"//"

,



:
.1
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. )-(Hardware

) (bit
0 : 1
: ,
,
)(byte
(28) 256

. )-(Software
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.

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.
3

"//"

ASCII

7734 7 : 7 ,3 ,
4 -
3
2
1
7734=7*10 + 7*10 + 3*10 + 4*100
11001 :
0
1
25=1*2 + 0*2 + 0*22 + 1*23 + 1*24

HELLO ?ASCII

- )(Hardware

- )-(Hardware

)(LCD, CRT
)(Wireless
) , , ,(

" "
) .(The Big Box -

)(bus
= ) (Motherboard

"//"

Motherboard -


,

, , , ,
:

:
, USB ,

,
) (ROM

) (RAM ,
) , (
) (Cache
. RAM

,
HARD DISK - .
.

.

.



, ,

,

CPU -

.

)-(
:

"//"

- )(ALU

) (bus

)(controller

)( :
) RAM (

) program counter -

: B+A C -
A, B, C RAM -
:
AR1 -
BR2 -
R1R2 -
R3 -C -
4 -

) " (
3.8GHz 3.8

)(pipeline

: I II
III

"//"

)(instruction per cycle

) (
)) (Hz (Megahertz
1 = Hz
1 KHz= 1,000 Hz
1 MHz=1,000 KHz = 1,000,000 Hz
= 1 GHz (Giga)= 1,000 MHz=1,000,000 KHz

MIPS Million Instruction Per Second
,

1,000,000,000 Hz

) ,tera ,penta'(...

/ ) (Per
cycle
, ,
)(CPUs

)(Moore's law
, ,
1965
" " , ,
.
18,
.
: -
,
.

"//"

/





10,000
)(RAM

,

- ,

- -

,
"




/

/
:

)(Rotations Per Minute

)(head
)(cylinder
)(Track
)(Sector

5,400 15,000

-

)(Average Seek Time

,
4 15-

' 2010
TB. 3

"//"

)(Transfer Rate

,

,
. ,
,
,
.

)(rotational latency
,

/ /'
/

)(

,
) (pits ) (lands

1 "
0 "

) " (
: )(
:

-
) (

) , , ,(

"//"

: ,- ,
-

PC
""

,
,
90 -

PC
Notebook, Laptop
Desktop

,
,

,


,

:

)(Mid-range

"//"

RAID

) (Mainframe
:
-
,

.

,
, ,

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

Flash Memory

,
,


(RAID Levels) RAID

RAID - ,
)
(

, MP3 Disk
on key

1984
"
1988

"//"

(Bits Per Second) BPS ,

- DPI ,
MTF ) (
(Page Per Second) PPM
Transfer Rate ,"
KB - MB
Access Time ,

Seek Time

10