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Vrmh$H$mo {ZmUbo {g{$ Z
ECQ>m Ry>bmo nyOmKa OVmo ÊH$mo N>&
g~ Y amm N>Z& Hw$Z n{Z
^JdmZbo H$gbmB Am JaoH$m
N>ZZ& H$mht JS>~S> hN> ^Zo mo
moh$H$m ~rMm m hN>& g~
Ym d b~rh$bo , g~ OmV
Om{Vh$bo EH$ AH$mm {ddmg
JZwnN>& AmO ggmam mN>o~mQ>
{ddmg CS>o H $mo N>& mN>o ~ mQ>

mN>o H $mo {ddmg jU-jUm
CS>XN>& Ao[aH$mH$mo bg EOobg
eham A{hbo {ddm{hVh$ ^Xm
A{ddm{hV m{Zgh$H$mo gm ~T>>r
N>& gH$mo H$maU EH$ AH$mm
{ddmg ZhZmbo JXm hmo& V hmo
^Zo, AmOH$mo ~rg dfn{N> hmH$mo
OZgm KQ>oa AmYm hZgN>&
Vm J^ra {dfh$m A{hbo
X{Zmm {MVZ hXN>& OwZ R>mCm,
OwZ JmCm m{Zgh$ EH$ AH$mm
Amngr gX^md a {ddmg Jaoa
~N>Z, mo JmCH$m m{Zgh$
dW hN>Z, mo JmC dW hN>&
mN>o~mQ> gdoXZm aoa OmZw hXZ&
VnmBh$bmB mm JN>w, {ddmg
JN>w& {H$Z ZWmH$s, ZJbrH$Z gY
H$m J[aahZ gNw>, {H$Z^Zo
{g{$o OZVmbmB a {g{$bmB
AmYr mm JN>w& hmm OZVmbo n{Z
{g{$bmB mm JZwnN>& g~gJ
gog A$ {~bmoL>{JZ (SENSE OF
BELONGING) hZwnN> gog A$
AmoZagrn (SENSE OF OWNERSHIP) hZn
w N>& g~bo {g{$bmB
{XZwnN>& {dmWuh$bo {g{$bmB
gd l o > {dmWu Êa, gd l o >
ZmJ[aH$ Êa {XZwnN>& VnmBh$bo
{g{$bmB Amy$ Agb a g$b
ZmJ[aH$ Êa {XZwnN>& hmr Bbrr
hZwnN>, J[aImZo hZwnN>& "ImB gma
{H$ bmB g ma, ao n {N> bngma'
^ZoOVm hmm JbV CImZh$bmB
JhU JZw hXZ& [M{Zmh$bo OVmo
""^moH$mo mN>obmB mN>m {XZw hmoBZ,
mN>m mZ {gH$mCZw n N> ' '-ô
H$ZH$m 20 / 8
CgmhdH$ CImZh$bmB JhU

JZnw N>& V Hw$amh$bo JXm Z A{hbo
MrZ hm nwJoH$mo N>& OmnmZ 100
dQ>m Q>mnwh$H$mo gY ^wBMmbmo m
AmBahZo Xo e hmo & Va hm H $m
m{Zgh$ H${h haog ImXZZ&
CZrh$H$mo CImZ Z H${V oaUmXmr
N>-""gmVnQ> bS>mo ^Zo AmR>nQ>
CR>Zw&''
hmmo {g{$ hmr {g{$oh$H$mo
hmo& hmmo ^maV hmr ^maVrh$H$mo
hmo& hmmo ggma, mo ndr hmr
ndrdmgrh$H$mo hmo& hmrbo gar
gmoZwnN>& OwZ {XZ hmr gog A$
AmoZagrn AnZdH$mo ^mdZmH$mo mo
Ma {dXm nwN>m V~ m hmr
AmZmo amH$m bm{J, AmZmo XoeH$m
bm{J a mo ggmaH$ bm{J Z n{Z
Vma hZoN>m&
g~ Om{V {boa {g{$o Om{V
~{ZEH$mo N>& g~ Ybo, {dkmZbo
mN>b
o mB mN>o Z hmo ^N>& g{dYmZ
a H$mZyZbo n{Z g ^N> a n{Z
hmr ^Zo OmV OmVm Nw>{>N>m& hmr
g~ EH$ hZwnN>& hmr mZ{gH$
$nm EH$ hZwnN>& hmm Zm g~
AQ>mCZwnN>& ZH$m ~marm g~bo
$Q>mCZwnN>& {dmZh$bo gbmX
dmob EmoM (SALAD BOWL APPROACH ) -H$mo YmaUm A{K
amN>Z& {dmZh$ ^N>Z-hmmo
gmO g~ OmV, Om{V, Y a
gH${Vh$ {boa ~N>& mo ggma
Z {d{^ Om{V, OmV, gH${V, Y
a nanamh$ {boa ~{ZN>& Ogar
gbmX n{Z {d{^ Vw b y $ bH$mo
{lUbo ~{ZN>& gar ~{ZEH$mo
gbmXH$mo dmob~mQ> EH$-EH$dQ>m

Vwby$bH$m Qw>H$ mh$ {ZH$mX Jmo ^Zo
AVm ~mob m ~mH$s ahN>&
gar Z g n{Wdr~mQ> n{Z OmV,
Om{V, gH${V, ^mfm, nanam,
ar{VWr{V EH$-EH$ Jaoa hQ>mCX JE
^Zo, Am{Iam ndr m ~mH$s
ahN>& mN>o g{H$N>Z& g H$maUbo
JXm hmrbo n{Z gaH$mam AmEn{N>
g~ Hw$amh$H$mo gajU JZ} H$m
Wmm& JmH$ a{dZ embo hmm
gmH${VH$ H$mH$h$H$mo gamhZm
JZw ^mo& Omo ~wZoh$bo amm
Hw$amh$H$mo gar gamhZm JN>Z&
Xmbm ~mQ>ZH$m bm{J {H$ AJ}br,
{H$ gwZnmQ> {H$ ~oVH$m {gZm Mmom
Mm{hN>& r MrOh$H$mo IoVr goZ
^Zo XmbmH$mo gmJr {ZZVaH$mo
hZOmN>& Xmbm m ammo ~mQ>oa
hXZ Xmbm ~mQ>Zo gmJr n{Z ammo
hZwnN>& Xmbm ~mQ>Zo gmJrH$m
Ho$mh$ H$Omoa Ê ^Zo nmom
H$Omoa hN>& ECQ> nmom H$Omoa
^mo ^Zo n{Z Xmbmo H$Omoa hN>&
hmmo gmO n{Z V hmo& gar
Z ECQ>m y$b~marm O{V Yoa ImbH$m
y$bh$ hN>Z, y$b~mar {V Z
ammo hN>& O{V Yoa y$b w$N>Z
y$b~mar {V Z ammo hN>& hmmo
mZd gmO n{Z V hmo& mo
ndrm n{Z hr Hw$am bmJy hN>&
{g{$o gmObmB EH$ {dH${gV,
EH$ g gmOH$mo $nm $nmVaU
JZ MmhNw>& hr Hw$am nyam JZH$mo
bm{J hmr g~ {g{$obr OZVmbmB
gmZ $nbo m a Adga XmZ
JX bmXN>m& {H$ah$bmB n{Z
gaH$mabo Z nmbZ, nmofU JZ} a

nT>mCZo H$m g#mmbZ JXN>m& hmr
MmhN>m {H$ Am{WH$, gmm{OH$ Ed
e{jH$ Vdam n{Z hmmo gmO~mQ>
H$mohr ~m{ha Zhmog&
Vmo gmOH$mo {ZmU JZbmB
hmrbo A{YH$ma m ImoOoa hXZ,
{Oodmar n{Z {bZwnN>& {dmWu
ZmZrh$bo Iw~gJbo nT>Zo {Oodmar
{bZw h mo g & g$b h Z H$m bm{J
gH$amH$ Vdabo EH$mohmo[aZwnN>,
~mbmCZwnN>& gaH$ma ^ZoH$mo V ECQ>m
Adga OwQ>mB{XZo gw{dYmXmH$
(FECILITATOR) m hmo& ggmam
80 {VeV- m{Zgh$ Adga
ZnmEa VS>nX N >Z Va hmm m{Zgh$
^Zo AdgaH$mo gX n mo J ZJao a
KwXN>Z& hmm A{^^mdH$h$bo n{Z
AmZm ~mb-~mh$bmB gdlo>
{ejmH$mo Ae a XmBOmo {XZwhmog&
{dmWuh$bo n{Z Ry > bmo gnZm
hoZhw mog& gnZm O{V Ry>bmo Xomo {V
Z n[alH$mo bJmZr n{Z JZwnN>&
hm m {g{$o {dmWuh$bmB
ggmaH$ gdlo > a Xj mZd ggmYZ
~ZmCZ MmhNw>& hmm wdmh$bmB
m a rOVmo {gO Z merb ~ZmCZ
MmhNw>& hmrbo hmmo gmObmB
{S>~oQ>o~b gmogmBQ>r ~ZmCZwnN>&
hm VnmBh$H$m A{K Oo O{V
Hw$amh$ amXN>w Vr Hw$amh$m{W n{Z
VnmBh$bo [aOZrL> JZhw mog gbofU,
{dbofU JZwhmog& gmoZw a {MVZ
JZhw mog& ^{d, {g{$ A{Z gmO
VnmBh$bmB Z Mm{hN>&
hmr nN>mQ>o N>m& Mm{bL>bo
^Zo O Vmo {g{$ {gmny a a
drOamS>OVmo {H$Z ÊZ ^Zoa
Z[agmCZwhmog& {g{$ {gmnya a
drOamS>>OVmo V~ hN> O~ hmr
{g{$obrh$ n{Z AmZmo moJXmZ,
H$ , {dMma a kmZbo hm H $
OZVmOVm hN>m& hmr n{Z CZrh$
OV h Z gZw n N> & EWo g a
JrH$dmgrh$bo AmO^Xm 25-26 g
dfA{K Z gmoWo {H$ EWog-Jrg H$Vmo
hZnw N> ^Zoa& Va ~mhoH$ {g{$m
H$mohr gmoVZ hmmo ^{dH$mo gmO,
hmmo {g{$ H$Vmo hZnw N>& {g{$
VnmBh$H$ moJXmZ~mQ> ~{ZN>& bmB
Jmbr Jaoa {g{$ ~{ZXZ& hmr
{Oodma ZmJ[aH$ ~wnN>& a{dZ embo
{g{$ Z{~{Jmog ^w^mo& {~JZ
g{Obmo N>, {~JmZ g{Obmo N> Va gnmZ
Jmmo N>& A{hbo {g{$ Ohm nwJHo $mo N>
gbmB WmZo VnmBh$H$mo H$m hmo&
gwajmbmB n{Z gwajm Mm{hN>&
Vjerbm,
ZmbXmOVm
{dd{dmbh$ Ohm 60 Am
{d^mJh$ {WE, Ohm~mQ> MmUOVm
{eh$ nXm Ê, Vm {dmV
gWmZh$ n{Z ^Vm^w Ê& A{hbo
r {dd{dmbhbo {ZaVaVm
nmEH$m Ê emX ggmaH$mo gnH$ ^mfm
gH$V hZo {Wmo hmobm& AJO
o r V
g~obm BmS>H$mo ECQ>m Hw$Zmm
AJO
o h$bo ~moWo& Va AmO mo AJO
o r
^mfm {V mnH$ ^mo& gbo g~
amm H$m a Hw$amh$bmB n{Z {ZaVaVm

{XZ gZwnN>& {g{$ A{hbo {V ammo
ÊH$mo N>& gbmB n{Z {ZaVaVm {XZ
gZwnN>&
hmrbo {g{$bmB ammo ~ZmCZ
~rgm df mZ{gH$ a emar[aH$ n[al
JaoH$m N>m& hmr {g{$ {ZmUH$mo
H$mm Vnm JaoOV bmJoH$m N>m&
mo H$gar {VH$mo ^mo, g Hw$ambmB
H$mohr {gXZ& gH$m bm{J EH$
BmXma ZoV d A{Zdm hN>& oho
~{bmo ^mo ^Zo m XmB ammo hN>&
gbo ZoVm BmXma hZnw N>& {ejm,
H$MmarV, mnma, gm{h, H$bm
Am{X g~ jom ZoV d Mm{hN>& hmmo
gmOm gH$mo H$r N>& gbo hmr
g~bo Am-AmZmo jo~mQ> moJXmZ
{XD$ ^Zr AmmZ JZ MmhNw>&
AmZmo g a D$Om OZVmbo AmEH$m
H$mh$ JZm IM JXN>w & bmB
OZVmbo JrV a H${dVm boZ nR>mEH$mo
hmoBZ& bmB hm OZVmH$mo godm JZ
nR>mBEH$mo N>& OZVmH$mo gnZm gmZ
gmmo N>& hr H$mm bmJoH$mo Nw>&
H${dVm XH$mo ^mfm hmo, mo AmmH$mo
^mfm hmo& JrV ZH$mo wH$mZ hmo&
hmrbmB MbmCZo {^r mZ{gH$ eara
hN>& gbo {dmWuh$bo n{Z
AmZmo ~m{ha m hmoBZ {^ n{Z
gmZhw mog& {g{$o gmObo n{Z
~m{ha ~ogrgmXN>m, hmr hmmo {^
n{Z gmam& hmr Oo hm, hr hm,
Oo hmoBZm, mo hZ ZImoOm&
boIH$ {g{$H$m wr hZhw N> gmW Zonmbr gm{hm EH$OZm bmoH${ H${dH$m $nm n[a{MV
hZhw N>& gm{hpH$ jom ChmbmB ndZ Mm{bL> "{H$aU'-H$mo Zmbo {M{ZN>&
H$ZH$m 20 / 9
AmdaU boI
drU Im{bL
am>H${d Jmonmb
qgh Zonmbr
n[aMm_H$
AdbmoH$Z
am> H${d Jmonmbqgh Zonmbr
O 11 AJV, 1911
w 16 Aob 1963
bo I H$
H$ZH$m 20 / 10
^maV XoeH$mo {demb \$bmdQ> {^ Wmoa OZg`m {bEa n{Z Xoe o_H$mo
AVwbZr` CXmhaU Wm{nV JZ} Hw$Z g_wXm` N> ^Zo `mo Zonmbr ^mfr JmoIm
g_wXm`bmB A{Kmo bha_m amZ g{H$N>& `gar AmZ Om{VbmB \w$`mCZ
C{MV ZÊ n{Z A{hbog_ hm_mo B{Vhmg Am\$ boIao {ddbmB hm_mo ApVdH$mo
~mao_m AdJV JamCZ ZgXm Z A$bo J[a{XEH$mo JbV `m`mZH$mo {eH$ma
~w n[aahoH$mo N>& OgH$mo `j _mU {hXr gm{h`H$mo N>m`mdmXr boIZH$mbH$m
_hmZ H${d VWm ~{bdwS>H$m M{MV JrVH$ma Jmonmbqgh Zonmbr a CZH$mo {hXr
gm{h`_m ahoH$mo `moJXmZ~mao hm_mo g_mObo Îa Wmhm nmCZ WmboH$mo {df`bo
n> hN>& gH${V {~{gEH$mo Hw$amh$, nanam {~{gEH$mo AdYmaUmh$ nT>Zo a
gwPmCh$ amZo JN>m Va `hm AmEa ECQ>m {gmo `wJ Z {~{gEH$mo AdWm_m
ôQ> N>m H${d Jmonmbqgh ZonmbrH$mo gJ Ho$bmCX OmXm& gm`X Wmab
mB Wmhm
Jmonmbqgh Zonmbrbo Zonmbr {nMgH$mo `mS>_m AmZmo

gKf_` OrdZ~mao AmZmo {_bmB boIoH$mo n&
H$ZH$m 20 / 11
N> EH$ Zonmbr^mfr `{$bo N>m`mdmXr H$mb_m AmZmo

boIH$s` {V^mbo namH$m>H$mo {eIa Mw_Ho $m {WE OgH$mo
`moJXmZbmB H$Xa JX {hXr gm{h`bo am> H${dH$mo $n_m
H${d ZonmbrbmB Wm{nV J[a{XEH$mo Ê n{Z d`
Zonmbr^mfrH$mo ~rM_m ^Zo n[a{MV hZ g{H$ahoH$mo N>Z &
`mo H$gH$mo Xmof ZÊa hm_ H$_r H$_Omoarh$ _mwnN>&
hm_r hm_m {XJO hVrh$bmB H${V Z {MN>m a? hm_mh$
Z V Hw$Z nmR>nwVH$_m naoH$m N>Z Z V Mwm_m ^{ZZo
H$Wmh$_m g_o{Q>EH$m N>Z, `g `g ^wV a VgmCZo
_gmZh$H$mo H$Wm gwZao h{H$Zo nanam_m H${hbo XJm_,
IS>H$~hmXa {d>, {g{$_ ^maVr dVVm goZmZr
gm{drXodr (hobZo boMm), OrdZ {WL>, h[a^$ H$Qw>dmb,
Xb~hmXa {Jar, N>{dbmb Cnm`m` H${Vbo gw`m a nT>m
gmoMZr` {df` N>& ~moH$o nanam~mQ> _m{W CR>ao hm_rbo
hm_ nwdO
h$H$mo n[aM`~mao n> hZ gHo$Zm `gbo {hXr
gm{h`bo amH${d _mZoH$m Jmonmbqgh Zonmbr n{Z hm_r~rM
A{MZm$ Z aho& `g Hw$ambmB `mZ_m amX {hXr gm{h`H$m
mV_aUr` Jmonmbqgh ZonmbrH$mo H${dd a `{$JV
n[aM`m_H$ AdbmoH$Z J[aEH$mo N>&
OrdZr
^maVbo dVVmH$mo CboOmoH$mo {Vjm ew J[agHo$H$mo
~obm AL>JO
o r emgZH$mo {damoY_m MMm} da MpH$Z WmboH$mo
H$mb_m {~hmaH$mo MnmaU {OmH$mo ~o{V`m JmC_m _mVm
`_wZmXod r A{Z {nVm aob~hmXa qgh ZonmbrH$mo H$moI_m
1911 gmbH$mo 11 AJVH$mo {XZ Xoe^{$bo AmoVmoV,
{hXr, CX, Zonmbr a AL>JO
o r gm{h`H$m hmoZmhma N>mao m
Jmonmbqgh ZonmbrH$mo O_ ^maV-ZonmbH$mo gr_m_m nZ}
{~hmaH$mo ~o{V`mH$mo$ H$mbr~mJ Xa~maH$mo Zonmbr _hb_m
ÊH$mo {W`mo& CZH$mo O_H$mo Zm_ Jmonmb~hmXa qgh Zonmbr
{W`mo ^Zo n{N> Jmonmbqgh ZonmbrH$ Zm_bo n[a{MV Ê&
CZH$mo {ZYZ 16 Aob 1963 _m _w~BH$mo _bmT>pWV
nm[adm[aH$ Ka_m X`J{V amo{H$Xm ÊH$mo {W`mo&
\$mOr {nVmH$mo gdm{gV ~m`H$mb {~hma, XohamXZ
a _gwar_m {~VmEH$m H${d Zonmbr_m gmZmo C_oa_ H${ddH$mo
bjU {W`mo& CZbo _o{Q>H$w bogZg_H$mo A``Z JaoH$m
{WE& CZbo _o{Q>H$w boeZ gZ 1926 _m W_ XOm_m
CVrU JaoH$m {WE& `gn{N> VH$m{bZ Amn{ZdoedmXr
gaH$mabo CZbmB A{K nT>Z {d{^ ~mYm a AS>MZ {gOZm

JZ n{N> naoZ& \$bd$n CZbo C {ejmH$mo {ZpV
dA``Z amoOo & XohamXZH$s drUm amZrgJ JmonmbqghH$mo
{~ho Ên{N> Mma N>mao m a XB N>mao r O_oH$m hZ& OrdZH$mo
{dH$mgH$__m CZbo AmZmo gn{adma 1944 gmb _w~B_m
~gmB gmaoa _`n`V nm[adm[aH$ Ka_m OrdZ {~VmEH$m
{WE& OrdZH$mo ApV_ dfh$_m Am_ Zonmbr H${dh$bo
OVm CZbo n{Z hZg_H$mo Am{WH$ gH$Q>H$mo gm_Zm
JZnw aoH$mo {W`mo& CZH$mo `mo gH$Q>H$mo ~mao_m CZr d`bo 7
\$adar 1956 _m {d_b am{OWmZrbmB boIHo $mo n~mQ>
nw{> hN>& CZbo `hm AmZmo nVH $ Ka {~hmaH$mo ~o{V`m_m
{bbm_ J[aZ bmJoH$mo XI `$ JX Ho$hr {XZ n{I{XZo
VWm ngm nmCZgmW ~o{V`m nwJao F$U Mw$m JZ} ^mH$m
_mX AmZmo Am{WH$ H$_OmoarH$mo ~`mZ JaoH$m N>Z& `{n
CZbo OrdZH$mo XIbmB AmZm aMZmh$_m H${hbo n{Z
^md nmZ} `mg JaoZZ& CZr {ZVmV dmYrZ H${d
OrdZ ~mM&o gm{h`{gV {\$_H$maH$mo $n_m n{Z CZbo
H$m` Jao Va {\$__m ÊH$mo KmQ>mbo n{Z CZH$mo Am{WH$
{Mm \$mQ>ao J`mo Va OrdZ^[a gKf Jaoa n{Z AmZmo
{ZOr gH$Q>h$bmB H${dVm_m amoEa nmoImEZZ& g_mO a
XoeH$mo `Wm-H$Wm boIao CZH$mo OrdZ {~`mo& ~ CZr V
aMZm_m gXd _{V_m YmaU JZ `mo` `{$dH$mo $n_m
gXmgXmH$mo {ZpV ~m{M{XEH$m N>Z&
gm{h`H$maH$mo $n_m H${d Zonmbr
Jmonmbqgh ZonmbrbmB {hXr gm{h`H$mo N>m`mdmXr
H$mbH$mo H${dh$_m _hdnyU WmZ_m am{IEH$mo N>& Cma
N>m`mdmXH$mo B{Vhmg_m H${d ZonmbrH$mo CoI{~Zm B{Vhmg
AYwamo hZw Z CZH$mo gm{hp`H$ {deofVm a {g{ hmo&
Jmonmbqgh Zonmbr_m H${dd ~m`H$mbXo{I ahoH$mo {W`mo&
CZbo n{hbmo H${dVm CX ^mfm_m aMoH$m {WE& OwZ CZbo
gmVm loUrH$mo {dmWu N>X m Z aMZm JaoH$m {WE& n{N>
AmZm {ejH$ _L>Jb gmX nmS>o a H${d _hmdraqgh
draZH$mo gwPmCn{N> {hXr gm{h`bmB AmZmo H$m`jo
~ZmE& `{n CZbo {hXr ~mhoH$ Zonmbr a CX ^mfm_m
n{Z C{mH$ X{bmo H$mabo H$b_ MbmEH$m N>Z& Jmonmbqgh
Zonmbr `gH$mbH$mo g~^Xm ~oOmoS> a Ry>bm H${dH$mo $n_m
Wm{nV {WE &
H$ZH$m 20 / 12
Jmonmbqgh ZonmbrH$mo n{hbmo aMZm ~mbH$ Zm_H$

n{H$m_m npS>V ~o{ZnwarH$mo gnmXZ_m H$m{eV ÊH$mo
{W`mo&
AmZm H${dVmm Zonmbrbo Xoeo_, H${Vo_ VWm
_mZdr` ^mdZmh$H$mo gwXa {MU JaoH$m N>Z&
CZH$mo n{hbmo H${V 1930 gmb_m H$nZm Zm_H$
H${dVm gJh H$m $nm H$m{eV ÊH$mo {W`mo& 22 dQ>m
J H${dVmh$H$mo Xmomo gH$aU 1949-{Va H$mR>_mS>m~ mQ>
~mbH$U g_H$mo g{Mdd_m N>m{nEH$mo {W`mo& `gJar CZH$mo
Xmomo H${V IS>H$m` amZr 1931 gmb_m H$m{eV ÊH$mo
{W`mo& OgH$mo ^y{_H$m _hmH${d bp_gmX XodH$moQ>mbo
bo{I{XEH$m {WE& `gJar 1933 gmb_m CZbo Vomo H${V
nN>r nQ>Zm~mQ> H$m{eV Jao& \w$Q>H$a aMZmh${gV
{ZnwUVm{gV H${dVmH$m H${Vh$ {ZH$mboa CZbo VH$m{bZ
g_mO_m X{bmo gm{hp`H$ V^H$mo $n_m Am\$bmB
Wm{nV JaoH$m {WE& `gbo {ddH${d a{dZmW R>mHw$abo
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H$ZH$m 20 / 13
nVbo AdbmoH$Z Jaoa CZH$mo H$m` e{$bmB gadVrH$mo

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Fighting against liars and lies
Oh! Whart a world, here money flies
And man dies
Between two persons,
Sliver coins are only the ties.
A well-dressed man with well pressed lies
Is accepted as wise.
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H$ZH$m 20 / 15
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1) 1985
2) 1986
3) 1987
4) 1988
5) 1989
6) 1990
7) 1991
8) 1992
9) 1993
10) 1994
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14) 1998
15) 1999
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20) 2004
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25) 2009
26) 2010
27) 2011
28) 2012
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hZ&
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H$rH$Omo a rbmB gmm` Ed
dm^m{dH$ $nm {bZwnN>&
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(1946, oKmb`)
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H$ZH$m 20 / 41
H$m{eV H$m{Zr `{V Z

MmhNw> erfH$ H$WmH$m m`~mQ>
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(1979) OVm H$Wm gLJh H$m{eV
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Agobr Zonmbr H$WmH$mam Co`
H$WmH$maH$m $nm gwa{jV ahoH$mo N>&
m`m R>Hw$ar
({d.g. 2004, bIZC)
bIZCm O Ê n{Z m`m

R>H$w arH$mo {ejmXrjm AgH$mo n{hboH$mo
amOYmZro {gbmL>m ÊH$mo hmo& {`ZH$m
H$Wm {d.g. 2026 {VaXopI H$m{eV
hZ WmboH$m hZ & {`ZH$m ZOwaHo $mo
OmoS>r ({d.g. 2030), JbmH$mo
y$b ({d.g. 2033), gmKw Vaon{N>
({d.g. 2039), MmVmamo gmjr N>
({d.g. 2046), m`m R>Hw$arH$m
H$Wmh$ ({d.g. 2048), Amm A
OmZwhmog ({d.g. 2064) OVm H$Wm
gLJh H$m{eV N>Z& {gbmL>m ahX
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H$WmH$ma m`m R>H$warH$mo H$WmH$
d{e>` hmo &
ISJ~hmXwa H$m{eH$
(1959, emo{UVnwa)
1980 H$mo IwHw$ar n{H$mm
H$m{eV "`mm' erfH$ H$WmH$m
m`~mQ> Zonmbr H$WmH$m jom
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AmEH$m ~IV gaH$mar `dWmnZbo
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a H$R> N>Z &
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gab Zonmbr ^mfmH$mo `moJ nmBN>&
Ag{`m ^mfm~mQ> ^m{dV Zonmbr
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{`Zbo dm^m{dH$ $nm VwV JaoH$m
N>Z & `gH$maH$mo `moJ eX,
H$ZH$m 20 / 43
nXmdbr, {H$`m Am{XH$m Vhm m

Z^B dm`H$m Vhm n{Z ahoH$mo N> &
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T>mMmH$mo Zonmbr ^mfmm {MU JZ}
H$WmH$ma H$m{eH$ ybV Am#m{bH$
H$WmH$ma hZ &
S>~a Xmhmb
(1958, Xm{O{bL>)
Xm{O{bL>m OpE n{Z S>~a
XmhmbH$mo H$ W bmo AgH$mo
H$m{~AmL>bL> hmo& {`Zr 1980 H$mo
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XwIrH$mo {XZ JwO N>
N erfH$ H$WmH$m
m`~mQ> Zonmbr H$WmH$m jom
doe JaoH$m hZ & Zonmbr a Ag{`m
Xwd ^mfmm gmZ $nbo H$b
MbmCZo XmhmbH$m Am{dH$ma (1986)
Ed `mmH$m (2008) erfH$
H$WmH${V H$m{eV N>Z& H$` a {en
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dW Ed g` gmOH$mo n[aH$nZm
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H$Wm{enJV Img d{e>` a n{hMmZ
hmo &
IS>H$amO {Jar
(1958, {VZgw { H$`m)
IS>H$amO {JarH$mo H$Wm `mmH$mo
gwdmV 1984 H$mo gm{h` dmh
dmhm
H$m{eV H$Qw>g` erfH$ H$WmH$m
m`~mQ> ÊH$mo hmo & {`ZH$m
$n{V$n (1987), A^md
(1992), H$WmXopI na (1998),
ey` {dH$n (2006) OVm H$Wm
gLJh H$m{eV N>Z & `moJerb
T>~mQ> m` N>mQo >m Am`mH$m H$Wm
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g`mh$H$mo Vw{V ahoH$mo XopIN>
& `wJrZ {dg{V a {dH${V{V `L>`
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n[apW{V ahoH$mo a gfH$mo {dH$n

ey`Vm m ÊH$mo A{^ÒZm
{`ZH$m H$Wmm nmBN> &
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nw VmVa~mQ> Cn g`mH$mo
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VVr` nwf Xwd {>{~XwH$mo `moJ
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bopIEH$m {`ZH$m H$WmH$mo ^mfmebr`
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N>& gJV {`Zr ggm{`H$
nwVmH$m `moJerb Agobr Zonmbr
H$WmH$ma hZ & {`Zr Agobr Zonmbr
H$WmH$mo ggm{`H$ {H$mmH$m Co`
H$WmH$maH$m $nm XoImnN>Z &
Z`mXo d r
(1942, {~hmbr)
gZ 1994 H$mo hmmo d{Z
d{Zm
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H$Wm`mm Ama^ ÊH$mo hmo & {`ZH$mo
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{`ZH$m H$WmH$mo ^mfm gab, gw~moY a
ghO nR>Zr` N> &
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(1962, Xm{O{bL>)
Xm{O { bL>m
OpEH$s
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oKmb`m ahoH$mo N>& gZ 1998 H$mo
gwZ n{H$mm H$m{eV ^Ho$H$mo
mN>o H$Wm {bEa Zonmbr H$Wmm
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(gZ 2002) erfH$ H$Wm gLJh
H$m{eV N> & {`ZH$m H$Wmm nmBZo
yb d{m nambm{H$H$ {df`H$mo Vw{V
hmo & ^m{VH$ OJVm Ag^d bmo
Ed A{dgZr` {d{^ H$maH$m
Abm{H$H$ KQ>Zmh$ gmOm `XmH$Xm
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h N>Z & ~mXbnm[a~mQ> H$g b o
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ZmarH$m ZH$mamH$ nmQ>mbmB n{Z
Ho$bmEH$s N>Z& mH${VH$ AndmXH$mo
$nm ahoH$mo Vomo {brH$m ~mH`
{H$`mH$bmn Ed D${VH$mo gmm{OH$
{>H$moUH$mo Vw{V nmBZo {`ZH$m
H$Wmm `Vm `{$H$mo Zmo{dcofU
n{Z J[aEH$mo N>& dVmZm `m
~oamoOJmar g`mbmB {`ZH$m H$Wmbo
A`V H$m{UH$ T>m goQ>Ho $m N>Z&
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$nm nmH$ Ed gdmXmH$
H$ZH$m 20 / 45
ebrm ga{MV {`ZH$m H$Wmm

Xm{O{bL> jom ~mo{bZo Zonmbr
^m{fH$mH$mo ^md ahoH$mo N> &
empV Wmnm
(1968, JwdmhmQ>r)
gZ 1999 m H$m{eV Abb
erf H $ H$WmH$m m`~mQ> Am
H$Wm`mm Ama^ JaoH$s empV
WmnmH$mo AmdVZ (2007) H$Wm
gLJh H$m{eV N> &
{`ZH$m H$Wmm `w J rZ
OZOrdZH$m {d{^ {df`dVwH$mo
Vw{V nmBN> & {`Zr {d{^ dJ a
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g d o X ZmbmB {d{dY gX^ H $m
m`~mQ> {df`dVw ~ZmEa H$Wm
{gOZm JZ} H$WmH$ma hZ & {`Zbo
ybV ZmarH$m XwXe
m, doXZm, N>Q>nQ>r,
CHw$gwHw$g, gVmZ{VH$mo moh,
gLH$Q>m naoH$mo mVd Am{XbmB
H$WmdVwH$mo $nm Am H$Wmm
goQ>Ho $s N>Z &
`g {>bo hoXm {`ZH$m H$Wmm
A{^`$ yb da Zmar gdoXZm
hmo& gmm{OH$ jom XoImnaoH$m
{dH $ {V VWm {dg{VbmB n{Z
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AdWmH$mo {MU n{Z nmBN>& nwfbo
Zmar{V JaoH$mo emofU XoIao {dmohr
hZnwJHo $mo mZ{gH$VmbmB n{Z {`Zbo
Am H$Wmm WmZ {XEH$s N>Z&
gmm{OH$ gH$ma, ar{V{W{V n{Z
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gmm{OH$ n[anmQ>r{V `L>` hma
J[aEH$m {`ZH$m H$Wmm H${Vn`
nan[aV {~~H$m m`~mQ>
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J[aEH$mo N> & Vg eXH$mo A`{YH$
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Ho$hr H$Wm gmm` nmR>H$H$H$m bm{J
pb> Ed Xwh n{Z XopIN>Z &
H${Vn` R>mCm {H$`mnX{dhrZ dm`
`moJH$m H$maU {`ZH$mo ^mfmm
JH${dVmH$mo PH$mo n{Z nmBN> &
OrV~hmXwa gwZma
(1959, {VZgw { H$`m)
2000 H$mo hm m o d{Z
d{Zm
AmZm AZw h mah$
H$m{eV "AmZm
mah$'
erf H $ H$WmH$m m`~mQ> Am
H$Wm`mm Ama^ JaoH$m OrV~hmXwa
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EH$wR>r ZtX (2010) ZmH$ H$Wm
gLJh H$m{eV N>Z & {`ZH$m H$Wmm
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AV`VVm{V AmH$moe a {dmohH$m
da H${Q>V N>Z& dJu` {dôXH$mo
{MU n{Z {`ZH$m H$Wmm nmBN> &
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H$`bmB VwV JZ} H$WmH$maH$m $nm
XoImnN>Z & {`ZH$m H${Vn` H$Wmm
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{MU a `g{V ghmZw^{y VH$mo da
wI[aV ÊH$mo nmBN>& `mZ a
mVdH$mo {damoYm^mgnyU A{^`{$
n{Z {`ZH$m H$Wmm nmBN>& gVmZ
mohH$m H$maU ~m`VmnydH $ `mZ{H$`m
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wI[aV ÊH$mo N>& {`ZH$m H${Vn`
H$Wmm bmoH$H$WmH$ T>mMmm ga{MV
N>Z ^Zo H${Vn` H$Wmm nan[aV
T>mMmH$ AZwgaU J[aEH$mo N>& `WmW
a H$nZmH$mo {{lV $n nmBZo {`ZH$m
H$Wm ybV gmm{OH$ `WmWdmXr
{H$mm XZ g{H$Zo ImbH$m N>Z &
gab, ghO a gw~moY ^mfmebrm
ga{MV {`ZH$m H$Wmm Img ^m{fH$
Zm`mB XopI& gmm{OH$ {dg{V,
dJu` {dôX a Zmar nrS>mbmB ghO
T>m H$WmH$ ~mH$sm Co
OrV~hmXwa gwZma Ag joH$m
ggm{`H$ nwVmH$m CoIZr`
gmm{OH$ `WmWdmXr H$WmH$ma hZ &
JrVm Cnm`m`
(1939, VoOnwa)
{ZH $ A{JXo p I Z {d{dY
{H$`mH$bmnH$m m`~mQ> gm{h`
godmm g{H$` XopIE n{Z JrVm
Cnm`m`bo Zonmbr ^mfmm H$Wm boZ
WmboH$mo n{N> AmEa m hmo & gZ
2003 H$mo hmmo d{Z
d{Zm H$m{eV
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Zonmbr H$WmH$m jom doe JaoH$s
JrVm Cnm`m`H$mo H$WmObr
(2005) ZmH$ H$Wm gLJh H$m{eV
N> & Or{dH$monmOZH$m H$m gVmZ
{d{^ R>mCm OmZ ~m` Ên{N>
~ Amm~m~wbo {VZH$mo gPZm JX
EH$mr OrdZ {~VmCZw nZ} ~m`mH$
n[apW{VH$mo {MU nmBZo {`ZH$m
H$Wmm nanamJV n[adm[aH$ gaMZm
H$e {dK{Q>V hX JEH$mo `wJrZ
`WmWbmB XoImBEH$mo N> & dVmZm
{dH$amb $nm ahoH$mo ~oamoOJmar
H$ZH$m 20 / 46
g`m VWm `g~mQ> Cn hZgZo

qhgm, h`m Ed AmVLH$H$mo pW{V,
Xoh`mnma VWm Mobr~oQ>r ~oM{~IZ,
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Imo{OEH$mo N> & H${VV$ $H$'
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VwV J[aEH$mo N>& AH$mH$mo J^
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a gVmZ OmCZ MmhZo AmmH$m
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X{V `mZoN>mH$mo A{^`{$ ÊH$m
{`ZH$m H$Wmm `XmH$Xm
Zmo{dkmZH$mo ne n{Z nmBN> &
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{`ZH$m H$Wmm `w$ dm` JR>Zm
Agobr Zonmbr ^m{fH$mH$mo ^md
ahoH$mo XopIN>&
JrVm {b~y
(1964, Jmo b mKmQ>)
JrVm {b~yH$mo ~wT>m~mH$mo N>mVm
(gZ 2003) erfH$ H$Wm gLJh
H$m{eV N>& gVmZH$mo Amm{V
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naoH$mo ^md A{^`pOV N> & nwfH$mo
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b{H$ {dôXH$mo {damo J[aEH$mo {`ZH$m
H$Wmm ZmarH$mo gH$mamH$ M[abmB
m VwV ZJar ZH$mamH$ Ed
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gm[aEH$mo N>& gab H$` ^mfmm
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`moJ nmBZo {`ZH$m H$Wmm gmm`
^m{fH$ H$gaga n{Z ô{Q>N> &

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(1978, VoOnwa)
[aOw XodrH$mo AmerH$mo Mm (gZ 2007) ZmH$
H$Wm gLJh H$m{eV N> & m` N>mQo >m gaMZmm Am~
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mZ{gH$VmH$mo {damoY J[aEH$m {`ZH$m H$Wmm ZmarH$mo
AmXedmXr M[a VwV JX {d{dY H$maH$m Zmar g`mH$mo
gmYmZ AmXedmXr Ed gwYmadmXr T>bo J[aZwnZ} ^md
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Ap`pOV N>& "Hw$H$H$mo $b Ad` nmBN>' ô Zr{VdmXr
^md A{^`$ {`ZH$m H${Vn` H$Wmm EH$AH$mH$mo gdXo Zm
a gH${VbmB H$Xa JZwnZ} ^mdH$mo H$Q>rH$aU n{Z ÊH$mo
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T>bo A` J[aZw nZ} ^md H${Q>V {`ZH$m H$Wmm
AY{dmg, Hw$ar{V, OmVr` Ed dJu` {dôX gmOH$mo
MmhZm A{^`pOV N>& Agobr Zonmbr n[adoeH$mo {MU
nmBZo {`ZH$m H$Wmm `w$ ^mfmm gmm` H$gaga
ahoH$mo XopIN> & m` N>mQo >m dm` `w$ {`ZH$m H$Wmm
{hXrH$m eXh$ `Wo> $nm `w$ N>Z &
m{W CoI J[aE~mhoH$ AgH$m {d{^ jom
~gmo~mg JZ} A` Ww H$WmH$maH$m H$WmH${V H$m{eV
N>Z& Vrò Ho$hrH$mo CoI Vb J[aN>
h[agmX em IZmb
om YmoH$m `m on
(1960)
oamo OrdZ (1967)
Ho$.~r. Zonmbr
H$nZm (1970)
{Xb gmhZr
`wJ nwf (1971),
IamZr JmC (2000)
{dUw em `mnmZo H$b{LH$Zr moVr (1972)
aha (2001), Jw`yMmobr (2004)
empV gXoe (2007)
H$ZH$m 20 / 47
h[a^$ H$Qw>dmb
n>rH$aU (1972)
empV gXoe (2008)
XwJmgmX A{YH$mar amVmo nmZr (1975)
mZ ~goH$mo oamo JmC (2000)
~w{mZ YmZ
AK}bmo (1980)
bmoH$ZmW Cnm`m`
gmBV (gZ 1982)
bU ~mohmoam
EH$ {~hmZ EH$ ~obHw $s (1984)
eoamZ Wmnm
BoUr (1985), bha (1995)
moVrqgh jor
gnZm (1989)
^moH$`wgf (1991)
{dUwbmb Cnm`m`
CgJ (1994)
mohZ gwdXo r
mQ>mo mN>o a m`m (1998)
bU ~mohmoam
EH$ {dhmZ EH$ ~o b w H $s
(1984)
Q>rH$mam Cnm`m` Mnm (1973), ^mpV (1976)
e{e em
{dWmnZ (1994)
KmV{VKmV (1996)
{dH$dra Wmnm
~rgm eVmXrH$s moZm{bgm
(1997)
JmonmbM H$m{eH$
Amgmo dmB (1998)
mohZ gwdXo r
mQ>m,o mN> a m`m (1998)
^{dbmb bm{N>mZo
Xrn amB
Jw^$ {YVmb
(2002)
aVZHw$ma nmSo>
MHw$ma em
Vmam{Z{Y Cnm`m`
amOo T>H$mb
am ^>amB
aodVrmohZ {VpgZm
XodrMaU goT>mB
hmo~hmXwa jor
n~hmXwa amB
H$gH$m bm{J (2000)

`wPmB (2001)
So>Or ECQ>m AYyamo gnZm
mXr (2002)
{N>Ho $s (2003)
Zr{VH$Wm (2005)
JmYrH$mo damOm (2005)
hoam Ho$ hN> ? (2005)
OwZ{H$ar (2005)
Xm{H$Zr (2006)
AmgrXopI ny{Umg (2006)
{j{VO hamEH$mo N>Z (2006)
`wmV (2007)
{gmZm (2007)
~moJo Zodma
OrdZMH$ (2008)
aodVraU gmnH$moQ>m ~moS>a (2008)
{S>ram IZmb
A{ê `wJH$mo AmH$Wm
(2009)
nrVm~a JwL>
Hw$Vbm ~mZ MmhN>o (2009)
Xodr Wmnm "mm'
Amm (2011)
^r Ybm
gmWr (2011)
m{W MMm J[aEH$m H$WmH$mah$m {Xb gmhZr a
XwJmgmX A{YH$marH$mo ~gmo~mg hmb Zonmbm Z ÊH$mo
OmZH$mar nmBN> & {`Zm {Xb gmhZrH$m aMZm dVmZm
n{Z {d{^ nn{H$mm H$m{eV ÊH$mo XopIN> ^Zo
XwJmgmX A{YH$marH$m aMZm `{V XopIEH$m N>Z Z& `gJar
A{dZme lo>H$mo O, {ejmXrjm Ed H$Wm`mmH$mo gwAmV
Ag Ê Vmn{Z {`ZH$mo H$Wm gLJh Vm`m BH$b
a AYH$ma ({d.g. 2063) {`Zr Zonmbm Wm`r $nbo
~gmo~mg JZ Wmbon{N> m ÊH$mo hmo&
3. Cnghma
~h^mfr VWm ~hYu jo AgH$m {d{^ WmZm
A` ^mfr, Yu VWm Om{VgJ {boa ~gmo~mg J[aahoH$m
Agobr Zonmbrbo ~obm~obm {d{^ g`mgJ OwX
gm{h` {gOZmbmB {ZaVaVm {XBahoH$m N>Z& `g jom
~gmo~mg JZ} H${Vn` gm{h`H$maH$mo H$b ZonmbrH$m
A{V[a$ Ag{`m, {hXr, ~mbr, {Omo, ALJO
o rbJm`V
{d{^ WmZr` ^mfmm n{Z MboH$mo nmBN> & `g joH$m
m` g~ Zonmbr H$WmH$mah$bo {d{dY H$maH$m WmZr`
g`mbmB wIVm {XEa H$Wm {gOZm JaoH$m N>Z &
`{V hXmhX n{Z Agobr Zonmbr H$WmH$maH$m H$WmH$mo
{df` a n[adoe Ag{^ m gr{V Zahr Ag~m{ha
n{Z {dVma ÊH$mo nmBN> & ^maV-nmH$ `wbJm`V
A` {dXoer gX^ n{Z {`ZH$m H$Wmm dVwH$mo $nm
go{Q>EH$m N>Z & H${Vn` Agobr Zonmbr H$WmH$maH$m
H$Wmm {nV^y{ Zonmb{V lm a AmWm n{Z H$Q>
J[aEH$mo N> & Zonmbr ^mfm Ed Zonmbr gm{h` a
gm{h`H$ma{V AJmY lm nmBZo {`ZH$m H$Wmm
Zonmb~m{haH$m Zonmbrbo Am{XH${d ^mZw^$ AmMm`{V
XoImCZo AmXa gmZH$mo Vw{V n{Z ÊH$mo N> &

nm[adm[aH$ g~Y a {VZ~mQ> Cn g`m, Zmar{V
hZo JaoH$m gmm{OH$, mZ{gH$ a `mZJV emofUh$bmB
XoImCX Zmarbo nwf~mQ> ^mownaoH$m AZoH$ H$maH$m
^w$mZ a nrS>mh$H$m gmW ZmarH$m ZH$mamH$ $nH$mo
{MU n{Z {`Zrh$H$m H$Wmm ÊH$mo N> & Zmar gmZVm
a dVVmH$mo ImoOrJX Amngr gh`moJ, gmd Ed
gmZH$mo dmVmdaU {gOZm hZwnZ} `wJmZwHy$b YmaUm
{`Zrh$H$m H$Wmm A{^`pOV N>& ~h^mfr VWm
~hYu gmOm ~gmo~mg JaoH$m H$maU {`Zrh$H$m
H$Wmm {d{^ OmVOmVr Ed ^mfm^mfr {boa A{J
~TZwnZ} ^mdH$mo Vw{VH$m gmW {d{^ ^mfm VWm
gH${VH$mo ne n{Z nmBN>& OmVr` ApVdH$m bm{J
gf JX H$Wm jom XoIm naoH$m Agobr Zonmbr
H$WmH$maH$mo `mg a g{H$`Vm A`V AZwH$aUr` a
gamhZr` N>& Agobr Zonmbr H$WmH$mah$H$mo AdpW{V
a {gOZY{VmbmB hoXm {gmo Zonmbr H$WmH$m jom
{`Zrh$H$mo CnpW{V a `moJXmZ n[amUmH$ a JwUmH$
Xwd {>bo Co` ahoH$mo N> & {`Zm A{YH$meV Or{dV
ÊH$m a {gOZaVgoV ahoH$mbo Zonmbr H$WmH$mo {dH$mgm
{`Zbo Wn `moJXmZ nw`mCZo pW{V ~{b`mo ahoH$mo N>&
gX^ g y M r:Wmnm, empV, gnm.,
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Agobr Zonmbr H$Wm `mm, Ag Zonmbr

gm{h` n[afX, 2008&
Zonmbr {hbm H$WmH$ma, H$mR>mS>m Zonmb
amOH$s` km {V>mZ, 2060 &
Zonmbr H$Wm, Ag JmhmQ>r {d{dmb`,
gZ 2010 &
AgH$m Zonmbr {hbm gm{h`H$ma', aMZm,
(df 51 nyUmLH $ 112, 2068 demIOoR>),
n. 92-103 &
"^maVr` Zonmbr {hbm H$WmH$ma', J[am,
(df 24 ALH$ 7, 2068 Agma), n. 305310&
"Agobr Zonmbr {hbm gm{h`H$ma empV
Wmnm', A{^`{$, (df 42 nyUmLH $ 154,
2068 AgmagmCZ), n. 4751 &
H$mR>mS>m {Zdmgr bo{IH$m Zonmbr gm{hH$s EH$OZm Hw$eb gmbmoMH$ hZhw N>&
H$ZH$m 20 / 48
nwVH$ grjm
m. VoOmZ ~amBbr
hmo~hmXwa
jorH$V "w{$'
bKwH$Wm
nT>>o n{N>
bo I H$
H$ZH$m 20 / 49
Om{V, ^mfm gH$ma a gH${VbmB wQw>OV m`m JZ} EH$ {dV

AZwH$aUr` `{$dH$mo Zm hmo "hmo~hmXwa jor'& Zonmbr gm{h`H$mo {d{dY
{dYmm H$b MbmCZo `{$ lr jor Aa~ wbHw $H$mo jom CW loUrm
H$màV ahoa n{Z `gar gm{h`H$mo godm JZ} H$V gH$nZm amZwH$mo Ry>bmo
{deofVm N& CZbo XoImEH$mo ^mfm gm{h`H$mo godmm hmr PwN>m a CZbmB
ZZ ZZ JXN>m&
A{ÔmZ {V QQ>, Xw{b`mOmZ, Ag~mQ> "w{$' ZmH$ bKwH$Wm
gJmbmo 1991-1992 m XwBnQ> Jaoa H$mem AmEH$mo N& h[a`mo aH$mo
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CH$mbmoV$ ho[aahoH$mo AmdaUH$mo {Mbo n{Z `g gJhm AmH$> JXN& A{b
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g` a l IM JZ} grjH$ hS>gZH$mo {dMma dV AmCXN>& CZH$mo
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dVmZ g`H$mo `VVmbmB `mZm amIoa AmYw{ZH$ bKw H$WmH$mo d$nbmB
gmVoa H$WmH$mabo AmZm H$WmH$mo {df`~moY nmR>H$gj nHo$H$m N>Z&
H$WmH$mabo AmZmo N>moQ>mo JWZm Z ^ZoH$m N>Z bKwH$WmbmB `mamH$mo
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~obm hmH${d brgmX XodH$moQ>m ZonmbH$mo JmogmBWmZ `mm JXm CZm
JmCboh$H$mo OrdZH$mo N>mnH$mo AZw^d naoH$mo {W`mo ^Zo CZrgJ JEH$m
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H$m` ÊH$mo hZmbo `r H$Wmh$ H$mbmVrZ a g` gmnoj H$m C{^Z
gXN>Z & "My $ m' H$Wmm

m{ZgH$mo ~ M mBH$mo ah` a
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X`m, m`m, o a ghmZw^{y VH$mo ImoOmB
hmo "Mm'& m{Zg{^H$mo H$mobVm
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hmmr, `mb a m{Zg H$Wmh$m
H$mwH$ `{$d, m{ZgH$mo K{UV
new d { m, H$bmH$ma a gm M mo
m{Zgh$m{W emgH$h$H$mo
A`mMma, dVVmH$mo hZZ ,
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n`m d aUH$mo hZZ , AmYw { ZH$
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bmo bwVmo Hw$Hw$aOVmo Zmarh$H$mo
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`r H$Wmh$m narb{jV ÊH$m NZ&
m{Zg a hmmr, `mb a
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m{ZgOVm ~mbZmo { dkmZm
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H$Wmh$bo m{Zg a newH$mo ApVd
IVamm ahoH$mo gH$o V {XXN&
H$ZH$m 20 / 50
go d m, {S>nmo d m o g r H$Wmm
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H$Wmh$m Z{VH$Vm, mH${VH$Vm,
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d{m, amV{XZH$mo rR>mo ah`,
ggmaH$mo {ZaVaVm{VH$mo PbH$h$
~m{H$VmnyU V[aH$mbo C{ZEH$mo
nmBN&
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Zmarh$ H$gar do`mb`m nwXN>Z
ô Hw$amo H$mN>r H$Wmm `L>`mH$
$nbo XemEH$m N>Z ^Zo VmgOwdmH$mo
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hX N&
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H$WmH$mo AVm ah` Imo{bEH$mo N>
a d rH$mo eH$m{V ef nXm hX N&
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H$Wmbo amar XoImCZ gHo$H$mo N&
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amBbmo AdYmaUmbo OrdZ{VH$mo
jU^L>Jaw VmbmB XemCZ Imo{OEH$mo
N&
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{Mh bmJoH$mo N& OJb N>mSo>a gS>H$m
dZwnZ} dm`Vm H$gb ~Zm`mo? dV
CS>XN& pXam MH$ma

ZmH$ H$Wm dUm H$ e b rm
bopIEH$mo {ejmX H$Wm hmo& `g
H$Wmbo JmYrH$mo ~mmbo w{$
nm`m
nm`mo ZmH$ AmH$WmH$mo gH$aU
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`wdm n[adeom AmEH$mo {dl{ L>I{bV
gH${VH$mo COmJa JXN& `g H$maH$mo
n[adoebo ^{d`m gmObmB H$Vmo
~mQ>mo m nw`mCZo hmo ô Hw$amom boIH$
{MpVV N>Z&
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`WmW~moY `g H$Wmbo JaoH$mo N&
mgw H$Wmbo hm m o {dH $ V
gH$maH$mo {MU JaoH$mo N& AmZmo
n[admaH$mo Ywar I~m bSXm goV
hmr{^ lm a AmXeH$mo ^mdZm
H${H$ bmon hX ÊH$mo gwI^moJr
OrdZH$mo {MU H$Wmm N>b ÊH$mo
N&
Zonmbr Q>monrm
r ~hAWu ^md
A{LH$V N>Z& Om{VH$mo ApVd
CgH$mo ôf^yfmm ~mMHo $mo hN> ^Zo
gJamWm OVmo {dH$mo Abmo
MwMaw mbo hmrbmB C ^mdZm amIoa
~mZo oaUm {XEH$mo N&
ZoVmH$mo {MVm H$Wmbo {dH$V
amOZ{VH$ n[adoeH$mo {MU JXN>

H${bm a ApVd H$Wmbo
Zonmbrh$ EH$Vmm ~m{YEa ~goZZ
^Zo ApVd Z IVamm nZ}
g^mdZm ahoH$mo {MVm EH$ g`
{dMmam AmYm[aV H$Wm hmo&
Zo n mbrh$H$mo ~mo H $ o a
XoImdQ>rnZmH$mo Iwbmgm amoJ H$Wmbo
JaoH$mo N& Am$XopI Am$ ^mo
nbm`Z d{mbo JXm hmmo ^mfm a
gH${VH$mo {dH$mg hZgHo$H$mo N>Z&
`wdmh$H$mo AYmo a XoImdQ>r d{mbo
Om{VH$mo m{bH$Vm{V R>g
o nw`mEH$mo
Hw$am VwV H$Wmbo B{V JXN&
moH$mo hOmam XmZ ô Hw$amo
JVo H$Wmbo {XX N > ^Zo
AnVmbH$mo gm
gmw H$Wmm
hm`mH$mo nwQ> ^[aEH$mo N& O{VgwH$
hmZ `{$bo n{Z AVm {VHy$b
{dMmaYmam Amy$bmB Sw>~mCXN>Z&
amOZr{V H$Wmm ~m~w N>moamoH$mo
amOZ { VH$ XmCno M bmB COmJa
J[aEH$mo N& nmda a n[admadmX
XemCZo `g H$Wmm {MV n{Z
AmZmo a nQ> n{Z AmZmo ~ZmCZo
Mmbm amOZ { VH$ ZmH$m
ZoVmh$H$mo M[aH$mo nXm$mg ÊH$mo
N&
^moH$ H$Wmm gmOH$mo ECQ>m
dJ ^moJ^moH$ gwZo JaoH$mo `WmWbmB
XemCZo H$m` ÊH$mo N& ^mS>mH$mo
lmo V m H$Wmm Zo n mbr ^mfmH$mo
H$m`H$ m hmmo Om{VH$m m{Zgh$
wQ>mo ~Q>maoa {hS>NZ& lmoVmh$ n{Z
^mS>mm a {d{^ bmo^H$mo Amemm
amIoa H$m`H$ JZ nZ} {ddeVm a
Zo n mbrh$H$mo AmZmo Om{V a
H$ZH$m 20 / 51
^mfm{VH$mo o H$Vmo N>? `gH$mo

AdWm N>b H$mabo amIoH$m N>Z&
`mo H$Wm n{Z `L>`mH$Vm ^[aEH$mo
N&
H${d Om{VH$mo YZ hmo& Va hmmo
Om{Vm H${d Hw $ Z H$Xa N> Z &
H${dVmH$m nwVH$h$, nn{H$m
nwVH$ ngbm `g n{T>ahoH$mo hN&
V~ H$gbo H${dH$mo H${V {H$Zoa
nTXZZ& Zonmbr nwVH$h$ H$gbo
{H$XZZ a hmmo ^mfm gm{h`H$mo
Va {XZm K{Q>aho H $mo `gH$mo
CmaXm{`d H$gH$mo hmo ^Zoa H${d
H$Wmm hmmo gm{h`H$mo `WmW
pW{V H$Q> JZ} rR>mo `mg J[aEH$mo
N&
Jmobr~XyH$ Mm{hXZ H$Wmm
dVmZ g`m nTNw> ^Zoa ~bmoa
JEH$mo N>moa>mo AVm SgH$mo Vbm
$g|EH$mo `WmW gXoe `g H$Wmbo
{XEH$mo N& Sg, agr a OwdmH$mo
bVm dVmZ g`m `wdmh$H$mo
Hw$d{m{VH$mo PH$PH$mB VwV
H$WmH$mo Ame` hmo&
^mZw^$ H$Wm hm``L>`bo
^[aEH$mo H$Wm hmo& AmOH$mo gmObo
^mZw^$ d` AdVaU Ê n{Z
CZbmB dVmZ {nT>rbo {M gXZ&
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Kanaka Ii

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