C u t n 1 8: Hy trn b y k n trc cp l n ca t n truy vn t n t n a p n

K n trc cp l n H qun tr CSDL (DBMS) qun l metadata Thnh phn qun l tp tin PT qun l d liu PT Module tch hp DBMS v thnh phn qun l tp tin PT u m Tn dng cc h thng qun l tp tin PT khc nhau qun l d liu PT

C u 1 9: Hy trn p n t n Tr l :

b y k n trc cp c t ca t n truy vn t n t n a

H qun tr CSDL(DBMS) qun l c d liu a phng tin v metadata DBMS l mt MM-DBMS

u d m Cc chc nng ca DBMS c th c p dng trn CSDL PT Qun l truy vn Qun l giao dch Qun l lu tr Qun l bo mt v ton vn

C u 1 10: Hy trn b y k n trc t eo lc ca t n truy vn t n t n a p n t n Tr l : Lc l metadata m t d liu dpt trong CSDL M hnh 3 mc lc Lc ngoi nh ngha cc cch nhn ca ngi dng i vi CSDL (video view, audio view etc.) Lc khi nim c xy dng da trn cc m hnh d liu (m hnh d liu c tm hiu chng tip theo) Lc trong: Cu trc d liu bn trong Mi lc c cch biu din khc nhau Mappings thc hin chuyn i t biu din ny sang biu din khc

C u 1 11: Hy trn b y k n trc t eo c c nn ca t n truy vn t n t n a p n t n Tr l :

C u 1 12: Hy trn b y k n trc k u m rn ca t n truy vn t n t n a p n t n Tr l :

C u 1 13: Hy trn b y k n trc k u p p n t n Tr l :

n tn ca t n truy vn t n t n a

- Cch m cc i tng c phn tn v kt hp + Truy vn + Giao dch + Metadata + Bo mt + Ton vn d liu

C u 1 14: Hy trn b y k n trc k u l n n ca t n truy vn t n t n a p n t n Tr l :

Kin trc Client/server

Kin trc ba tng

Hng thnh phn C u 1 15: Hy trn b y va tr v yu cu ca m n d l u PT Vai tr: Cung cp khun kh (ngn ng) din t cc thuc tnh ca cc thc th d liu Cho php thc hin cc thao tc nh ngha, chn, xa, thay i v tm kim cc thc th v cc thuc tnh ca c s d liu Cc vai tr m rng trong MMDBMSs Xc nh v tnh ton cc mc tru tng ca d liu PT Bao hm c cc thuc tnh tnh/ng ca cc thc th d liu Cc yu cu chnh i vi m hnh d liu PT: 1. M hnh d liu phi c tnh m rng cc loi d liu mi c th c b xung 2. M hnh d liu phi c kh nng biu din cc loi d liu c bn v phc hp cng nh cc 3. mi quan h phc tp v khng gian/thi gian 4. M hnh d liu phi linh hot cc thc th d liu c th c xc nh, truy vn v tm kim cc mc tru tng khc nhau.

5. M hnh d liu phi cho php vic lu tr v tm kim mt cch hiu qu

C u

1 16: Hy nu M hnh biu din d liu a phng tin tng qut

C u 1 17: Hy trn b y u b t ca an c v m n a d l u a p n t n s dn m n quan C o v d Tr l : M hnh quan h: Phn nh c mi quan h gia cc i tng. M hnh quan h l m hnh d liu quen thuc. i s quan h l mt trong ba ngn ng hi d liu trong m hnh quan h. Xy dng mt m hnh d liu MULTIMEDIA trn nn tng ca m hnh d liu ca mt CSDL truyn thng (thng l CSDL quan h hoc CSDL hng i tng) bng cch s dng cc giao din tng ng i vi d liu MULTIMEDIA. Cc vn ny sinh vi cch tip cn ny l cc cu trc bn di (ca CSDL truyn thng) khng c thit k dnh cho d liu MULTIMEDIA, hn na s khc bit c bn cc yu cu ca mt CSDL truyn thng i vi MDB khin cho giao din tr thnh ni nghn c chai trong ton b h thng C u 1 18: Hy trn b y u b t ca an c v m n a d l u a p n t n s dn m n n tn C o v d Tr l : M hnh i tng: Phn nh c cc cu trc d liu phc tp. M hnh hng i tng t ra tt hn m hnh quan h trong vic m t cc i tng ca th gii thc. Cc kha cnh lin quan n m hnh hng i tng c quan tm l thng bo; phng php; tha k. Cc kiu d liu hng i tng hin ang thng dng v cc kiu d liu trong thi k u ca m hnh d liu hng i tng s c ch trong vic m t d liu a phng tin. Ngoi ra, cc k thut ci t m hnh hng i tng cho php th hin cc khi nim mi. Biu din bng s lp. Cc khi nim c bn: - i tng: mt i tng trong th gii thc, c xc nh bi mt nh danh duy nht

Thuc tnh: biu din mt c tnh ca i tng, Phng thc : thao tc c thc hin trn i tng. Tt c cc truy nhp vo thuc tnh ca i tng u phi c thc hin thng qua cc phng thc ny. Lp: mt cch thc khai bo mt tp cc i tng c chung mt tp thuc tnh v phng thc

Nhn xt: u im - Cho php nh ngha kiu i tng phc tp - Tnh cht: bao ng (encapsulation), k tha (heritage), a hnh (polymorphism) Nhc im - Cu trc lu tr phc tp v c th s dng nhiu con tr - Kh nng ti u ho cc x l b hn ch trong nhiu trng hp V d: class lop { string tenlop; string khoa; } class sinh_vien { string maSV; string tenSV; date ngaysinh; boolean nam; string diachi; lop lop_hoc; }

C u 1 19: Hy trn b y u b t ca an c v m n a d l u a p n t n s dn m n kt p n tn -quan C o v d Tr l : Kt hp c im ca 2 loi m hnh: phn nh c cu trc ca i tng v mi quan h gia cc i tng

C u 1 20: Hy trn b y u b t ca an c v m n a d l u a p n t n s dn m n s u n n a C o v d Tr l : Biu din cc rng buc/lut v thi gian Play before Play after Play together VD: khung hnh trong video

C u 1 21: Hy trn b y va tr ca s u d l u metadata tron a p n t n Tr l : o o o o o o o o Metadata cho cc loi phng tin khc nhau c trng bng mi quan h vi ni dung d liu PT Metadata c th c trch trn trc tip t d liu PT i vi d liu vn bn Cha ng thng tin v d liu vn bn Metadata c lp ni dung: Loi d liu vn bn S trang nh dng S chng, s paragraph mi chng Metadata ph thuc ni dung: Ni dung cu chuyn T kha Tiu Tm tt

qun tr CSDL

SGML (standard generalized markup language), XML c s dng gn th cho cc loi d liu vn bn->c th trch trn. Cc th c th c lu trong DBs.D liu text c th c ch gii Bn cnh cn c metadata cho d liu nh, video, m thanh. i vi d liu kt hp Metadata dng ng b hin th cc loi phng tin C u 1 22: Hy trn b y p n t n Tr l : C th chia thnh ba phm tr: Da vo t kho, trong ni dung ca hnh nh c m t bng ch s theo t kho v tru tng. Phm tr ny th hin hin trng m hu ht cc h thng qun tr c s d liu bnh thng lin quan. Trong cc h qun tr bnh thng, cc i tng d liu a phng tin c coi nh mc tin nguyn khi, c th c m t theo ngha thuc tnh; Da vo kha cnh c rt ra t ng t hnh nh. Vic tm hnh nh da trn ni dung t c do nhn dng cc i tng tu theo ch tiu xc nh no , nh so snh cc mu, mu, hnh dng; cho php ngi dng vch ra hnh nh ri tm cc hnh tng t trong c s d liu thng qua nhn thc c hng chuyn ng ca i tng; nh tn mt i tng so vi v tr ca i tng khc; Da vo ni dung, trong vic din gii ng ngha ca i tng c dng. Chng hn ih tn i tng theo (tn, loi xe c...). Din gii ng ngha ny ca i tng thng c da vo thng qua vic ch s ho u b t ca an /c v tm k m t eo c trn n dun a

Cch tm ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi dng; v bn cht ca vic tm. Ngi ta c khuynh hng s dng mt hay vi cch. Tm bin, trong ngi dng khai ph phn m rng ca ni dung c s d liu, khng s dng mu tm kim; chnh ngi dng to ni dung, tc nu ra bn cht ca ni dung, lm c s cho ln tm sau. Vic tm kim khng mang tnh h thng v khng c ch; Duyt, trong ngi dng c thng tin yu v ch, tm thng tin theo kinh nghim; Tm kim, khi ngi ta c ch r rng v xc nh. Cu hi 1.23: Hy trnh by hiu bit ca anh/ch v tm kim d liu a phng tin da trn siu d liu metadata Bn thn mi i tng (hnh nh, video, vn bn), cng ni ln phn no ni dung ca tng i tng c th tuy nhin thng tin a ra y ch ni ln ni dung v mt ng ngha hn l cp n cc tnh cht c th ca mi loi i tng, cc tnh cht loi ny c gi l cc c trng bc thp (lower-level). Mt cch tip cn hiu qu nht i vi CSDL multimedia v c s dng rng ri trong thc t l s dng cc i tng c pht biu trn nh l siu d liu (metadata). Theo trn, gi s chng ta c mt tp cc i tng media o1,..,on chng ta kt hp mt vi metadata md(o1) vi mi i tng media o1 (nh dng chnh xc ca metadata ny s c trnh by sau), tng t nh vy cc metadata kt hp vi cc i tng media 01,.0n tng ng s l md(o1),,md(on), Chng ta s tin hnh vic ch s ha cc metadata ny vi mt cch thc nhm cung cp cc phng thc trin khai hiu qu i vi cc yu cu truy cp t pha ngi dng. C th r rng thy rng, s thnh cng ca phng php ny ph thuc c bn vo vic chng ta m bo c rng vi mi i tng media 0i th metadata tng ng ca n md(oi) l c ng v phn nh ng ch nhng g m ngi dng yu cu. Vi mt s lng ti thiu cc metadata c dng r rng l chng ta s d dng hn trong vic ch s ha cng nh l thc hin cc thao tc khai thc d liu.

C u 2 1: Trn b y m n kc bn tron IMD

Thut ng kch bn trong ng cnh IMD dng vi ngha ni dung hnh vi c tch hp, tc l loi s kin m IMD dng v loi hnh ng c kch hot nh kt qu. Kch bn gm tp cc n v chc nng, tc b kch bn c: cc s kin kch hot (bt u v dng kch bn) hnh ng th hin chuyn ti ng cnh i vi b kch bn, cc s kin ng b lin quan rng buc nu c. Bao gm cc thuc tnh sau: S kin bt u: th hin s kin kch hot khai thc cc hnh ng trong danh sch cc hnh ng: hnh ng_list; S kin dng: th hin s kin cho bit chm dt khai thc b ny, tc khai thc hnh ng m t trong danh sch hnh ng trckhi chm dt; Danh sch hnh ng: th hin danh sch cc hnh ngth hin a phng tin mt cch ng b, khi b kch bn c kch hot; S kin ng b: tham chiu n s kin c to nn ti lc bt u v chm dt vic khai thc b hin ti, dng ng b ho. B kch bn c xc nh hnh thc nh sau: Kch bn:== b kch bn [{, b kch bn}] B kch bn:== s kin u , s kin dng , danh sch s kin , s kin ng b S kin u:== s kin S kin dng:== s kin Danh sch hnh ng:== t hp S kin ng b:== ( bt u, chm dt ) Bt u:== s kin | Chm dt:== s kin |

Cu 2.2: Tm k m t l u a p n t n tn tc Lin quan n vic tm kim t liu a phng tin tng tc, ngi ta thy c hai vn quan tm i vi IMD l: tm kim th hin, cn x l khc vi i tng n phng tin. ng b ho v th hin: tm v th hin cc i tng a phng tin trong h qun tr c s d liu a phng tin cn cc kha cnh ring do kha cnh ph thuc thi gian ca hu ht loi d liu a phng tin. C nhiu tham s cn n cng ngh nh: mng truyn thng; b nh ph, thut ton nn Ngn ng hi, tm theo ni dung v ch s ho: Tm theo ni dung cn kt qu ca nghin cu v h tr ca cng nghip. Nghincu tp trung vo: ch s ho theo ni dung nh, tc l tm nhanh cc i tng theo c trng v ni dung (mu, ng vin, hnh dng). Tm t liu a phng tin tng tc da trn cu trc khng gian, thi gian a. Cc k thut ch s ho i vi t liu a phng tin tng tc ln b. Lc ch s ho theo thi gian v khng gian c. Lc ch s ho khng gian, thi gian thng nht d. Cc php ton tm khng gian, thi gian trn cy R

Cu hi 2.3: Hy trnh by hiu bit ca anh ch v cy k-D tng qut + Cy k- D l lu tr d liu im k chiu Vy nn ta s xt cu trc d liu cy 2- D ri tng qut ln: Cy 2- D l lu tr d liu im 2 chiu 1 nt ca cy 2-D t chc thnh cc nt v mi nt c cu trc bn ghi nh sau : node type= record Nt gc c Level( N)=0 Level (N)= level (P)+1 (Vi P l nt cha ca N) N XVAL =10 + Nu Level( N)= chn => + + + Nu Level( N)= l => + + XVAL=8 L XVAL=12 Y I HN

V d: HN( 105, 50) HP( 120,45) N(113, 20) BG (115, 55) VT( 100, 60) VT HP

BG

C u 2 4:C y t p n Cy t phn, hay cy bn phn, c dng th hin im khng gian 2 chiu. Cy 2-d cng c tc dng nh vy. Tuy nhin im khc bit l cy t phn chia min thnh phn, trong khi cy 2-d cho php tch min ra hai phn Bn phn ng vi bn cy con trn cy t phn c gi tn theo hng i vi nt N: ng bc NE, ty bc NW, ty nam SW, v ngnam SE Kiu d liu c m t l: Kiu nt t phn = record INFO: kiu thng tin; XVAL: real;

YVAL: real; NW, SW, NE, SE: kiu nt t phn; Nhn xt : Cy t phn d ci t. Nhn chung mt im gm k nt c cao k. iu ny, nh nhn xt, lm tng phc tp tm kimv b sung im mi, ti O (k). Mi so snh cn c thc hin vi hai to , ch khng ch mt to ; Vic xo trn cy t phn thng l kh, do vic tm nt R thay th; Cu hi v phm vi cn thi gian O(2 ), trong n l s bn ghi trn cy; End; C y t p n m: m nt c a t n bc (NE), n nam (SE) V d: HN NW SW NE SE n cc vn con: T y bc (NW), T y nam (SW),

VT

BG NW

HP SW NE SE

N C u 2 3 : Trn b y v c y K-D tn qut Cu trc nt Kiu d liu nt = record INFO: kiu thng tin; XVAL: real; YVA L: real; LLINK: kiu nt; RLINK: kiu nt; End; Cc mi ni RLINK v LLINK cho php tr ti cc ntcon phi v tri ca mt nt. Gi s T l tr n gc cy k-d. Nu N l nt cy th ngi ta xc nh thm mc ca nt N: Mc (N) = 0 nu N l gc cy; mc (P) + 1 khi N l nt con ca nt cha P. nh ngha: Cy 2-d l cy nh phn tho mn Khi N l nt cy mc chn th :nt cy con tri M c M.XVAL < N.XVAL v nt L bn phi c L.XVAL N.XVAL; Khi N l nt cy mc l th nt cy con tri M c M.YVAL <mN.YVAL v nt L bn phi c L.YVAL N.YVAL. Cy k-d tng qut c k 2. Cy 2-d c dng th hin cc nt trong khng gian 2 chiu. Cy k-d vi k 2 c dng cho khng gian k chiu, chng hn cc im (x, y, z) s dng cy 3 -d.

i vi cy tng qut, khng th s dng XVAL, YVAL tr n hai cy con, m dng vecto VAL k chiu, ng vi b cc con tr tr n cc cy con. nh ngha: Cy T c cu trc nt cy k-d nu i vi nt N trn cy T, th: Nt N c mc i. Mc ny c tnh i = mc thc smod k; Nt M trn cy con tri ca N, M.VAL [i] < N. VAL [i]; Nt P trn cy con phi ca N, P. VAL[i] N.VAL [i]. Cc thut ton s dng cho cy 2-d c pht trin dng cho cy k-d. Khi k = 1, ngi ta lm vic vi cy nh phn quen thuc. Kt lun: Cy k-d cng d ci t. Tuy nhin khi k ln, vic ci t s phc tp hn. Thc t cho thy ng i t gc trong cy k -d di hn trn cy t phn, do cy k-d da theo cy nh phn; Vic tm kim trn cy k-d c phc tp O(k.n^(1-1/k) ). Khi k = 2 th phc tp l O(2 , ging nh i vi cy t phn; C u 2 5: c y t p n MX Trong hai cu trc d liu cy :cy k-d v cy t phn, ngi ta thy hnh dng ca cy l thuc vo vic Chn nt no l nt gc Qu trnh b sung cc nt. Do vy i khi cy c hnh dng t do, v khng cn i, khng tin cho vic t chc d liu cng nh tm kim d liu trncy. Vic chia min vi cu trc cy trn tun theo s chn min, tc chia mt min thnh 2 min, thnh 4 min. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thy tu theo v tr ca nt N, c th chia min thnh s l min con. l tip cn ca cy t phn MX. Mc ch s dng cy t phn MX l: m bo hnh dng cy, hay cao, khng l thuc vo cc nt c mt trn cy, cng nh th t b sung, pht trin cy; m bo xo v tm kim d liu hiu qu hn. Ngi ta lm vic vi cy t phn MX theo: 1. Gi s bn c chia thnh li 2^k X 2^K, vi k l s nguyn. Ngi dng t do chn k tin li cho h ri sau ny s c nh gi tr k; 2. Cy c cu trc nt nh cy t phn, khc ch gc cy mang cc gi tr 3. XLB = 0; XUB = 2^k; YLB = 0; YUB = 2^k; 4. Chia min ti gia min: nu N l nt th 4 nt conca N c thng s, trong w = N.XUB N.XLB. y ngi ta khng phn bit rng v cao; Kt lun : Cy t phn MX s c cao theo nh ngha, nhiu nht l O (n). Min c th hin qua 2^n x 2^n phn t; Vic thm, xo hay tm kim trn cy t phn MX c phc tp O (n); Vic tm min d liu trn cy t phn MX t ra hiu qu, c phc tp O (N + 2h), trong N l s im cn tr li, h l cao ca cy; C u 2 6 Trn b y c y t p n PR Cy t phn PR l mt dng khc ca cy t phn MX. Vi cy t phn MX, ngi ta nhn thy cc im d liu u c lu ti mc l. Do vy vi cy c s min l 2^k x 2^k, qu trnh tm kim v b sung c phc tp theoO (k). Vi mi nt N trn cy t phn MX, ngi ta c mt min, chng hn gi l m (N).

Khi pht trin cu trc d liu lu tr cc im, cn thay i qui lut tch cy t phn MX nt N c tch khi v ch khi m (N) cha hai hay nhiu im. Nu N ch c mt im th t nt l nt l v i din cho im. Thay i ny i vi cy t phn PR nhm gim thi gian tm kim v b sung. Cu 2.7 Cy R Cy R: Lu tr d liu trn min khng gian hu hn chiu Mi node bao bc cc node con ca n Node l tr n mt i tng c th. Chiu cao ca cy: log n

Cc thao tc trn cy R: Tm kim: Cc thao tc trn cy R da vo im hoc hnh hc nht trong khng gian Tm kim: bt u t gc, tm cc node c giao ct, sau truy hi tip n node l.

Thm Bt u t node gc: o Chn node con thm sao cho t phi m rng nht. o Lp li n khi gp node l. Nu node l cn v tr trng: thm vo Ngc li: tch thnh 2 node Cp nhp node cha Cp nhp bounding box cho node hin ti Thm mt mc cho node con mi.

Nu node cha y th tip tc lp li qu trnh tch

Tch node: tch node sao cho din tch ca node chim t nht Xa: Tm node cn xa o Nu node cha qu t: gpk node li Lp li n node gc

Kt lun : Cy R c nhiu hnh ch nht gn vi nt. Do vy s ln truy cp a t bn ngoi s t l vi cao ca cy. Cy R l cu trc d liu a phng tin c s dng nhi u, do tnh ph dng ca n Cy R c nhc im v cu trc. Cc bin ca min ch nht c th trm ln nhau. iu ny khin vic tm kim c th ln sang min khc, tc ngi ta c th tm kim theo nhiu ng khc nhau, nht cc d liu st bin, hay d liu nm ti giao ca cc min lng ging; Cy R t ra tt hn cy k-d v cy t phn trong cc ng dng a phng tin. u im ny do cu trc d liu cy R ph hp vi t chc thng tin trn b nh. Tuy nhin khi dng ch s, c y t phn MX t ra tt hn c. C u 2 8 So sn DBMS v IR (Nu t c n n t c m c bn ,t c m cao n t nn v t my c trn ra c o n d :-D) DBMS IR _ Mt DBMS cha cc bn ghi c cu trc ng nht _ Mi bn ghi c c trng bi cc thuc tnh Gi tr ca thuc tnh miu t r rng v y cc bn ghi _ Trong DBMS, vic truy vn thng tin da trn s trng lp tuyt i gia cu truy vn v gi tr cc thuc tnh ca bn ghi _ Trong IR, cc bn ghi khng c cu trc, khng c thuc tnh c nh nh ch mc: keywords, index terms, doc descriptor To t kha v ch mc ng vai tr quan trng _ Trong IR, khng i hi trng lp tuyt i _ S truy vn da trn trng khp gia tp cc thut ng _ S dng cc phng php trng lp xp x hoc tng phn _Cng mt term c th c ngha khc Tm k m t n t n t l u vn bn (IR) H thng tm kim thng tin t ng IR c pht trin x l khi lng ln cc ti liu khoa hc t 1940. Chc nng chnh ca h thng l lu v qun l s ln cc t liu vn bn theo cch tm kim nhanh t liu hin ra cho cu hi ngi dng nh ngha: H thng tm thng tin t ng (IR): hthng l lu v qun l s ln cc t liu vn bn theo cch tm kim nhanh t liu hin ra i vi cu hi ngi dng. IR tp trung vo truy vn ti liu vn bn Cc k thut IR ng vai tr quan trng trong qun l thng tin PT S lng ln cc ti liu vn bn cc t chc Vn bn c dng ch gii cc loi d liu PT khc Tuy nhin vic dng cc k thut IR trong x l thng tin PT c hn ch: Vic ch gii l qu trnh th cng, tn thi gian Vic ch gii l khng y v mang tnh ch quan

 Cc k thut IR khng th x l cc cu truy vn dng khc vn bn Mt vi c im a phng tin kh m t bng vn bn(image texture, object shapes) Tm k m v c s a a p n t n (H thng DBMS) Vic tm kim trong DBMS da trn cu trc d liu cho php so snh khp. IR c xem l h thng tm kim theo vn bn. Vic tm kim theo ni dung da trn c trng phng tin thc ti nh mu sc, hnh dng, thay v ghi ch, din gii vn bn ca phng tin. nh ngha: Tm kim theo theo ni dung: tm kim da trn c trng thc ti nh mu sc, hnh dng ca phng tin. Tm kim theo ni dung thng da vo tnh tng t, thay v so snh khp gia cu hi v tp cc mc tin ca c s d liu. h thng a phng tin, MIRS hng n tm kim theo c (i) DBMS; (ii) IR; (iii) theo ni dung. DBMSs c pht trin v s dng rng ri cho d liu c cu trc Trong RDBMSs thng tin c t chc di dng cc bng v quan h Cc hng ca bng tng ng vi cc n v thng tin bn ghi Cc ct tng ng vi cc thuc tnh SQL c s dng thao tc trn CSDL Cc thuc tnh trong RDBMSs c kiu c nh v c kch c c nh RDBMSs ph hp cho x l cc d liu kiu ch s v cc xu k t ngn Loi d liu ln c di bin i c h tr trong RDBMSs l BLOB BLOBs lu d liu ln, cc i tng c cc thuc tnh n gin => Cn nhiu hn na x l truy vn d liu a phng tin C u 2 9 Tm k m d l u a p n t n da trn c trn n dun v trn meta data (C tm c c n y s tm sau n ,c n y c a n u n n m t tm ) Nu tm hnh nh da vo t kho th hoc (i) hnh cn c ch s ho; (ii) hay cc i tng trong hnh cn c t ng ghi nhn v c t kho tng ng trong ch s. Tuy nhin khi dng ch s ho th cng hay t ng, cc t m t c thm vo ch s c th ph hp hay khng ph hp vi cc t kho c ngi dng s dng. ONO ngh h thng dng hai h thng ch s khc nhau tm hnh trong c s d liu. l ch s theo (i) kho khi nim v (ii) kho miu t cnh. Ch s theo t kho khi nim c to t ng vi m hnh chuyn trng thi. Bt u t mu c bn ca i tng, cc lut da trn ng vin ngoi, hng trc chnh Nu on ca hnh i tng tho mn cc ch tiu v lut chuyn trng thi, c th chuyn sang trng thi tip trn cy phn cp. Nu lut i vi hai on c tch hp th tt c u c chuyn trn cy phn cp. Khi khng cn lut c th s dng, ngi ta n mc mn nht. Theo m hnh trng thi: (i) Trng thi hin ti trn cy tr thnh im truy cp theo kho khi nim i vi cy ch s; mc ghi nhn ti thi im ny ch l mc khi nim cao nht c th t c; (ii) Nu li truy nhp c pht hin t ng m khng phi l kho ngi dng chn tm i tng, th khng tm ra hnh.

C u 2 10 : Cc bc qu trn n c mc t n d l u text Mi ti liu c th cha nhiu thut ng,t nhng khng phi tt c cc t u hu ch cho vic biu din ni dung ca ti liu.Chng c gi l cc t stop word.Trong qu trnh nh ch mc ti liu c c x l thnh danh sch cc t,stop word c loi b khi danh sch.Danh sch cc t cn li c x l tip.Cc hot ng thng gp l: Steaming l hnh ng nhm a cc t v dng chun gc ca n.Vd: retrieved retrieving retrieval retrieve.Thay v x l c 4 t ny th vic nh ch mc ch thc hin trn thut ng gc l retriev Thesaurus: hot ng x l th 2 l thit lp 1 t in m lit k ra c cc thut ng ng nga v thnh thong bao gm c mi quan h gia chng.V d study learning schoolwork v reading c ngha ging nhau.V vy thay v vic nh ch mc c 4 thut ng trn,thut ng study c dng biu hin cho c 4 thut ng trn.Cc thut ng c nh ch mc khc nhau c tn s xut hin v tm quan trng khc nhau trong ti liu Ch rng tn s xut hin ca mt t kha sau khi steaming v Thesaurus bng tng ca cc tn s ca cc bin th ca n Vic a khi nim trng s ca t kha weight s gip cho vic phn loi t kha no quan trng hn v t kha no t quan trng hn 1.Xc nh cc t trong tiu ,phn tm tt,v/hoc ti liu vit 2.Loi b cc stop word ra khi cc t nh bng cch tra cu mt t in c bit hoc mt danh sch cc t stop word

3.Xc nh cc t ng ngha bng cch tra cu t in cc t ng ngha.tt c cc t ng ngha c thay th bng mt t. 4.Stem cc t c c t gc ( VD: s dng thut ton loi b cc t bin th,tin t hu t ca t) 5.m tn s ca t gc trong mi ti liu 6.Tnh ton trng s 7.To file inverted flie da trn cc t kha v trng s trn

Cu 9 : M hnh hot ng QoS v cc mc m bo QoS trong CSDL PT M hnh hot ng QoS : ng dng gi yu cu v QoS H thng PT: Chp nhn yu cu nu ti nguyn T chi hoc xut QoS thp hn nu khng ti nguyn Cc phn t cn thit m bo QoS: C ch c t QoS ng dng ch r yu cu QoS iu khin chp nhn dch v Qu trnh tha hip QoS Cung cp v iu ti nguyn Gim st lu lng t cc ng dng Cc mc m bo QoS trong CSDL PT m bo tt nh (cng): t, km hiu qu trong s dng ti nguyn, worse case m bo thng k (mm): QoS c p ng n t l phn trm nht nh, hiu qu trong s dng ti nguyn, kh ci t m bo best-effort: Khng c m bo QoS, h thng cung cp ti nguyn hin c Cu 10 : Cc thut ton iu a Cc thut ton iu a truyn thng Mc tiu ca iu a: Gim thi gian tm kim, gim tr quay vng , tng thng lng a, cun FCFS (First Come First Served)

 Khng xem xt cc yu t nh v tr u c v hng di chuyn SSTF (Shortest Seek Time First) Xem xt v tr ca u c Scan Xem xt chuyn ng ca u c Nhc im chnh ca cc phng php truyn thng l khng xem xt yu t thi gian ca cc lung (stream) -> Khng ph hp cho iu cc my ch PT T ut ton u a EDF (Earleast Dealine First) u im: m bo c yu t thi gian cho cc lung Nhc im: Khng xem xt yu t v tr u c Scan-Earliest Deadline First: Kt hp thun ton Scan vi EDF Khi nhiu yu cu c cng deadline th p dng scan Khi tt c cc yu cu c cng deadline th thut ton tr thnh Scan v ngc li Thut ton hiu qu khi c nhiu yu cu c cng deadline-> Cn k thut tng s yu cu c cng deadline Thut ton Round-Robin Cc lung c phc v ti cc lt ring bit Trnh t phc v cho mi lung l c nh mi lt Khong thi gian gia cc ln phc v lin tip ca cc lung ph thuc vo khong thi gian ca lt Thut ton thch hp vi c ch lu d liu ln a kiu lin tc rng buc iu qut nhm Mi lt c phn thnh cc nhm v thc hin round-robin cho cc nhm Trong cc nhm thc hin Scan