Review of Basics Power Flow

EE 521 Analysis of Power Systems

Fall 2012
Chen-Ching Liu, Boeing Distinguished Professor
Node Analysis Node Analysis
n
L
+1
1
Transmission
System
L
n
2
n
Steady State Network Relationship:
y
n n
L
y p
V Y
I
1 1
_
_
_
_
_ _
V I
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
Y Y V
I
,
2
,
2
_ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ij
V
V
I
I
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=

B G Y V V
,
ij ij
_
i i
_
j
ij
i
n n
V I
+ = Z =
(
(

(
(

o
Complex Power Injections
Then
i D i G i
S S
_ _ _
S
=
*
*
_ _ _ n

i i i
I V S
_ _ _
=
so
) (
V Y V
1
j
j
ij i

=
=
A

Q
so A
=
Q
P
i
i
j +
( ) ( ) | |

+
n
G
i
B V V V V P o o o o
( ) ( ) | |

=
+ =
j
j i ij j i j i ij j i i G
1
sin cos
B V V V V P o o o o
( ) ( ) | |

=
n
j i ij j i j i ij j i
i
cos sin
B V V G V V
Q
o o o o
( ) ( ) | |

= j
j i ij j i j i ij j i
i
1
B V V G V V
Q
o o o o
EQUATIONS FLOW POWER
Simplified versions:
Assumption 1: Transfer conductances G
ij
= 0
( )
o o
n

i
B V V P
( ) i j =
( )
o o
j i ij j
j
i i
=

=
sin
B V V P
1
( )
o o
j i ij j
n
j
i
i
=

=
cos
B V V
Q
1
( )
o o
j i ij j
n
j
i ii i
B V V B V
=

=
cos
1
2
i j = i j =
Assumption 1 + Assumption 2
lines all for small
o o
j i

i
k
j
( ) ( ) d i
o o o o
( ) ( )
( ) 1 cos
rad sin
~
~
o o
o o o o
j i
j i j i
so
( )
B V V P
1
j i ij j
n
j
i i

=
=
o o
( ) d l d d
Q
o
B V V B V
1
2
1
ij j
n
j
i ii i
i
j
Q

=
=
=
( ) decoupled are and
i
Q
o
i
ji
Assumptions 1, 2 & Assumptions 3
All lt it d V t t All voltage magnitudes V
i
are constant.
Then
( )
n
(DC Load Flow Equations)
( )
o o
j i ij j
j
i i
=

=
B V V P
1
( )
1
1
B V V
=
=

=
o o
j
j i ij j
n
j
i
i j i j
1 1
B V V B V V
= =
= =


|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o o
j ij j
n
j
i i ij j
n
j
i
IF ALL V
i
= 1, THEN
i j i j = =
B B P

|
|

|
=
o o
n
i j
1 1

B B P
=
= =

|
.

\
o o
j
J
ij
J
ij i i
FOR AN n-bus power system,
DC LOAD FLOW
) ! Equations (Linear
'
o B
p
=
DC LOAD FLOW
Or
_
_

B B
B B
1
' '
'
12
'
11
1
P
p
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

o
o

B B
B B
P
1
2
'
1 , 1
'
1 , 1
22 21
1
2 P
n
n n n
n
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

o
o

(ref.)
, 0
B B
B B
'
'
ij ij
i j
ij ii n
=
= =

=
o
singular) - non is (if
Then
B
B
'
_
'
_
1
P

=
o
g ) (
B
Line Flow on line k from node I to node j:
i
p
k i
p
k
V
i
=1
B
ij
V
j
=1
j
LINE FLOW P
k
( )
( )
o o
j i ij j i k P
=
B V V
sin
( )
( )
o o
o o
j i ij
j i i i
=

~
B
B V V


ij
A2
MW flow limit
( ) max
P B k
<
o o
j i i
Or
( )
P B k
o o
j i i
max ,
B
P
u o o
k
k
j i
= <
i.e., translated into line angle limit
,
B
u o o
k
ij
j i
Matrix form:
Node Incidence Matrix A
Node\branch I k j
k
i
k
:
1
A =
i
:
1
j
:
- 1
Node i Branch k Node j
Reduced node incidence matrix does not have a row for the reference
node.
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

o o o
j i
k , k
_
T T
A A 1 -1
(

Line flow constraints

max ang difference g
max
max
_ _
T
A u o u
s s

Simplified steady-state security problem

Given a load forecast and generation
p
.
Capabilities
d
p
_
max
0
p p
s s
Select an economic generation pattern such
g g
p p
g
p
that
g
d
(
(
(

.
P
FLOW LOAD DC
d
_
_
_
'
B o

(
(
(

=
p
g
Security
MAX
0
g
_ _
s s

p p
g
s Constraint
max max
-
_ _
T
_
A u o u
s s
Power Flow Formulation
Bus Type Specified unknowns
Load P
i
, Q
i
V
i
, o
i
Generator P
i
, V
i
Q
i
, o
i
Slack V
i
, o
i
P
i
, Q
i
(swing) (swing)
N b t N-bus system
2N specified 2N specified
2N unknowns
TO FIND ALL COMPLEX VOLTAGES:

=
o
i
i

P
bus Load

=
i
i

V
Q

=
o
i
i

P
bus Generator
Slack bus (None)
Then use other equations: Then, use other equations:
Gen. Bus Q
i
=

Slack bus P =

Slack bus P
i
=

Q
i
=

( ALL RHS QUANTITIES ARE KNOWN ( ALL RHS QUANTITIES ARE KNOWN
AT THIS POINT.)
Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Equations
To solve
|
|

|
To solve ,
Iterative method
0 F
_ _ _
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
x
0 1 2 i
i 1 i
|
|
|

|
+
|
i.e.,
0,1,2,... i
1 2
0
_
_
1
_
_
_
_
x x
x x
|
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.

\
=
|
|
|
If the iterations converge


1
_
_
2
_
x x |
|
.

\
=
|
( )
*
l i
i
( )
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

* * *
0
SOLUTION
solution
x F x x
x x
i
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
. \ . \
F
_ _ _
_
_ _
_ _ _ _ _
A
BY ACHIEVED BE CAN THIS
x x x x
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
x F A
_ _ _
1 -
_ _
_
or
x x x
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ i i i i
x x x x
1 1
F A
So
By Taylors Series Expansion
|
.

\
|
.

\
x x x x
_ _ _ _ _
F A
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + F
_
1
_ _ _ _
1
_ _
F F
i i i i i
x x x x x
x
Ignore higher order terms
+
0
F
F
_
1
_
JACOBIAN
_ _
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ i i i i
x x x x
x

F
F
Then
1
1
JACOBIAN
|
|
|

|
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
=

+ i i i i
x x x x
METHOD RAPHSON - NEWTON
_ _ _ _
|
|
.

\
|
|
.

\
|
.

\
c
x x x x
X
NEWTON RAPHSON ALGORITHM
P
i
i
(
A
(
u
| |
P
V
J
_
_
i
i
i
i
i
Q
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
=
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
u
{ ( ) ( ) ( )} sin cos
B G V V P P
V
_
_
i
m
i
k km
i
m
i
k km m k k
i
k
Q
+ = A
(
(

A
(
(

u u u u
{ ( ) ( ) ( )} cos sin
B G V V
Q Q
i k i i
i
m
i
k km
i
m
i
k km m k
k
i
k
= A
+ = A

+
u u u
u u u u
V V V
i
k
k i
k
i
k
k k k
| |
c
= A
= A
+
u u u
( ) cos sin
B G V V
P
k
k
i
m
i
k
km
i
m
i
k km m k
m
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c

u u
u u
u
.....
m k =
Decoupled Power Flow Algorithm
Slack bus 0
PQ 1, 2, , N
a
PQ 1, 2, , N
a
PV bus N
a+1
,,N
Define
0 0 V
i
(
| |
N N
0
V 0
0 0 V
V
*

2
1
i
i
(
(
(
(
(
(

0 0 V
V 0 0
0

1
i
i
N
(
(

(
(
(

| |
N N
0
V 0
V
*

a
2
a
i
i
i
Q
(
(
(
(
(
(

=


B : N * N matrix, B
km
as k,m element
B
Q
: N * N matrix first N rows and columns
V 0 0
i
N
a
(
(

B
Q
: N
a
N
a
matrix, first N
a
rows and columns
of B
| |
(
(
(
(

A
A
=
(
(
(
(

A
A
(
(

i
i
i
i
i
Q
P
V
B V
V _
i
- 0
0 B
u
(
(

A
(
(

A
(

Q Q
Q
V
B V
_
_
- 0
(
A
(
A
(
i
i
P 0 B
or
u
(
(
(
(
(

A
=
(
(
(
(
(

A
(
(
(
(
(

i
i
V
P
_
_
0 B
u
(
(
(
(

A
(
(
(
(

A
(
(
(
(

i
i
i
V
Q
V
B
_
_ Q
- 0
FAST DECOUPLED

i
i
i
V
P
_
B - or
A
= A
u
POWER FLOW
i
i
Q
V B
V
_
_
A
A POWER FLOW
i
i
V
V B
_
_
_
Q
- = A
P fl l ti t i t E Power flow solution may not exist. Even
if it does, it may not be unique
With a flat start, the algorithms usually
converge to the actual (stable)
operating point.
Why Fast Decoupled Power Flow is as y p
accurate as Newton Raphson?
Howmany power flowsolutions exist for How many power flow solutions exist for
a given system condition?
Newton Raphson Example
Z = 0 1
1
_
V
V
2
=1.05
3
_
V
( ) ( )

u u u u
i i
b V V b V V
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

+ =
+ =
+ =
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
2 3 32 2 3 1 3 31 1 3 33
2
3
3
2 3 32 2 3 1 3 31 1 3 3
3 2 23 3 2 1 2 21 1 2 2
cos cos
sin sin
sin sin
b V V b V V - b V
Q
b V V b V V P
b V V b V V P
(
(
(
(
(
(

V
x
3
2
u
u
(
(
(
(
(
(

c c c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
P P P
V
P P P
3 3 3
3
2
3
2
2
2

Jacobian
u u
(
(

V
3
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c c c
=
V
Q Q Q
V
3
3
3
3
2
3
3 3 2

Jacobian
u u
u u
(

c c c
V
3 3 2
u u
( ) ( )

cos cos
3 2 23 3 2 1 2 21 1 2
2
2
b V V V V
P
u u u u
u
+ =
c
c
b
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
V
2
=1.05
Z = 0 1
1
_
V
3
_
V
P
B B
|
|

| A
| | A | |
u
( ) 1
1.05
1.05


P
P
B B
B B
3
2
3
2
33 32
23 22
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

u
u
( ) 2 -
V
Q
V B
3
3
3 33
A
= A
Find from (2), then find from (1)
V
1
3
+ i
u u
3 2
, A A
DC LOAD FLOW
V = V = V =1
1
P
1
V
1
= V
2
= V
3
= 1
u
1
REF. 0
3

u
( ) ( )
u u u u
3 1 13 2 1 12 1 B B P
+ =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
u u u u
u u u u
2 3 32 1 3 31 3
3 2 23 1 2 21 2
B B P
B B P
+ =
+ =
P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
= 0 (Lines lossless)
Needs only
(
(

(
(

+
+
=
(
(

u
u
2
1
23 21 21
12 13 12
2
1
B B B
B B B
P
P

-
Sometimes, NR does not work
jX
n" Bifurcatio "
jX
+ +
1
_
V 2
_
V
-
-
V
Q
V P
Q
P S
sin I
cos I
j
2
2
_
D
D
D
D D
=
=
+ =
|
|
Then
P
Q
V
Q
tan
2
D
D
D
= = | |
|
( )
2 / 1
4 2
V V
(
( )
2
1
1 1
2
2
V P P
V
P
V
V
X X
4
X
2
(
(

+ = | |
D D D
Stable
unstable
(See Page 110, Bergen and Vittal)
PD

unstable
P.F. = 1
Z0 1 o Z V
V =1 V =V
P
D
.Q
D

= = = o o Vsin sin
X
V
P
- P
D
P, Q
Line X =1 pu
V
1
=1, V
2
=V

=
= =
o
o
cos V
V
cos
X
V
X
V
2
Q - Q
2
D
sin cos v
V
P

P
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
o o
o
in - cos - 2v
1
cos - 2v sin v
sin cos v
V
Q

Q
V
J
J
1
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c c
=

o o
o o
o o
o
o
s
0 , 0 1, pf
cos v sin v -
V cos 2
Q
V
J
D
2
= = =
(

=
|
o o
o
At voltage collapse point (Sqrt root term = 0)
2
1
, 0
4
1
P P D
2
D
= =
J acobian matrix is singular and NR FAILS !
0 V cos 2
2
1
V , 45
2 4
v
2
= = = o o
F rther information Further information
Chapter 10, Power Flow Analysis,
Bergen and Vittal, 2
nd
Ed., 1996. g , ,